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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roleplaying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Roleplaying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roleplaying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>System architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-corporate_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-corporate_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Non-corporate development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-corporate_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Trends</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trends-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Trends subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Instance_dungeons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instance_dungeons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Instance dungeons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instance_dungeons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Player-created_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Player-created_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Player-created content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Player-created_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_licenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_licenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Use of licenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_licenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Console-based_MMORPGs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Console-based_MMORPGs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Console-based MMORPGs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Console-based_MMORPGs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Browser-based_MMORPGs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Browser-based_MMORPGs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Browser-based MMORPGs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Browser-based_MMORPGs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smartphone-based_MMORPGs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smartphone-based_MMORPGs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Smartphone-based MMORPGs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smartphone-based_MMORPGs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychological_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Psychological effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Disease research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Therapeutic_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therapeutic_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Therapeutic applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Therapeutic_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Massively multiplayer online role-playing game</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="لعبة تقمص الأدوار كثيفة اللاعبين على الإنترنت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لعبة تقمص الأدوار كثيفة اللاعبين على الإنترنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoxuegu_de_rol_multixugador_masivu_en_llinia" title="Videoxuegu de rol multixugador masivu en llinia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Videoxuegu de rol multixugador masivu en llinia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCtl%C9%99vi_%C3%A7oxn%C9%99f%C9%99rli_onlayn_rol_oyunu" title="Kütləvi çoxnəfərli onlayn rol oyunu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kütləvi çoxnəfərli onlayn rol oyunu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively_Multiplayer_Online_Role-Playing_Game" title="Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videojoc_de_rol_massiu" title="Videojoc de rol massiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Videojoc de rol massiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively_Multiplayer_Online_Role-Playing_Game" title="Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9_%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BB%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Μαζικό διαδικτυακό παιχνίδι ρόλων πολλαπλών παικτών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαζικό διαδικτυακό παιχνίδι ρόλων πολλαπλών παικτών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videojuego_de_rol_multijugador_masivo_en_l%C3%ADnea" title="Videojuego de rol multijugador masivo en línea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Videojuego de rol multijugador masivo en línea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B7_%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87" title="بازی نقش‌آفرینی برخط چندنفره گسترده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازی نقش‌آفرینی برخط چندنفره گسترده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeu_de_r%C3%B4le_en_ligne_massivement_multijoueur" title="Jeu de rôle en ligne massivement multijoueur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jeu de rôle en ligne massivement multijoueur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluiche_r%C3%B3lghlactha_oll-ilimreoir%C3%AD_ar_l%C3%ADne" title="Cluiche rólghlactha oll-ilimreoirí ar líne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cluiche rólghlactha oll-ilimreoirí ar líne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoxogo_de_rol_multixogador_masivo_en_li%C3%B1a" title="Videoxogo de rol multixogador masivo en liña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Videoxogo de rol multixogador masivo en liña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EA%B7%9C%EB%AA%A8_%EB%8B%A4%EC%A4%91_%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90_%EC%98%A8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8_%EB%A1%A4%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%9E%89_%EA%B2%8C%EC%9E%84" title="대규모 다중 사용자 온라인 롤플레잉 게임 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대규모 다중 사용자 온라인 롤플레잉 게임" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permainan_bermain_peran_daring_multipemain_masif" title="Permainan bermain peran daring multipemain masif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Permainan bermain peran daring multipemain masif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA" title="משחק תפקידים המוני ברשת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משחק תפקידים המוני ברשת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="მასიური მრავალმოთამაშიანი ონლაინ როლური თამაში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მასიური მრავალმოთამაშიანი ონლაინ როლური თამაში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively_Multiplayer_Online_Role-Playing_Game" title="Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permainan_video_berperanan_dalam_talian_berbilang_pemain_secara_besar-besaran" title="Permainan video berperanan dalam talian berbilang pemain secara besar-besaran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Permainan video berperanan dalam talian berbilang pemain secara besar-besaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game" title="Massively multiplayer online role-playing game – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Massively multiplayer online role-playing game" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joc_de_rol_cu_multiplayer_online_%C3%AEn_mas%C4%83" title="Joc de rol cu multiplayer online în masă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Joc de rol cu multiplayer online în masă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD-%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Массовая многопользовательская ролевая онлайн-игра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Массовая многопользовательская ролевая онлайн-игра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game" title="Massively multiplayer online role-playing game – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Massively multiplayer online role-playing game" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively-Multiplayer_Online_Role-Playing_Game" title="Massively-Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Massively-Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massiivinen_monen_pelaajan_verkkoroolipeli" title="Massiivinen monen pelaajan verkkoroolipeli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Massiivinen monen pelaajan verkkoroolipeli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97" title="เกมออนไลน์ผู้เล่นจำนวนมากแบบเล่นตามบทบาท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกมออนไลน์ผู้เล่นจำนวนมากแบบเล่นตามบทบาท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devasa_%C3%A7ok_oyunculu_%C3%A7evrimi%C3%A7i_rol_yapma_oyunu" title="Devasa çok oyunculu çevrimiçi rol yapma oyunu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Devasa çok oyunculu çevrimiçi rol yapma oyunu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Багатокористувацька онлайнова рольова гра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Багатокористувацька онлайнова рольова гра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B2_ch%C6%A1i_nh%E1%BA%ADp_vai_tr%E1%BB%B1c_tuy%E1%BA%BFn_nhi%E1%BB%81u_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_ch%C6%A1i" title="Trò chơi nhập vai trực tuyến nhiều người chơi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trò chơi nhập vai trực tuyến nhiều người chơi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E5%A4%9A%E4%BA%BA%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF%E8%A7%92%E8%89%B2%E6%89%AE%E6%BC%94%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F" title="大型多人在线角色扮演游戏 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大型多人在线角色扮演游戏" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG" title="MMORPG – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="MMORPG" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E5%A4%9A%E4%BA%BA%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF%E8%A7%92%E8%89%B2%E6%89%AE%E6%BC%94%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F" title="大型多人在线角色扮演游戏 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大型多人在线角色扮演游戏" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q175173#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div 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title="Role-playing video game">Role-playing video games</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Role-playing_video_game_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Role-playing_video_game_icon.svg/120px-Role-playing_video_game_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Role-playing_video_game_icon.svg/160px-Role-playing_video_game_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Video_game_genre" title="Video game genre">Subgenres</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_role-playing_game" title="Action role-playing game">Action RPG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soulslike" title="Soulslike">Soulslike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon_crawl" title="Dungeon crawl">Dungeon crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster-taming_game" title="Monster-taming game">Monster-taming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-user_dungeon" title="Multi-user dungeon">MUD</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MMORPG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike" title="Roguelike">Roguelike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_role-playing_game" title="Tactical role-playing game">Tactical RPG</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_interaction_in_MMORPGs" title="Social interaction in MMORPGs">Social interaction in MMORPGs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_creation" title="Character creation">Character creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_tree" title="Dialogue tree">Dialogue tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNS_theory" title="GNS theory">GNS theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_role-playing_video_games" title="History of Eastern role-playing video games">History of Eastern RPGs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_massively_multiplayer_online_games" title="History of massively multiplayer online games">History of MMORPGs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_role-playing_video_games" title="History