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> <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Damour massacre</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1" title="مجزرة الدامور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجزرة الدامور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazhadeg_Damour" title="Lazhadeg Damour – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lazhadeg Damour" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massakren_i_Damur" title="Massakren i Damur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Massakren i Damur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massaker_von_Damur" title="Massaker von Damur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Massaker von Damur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_Damour" title="Masacre de Damour – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Masacre de Damour" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_de_Damour" title="Massacre de Damour – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Massacre de Damour" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strage_di_Damour" title="Strage di Damour – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Strage di Damour" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%97_%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8" title="טבח דאמור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טבח דאמור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1" title="مجزره الدامور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مجزره الدامور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloedbad_van_Damour" title="Bloedbad van Damour – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bloedbad van Damour" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massakren_i_Damur" title="Massakren i Damur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Massakren i Damur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakra_w_Ad-Damur" title="Masakra w Ad-Damur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Masakra w Ad-Damur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_de_Damour" title="Massacre de Damour – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Massacre de Damour" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Massacre during the Lebanese Civil War</div> <p class="PIA-flag" style="display:none; visibility:hidden;">This page is subject to the extended confirmed restriction related to the Arab-Israeli conflict.</p> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Damour massacre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:JeanJacquesKurz-DarmourMassacre1976-DestroyedHouse_ICRC-AV-Archives-V-P-LB-D-00003-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/JeanJacquesKurz-DarmourMassacre1976-DestroyedHouse_ICRC-AV-Archives-V-P-LB-D-00003-12.jpg/220px-JeanJacquesKurz-DarmourMassacre1976-DestroyedHouse_ICRC-AV-Archives-V-P-LB-D-00003-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/JeanJacquesKurz-DarmourMassacre1976-DestroyedHouse_ICRC-AV-Archives-V-P-LB-D-00003-12.jpg/330px-JeanJacquesKurz-DarmourMassacre1976-DestroyedHouse_ICRC-AV-Archives-V-P-LB-D-00003-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/JeanJacquesKurz-DarmourMassacre1976-DestroyedHouse_ICRC-AV-Archives-V-P-LB-D-00003-12.jpg/440px-JeanJacquesKurz-DarmourMassacre1976-DestroyedHouse_ICRC-AV-Archives-V-P-LB-D-00003-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3544" data-file-height="2401" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A destroyed house in Damour (<a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross_archives" title="International Committee of the Red Cross archives">ICRC archives</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Damour" title="Damour">Damour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Damour_massacre&params=33_44__N_35_27__E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°44′N</span> <span class="longitude">35°27′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.733°N 35.450°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.733; 35.450</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">20 January 1976<span class="noprint">; 49 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1976-01-20</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">Massacre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">150–582<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine_-_short_triangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a>, revenge for the <a href="/wiki/Karantina_massacre" title="Karantina massacre">Karantina massacre</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Lebanese Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Lebanese Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Lebanese Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lebanese_Civil_War5602" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War"><span class="wrap">Lebanese Civil War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>First phase: 1975–1977</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_Beirut_bus_massacre" title="1975 Beirut bus massacre">Bus massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Thursday_(Lebanon)" title="Black Thursday (Lebanon)">Black Thursday</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hotels" title="Battle of the Hotels">Battle of the Hotels</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Secret_Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Armenia#Attacks" title="Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia">ASALA insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Saturday_(Lebanon)" title="Black Saturday (Lebanon)">Black Saturday</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karantina_massacre" title="Karantina massacre">Karantina massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Damour massacre</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahdab_coup" title="Al-Ahdab coup">Al-Ahdab coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_intervention_in_the_Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War">1976 Syrian intervention</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tel_al-Zaatar_massacre" title="Tel al-Zaatar massacre">Tel al-Zaatar massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chekka_massacre" title="Chekka massacre">Chekka massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aishiyeh_massacres" title="Aishiyeh massacres">Aishiyeh massacres</a></span></li></ul> <p><b>Second phase: 1977–1982</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chouf_massacres_(1977)" title="Chouf