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class="widget-links"><ul class="widget-list"><li class="service-links-twitter-widget first"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://twitter.com/share?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fzh-hans%2Fnews%2F2012%2F01%2F22%2F2012&count=horizontal&via=&text=%E3%80%8A%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A%EF%BC%882012%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%9A%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%BA%94%E5%8A%A0%E5%BC%BA%E5%AF%B9%E2%80%9C%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B9%8B%E6%98%A5%E2%80%9D%E7%9A%84%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81&counturl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fzh-hans%2Fnews%2F2012%2F01%2F22%2F2012" class="twitter-share-button service-links-twitter-widget" title="Tweet This" rel="nofollow"><span style="display:none;">Tweet Widget</span></a></li> <li class="service-links-facebook-like last"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?href=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fzh-hans%2Fnews%2F2012%2F01%2F22%2F2012&layout=button_count&show_faces=false&action=recommend&colorscheme=light&width=150&height=21&font=&locale=" title="I Like it" class="service-links-facebook-like" rel="nofollow"><span style="display:none;">Facebook Like</span></a></li> </ul></div><div class="node-body"><p>（开罗）- 国际组织人权观察在今天发表的<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012"><u>《全球年度报告（2012年）》</u></a>（World Report 2012）中指出，许多民主国家与专制的盟友享有密切关系，以致在“阿拉伯之春”抗议期间对人权仅提出薄弱的支持。当中东和北非国家人民要求得到应有的基本权利时，各国政府应从原则及长远利益出发，与民众站在同一阵线上，努力确保这些国家成功过渡到真正的民主国家。</p> <p>这份长达676页的报告是人权观察审核全球人权状况的年度报告。报告总结了全球90多个国家的主要人权问题，从而反映人权观察研究员2011年进行的广泛调查工作。人权观察就<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/middle-east/n-africa"><u>中东和北非</u></a>的事态发展表示，国际社会坚定地、始终如一地支持和平抗议者及政府批评人士，是向该地区的独裁者施压，要求终止侵权行为、加强基本权利的最佳途径。人权观察指出，原则性坚持尊重人权，也是帮助这些群众运动避免可能出现的不宽容态度、无法无天行径和报复打击——即革命的内部威胁——的最好方式。<br/> <br/> 人权观察组织执行主任<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/bios/kenneth-roth"><u>肯尼思·罗斯</u></a> (Kenneth Roth)说：“推动着阿拉伯之春的人们值得国际社会的强力支持，以便获取应有的权利，并建立真正的民主国家。一个国家对专制友邦的忠诚，不应阻止其支持民主的改革者。要确保新政府普及人权及法治-尤其是让妇女和少数民族得以享有人权及法治，也需要国际社会发挥影响力。”</p> <p>《全球年度报告（2012年）》记载了全球发生的各种人权侵犯，包括：<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/libya"><u>利比亚</u></a>和<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/afghanistan"><u>阿富汗</u></a>发生的违反战争法行为；<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/vietnam"><u>越南</u></a>和<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/eritrea"><u>厄立特里</u></a>亚政治犯的困境；<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-china"><u>中国</u></a>、<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/cuba"><u>古巴</u></a>政府对异议的钳制；<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/iran"><u>伊朗</u></a>和<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/thailand"><u>泰国</u></a>政府的互联网打压；<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/india"><u>印度</u></a>及<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/mexico"><u>墨西哥</u></a>安全部队进行的杀害；<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/russia"><u>俄罗斯</u></a>及<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/democratic-republic-congo"><u>民主剛果</u></a>因选举导致的问题；移民在西欧受到的不公对待；<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/haiti"><u>海地</u></a>和<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/south-africa"><u>南非</u></a>的孕产妇保健政策；<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/indonesia"><u>印度尼西亚</u></a>和<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/saudi-arabia"><u>沙特阿拉伯</u></a>对宗教自由的抑制；<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/pakistan"><u>巴基斯坦</u></a>和<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/uzbekistan"><u>乌兹别克斯坦</u></a>发生的酷刑事件；在<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/nepal"><u>尼泊尔</u></a>和<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/peru"><u>秘鲁</u></a>的残疾人士遭到的歧视；<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/malasia"><u>马来西亚</u></a>、<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/united-states"><u>美国</u></a>政府进行的未经审判拘留。