of Western role-playing video games">History of Western RPGs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-player_character" title="Non-player character">Non-player character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_character" title="Player character">Player character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(video_games)" title="Quest (video games)">Quest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game_terms" title="Role-playing game terms">RPG terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistic_(role-playing_games)" title="Statistic (role-playing games)">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_model" title="Threefold model">Threefold model</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_video_games" title="Lists of video games">Lists</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_massively_multiplayer_online_games" title="List of free massively multiplayer online games">Free MMOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_games" title="List of massively multiplayer online role-playing games">MMORPGs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MUDs" title="List of MUDs">MUDs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roguelikes" title="List of roguelikes">Roguelikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games" title="List of role-playing video games">RPGs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tactical_role-playing_video_games" title="List of tactical role-playing video games">TRPGs</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Role-playing_video_games" title="Template:Role-playing video games"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Role-playing_video_games" title="Template talk:Role-playing video games"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Role-playing_video_games" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Role-playing video games"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>massively multiplayer online role-playing game</b> (<b>MMORPG</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> that combines aspects of a <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">role-playing video game</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_game" title="Massively multiplayer online game">massively multiplayer online game</a>. </p><p>As in role-playing games (RPGs), the player assumes the role of a <a href="/wiki/Player_character" title="Player character">character</a> (often in a <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">fantasy world</a> or <a href="/wiki/Science-fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Science-fiction">science-fiction</a> world) and takes control over many of that character's actions. MMORPGs are distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">single-player</a> or small <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_online_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiplayer online game">multi-player</a> online RPGs by the number of players able to interact together, and by the game's <a href="/wiki/Persistent_world" title="Persistent world">persistent world</a> (usually hosted by the game's <a href="/wiki/Video_game_publisher" title="Video game publisher">publisher</a>), which continues to exist and evolve while the player is <a href="/wiki/Offline" class="mw-redirect" title="Offline">offline</a> and away from the game. </p><p>MMORPGs are played throughout the world. Global revenues for MMORPGs exceeded half a billion dollars in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-revenue_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revenue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western world</a>'s revenues exceeded a billion dollars in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the spending on subscription MMORPGs by consumers in North America and Europe grew to $1.4 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a></i>, a popular MMORPG, had over 10 million subscribers as of November 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>World of Warcraft</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s total revenue was $1.04 billion US dollars in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Old_Republic" title="Star Wars: The Old Republic">Star Wars: The Old Republic</a></i>, released in 2011, became the world's "fastest-growing subscription MMO in history" after gaining more than 1 million players within the first three days of its launch.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_features">Common features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Common features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although modern MMORPGs sometimes differ dramatically from their predecessors, many of them share the same basic characteristics. These include several common features: </p> <ul><li>persistent game environment</li> <li>some form of level progression</li> <li>social interaction within the game</li> <li>in-game culture</li> <li>membership in a group</li> <li>character customization.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Themes">Themes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of popular MMORPGs are based on traditional <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> themes, often occurring in an in-game universe comparable to that of <i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i>. Some employ hybrid themes that either merge or replace fantasy elements with those of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">sword and sorcery</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime fiction</a>. Others draw thematic material from <a href="/wiki/American_comic_books" class="mw-redirect" title="American comic books">American comic books</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a>. These elements are often developed using similar tasks and scenarios involving <a href="/wiki/Quest_(gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quest (gaming)">quests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mob_(computer_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mob (computer gaming)">monsters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Looting_(gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Looting (gaming)">loot</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progression">Progression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Progression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In nearly all MMORPGs, the development of the <a href="/wiki/Player_character" title="Player character">player's character</a> is the primary goal. Nearly all MMORPGs feature a character progression system, in which players earn <a href="/wiki/Experience_points" class="mw-redirect" title="Experience points">experience points</a> for their actions and use those points to reach character "levels", which makes them better at whatever they do.<sup id="cite_ref-DOG1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOG1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, combat with monsters and completing quests for <a href="/wiki/Non-player_character" title="Non-player character">non-player characters</a>, either alone or in groups, are the primary ways to earn experience points. The accumulation of wealth (including combat-useful items) is also a way to progress in many MMORPGs. This is traditionally best accomplished via combat. The cycle produced by these conditions, combat leading to new items allowing for more combat with no change in gameplay, is sometimes pejoratively referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Grinding_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grinding (video gaming)">level treadmill</a>, or "grinding". The role-playing game <i><a href="/wiki/Progress_Quest" title="Progress Quest">Progress Quest</a></i> was created as a parody of this trend. <i><a href="/wiki/Eve_Online" title="Eve Online">Eve Online</a></i>, a space-based MMORPG, uses an alternative method of progression where users train skills in real-time rather than using experience points as a measure of progression. </p><p>In some MMORPGs, there is no limit to a player's level, allowing the grinding experience to continue indefinitely. MMORPGs that use this model often glorify top ranked players by displaying their avatars on the game's website or posting their stats on a high score screen. Another common practice is to enforce a maximum reachable level for all players, often referred to as a level cap. Once reached, the definition of a player's progression changes. Instead of being awarded primarily with experience for completing quests and dungeons, the player's motivation to continue playing will be replaced with collecting money and equipment. </p><p>Often, the widened range of equipment available at the maximum level will have increased aesthetic value to distinguish high ranking players in game between lower ranked players. Colloquially known as endgame gear, this set of empowered weapons and armor adds a competitive edge to both scripted boss encounters as well as player vs player combat. Player motivation to outperform others is fueled by acquiring such items and is a significant determining factor in their success or failure in combat-related situations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_interaction">Social interaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Social interaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction_via_MMORPGs" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction via MMORPGs">Social interaction via MMORPGs</a></div> <p>MMORPGs almost always have tools to facilitate communication between players. Many MMORPGs offer support for in-game <a href="/wiki/Clan_(computer_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan (computer gaming)">guilds or clans</a>, though these will usually form whether the game supports them or not. </p><p>In addition, most MMOGs require some degree of teamwork in parts of the game. These tasks usually require players to take on roles in the group, such as protecting other players from damage (called tanking), "healing" damage done to other players or damaging enemies. </p><p>MMORPGs generally have Game Moderators or <a href="/wiki/Game_master" class="mw-redirect" title="Game master">Game Masters</a> (frequently referred to as GMs or "mods"), who may be paid employees or unpaid volunteers who attempt to supervise the world. Some GMs may have additional access to features and information related to the game that are not available to other players and roles.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relationships formed in MMORPGs can often be just as intense as relationships formed between friends or partners met outside the game, and often involve elements of collaboration and trust between players.<sup id="cite_ref-Yee_PDF_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yee_PDF-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roleplaying">Roleplaying</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roleplaying"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most MMORPGs provide different types of classes that players can choose. Among those classes, a small portion of players choose to <a href="/wiki/Roleplay" class="mw-redirect" title="Roleplay">roleplay</a> their characters, and there are rules that provide functionality and content to those who do. Community resources such as forums and guides exist in support of this play style. </p><p>For example, if a player wants to play a priest role in his MMORPG world, that player might buy a <a href="/wiki/Cope" title="Cope">cope</a> from a shop and learn priestly skills, proceeding to speak, act, and interact with others as their character would. This may or may not include pursuing other goals such as wealth or experience. Guilds or similar groups with a focus on roleplaying may develop extended in-depth narratives using the setting and resources similar to those in the game world.