massacres (1977)">Chouf massacres</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Church_attack" title="St George's Church attack">St George's Church attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_War" title="Hundred Days' War">Hundred Days' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_South_Lebanon_conflict" title="1978 South Lebanon conflict">1978 South Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaukaba" title="Battle of Kaukaba">Battle of Kaukaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehden_massacre" title="Ehden massacre">Ehden massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaa_massacre" title="Qaa massacre">Qaa massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qnat" title="Battle of Qnat">Battle of Qnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At_Tiri_incident" title="At Tiri incident">At Tiri incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safra_massacre" title="Safra massacre">Safra massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zahleh" title="Battle of Zahleh">Battle of Zahleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Lebanon_(July_1981)" title="Bombing of Lebanon (July 1981)">1981 Israeli bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Iraqi_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" title="1981 Iraqi embassy bombing in Beirut">Iraqi Embassy bombing</a></li></ul> <p><b>Third phase: 1982–1984</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1982_French_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" title="1982 French embassy bombing in Beirut">1982 Beirut bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_kidnapping_of_Iranian_diplomats" title="1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats">1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Force_in_Lebanon" title="Multinational Force in Lebanon">Multinational Force in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Bachir_Gemayel" title="Assassination of Bachir Gemayel">Assassination of Bachir Gemayel</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila massacre</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLO_withdrawal_from_Lebanon" title="PLO withdrawal from Lebanon">PLO withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_US_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" title="1983 US embassy bombing in Beirut">U.S. embassy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombings">Barracks bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_War_(Lebanon)" title="Mountain War (Lebanon)">Mountain War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(1983)" title="Battle of Tripoli (1983)">Battle of Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_6_Intifada" title="February 6 Intifada">February 6 Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Sohmor_massacre" title="1984 Sohmor massacre">1984 Sohmor massacre</a><br /></li></ul> <p><b>Fourth phase: 1984–1990</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_US_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" title="1984 US embassy bombing in Beirut">U.S. embassy annex bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Camps" title="War of the Camps">War of the Camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Beirut_car_bombings" title="1985 Beirut car bombings">1985 Beirut car bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourj_Hammoud_massacre" title="Bourj Hammoud massacre">Bourj Hammoud massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_1986_Lebanese_Forces_coup" title="January 1986 Lebanese Forces coup">January 1986 Lebanese Forces coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Karami#Civil_war" title="Rashid Karami">Assassination of Rashid Karami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Brothers" title="War of Brothers">War of Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Liberation_(1989%E2%80%931990)" title="War of Liberation (1989–1990)">War of Liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dahr_al-Wahsh_massacre" title="Dahr al-Wahsh massacre">Dahr al-Wahsh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Elimination_(1990,_Lebanon)" title="War of Elimination (1990, Lebanon)">War of Elimination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ren%C3%A9_Moawad" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of René Moawad">Assassination of René Moawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidon_(1991)" title="Battle of Sidon (1991)">Battle of Sidon</a><br /></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Cantons and puppet states</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Beirut_canton" title="East Beirut canton">East Beirut canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Tyre" title="People's Republic of Tyre">People's Republic of Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatahland" title="Fatahland">Fatahland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Administration_of_the_Mountain" title="Civil Administration of the Mountain">Civil Administration of the Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Free_Lebanon" title="State of Free Lebanon">State of Free Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_Southern_Lebanon" title="Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon">Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_security_belt_administration" title="South Lebanon security belt administration">Administration</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Damour massacre</b> took place on 20 January 1976, during the 1975–1990 <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Damour" title="Damour">Damour</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Christianity in Lebanon">Maronite Christian</a> town on the main highway south of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, was attacked by left-wing militants of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine Liberation Organisation">Palestine Liberation Organisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/As-Sa%27iqa" title="As-Sa'iqa">as-Sa'iqa</a>. Many of its people were killed in battle or in the <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacre</a> that followed, and others were forced to flee.