<br/> <br/> 人权观察表示，一个受欢迎的进展是，一项保护家庭工人权利的国际条约得到了通过。家庭工人特别易受虐待，却被许多国家的劳动法等保护措施排除在外。新条约保障<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-landmark-victory-domestic-workers"><u>成千上万</u></a>在私人住宅当保姆、管家和护理人员的移民工的基本权利。</p> <p>西方国家政府对阿拉伯国家一贯采取“遏制”的政策，为了确保区内“稳定”而对许多不同的阿拉伯独裁者一味姑息，即便民主正传遍全球各地区。人权观察表示，许多国家政府之所以容许“阿拉伯例外”（Arab exception）的原因包括：对政治伊斯兰（political Islam）及恐怖主义的惧怕，希望石油供应持续不断的意图，以及长期的政策——依赖独裁制度维持阿拉伯与以色列和平；协助遏制流向欧洲的非法移民。</p> <p>“过去一年的众多事件证明了，独裁者统治下的人民被迫保持沉默，不应当被误成是普遍的安心满意迹象，”罗斯说。“是结束‘阿拉伯例外’的时候了。外界应该承认，阿拉伯地区的人们的权利应该如其他人一样地得到尊重。”</p> <p>人权观察指出，世界各地都感受到阿拉伯之春的反响。阿拉伯人推翻自己国家的专制政府创下了先例，似乎让中国、<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/zimbabwe"><u>津巴布韦</u></a>、<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/north-korea"><u>朝鲜</u></a>、<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/ethiopia"><u>埃塞俄比亚</u></a>、越南和乌兹别克斯坦的领导因而活在恐惧中。然而就连印度、<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/brazil"><u>巴西</u></a>、南非等民主国家都一直不愿支持变革。这些民主国家依赖陈腐的观念，视人权倡导为帝国主义,不回想自己国民当年在争取权利时，是享有了国际支持。它们经常在联合国会议上拒绝支持遭到镇压的人们。</p> <p>中国和俄罗斯更是蓄意制造阻碍，它们就联合国安理会向叙利亚施压，要求停止杀害数千名示威者的决议，投了否决票。两国表面上给予的理由空洞无力：它们声称是为了要避免像利比亚发生的军事介入，但决议范围有限，不可能被诠释为一个授权军事行动的决议。</p> <p>人权观察指出，国际社会可发挥重要的作用，协助中东和北非建立尊重人权的民主国家。民主国家政府曾几次拒绝支持政治伊斯兰的崛起，但如以往一样，它们应承认政治伊斯兰可能就是多数民意。然而，国际社会应当坚持伊斯兰国家政府如任何国家政府一样地遵从国际人权义务，尤其是有关妇女权利及宗教自由的义务。</p> <p>人权观察指出，在中东和北非，对利比亚及叙利亚的镇压行动提出最强烈抗议的，是美国和欧洲联盟，而利比亚、叙利亚的领导者向来被认为对西方不友好。但对被视为是阿拉伯地区“稳定”的堡垒的<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/egypt"><u>埃及</u></a>总统胡斯尼·穆巴拉克(Hosni Mubarak)，美国和欧盟却迟迟不肯提出异议，直至总统下台的命运几乎已成定局。<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/yemen"><u>也门</u></a>总统阿卜杜拉•萨利赫(Ali Abdullah Saleh)涉及对抗议者进行杀害，但基于美国和欧盟将他视为是对抗阿拉伯半岛基地组织(al Qaeda)的一道防御，因此未反对总统被提供受起诉的豁免权——尽管此举将向外传达能免受惩罚地进行杀戮的信息。对于巴林打压民主运动，美国和欧洲也未施加真正压力，因为它们希望顺从沙特阿拉伯、担忧伊朗的影响力、意图保护一处美国海军基地。<br/> <br/> 如果美国和某些欧洲盟友各自全盘托出在反恐之时共谋酷刑的真相，将会对终止阿拉伯世界的酷刑做出巨大的贡献。西方各国政府应当惩罚下令犯酷刑之罪或提供便利的责任者，明确终止借着外交保证移送嫌疑人到可能被虐待的国家此种做法。</p> <p>人权观察表示，阿拉伯联盟(Arab League)各国政府有史以来相互包庇，不让彼此的人权纪录受到任何批评，但在阿拉伯之春期间，与他国政府进行的接触更具建设性。阿盟赞同向卡扎菲(Gaddafi)施压，针对<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/syria"><u>叙利亚</u></a>实施制裁，并为遏制巴沙尔阿萨德在叙利亚的杀害，在叙利亚部署了观察员。相比之下，非洲联盟（African Union）对阿拉伯之春保持谨慎态度，尽管非盟表面上是为了促进民主自由而立的。<br/> <br/> 人权观察指出，突尼斯、利比亚和埃及的过渡政府在修正原有的压制性法律、建立独裁者故意留下无法有效运作且落后的政府机构，需要外界协助。除非安全部队及政府官员意识到犯罪必将接受法律制裁，否则滥权、使用暴行和腐败施政的诱惑将难以抗拒。</p> <p>国际司法发挥的补充作用也尽是如此。</p> <p>“尊重人权的国家政府应该不顾政治顾虑，坚持支持国际司法正义，”罗斯说。“以为纵容政府把过去的暴行掩盖起来，终究会避免以后发生类似事件，这种想法是错误的。”</p> <p>罗斯说:“值此阿拉伯之春抗议运动诞生届满一周年之际，我们必须坚持个人实现权利及祈愿，而不是支持暴君。” </p> </div><div class="translation-links"><div class="label">Also available in:</div> <ul class="translation-list"><li class="node_translation_ar first"><a href="/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/ar/news/2012/01/22/2012" title="التقرير العالمي 2012: يجب مساندة "الربيع العربي"" class="translation-link">العربية</a></li> <li class="node_translation_en"><a href="/web/20120610124431/http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/01/22/world-report-2012-strengthen-support-arab-spring" title="World Report 2012: Strengthen Support for ‘Arab Spring’" class="translation-link">English</a></li> <li class="node_translation_fr"><a 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