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over time, the MMORPG community has developed a sub-culture with its own slang and metaphors, as well as an unwritten list of social rules and taboos. Players will often complain about 'grind' (a slang term for any repetitive, time-consuming activity in an MMORPG), or talk about 'buffs' and 'nerfs' (respectively an upgrade or downgrade of a particular game mechanic). </p><p>As with all such cultures, social rules exist for such things as invitations to join an adventuring party, the proper division of treasure, and how a player is expected to behave while grouped with other players.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_architecture">System architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: System architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most MMORPGs are deployed using a <a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server" class="mw-redirect" title="Client–server">client–server</a> <a href="/wiki/System_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="System architecture">system architecture</a>. The server software generates a <a href="/wiki/Persistent_world" title="Persistent world">persistent</a> instance of the <a href="/wiki/Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">virtual world</a> that runs continuously, and players connect to it via a client software. The client software may provide access to the entire playing world, or further 'expansions' may be required to be purchased to allow access to certain areas of the game. <i><a href="/wiki/EverQuest" title="EverQuest">EverQuest</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Guild_Wars" title="Guild Wars">Guild Wars</a></i> are two examples of games that use such a format. Players generally must purchase the client software for a one-time fee, although an increasing trend is for MMORPGs to work using pre-existing "thin" clients, such as a web browser.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Depending on the number of players and the system architecture, an MMORPG might be run on multiple separate servers, each representing an independent world, where players from one server cannot interact with those from another; <i>World of Warcraft</i> is a prominent example, with each separate server housing several thousand players. In many MMORPGs the number of players in one world is often limited to around a few thousand, but a notable example of the opposite is <i><a href="/wiki/EVE_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="EVE Online">EVE Online</a></i>, which accommodates several hundred thousand players on the same server, with over 60,000 playing simultaneously (June 2010<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) at certain times. Some games allow characters to appear on any world, but not simultaneously (such as <i>Seal Online: Evolution</i> or Kolossium competition in <i><a href="/wiki/Dofus" title="Dofus">Dofus</a></i>); others limit each character to the world in which it was created. <i>World of Warcraft</i> has experimented with "cross-realm" (i.e. cross-server) interaction in player vs player "battlegrounds", using server clusters or "battlegroups" to co-ordinate players looking to participate in structured player vs player content such as the Warsong Gulch or Alterac Valley battlegrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, patch 3.3, released on December 8, 2009, introduced a cross-realm "looking for group" system to help players form groups for instanced content (though not for open-world questing) from a larger pool of characters than their home server can necessarily provide.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_models">Business models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Business models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_games" title="List of massively multiplayer online role-playing games">List of massively multiplayer online role-playing games</a></div> <p>MMORPGs today use a wide range of business models, from free of charge, free with <a href="/wiki/Microtransactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtransactions">microtransactions</a>, advertise funded, to various kinds of payment plans. Some MMORPGs require payment or a monthly subscription to play. By definition, "<a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Massively multiplayer">massively multiplayer</a>" games are always online, and most require some sort of continuous revenue (such as monthly subscriptions and advertisements) for maintenance and development purposes. Some games, such as <i>Guild Wars</i>, have disposed of the 'monthly fee' model entirely, and recover costs directly through sales of the software and associated expansion packs. Still others adopt a micropayment model where the core content is free, but players are given the option to purchase additional content, such as equipment, aesthetic items, or pets. Games that make use of this model often have originated in Korea, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Flyff" title="Flyff">Flyff</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/MapleStory" title="MapleStory">MapleStory</a></i>. This business model is alternately called "<a href="/wiki/Pay_for_perks" class="mw-redirect" title="Pay for perks">pay for perks</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">freemium</a>", and games using it often describe themselves with the term "<a href="/wiki/Free-to-play" title="Free-to-play">free-to-play</a>". </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-to-play" title="Free-to-play">Free-to-play</a> (F2P) means that there is no cost to purchase the software and there is no subscription charge. Variably applies to traditionally bought and forever available games (see Buy-to-play below). Most newer MMOs that fall under this category now includes microtransactions however, which causes them to overlap with the <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">Freemium</a> model.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">Freemium</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of <i>free-to-play</i> and <i>premium</i>) means that the majority or all of the game's content is available for free but players can pay for extra content, character customization, added perks or faster advancement into the game via microtransactions. Freemium thus overlaps with both the free-to-play and pay-to-play models.</li> <li>Buy-to-play (B2P) means that the MMO can only be played by purchasing the game, but there is no subsequent subscription fee for playing the game. These games may or may not include additional microtransactions, or may sell additional content in the form of expansions instead of asking for an ongoing subscription fee.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay-to-play#Online_gaming" title="Pay-to-play">Pay-to-play</a> (P2P) means that the MMO requires a monthly subscription fee or other ongoing fee in order to continue playing the game. It may also require an up-front purchase of the game in addition to the monthly subscription fee, though many of these up-front purchases include a month of game time. This was once the most common way for MMOs to finance themselves, but has fallen out of favor in recent years as an increasing number of games have switched to other business models due to difficulty in retaining a stable playerbase.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MUD1_screenshot.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/64/MUD1_screenshot.gif" decoding="async" width="320" height="297" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/MUD1" title="MUD1">MUD1</a></i>, an early multi-user game</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_massively_multiplayer_online_games" title="History of massively multiplayer online games">History of massively multiplayer online games</a></div> <p>MMORPG is a term coined by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Garriott" title="Richard Garriott">Richard Garriott</a> to refer to massive multiplayer online role-playing games and their social communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous to this and related coinages, these games were generally called <a href="/wiki/Graphical_MUD" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphical MUD">graphical MUDs</a>; the history of MMORPGs traces back directly through the <a href="/wiki/Multi-user_dungeon" title="Multi-user dungeon">MUD</a> genre.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through this connection, MMORPGs can be seen to have roots in the earliest multi-user games such as <i><a href="/wiki/Mazewar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazewar">Mazewar</a></i> (1974) and <i><a href="/wiki/MUD1" title="MUD1">MUD1</a></i> (1978). 1985 saw the release of a <a href="/wiki/Roguelike" title="Roguelike">roguelike</a> (pseudo-graphical) MUD called <i><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Kesmai" title="Island of Kesmai">Island of Kesmai</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/CompuServe" title="CompuServe">CompuServe</a><sup id="cite_ref-DOG2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOG2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/LucasArts" class="mw-redirect" title="LucasArts">Lucasfilm</a>'s graphical MUD <a href="/wiki/Habitat_(video_game)" title="Habitat (video game)">Habitat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first fully graphical multi-user RPG was <i><a href="/wiki/Neverwinter_Nights_(AOL_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neverwinter Nights (AOL game)">Neverwinter Nights</a></i>, which was delivered through <a href="/wiki/America_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="America Online">America Online</a> in 1991 and was personally championed by AOL President <a href="/wiki/Steve_Case" title="Steve Case">Steve Case</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kostertimeline_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kostertimeline-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early proprietary graphical online RPGs include three on <a href="/wiki/The_Sierra_Network" title="The Sierra Network">The Sierra Network</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_Yserbius" title="The Shadow of Yserbius">The Shadow of Yserbius</a></i> in 1992, <i>The Fates of Twinion</i> in 1993, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ruins_of_Cawdor" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ruins of Cawdor">The Ruins of Cawdor</a></i> in 1995. Another milestone came in 1995 as <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> restrictions were lifted, opening the Internet up for game developers, which allowed for the first truly "massively"-scoped titles. Finally, MMORPGs as defined today began with <i><a href="/wiki/Meridian_59" title="Meridian 59">Meridian 59</a></i> in 1996, innovative both in its scope and in offering first-person 3D graphics, with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Realm_Online" title="The Realm Online">The Realm Online</a></i> appearing nearly simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-kostertimeline_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kostertimeline-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Ultima_Online" title="Ultima Online">Ultima Online</a></i>, released in 1997, is often credited with first popularizing the genre,<sup id="cite_ref-kostertimeline_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kostertimeline-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though more mainstream attention was garnered by 1999's <i><a href="/wiki/EverQuest" title="EverQuest">EverQuest</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Asheron%27s_Call" title="Asheron's Call">Asheron's Call</a></i> in the West<sup id="cite_ref-kostertimeline_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kostertimeline-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1996's <i><a href="/wiki/Nexus:_The_Kingdom_of_the_Winds" title="Nexus: The Kingdom of the Winds">Nexus: The Kingdom of the Winds</a></i> in South Korea. </p><p>The financial success of these early titles has ensured competition in the genre since that time. MMORPG titles now exist on <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">consoles</a> and in new settings. In 2008, the market for MMORPGs had <a href="/wiki/Blizzard_Entertainment" title="Blizzard Entertainment">Blizzard Entertainment</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a></i> dominating as the largest MMORPG,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alongside other titles such as <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_XIV" title="Final Fantasy XIV">Final Fantasy XIV</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Guild_Wars_2" title="Guild Wars 2">Guild Wars 2</a></i>, though an additional market exists for <a href="/wiki/Free-to-play" title="Free-to-play">free-to-play</a> MMORPGs, which are supported by advertising and purchases of in-game items. This free-to-play model is particularly common in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/MapleStory" title="MapleStory">MapleStory</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rohan:_Blood_Feud" title="Rohan: Blood Feud">Rohan: Blood Feud</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantica_Online" title="Atlantica Online">Atlantica Online</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_Ark_(video_game)" title="Lost Ark (video game)">Lost Ark</a></i>. Also, there are some free-to-play games, such as <i><a href="/wiki/RuneScape" title="RuneScape">RuneScape</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tibia_(computer_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibia (computer game)">Tibia</a></i>, where the game is free, but one would have to pay monthly to play the game with more features. <i><a href="/wiki/Guild_Wars" title="Guild Wars">Guild Wars</a></i> and its sequel avoid some degree of competition with other MMORPGs by only requiring the initial purchase of the game to play. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cost of developing a competitive commercial MMORPG title often exceeded $10 million in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-devcost_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devcost-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These projects require multiple disciplines within game design and development such as 3D modeling, 2D art, animation, user interfaces, client/server engineering, database architecture, and network infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The front-end (or client) component of a commercial, modern MMORPG features 3D graphics. As with other modern 3D games, the front-end requires expertise with implementing <a href="/wiki/3D_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="3D engine">3D engines</a>, real-time <a href="/wiki/Shader" title="Shader">shader</a> techniques and physics simulation. The actual visual content (areas, creatures, characters, weapons, spaceships and so forth) is developed by artists who typically begin with two-dimensional concept art, and later convert these concepts into animated 3D scenes, models and texture maps.<sup id="cite_ref-3d_game_design_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3d_game_design-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Developing an MMOG server requires expertise with client/server architecture, network protocols, security, and database design. MMORPGs include reliable systems for a number of vital tasks. The server must be able to handle and verify a large number of connections, prevent <a href="/wiki/Cheating_in_online_games" title="Cheating in online games">cheating</a>, and apply changes (bug fixes or added content) to the game. A system for recording the games data at regular intervals, without stopping the game, is also important.<sup id="cite_ref-game_server_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-game_server-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maintenance requires sufficient <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a>, and a dedicated support staff. Insufficient resources for maintenance lead to <a href="/wiki/Lag_(video_games)" title="Lag (video games)">lag</a> and frustration for the players, and can severely damage the reputation of a game, especially at launch. Care must also be taken to ensure that player population remains at an acceptable level by adding or removing servers. <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">Peer-to-peer</a> MMORPGs could theoretically work cheaply and efficiently in regulating server load, but practical issues such as asymmetrical network bandwidth, CPU-hungry rendering engines, unreliability of individual nodes, and inherent lack of security (opening fertile new grounds for cheating) can make them a difficult proposition. The hosted infrastructure for a commercial-grade MMORPG requires the deployment of hundreds (or even thousands) of servers. Developing an affordable infrastructure for an <a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">online game</a> requires developers to scale large numbers of players with less hardware and network investment.<sup id="cite_ref-architecture_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-architecture-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the development team will need to have expertise with the fundamentals of game design: world-building, lore and game mechanics,<sup id="cite_ref-game_fundamentals_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-game_fundamentals-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as what makes games fun.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-corporate_development">Non-corporate development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Non-corporate development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryzom_screenshot_4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ryzom_screenshot_4.png/250px-Ryzom_screenshot_4.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ryzom_screenshot_4.png/330px-Ryzom_screenshot_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ryzom_screenshot_4.png/500px-Ryzom_screenshot_4.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption>An event in the MMORPG <i><a href="/wiki/Ryzom" title="Ryzom">Ryzom</a></i>, an <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> game (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Though the vast majority of MMORPGs are produced by companies, many small teams of programmers and artists have contributed to the genre. As shown above, the average MMORPG development project requires enormous investments of time and money, and running the game can be a long-term commitment. As a result, non-corporate (or independent, or "<a href="/wiki/Indie_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie games">indie</a>") development of MMORPGs is less common compared to other genres. Still, many independent MMORPGs do exist, representing a wide spectrum of genres, gameplay types, and revenue systems. </p><p>Some independent MMORPG projects are completely <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a>, while others feature proprietary content made with an open-source game engine. The <a href="/wiki/WorldForge" title="WorldForge">WorldForge</a> project has been active since 1998 and formed a community of independent developers who are working on creating framework for a number of open-source MMORPGs. The <a href="/wiki/Multiverse_Foundation" title="Multiverse Foundation">Multiverse Foundation</a> has also created a platform specifically for independent MMOG developers.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trends">Trends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As there are a number of wildly different titles within the genre, and since the genre develops so rapidly, it is difficult to definitively state that the genre is heading in one direction or another. Still, there are a few obvious developments. One of these developments is the <a href="/wiki/Raid_(gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid (gaming)">raid</a> group quest, or "raid",<sup id="cite_ref-raid_trend_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raid_trend-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is an adventure designed for large groups of players (often twenty or more). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instance_dungeons">Instance dungeons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Instance dungeons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Instance_dungeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Instance dungeons">Instance dungeons</a>, sometimes shortened to "instances", are game areas that are "copied" for individual players or groups, which keeps those in the instance separated from the rest of the game world. This reduces competition, and also reducing the amount of data that needs to be sent to and from the server, reducing lag. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Realm_Online" title="The Realm Online">The Realm Online</a></i> was the first MMORPG to begin to use a rudimentary form of this technique and <i><a href="/wiki/Anarchy_Online" title="Anarchy Online">Anarchy Online</a></i> would develop it further, using instances as a key element of gameplay. Since then, instancing has become increasingly common. The "raids", as mentioned above, often involve instance dungeons. Examples of games which feature instances are <i><a href="/wiki/World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online" title="The Lord of the Rings Online">The Lord of the Rings Online</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/EverQuest" title="EverQuest">EverQuest</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/EverQuest_II" title="EverQuest II">EverQuest II</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aion:_The_Tower_of_Eternity" class="mw-redirect" title="Aion: The Tower of Eternity">Aion</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_XIV_(2010_video_game)" title="Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)">Final Fantasy XIV</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Guild_Wars_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guild Wars (series)">Guild Wars</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rift_(video_game)" title="Rift (video game)">Rift</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/RuneScape" title="RuneScape">RuneScape</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_Online" title="Star Trek Online">Star Trek Online</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Old_Republic" title="Star Wars: The Old Republic">Star Wars: The Old Republic</a>,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/DC_Universe_Online" title="DC Universe Online">DC Universe Online</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Player-created_content">Player-created content</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Player-created content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Increased amounts of "<a href="/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">player-created content</a>" is another trend.<sup id="cite_ref-player_content_trend_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-player_content_trend-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_licenses">Use of licenses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Use of licenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual property license">intellectual property licensing</a> common in other video game genres has also appeared in MMORPGs. 2007 saw the release of <i>The Lord of the Rings Online</i>, based on <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>. Other licensed MMORPGs include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Online" title="The Matrix Online">The Matrix Online</a></i>, based on the <i>Matrix</i> trilogy of films, <i><a href="/wiki/Warhammer_Online:_Age_of_Reckoning" title="Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning">Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning</a></i>, based on <a href="/wiki/Games_Workshop" title="Games Workshop">Games Workshop</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Warhammer_Fantasy_Battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Warhammer Fantasy Battle">table top game</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_Galaxies" title="Star Wars Galaxies">Star Wars Galaxies</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_The_Old_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Wars The Old Republic">Star Wars The Old Republic</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Champions_Online" title="Champions Online">Champions Online</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Conan" title="Age of Conan">Age of Conan</a></i>. </p><p>Additionally, several licenses from television have been optioned for MMORPGs, for example <i>Star Trek Online</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Stargate_Worlds" title="Stargate Worlds">Stargate Worlds</a></i> (which was later canceled). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Console-based_MMORPGs">Console-based MMORPGs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Console-based MMORPGs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first console-based MMORPG was <i><a href="/wiki/Phantasy_Star_Online" title="Phantasy Star Online">Phantasy Star Online</a></i> for the <a href="/wiki/Dreamcast" title="Dreamcast">Dreamcast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first console-based open-world MMORPG was <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_XI" title="Final Fantasy XI">Final Fantasy XI</a></i> for the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EverQuest_Online_Adventures" title="EverQuest Online Adventures">EverQuest Online Adventures</a></i>, also on the PlayStation 2, was the first console MMORPG in North America. Although console-based MMORPGs are considered more difficult to produce,<sup id="cite_ref-no_console_mmo_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-no_console_mmo-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the platform is gaining more attention. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Browser-based_MMORPGs">Browser-based MMORPGs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Browser-based MMORPGs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the popularization of Facebook and microtransactions came a wave of Flash and HTML5 based MMORPGs that use the free to play model. They require no download outside of a browser and usually have heavily integrated social media sharing features. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smartphone-based_MMORPGs">Smartphone-based MMORPGs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Smartphone-based MMORPGs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphones</a> with their <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> capabilities (amongst others) enable <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a> in games such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ingress_(video_game)" title="Ingress (video game)">Ingress</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Go" title="Pokémon Go">Pokémon Go</a></i>. The games are enhanced by location and distance based tracking, bench marking goals or facilitating trade between players. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_society_and_culture">In society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_effects">Psychological effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Psychological effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Importance_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain information <b>not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">important or relevant</a> to the article's subject.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit">improve this section</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since the interactions between MMORPG players are real, even if the environments are virtual, <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologists</a> are able to use MMORPGs as tools for academic research. <a href="/wiki/Sherry_Turkle" title="Sherry Turkle">Sherry Turkle</a> has found that many people have expanded their emotional range by exploring the many different roles (including gender identities) that MMORPGs allow a person to explore.<sup id="cite_ref-turkle_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turkle-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nick_Yee" title="Nick Yee">Nick Yee</a> has surveyed more than 35,000 MMORPG players over the past several years, focusing on psychological and sociological aspects of these games. Recent findings included that 15% of players become a guild-leader at one time or another, but most generally find the job tough and thankless;<sup id="cite_ref-yee1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yee1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that players spend a considerable amount of time (often a third of their total time investment) doing things that are external to gameplay but part of the <a href="/wiki/Metagame" title="Metagame">metagame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yee2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yee2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many players report that the emotions they feel while playing an MMORPG are very strong, to the extent that 8.7% of male and 23.2% of female players in a statistical study have had an online wedding.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other researchers have found that the enjoyment of a game is directly related to the social organization of a game, ranging from brief encounters between players to highly organized play in structured groups.<sup id="cite_ref-nardi_harris_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nardi_harris-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a study by Zaheer Hussain and <a href="/wiki/Mark_D._Griffiths" title="Mark D. Griffiths">Mark D. Griffiths</a>, it was found that just over one in five gamers (21%) said they preferred socializing online to offline. Significantly more male gamers than female gamers said that they found it easier to converse online than offline. It was also found that 57% of gamers had created a character of the opposite gender, and it is suggested that the online female persona has a number of positive social attributes.<sup id="cite_ref-hussain_zaheer_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussain_zaheer-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A German fMRT-study conducted by researchers of the Central Institute of Mental Health points towards impairments in social, emotional and physical aspects of the self-concept and a higher degree in avatar identification in addicted MMORPG players, compared to non-addicted and naive (nonexperienced) people.<sup id="cite_ref-tagrid_lemenager_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tagrid_lemenager-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These findings generally support Davis' cognitive behavioral model of Internet addiction, which postulates that dysfunctional self-related cognitions represent central factors contributing towards the development and maintenance of MMORPG addiction.<sup id="cite_ref-davis_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high degree of avatar identification found by Leménager et al. in the addicted group of this study indicates that MMORPG playing may represent an attempt to compensate for impairments in self-concept. Psychotherapeutic interventions should therefore focus on the development of coping strategies for real-life situations in which addicted players tend to experience themselves as incompetent and inferior.<sup id="cite_ref-tagrid_lemenager_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tagrid_lemenager-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bartle" title="Richard Bartle">Richard Bartle</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/Designing_Virtual_Worlds" title="Designing Virtual Worlds">Designing Virtual Worlds</a></i>, classified multiplayer RPG-players into four primary psychological groups. His classifications were then expanded upon by Erwin Andreasen, who developed the concept into the thirty-question <a href="/wiki/Bartle_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartle Test">Bartle Test</a> that helps players determine which category they are associated with. With over 650,000 test responses as of 2011, this is perhaps the largest ongoing survey of multiplayer game players.<sup id="cite_ref-bartletest_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bartletest-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on Bartle and Yee's research, Jon Radoff has published an updated model of player <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a> that focuses on immersion, competition, cooperation and achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These elements may be found not only in MMORPGs, but many other types of games and within the emerging field of <a href="/wiki/Gamification" title="Gamification">gamification</a>. </p><p>There have been numerous discussions and evaluations by various scholarly institutions regarding the long-term effects of video game overuse. Many news agencies have criticized video games as promoting violent tendencies in its player base and encouraging anti-social behaviors. Ultimately this culminated in the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> classifying the overuse of video games as "Technological Addiction" in May 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disease_research">Disease research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Disease research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a></i>, a temporary design glitch attracted the attention of psychologists and epidemiologists across North America, when the "<a href="/wiki/Corrupted_Blood_incident" title="Corrupted Blood incident">Corrupted Blood</a>" disease of a monster began to spread unintentionally—and uncontrollably—into the wider game world. The <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control</a> intended to use the incident as a research model to chart both the progression of a disease, and the potential human response to large-scale <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a> infection. However, due to <a href="/wiki/Blizzard_Entertainment" title="Blizzard Entertainment">Blizzard Entertainment</a>'s failure to keep statistical records of the event, the 2005 Corrupted Blood Outbreak ultimately failed to produce any results. Nevertheless, the CDC has continued to express interest in the use of MMORPGs for disease research.<sup id="cite_ref-CDCP_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCP-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been suggested by Springer University in Germany that MMORPGs encourage and provide opportunities to study and improve in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economic theory</a> by providing a controlled environment for the natural development of economic practices between players of including professions, trade, and services.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research has shown that for the positive learner, game-based interaction could reduce inhibition as well as enhance the enjoyment and motivation of <a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">second language learning</a>, but appears to be more suitable for learners of intermediate and higher levels of proficiency than language beginners.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Therapeutic_applications">Therapeutic applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Therapeutic applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Division of Autism and developmental disabilities published a significant report detailing the value of MMORPGs for the treatment of individuals with <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">autism spectrum</a> disorder. The report suggests that individuals with autism spectrum disorder could benefit from MMORPGs by being provided a space to freely develop social skills and communication skills without the stress of face-to-face contact. This in turn opens new pathways for social therapy for individuals with developmental disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Virtual_economy" title="Virtual economy">Virtual economy</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evemarketscreen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0a/Evemarketscreen.png/256px-Evemarketscreen.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0a/Evemarketscreen.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>A user browsing the market for items in <i><a href="/wiki/Eve_Online" title="Eve Online">Eve Online</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Many MMORPGs feature living economies. Virtual items and currency have to be gained through play and have definite value for players.