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fisk" title="Robert Fisk">Robert Fisk</a>, the town was the first to be subject to <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scars_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scars-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The massacre was retaliation for the <a href="/wiki/Karantina_massacre" title="Karantina massacre">Karantina massacre</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Phalangists" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalangists">Phalangists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H1500_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H1500-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <p>The Damour massacre was a response to the <a href="/wiki/Karantina_massacre" title="Karantina massacre">Karantina massacre</a> of 18 January 1976 in which <a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Regulatory_Forces" title="Kataeb Regulatory Forces">Phalangists</a>, a predominantly-Christian right-wing militia, killed 1,000 to 1,500 people.<sup id="cite_ref-H1500_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H1500-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ahrar and the <a href="/wiki/Phalangist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalangist">Phalangist</a> militias, based in <a href="/wiki/Damour" title="Damour">Damour</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dayr_al_Nama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dayr al Nama (page does not exist)">Dayr al Nama</a> had blocked the coastal road leading to southern Lebanon and the Chouf, which turned them into a threat to the PLO and its leftist and nationalist allies in the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That occurred as part of a series of events during the Lebanese Civil War in which <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a> joined the Muslim forces,<sup id="cite_ref-Katz1985_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katz1985-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the context of the Christian-Muslim divide,<sup id="cite_ref-Brenchley1989_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenchley1989-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and soon <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> was divided along the <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Lebanon)" title="Green Line (Lebanon)">Green Line</a>, with Christian enclaves to the east and Muslims to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-CarterDunston2008_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarterDunston2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 January, the militias began a siege of Damour and <a href="/wiki/Jieh" title="Jieh">Jiyeh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Legacy_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legacy-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PLO entered Jiyeh on 17 January.<sup id="cite_ref-Legacy_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legacy-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 20 January, more than 15,000 civilians had fled Damour.<sup id="cite_ref-scars_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scars-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JeanJacquesKurz-DarmourMassacre1976-HeadOfDoll_ICRC-AV-Archives-V-P-LB-D-00003-17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/JeanJacquesKurz-DarmourMassacre1976-HeadOfDoll_ICRC-AV-Archives-V-P-LB-D-00003-17.jpg/220px-JeanJacquesKurz-DarmourMassacre1976-HeadOfDoll_ICRC-AV-Archives-V-P-LB-D-00003-17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/JeanJacquesKurz-DarmourMassacre1976-HeadOfDoll_ICRC-AV-Archives-V-P-LB-D-00003-17.jpg/330px-JeanJacquesKurz-DarmourMassacre1976-HeadOfDoll_ICRC-AV-Archives-V-P-LB-D-00003-17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/JeanJacquesKurz-DarmourMassacre1976-HeadOfDoll_ICRC-AV-Archives-V-P-LB-D-00003-17.jpg/440px-JeanJacquesKurz-DarmourMassacre1976-HeadOfDoll_ICRC-AV-Archives-V-P-LB-D-00003-17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3544" data-file-height="2395" /></a><figcaption>Severed head of a doll in Damour (ICRC archives)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 20 January, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a> and <a href="/wiki/As-Sa%27iqa" title="As-Sa'iqa">as-Sa'iqa</a>, members of the PLO and leftist Muslim Lebanese militiamen entered Damour.<sup id="cite_ref-Lebanon_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lebanon-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with twenty Phalangist militiamen, civilians - including women, the elderly, and children, and often whole families - were lined up against the walls of their homes and sprayed with <a href="/wiki/Machine-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine-gun">machine-gun</a> fire by the militiamen; they then systematically dynamited and burned these homes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scars_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scars-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lebanon_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lebanon-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of the town's young women were separated from other civilians and gang-raped.<sup id="cite_ref-scars_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scars-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most estimates of the number killed range from 150 to 250, with the overwhelming majority of these being civilians; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fisk" title="Robert Fisk">Robert Fisk</a> puts the number of civilians massacred at nearly 250, while Israeli professor <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Nisan" title="Mordechai Nisan">Mordechai Nisan</a> claims a significantly higher figure of 582.<sup id="cite_ref-scars_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scars-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pity_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pity-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nisan,_2003_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nisan,_2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the killed were family members of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Maronite_Christians" title="Lebanese Maronite Christians">Lebanese Maronite</a> militia commander <a href="/wiki/Elie_Hobeika" title="Elie Hobeika">Elie Hobeika</a> and his fiancée.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For several days after the massacre, 149 bodies of those executed by the Palestinians lay in the streets; this included the corpses of many women who had been raped and of babies who were shot from close range in the back of the head.<sup id="cite_ref-Pity_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pity-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the days following the massacre, Palestinians and Lebanese Muslims exhumed the coffins in the town's Christian cemetery and scattered the skeletons of several generations of the town's deceased citizens in the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-Pity_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pity-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scars_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scars-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lebanon_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lebanon-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_al-Zaatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tel al-Zaatar">Battle of Tel al-Zaatar</a> later that year, the PLO resettled <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian refugee">Palestinian refugees</a> in Damour. After the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">Israeli invasion of Lebanon</a> in 1982, the Zaatar refugees were expelled from Damour and the original inhabitants brought back.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to an eyewitness, the attack took place from the mountain behind the town. "It was an apocalypse," said Father Mansour Labaky, a <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Christian Maronite</a> priest who survived the massacre. "They were coming, thousands and thousands, shouting '<a href="/wiki/Allahu_Akbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahu Akbar">Allahu Akbar</a>! (God is great!) Let us attack them for the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, let us offer a <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_(sacrifice)" title="Holocaust (sacrifice)">holocaust</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mohammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad">Mohammad</a>!", and they were slaughtering everyone in their path, men, women and children."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Friedman" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas L. Friedman">Thomas L. Friedman</a>, the Phalangist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Damouri_Brigade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damouri Brigade (page does not exist)">Damouri Brigade</a>, which carried out the <a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila massacre</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a>, sought revenge not only for the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Bachir_Gemayel" title="Bachir Gemayel">Bachir Gemayel</a> but also for what he describes as past killings of their own people by Palestinians, including those at Damour.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elie_Hobeika" title="Elie Hobeika">Elie Hobeika</a>, who oversaw the attack on Sabra and Shatila, was greatly inspired by the loss of his relatives and fiancée in the attack at Damour.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_obit_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_obit-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Transitional_Justice" title="International Center for Transitional Justice">International Center for Transitional Justice</a>, the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a> and <a href="/wiki/As-Sa%27iqa" title="As-Sa'iqa">as-Sa'iqa</a> made a decision to "empty the city."<sup id="cite_ref-Lebanon_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lebanon-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perpetrators">Perpetrators</h2></div> <p>There are varying claims about the precise composition of the forces that committed the massacre at Damour. According to some,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2021)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> bulk of the attacking forces seems to have been composed of brigades from the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Liberation Army">Palestinian Liberation Army</a> (PLA). Some sources name the PLA's Ayn Jalout brigade armed by Egypt and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Q%C4%81disiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qādisiyyah">Qadisiyah</a> brigade from Iraq,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/As-Sa%27iqa" title="As-Sa'iqa">as-Sa'iqa</a>, as well as other members of other groups, including <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a>, as well as the Muslim Lebanese <a href="/wiki/Al-Murabitun" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Murabitun">al-Murabitun</a> militia. Others contend that there were no Lebanese involved in perpetrating the massacre, and that those who committed atrocities were Palestinians from the Fatah, <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a> along with militiamen from Syria, Jordan, Libya,<sup id="cite_ref-Davis1990_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis1990-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan, and possibly even <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army" title="Japanese Red Army">Japanese Red Army</a> terrorists who were then undergoing training by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine in Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historian Robert Fisk, <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a>, the head of the PLO, wanted to execute the local PLO commanders afterwards for what they had permitted.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Insult_(film)" title="The Insult (film)">The Insult</a>, a film by the Lebanese-French director, Ziad Doueiri, about a lawsuit between a <a href="/wiki/Palestinians_in_Lebanon" title="Palestinians in Lebanon">Palestinian-Lebanese</a> refugee who fled after the <a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Jordanian Civil War</a>, and a Lebanese Christian who survived the Damour massacre, was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/90th_Academy_Awards" title="90th Academy Awards">Oscars</a> in 2018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Lebanon" title="List of massacres in Lebanon">List of massacres in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karantina_massacre" title="Karantina massacre">Karantina massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="South Lebanese Army">South Lebanese Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saad_Haddad" title="Saad Haddad">Saad Haddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Insult_(film)" title="The Insult (film)">The Insult (film)</a>, a 2017 movie by <a href="/wiki/Ziad_Doueiri" title="Ziad Doueiri">Ziad Doueiri</a> where the Damour massacre plays an important role.