<sup id="cite_ref-Development_of_Economy_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Development_of_Economy-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_economy" title="Virtual economy">virtual economy</a> can be analyzed (using data logged by the game)<sup id="cite_ref-Development_of_Economy_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Development_of_Economy-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has value in economic research. More significantly, these "virtual" economies can affect the economies of the real world. </p><p>One of the early researchers of MMORPGs was <a href="/wiki/Edward_Castronova" title="Edward Castronova">Edward Castronova</a>, who demonstrated that a <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">supply-and-demand</a> market exists for virtual items and that it crosses over with the real world.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This crossover has some requirements of the game: </p> <ul><li>The ability for players to sell an item to each other for in-game (virtual) currency.</li> <li>Bartering for items between players for items of similar value.</li> <li>The purchase of in-game items for real-world currency.</li> <li>Exchanges of real-world currencies for virtual currencies.</li> <li>The invention of user-created meta-currencies such as <a href="/wiki/Dragon_kill_points" title="Dragon kill points">Dragon kill points</a> to distribute in-game rewards.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The idea of attaching real-world value to "virtual" items has had a profound effect on players and the game industry, and even the courts.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The virtual currency selling pioneer <a href="/wiki/IGE" title="IGE">IGE</a> received a lawsuit from a <i><a href="/wiki/World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a></i> player for interfering in the economics and intended use of the game by selling WoW gold.<sup id="cite_ref-escapistmagazine.com_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-escapistmagazine.com-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castronova's first study in 2002 found that a highly <a href="/wiki/Liquid_capital" title="Liquid capital">liquid</a> (if illegal) currency market existed, with the value of <i>Everquest'</i>s in-game currency exceeding that of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Japanese yen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CurrencyExchange_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CurrencyExchange-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people even make a living by working these virtual economies; these people are often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Gold_farming" title="Gold farming">gold farmers</a>, and may be employed in <a href="/wiki/Game_sweatshop" class="mw-redirect" title="Game sweatshop">game sweatshops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wage_Slaves_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wage_Slaves-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Game publishers usually prohibit the exchange of real-world money for virtual goods, but others actively promote the idea of linking (and directly profiting from) an exchange. In <i><a href="/wiki/Second_Life" title="Second Life">Second Life</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Entropia_Universe" title="Entropia Universe">Entropia Universe</a></i>, the virtual economy and the real-world economy are directly linked. This means that real money can be deposited for game money and vice versa. Real-world items have also been sold for game money in <i>Entropia</i>, and some players of <i>Second Life</i> have generated revenues in excess of $100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-SecondLifeEconomy_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SecondLifeEconomy-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RuneScape_spammers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/60/RuneScape_spammers.png/250px-RuneScape_spammers.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/60/RuneScape_spammers.png/330px-RuneScape_spammers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/60/RuneScape_spammers.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption>Bots spamming a communication channel in <i><a href="/wiki/RuneScape" title="RuneScape">RuneScape</a></i> to advertise illegitimate market websites</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the issues confronting online economies include: </p> <ul><li>The use of "bots" or automated programs, that assist some players in accumulating in-game wealth to the disadvantage of other players.<sup id="cite_ref-bots_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bots-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The use of unsanctioned auction sites, which has led publishers to seek legal remedies to prevent their use based on intellectual-property claims.<sup id="cite_ref-stopauctions_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stopauctions-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The emergence of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_crime" title="Virtual crime">virtual crime</a>, which can take the form of both fraud against the player or publisher of an online game, and even real-life acts of violence stemming from in-game transactions.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Linking real-world and virtual economies was rare in MMORPGs as of 2008, as it is generally believed to be detrimental to gameplay. If real-world wealth can be used to obtain greater, more immediate rewards than skillful gameplay, the incentive for strategic roleplay and real game involvement is diminished. It could also easily lead to a skewed hierarchy where richer players gain better items, allowing them to take on stronger opponents and level up more quickly than less wealthy but more committed players.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MUDs" title="List of MUDs">List of MUDs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">Digital currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_massively_multiplayer_online_games" title="List of free massively multiplayer online games">List of free massively multiplayer online games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_games" title="List of massively multiplayer online role-playing games">List of massively multiplayer online role-playing games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_server" title="Private server">Private server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_economy" title="Virtual economy">Virtual economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_goods" title="Virtual goods">Virtual goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">Virtual world</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-revenue-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-revenue_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFParks_Associates2005" class="citation web cs1">Parks Associates (2005). <a rel="nofollow" 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parksassociates.com/press/press_releases/2005/gaming-1.html">the original</a> on 21 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Gaming+Revenues+to+Triple+by+2009&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Parks+Associates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parksassociates.com%2Fpress%2Fpress_releases%2F2005%2Fgaming-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassively+multiplayer+online+role-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarding-Rolls2006" class="citation book cs1">Harding-Rolls, Piers (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070604202713/http://www.screendigest.com/reports/07westworldmmog/NSMH-6ZFF9N/sample.pdf"><i>Western World MMOG Market: 2006 Review and Forecasts to 2011</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London, UK: Screen Digest. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screendigest.com/reports/07westworldmmog/NSMH-6ZFF9N/sample.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New Riders. pp. 474, 477. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59273-000-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-59273-000-0"><bdi>1-59273-000-0</bdi></a>. <q>[pp. 474] <b>experience points</b> A point value that is accumulated by gameplay activity such as <b>leveling</b> and is used as a measure of a character's power. Popularized by the classic dice version of TSR's <i>Advanced Dungeons & Dragons</i> back in the 1970s and carried over to online gaming by designers. [pp. 477] <b>level</b> A rank or rating of a character's power. [...] <b>leveling</b> Activity in-game devoted to increasing a character's experience, level, and/or skills. 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London: Springer-Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">187–</span>207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-3883-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4020-3883-6"><bdi>1-4020-3883-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060514060222/http://www.nickyee.com/pubs/Yee%20-%20MMORPG%20Psychology%20%282006%29.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Psychology+of+MMORPGs%3A+Emotional+Investment%2C+Motivations%2C+Relationship+Formation%2C+and+Problematic+Usage&rft.btitle=Avatars+at+Work+and+Play%3A+Collaboration+and+Interaction+in+Shared+Virtual+Environments&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E207&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4020-3883-6&rft.au=R.Schroeder+%26+A.+Axelsson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nickyee.com%2Fpubs%2FYee%2520-%2520MMORPG%2520Psychology%2520%282006%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassively+multiplayer+online+role-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJøn2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jøn, A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Weekend%3A+The+Alliance+Tournament+Finals%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eveonline.com%2Fdevblog.asp%3Fa%3Dblog%26bid%3D771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassively+multiplayer+online+role-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080405235302/http://www.wow-europe.com/en/info/basics/battlegroups.html">"World of Warcraft Europe -> Info -> Basics -> Battlegroups"</a>. 5 April 2008. Archived from the original on 5 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+of+Warcraft+Europe+-%3E+Info+-%3E+Basics+-%3E+Battlegroups&rft.date=2008-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wow-europe.com%2Fen%2Finfo%2Fbasics%2Fbattlegroups.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassively+multiplayer+online+role-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wow-europe.com/en/patchnotes/">"World of Warcraft"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+of+Warcraft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wow-europe.com%2Fen%2Fpatchnotes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassively+multiplayer+online+role-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSafkoBrake2009" class="citation book cs1">Safko, Lon; Brake, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialmediabible00safk"><i>The Social Media Bible: Tactics, Tools, and Strategies for Business Success</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470411551" title="Special:BookSources/9780470411551"><bdi>9780470411551</bdi></a>. <q>Richard Garriott first coined the term <i>MMORPG</i> in 1997.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Media+Bible%3A+Tactics%2C+Tools%2C+and+Strategies+for+Business+Success&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780470411551&rft.aulast=Safko&rft.aufirst=Lon&rft.au=Brake%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialmediabible00safk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassively+multiplayer+online+role-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCastronova2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Castronova" title="Edward Castronova">Castronova, Edward</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/syntheticworlds00edwa/page/10"><i>Synthetic Worlds: The Business and Culture of Online Games</i></a>. University Of Chicago Press. pp. 10, 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-09626-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-09626-2"><bdi>0-226-09626-2</bdi></a>. <q>(page 10): The ancestors of MMORPGS were text-based multiuser domains (MUDs) [...]