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishiyeh_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishiyeh massacre">Aishiyeh massacre</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Lebanon's dispossessed come home: Robert Fisk in Damour on the scars". The Independent. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armies in Lebanon, 1985, Osprey Publishing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scars-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scars_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scars_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scars_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scars_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scars_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scars_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/lebanon-s-dispossessed-come-home-robert-fisk-damour-scars-orgy-ethnic-cleansing-2323136.html">"Lebanon's dispossessed come home: Robert Fisk in Damour on the scars"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 23 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Lebanon%27s+dispossessed+come+home%3A+Robert+Fisk+in+Damour+on+the+scars&rft.date=2011-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Flebanon-s-dispossessed-come-home-robert-fisk-damour-scars-orgy-ethnic-cleansing-2323136.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamour+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H1500-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H1500_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H1500_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_W._Harris2006" class="citation book cs1">William W. Harris (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e5R7Ci2btbIC&pg=PA162"><i>The New Face of Lebanon: History's Revenge</i></a>. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-392-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-392-0"><bdi>978-1-55876-392-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>. <q>the massacre of 1,500 Palestinians, Shi'is, and others in Karantina and Maslakh, and the revenge killings of hundreds of Christians in Damour</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Face+of+Lebanon%3A+History%27s+Revenge&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Publishers&rft.date=2006-01&rft.isbn=978-1-55876-392-0&rft.au=William+W.+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De5R7Ci2btbIC%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamour+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noam Chomsky, Edward W. Said (1999) Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians South End Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89608-601-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89608-601-1">0-89608-601-1</a> pp 184–185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yezid Sayigh (1999) Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993 Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-829643-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-829643-6">0-19-829643-6</a> p 368</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katz1985-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Katz1985_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_M._Katz1985" class="citation book cs1">Samuel M. Katz (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0W5-jZY_T2IC&pg=PA5"><i>Armies in Lebanon</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-602-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-602-8"><bdi>978-0-85045-602-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+in+Lebanon&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-85045-602-8&rft.au=Samuel+M.+Katz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0W5-jZY_T2IC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamour+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brenchley1989-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brenchley1989_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Brenchley1989" class="citation book cs1">Frank Brenchley (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QtRojsvBm8wC&pg=PA221"><i>Britain and the Middle East: Economic History, 1945-87</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-870915-07-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-870915-07-6"><bdi>978-1-870915-07-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Middle+East%3A+Economic+History%2C+1945-87&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-870915-07-6&rft.au=Frank+Brenchley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQtRojsvBm8wC%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamour+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CarterDunston2008-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CarterDunston2008_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry_John_CarterLara_DunstonAmelia_Thomas2008" class="citation book cs1">Terry John Carter; Lara Dunston; Amelia Thomas (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_R-I_Gx5OgQC&pg=PA35"><i>Syria & Lebanon. Ediz. Inglese</i></a>. Lonely Planet. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-609-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-609-0"><bdi>978-1-74104-609-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+%26+Lebanon.+Ediz.+Inglese&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-609-0&rft.au=Terry+John+Carter&rft.au=Lara+Dunston&rft.au=Amelia+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_R-I_Gx5OgQC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamour+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legacy-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Legacy_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Legacy_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Report-Lebanon-Mapping-2013-EN_0.pdf">"Lebanon's Legacy of Political Violence: A Mapping of Serious Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in Lebanon, 1975-2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 14, 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lebanon%27s+Legacy+of+Political+Violence%3A+A+Mapping+of+Serious+Violations+of+International+Human+Rights+and+Humanitarian+Law+in+Lebanon%2C+1975-2008&rft.pages=14%2C+15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ictj.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FICTJ-Report-Lebanon-Mapping-2013-EN_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamour+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lebanon-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lebanon_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lebanon_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lebanon_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lebanon_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lebanon’s Legacy of Political Violence A Mapping of Serious Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in Lebanon, 1975–2008." International Center for Transitional Justice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Report-Lebanon-Mapping-2013-EN_0.pdf">ICTJ report. Lebanon mapping 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019141725/https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Report-Lebanon-Mapping-2013-EN_0.pdf">Archived</a> 19 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisk, 2001, pp. 99–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Hirst_(journalist)" title="David Hirst (journalist)">Hirst, David</a> (2010) <i>Beware of Small States. Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East.</i> Faber and Faber. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-23741-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-23741-8">978-0-571-23741-8</a> p.111: ‘some 150’ killed</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pity-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pity_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pity_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pity_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisk2002" class="citation book cs1">Fisk, Robert (2002). <i>Pity the Nation: The Abduction of Lebanon</i>. New York: Thunder's Mouth/Nation Books. p. 105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pity+the+Nation%3A+The+Abduction+of+Lebanon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Thunder%27s+Mouth%2FNation+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Fisk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamour+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Randal" title="Jonathan Randal">Randal, Jonathan</a> (1983) ‘’The Tragedy of Lebanon. Christian Warlords, Israeli Adventurers and American Bunglers’’ <a href="/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus" title="Chatto & Windus">Chatto & Windus</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7011-2755-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7011-2755-4">0-7011-2755-4</a> p.90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nisan,_2003-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nisan,_2003_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nisan, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nisan (2003) 24. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120805143542/http://www.moreorless.au.com/killers/hobeika.html">"Elie Hobeika"</a>. <i>moreorless : heroes & killers of the 20th century</i>. www.moreorless.au.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moreorless.au.com/killers/hobeika.html">the original</a> on 5 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=moreorless+%3A+heroes+%26+killers+of+the+20th+century&rft.atitle=Elie+Hobeika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moreorless.au.com%2Fkillers%2Fhobeika.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamour+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelena_Cobban2004" class="citation web cs1">Helena Cobban (8 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712075022/http://justworldnews.org/archives/000976.html">"Back to Shatila, part 2"</a>. <i>Just World News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://justworldnews.org/archives/000976.html">the original</a> on 12 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Just+World+News&rft.atitle=Back+to+Shatila%2C+part+2&rft.date=2004-11-08&rft.au=Helena+Cobban&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjustworldnews.org%2Farchives%2F000976.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamour+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Israel undercover: secret warfare and hidden diplomacy in the Middle East By Steve Posner, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-0220-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-0220-0">0-8156-0220-0</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0220-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0220-0">978-0-8156-0220-0</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Becker: <i>The PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization</i>, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984, p. 124 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?&id=H7BtAAAAMAAJ&&q=holocaust">[1]</a> qtd in <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hfK9SqHSaccC&pg=PA183">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6bEwc2FStIYC&pg=PA125">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606051056/http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/291/currentpage/4/Default.aspx">"Articles > PLO Policy towards the Christian Community during the Civil War in Lebanon"</a>. ICT. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/291/currentpage/4/Default.aspx">the original</a> on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Articles+%3E+PLO+Policy+towards+the+Christian+Community+during+the+Civil+War+in+Lebanon&rft.pub=ICT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ict.org.il%2FArticles%2Ftabid%2F66%2FArticlsid%2F291%2Fcurrentpage%2F4%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamour+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization</i>, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984, p. 124 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?&id=H7BtAAAAMAAJ&&q=holocaust">[4]</a> qtd in <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hfK9SqHSaccC&pg=PA183">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6bEwc2FStIYC&pg=PA125">[6]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, 1998, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, <i>New York Times</i>, 20, 21, 26, 27 September 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian_obit-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_obit_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMostyn2002" class="citation news cs1">Mostyn, Trevor (25 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jan/25/israelandthepalestinians.lebanon">"Elie Hobeika"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Elie+Hobeika&rft.date=2002-01-25&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Mostyn&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fjan%2F25%2Fisraelandthepalestinians.lebanon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamour+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freelebanon.org/articles/a381.htm">Syria's Horrendous Track Record in Lebanon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060114230542/http://www.freelebanon.org/articles/a381.htm">Archived</a> 14 January 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> also mentions the Yarmouk brigade, set up by Syria.