<br />(page 291): Indeed, MUDs generate perhaps the one historical connection between game-based VR and the traditional program [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synthetic+Worlds%3A+The+Business+and+Culture+of+Online+Games&rft.pages=10%2C+291&rft.pub=University+Of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-226-09626-2&rft.aulast=Castronova&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsyntheticworlds00edwa%2Fpage%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassively+multiplayer+online+role-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBainbridge2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Sims_Bainbridge" title="William Sims Bainbridge">Bainbridge, William Sims</a> (2004). <i>Berkshire Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction</i>. 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Serious players paid the bucks.</i>" <b>—<a href="/wiki/Kelton_Flinn" title="Kelton Flinn">Kelton Flinn</a></b></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developing+Online+Games%3A+An+Insider%27s+Guide&rft.pages=447&rft.pub=New+Riders&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54116655&rft.isbn=9781592730001&rft.aulast=Mulligan&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft.au=Patrovsky%2C+Bridgette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmvuUPxXyB7AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassively+multiplayer+online+role-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2016/02/bringing-habitat-back-to-life.html">"Bringing Habitat Back to Life"</a>. <i>pastemagazine.com</i>. 3 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1UP.com&rft.atitle=Wage+Slaves&rft.date=2005-07-05&rft.au=Lee%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1up.com%2Fdo%2Ffeature%3FcId%3D3141815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassively+multiplayer+online+role-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SecondLifeEconomy-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SecondLifeEconomy_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHof,_Robert2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Hof, Robert (1 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060421131418/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_18/b3982001.htm">"My Virtual Life"</a>. <i>BusinessWeek</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWeek&rft.atitle=My+Virtual+Life&rft.date=2006-05-01&rft.au=Hof%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fmagazine%2Fcontent%2F06_18%2Fb3982001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassively+multiplayer+online+role-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bots-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bots_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Shapiro (2003), How online games teach us about economics, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2078053/">slate.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stopauctions-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stopauctions_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blizzard Goes to War, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terranova.blogs.com/terra_nova/2004/12/blizzard_goes_t.html">terranova.blogs.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC News (2005), Game Theft led to Fatal Attack, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4397159.stm">news.bbc.co.uk</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511221059/http://www.danwei.org/electronic_games/gambling_your_life_away_in_zt.php">"Gamble your life away in ZT Online"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danwei.org/electronic_games/gambling_your_life_away_in_zt.php">the original</a> on 11 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gamble+your+life+away+in+ZT+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danwei.org%2Felectronic_games%2Fgambling_your_life_away_in_zt.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassively+multiplayer+online+role-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJøn2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jøn, A. Asbjørn (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283281457">"The Development of MMORPG Culture and The Guild"</a>. <i>Australian Folklore: A Yearly Journal of Folklore Studies</i>. <b>25</b>: <span class="nowrap">97–</span>112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Folklore%3A+A+Yearly+Journal+of+Folklore+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+MMORPG+Culture+and+The+Guild&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=J%C3%B8n&rft.aufirst=A.+Asbj%C3%B8rn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F283281457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassively+multiplayer+online+role-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDyer-Withefordde_Peuter2009" class="citation book cs1">Dyer-Witheford, Nick; de Peuter, Greig (2009). <i>Games of empire: Global capitalism and video games</i>. University of Minnesota Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Games+of+empire%3A+Global+capitalism+and+video+games&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Dyer-Witheford&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=de+Peuter%2C+Greig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassively+multiplayer+online+role-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2004" class="citation journal cs1">Jenkins, Henry (2004). "Game Design as Narrative Architecture". <i>First Person: New Media as Story, Performance, and Game</i>. MIT Press: <span class="nowrap">118–</span>30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Person%3A+New+Media+as+Story%2C+Performance%2C+and+Game&rft.atitle=Game+Design+as+Narrative+Architecture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassively+multiplayer+online+role-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTekinbaşZimmerman2006" class="citation book cs1">Tekinbaş, Katie Salen; Zimmerman, Eric (2006). <i>The game design reader: a Rules of play anthology</i>. MIT Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+game+design+reader%3A+a+Rules+of+play+anthology&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Tekinba%C5%9F&rft.aufirst=Katie+Salen&rft.au=Zimmerman%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassively+multiplayer+online+role-playing+game" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Multiplayer_video_games55" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiplayer_online_games" title="Template:Multiplayer online games"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Multiplayer_online_games" title="Template talk:Multiplayer online games"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multiplayer_online_games" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Multiplayer online games"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Multiplayer_video_games55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">Multiplayer video games</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_video_game" title="Cooperative video game">Cooperative gameplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_game" title="Massively multiplayer online game">Massively multiplayer online game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_first-person_shooter_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Massively multiplayer online first-person shooter game">MMOFPS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MMORPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_real-time_strategy_game" title="Massively multiplayer online real-time strategy game">MMORTS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-user_dungeon" title="Multi-user dungeon">MUD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_online_games" title="History of online games">History of online games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_massively_multiplayer_online_games" title="History of massively multiplayer online games">History of massively multiplayer online games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_economy" title="Virtual economy">Virtual economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_tax" title="Virtual tax">Virtual tax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interaction_in_MMORPGs" title="Social interaction in MMORPGs">Social interaction in MMORPGs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">Virtual world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_world" title="Persistent world">Persistent world</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_character" title="Player character">Player character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-player_character" title="Non-player character">Non-player character</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esports" title="Esports">Esports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">Online game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Browser_game" title="Browser game">Browser game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Social networking service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_game_genres350" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_game_genre" title="Template:Video game genre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_game_genre" title="Template talk:Video game genre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_game_genre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video game genre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_game_genres350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_genre" title="Video game genre">Video game genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_genres" title="List of video game genres">List of video game genres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Action_game" title="Action game">Action</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platformer" title="Platformer">Platformer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endless_runner" title="Endless runner">Endless runner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_fighter" title="Platform fighter">Platform fighter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shooter_game" title="Shooter game">Shooter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_shooter" title="Arena shooter">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_shooter" title="Hero shooter">Hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_gun_shooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Light gun shooter">Light gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up" title="Shoot 'em up">Shoot 'em up</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_hell" title="Bullet hell">Bullet hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_shooter" title="Rail shooter">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-stick_shooter" title="Twin-stick shooter">Twin-stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_shooter" title="Tactical shooter">Tactical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_shooter" title="Third-person shooter">Third-person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Survival_game" title="Survival game">Survival</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_royale_game" title="Battle royale game">Battle royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival horror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_%27em_up" title="Beat 'em up">Beat 'em up</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hack_and_slash" title="Hack and slash">Hack and slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">Fighting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platform_fighter" title="Platform fighter">Platform fighter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maze_video_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Maze video game">Maze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pac-Man_clones" title="List of Pac-Man clones"><i>Pac-Man</i> clone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_(video_game_genre)" title="Snake (video game genre)">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealth_game" title="Stealth