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis1990-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis1990_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Lee_Davis1990" class="citation book cs1">Brian Lee Davis (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YQzJHVNUkt4C&pg=PA11"><i>Qaddafi, Terrorism, and the Origins of the U.S. Attack on Libya</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-93302-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-93302-9"><bdi>978-0-275-93302-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qaddafi%2C+Terrorism%2C+and+the+Origins+of+the+U.S.+Attack+on+Libya&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-275-93302-9&rft.au=Brian+Lee+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYQzJHVNUkt4C%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamour+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nisan, 2003, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisk, 2001, pps. 89, 99,</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <ul><li>Abraham, A. J. (1996). <i>The Lebanon War</i>. Praeger/Greenwood. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-95389-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-95389-0">0-275-95389-0</a></li> <li>Fisk, Robert. (2001). <i>Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280130-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280130-9">0-19-280130-9</a></li> <li>Friedman, Thomas. (1998) <i>From Beirut To Jerusalem</i>. 2nd Edition. London: HarperCollins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-653070-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-653070-2">0-00-653070-2</a></li> <li>Nisan, M. (2003). <i>The Conscience of Lebanon: A Political Biography of Etienne Sakr (Abu-Arz)</i>. London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5392-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5392-6">0-7146-5392-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Becker, Jillian. (1985). <i> The PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization</i> . New York: St. Martin's Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-59379-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-59379-1">0-312-59379-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060515232123/http://www.liberty05.com/civilwar/civil.html">Lebanese Civil War 1975 – 1976</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> Includes pictures of the Syrian-formed and -sponsored groups (Yarmouk and Sai'qa) attacking Damour city (January 1976).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/791071.stm">Country profile: Lebanon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060418174633/http://gallery27973.fotopic.net/c72041.html">Photographs</a> from a page sympathetic to the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/791071.stm">Country profile: Lebanon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/7287">Arafat's Massacre of Damour</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_New_Testament" title="Persecution of Christians in the New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_in_Lyon" title="Persecution in Lyon">Persecution in Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decian_persecution" title="Decian persecution">Decian persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Diocletianic Persecution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians#Early_Middle_Ages" title="Persecution of Christians">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homs_revolts_(854%E2%80%93855)" title="Homs revolts (854–855)">Homs revolts (854–855)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Martyrs of Córdoba">Martyrs of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashmurian_revolts" title="Bashmurian revolts">Bashmurian revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisrawan_campaigns_(1292%E2%80%931305)" title="Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)">Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians#Early_Modern_period_(1500_to_1815)" title="Persecution of Christians">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Revolt in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kakure_Kirishitan" title="Kakure Kirishitan">Kakure Kirishitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_of_Mangalorean_Catholics_at_Seringapatam" title="Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam">Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians#Modern_era_(1815_to_1989)" title="Persecution of Christians">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_massacre_of_1821" title="Constantinople massacre of 1821">Constantinople massacre of 1821</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1843_and_1846_massacres_in_Hakkari" title="1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari">1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Aleppo_(1850)" title="Massacre of Aleppo (1850)">1850 Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheng_massacre" title="Kucheng massacre">Kucheng massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c%27s_Catholic_persecution" title="Tự Đức's Catholic persecution">Tự Đức's Catholic persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Diyarbekir_(1895)" title="Massacres of Diyarbekir (1895)">Diyarbekir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candia_massacre" title="Candia massacre">Candia massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Great Famine of Mount Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit_massacres" title="İzmit massacres">İzmit massacres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shusha_massacre" title="Shusha massacre">Shusha massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Red Terror (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Thursday_(Lebanon)" title="Black Thursday (Lebanon)">Black Thursday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouf_massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="Chouf massacres">Chouf massacres</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Damour massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_War_(Lebanon)" title="Mountain War (Lebanon)">Mountain War (Lebanon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumgait_pogrom" title="Sumgait pogrom">Sumgait pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maluku_sectarian_conflict" title="Maluku sectarian conflict">Maluku sectarian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_massacre" title="Nag Hammadi massacre">Nag Hammadi massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_attacks_on_Christians_in_southeastern_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat">1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_attacks_on_Christians_in_Dangs_district" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 attacks on Christians in Dangs district">1998 attacks on Christians in Dangs district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Ramgiri-Udaygiri_violence" title="1998 Ramgiri-Udaygiri violence">1998 Ramgiri-Udaygiri violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Ranalai_violence" title="1999 Ranalai violence">1999 Ranalai violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Christmas_violence_in_Kandhamal" title="2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal">2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kandhamal_violence" title="2008 Kandhamal violence">2008 Kandhamal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kandhamal_nun_gang_rape_case" title="2008 Kandhamal nun gang rape case">2008 Kandhamal nun gang rape case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_attacks_on_Christians_in_southern_Karnataka" title="2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka">2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_anti-Christian_violence_in_Karnataka" title="2021 anti-Christian violence in Karnataka">2021 anti-Christian violence in Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_hostage_crisis" title="Manila hostage crisis">2010 Manila hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Persecution by the Islamic State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By<br />persecutor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Roman Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Late Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius#Persecution_of_Christians" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanaric" title="Athanaric">Athanaric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">Al-Mutawakkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu Khan">Hulagu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tự Đức">Tự Đức</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Jeongsun" title="Queen Jeongsun">Queen Jeongsun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranavalona_I" title="Ranavalona I">Ranavalona I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwanga_II_of_Buganda" title="Mwanga II of Buganda">Mwanga II of Buganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Garrido_Canabal" title="Tomás Garrido Canabal">Tomás Garrido Canabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Chongxi" title="Bai Chongxi">Bai Chongxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Pashas" title="Three Pashas">Three Pashas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea#Persecution_of_Christians_and_Buddhists" title="Human rights in North Korea">Kim Il-sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Shekau" title="Abubakar Shekau">Abubakar Shekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party#2012–present:_Xi_Jinping_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By<br />country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Myanmar" title="Freedom of religion in Myanmar">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cambodia" title="Freedom of religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Christians_in_India" title="Violence against Christians in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirishitan" title="Kirishitan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Laos" title="Christianity in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_in_Mexico" title="Anti-clericalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_North_Korea" title="Persecution of Christians in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Pakistan" title="Persecution of Christians in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Thailand" title="Christianity in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Vietnam" title="Christianity in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By<br />persecuted group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism#Persecutions_and_migrations" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Mormons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Mormons" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence against Mormons">Violence against Mormons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Oriental_Orthodox_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Oriental Orthodox Christians">Oriental Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Copts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">list</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Saint Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Martyrs" title="Chinese Martyrs">Chinese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Martyrs_of_Jasenovac" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Martyrs of Jasenovac">Saint Martyrs of Jasenovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Drina Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Martyr" title="New Martyr">New Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">North American Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/233_Spanish_Martyrs" title="233 Spanish Martyrs">233 Spanish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/498_Spanish_Martyrs" title="498 Spanish Martyrs">498 Spanish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/522_Spanish_Martyrs" title="522 Spanish Martyrs">522 Spanish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Turon" title="Martyrs of Turon">Martyrs of Turon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Daimiel" title="Martyrs of Daimiel">Martyrs of Daimiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_victims_of_Soviet_persecutions" title="Eastern Catholic victims of Soviet persecutions">Eastern Catholics in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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