game">Stealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/60px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/120px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="249" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Action-adventure_game" title="Action-adventure game">Action-adventure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_clone" title="Grand Theft Auto clone"><i>Grand Theft Auto</i> clone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroidvania" title="Metroidvania">Metroidvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventure_game" title="Adventure game">Adventure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escape_room_video_game" title="Escape room video game">Escape room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_graphic_adventure_games" title="List of graphic adventure games">Graphic adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">Interactive fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_film" title="Interactive film">Interactive film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">Visual novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_simulator" title="Walking simulator">Walking sim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_tabletop_game" title="Digital tabletop game">Digital tabletop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deck-building_game" title="Deck-building game">Deck-building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike_deck-building_game" title="Roguelike deck-building game">Roguelike deck-building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_collectible_card_game" title="Digital collectible card game">Digital collectible card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Puzzle_video_game" title="Puzzle video game">Puzzle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_object_game" title="Hidden object game">Hidden object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban"><i>Sokoban</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile-matching_video_game" title="Tile-matching video game">Tile-matching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">Role-playing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_role-playing_game" title="Action role-playing game">Action role-playing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Looter_shooter" title="Looter shooter">Looter shooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulslike" title="Soulslike">Soulslike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon_crawl" title="Dungeon crawl">Dungeon crawl</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MMORPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster-taming_game" title="Monster-taming game">Monster-taming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike" title="Roguelike">Roguelike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike_deck-building_game" title="Roguelike deck-building game">Roguelike deck-building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_role-playing_game" title="Tactical role-playing game">Tactical role-playing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Simulation_video_game" title="Simulation video game">Simulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_simulation_game" title="Life simulation game">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dating_sim" title="Dating sim">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_life_sim" title="Farm life sim">Farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_game" title="God game">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_simulation_game" title="Social simulation game">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_pet" title="Virtual pet">Virtual pet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Construction_and_management_simulation" title="Construction and management simulation">CMS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_simulation_game" title="Business simulation game">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-building_game" title="City-building game">City-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_simulation_game" title="Government simulation game">Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_video_game" title="Sports video game">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_video_game" title="Fishing video game">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_game" title="Racing game">Racing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kart_racing_game" title="Kart racing game">Kart racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim_racing" title="Sim racing">Sim racing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_simulation_game" title="Vehicle simulation game">Vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_simulation_video_game" title="Flight simulation video game">Flight simulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_flight_simulation_game" title="Combat flight simulation game">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(video_game_genre)" title="Lunar Lander (video game genre)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_flight_simulation_game" title="Space flight simulation game">Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_simulator" title="Submarine simulator">Submarine simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_simulator" title="Train simulator">Train simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_combat_game" title="Vehicular combat game">Vehicular combat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falling-sand_game" title="Falling-sand game">Falling-sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersive_sim" title="Immersive sim">Immersive sim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strategy_video_game" title="Strategy video game">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4X" title="4X">4X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_battler" title="Auto battler">Auto battler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_online_battle_arena" title="Multiplayer online battle arena">MOBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_strategy" title="Real-time strategy">Real-time strategy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_management_game" title="Time management game">Time management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_tactics" title="Real-time tactics">Real-time tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_role-playing_game" title="Tactical role-playing game">Tactical role-playing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_defense" title="Tower defense">Tower defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn-based_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn-based strategy">Turn-based strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn-based_tactics" title="Turn-based tactics">Turn-based tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_game" title="Artillery game">Artillery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_wargame" title="Computer wargame">Wargame</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy_wargame" title="Grand strategy wargame">Grand strategy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cozy_game" title="Cozy game">Cozy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_game" title="Fitness game">Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_game" title="Horror game">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_game" title="Incremental game">Incremental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_video_game" title="Music video game">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_game" title="Rhythm game">Rhythm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-game" title="Non-game">Non-game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_video_game" title="Party video game">Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography game">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_game" title="Programming game">Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typing_game" title="Typing game">Typing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advergame" title="Advergame">Advergame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Djo_game" title="Bishōjo game"><i>Bishōjo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_video_game" title="Christian video game">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_in_video_games" title="Comedy in video games">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_video_game" title="Educational video game">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls%27_video_games" title="Girls' video games">Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licensed_game" title="Licensed game">Licensed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otome_game" title="Otome game"><i>Otome</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_content_in_video_games" title="Sexual content in video games">Sexual</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eroge" title="Eroge">Eroge</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_video_game" title="Nonviolent video game">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_video_game" title="Personalized video game">Personalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_video_game" title="Science fiction video game">Sci-fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serious_game" title="Serious game">Serious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_video_game" title="Climate change video game">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsgame" title="Newsgame">News</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Player modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">Multiplayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_video_game" title="Cooperative video game">Co-op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_versus_player" title="Player versus player">PVP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-player_video_game" title="Single-player video game">Single-player</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAA_(video_game_industry)" title="AAA (video game industry)">AAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">Indie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_soft" title="Doujin soft"><i>Doujin</i> soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_game" title="Fan game">Fan game</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_game" title="Casual game">Casual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercasual_game" title="Hypercasual game">Hypercasual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_gameplay" title="Emergent gameplay">Emergent gameplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-motion_video" title="Full-motion video">FMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacha_game" title="Gacha game"><i>Gacha</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaizo" title="Kaizo"><i>Kaizo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masocore" title="Masocore">Masocore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_gameplay" title="Nonlinear gameplay">Nonlinear gameplay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_world" title="Open world">Open world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbox_game" title="Sandbox game">Sandbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-scrolling_video_game" title="Side-scrolling video game">Side-scrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitch_gameplay" title="Twitch gameplay">Twitch gameplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertically_scrolling_video_game" title="Vertically scrolling video game">Vertically scrolling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minigame" title="Minigame">Minigame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys-to-life" title="Toys-to-life">Toys-to-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_clone" title="Video game clone">Video game clone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Video game modding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_remake" title="Video game remake">Video game remake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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