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4.2 Layers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Types </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temperate_needleleaf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperate_needleleaf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Temperate needleleaf </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperate_needleleaf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Temperate broadleaf and mixed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tropical_moist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tropical_moist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Tropical moist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tropical_moist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tropical_dry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tropical_dry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Tropical dry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tropical_dry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sparse_trees_and_savanna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sparse_trees_and_savanna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.5 Sparse trees and savanna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sparse_trees_and_savanna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plantations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plantations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.6 Plantations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plantations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Area </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Societal_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Societal_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Societal significance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Societal_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Societal significance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Societal_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecosystem_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecosystem_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ecosystem services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecosystem_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forest-dependent_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forest-dependent_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Forest-dependent people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forest-dependent_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Indigenous peoples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Management </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Management subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_forest_transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_forest_transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 The forest transition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_forest_transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latvia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Latvia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Forest</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 189 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-189" aria-hidden="true" > 189 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B7" title="Мэз – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Мэз" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woud" title="Woud – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Woud" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wald" title="Wald – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wald" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%AB%E1%8A%AB" title="ጫካ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጫካ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weald" title="Weald – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Weald" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="غابة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غابة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selva" title="Selva – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Selva" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%92%DC%90" title="ܥܒܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC" title="Անտառ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Անտառ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2duri" title="Pâduri – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Pâduri" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jor" title="Jor – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Jor" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="অৰণ্য – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অৰণ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viesca" title="Viesca – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Viesca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2" title="जंगल – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जंगल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27aguy" title="Ka'aguy – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ka'aguy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%9F%C9%99" title="Meşə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Meşə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A6%D8%B4%D9%87" title="مئشه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مئشه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wana" title="Wana – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Wana" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="অরণ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অরণ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhi%C5%AB-n%C3%A2" title="Chhiū-nâ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhiū-nâ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Урман – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Урман" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Лес – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лес" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Лес – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лес" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="बन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadlagan" title="Kadlagan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kadlagan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гора – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гора" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woid" title="Woid – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Woid" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0uma" title="Šuma – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šuma" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koadeg" title="Koadeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Koadeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B9" title="Ой – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ой" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosc" title="Bosc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bosc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вăрман – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăрман" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasang" title="Lasang – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Lasang" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les" title="Les – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Les" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sango" title="Sango – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Sango" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coedwig" title="Coedwig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Coedwig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skov" title="Skov – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skov" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuovdi" title="Vuovdi – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Vuovdi" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wald" title="Wald – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wald" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mets" title="Mets – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mets" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Δάσος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δάσος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Вирь – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Вирь" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosque" title="Bosque – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bosque" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbaro" title="Arbaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arbaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baso" title="Baso – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baso" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84" title="جنگل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangal" title="Jangal – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jangal" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B3gur" title="Skógur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Skógur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%AAt" title="Forêt – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Forêt" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A2ld" title="Wâld – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wâld" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraois" title="Foraois – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Foraois" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coille" title="Coille – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Coille" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosque" title="Bosque – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bosque" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%83" title="Хьу – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хьу" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97" title="森林 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="森林" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%B2" title="숲 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="숲" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandun_Daji" title="Gandun Daji – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gandun Daji" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC" title="Անտառ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտառ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="वन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0uma" title="Šuma – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šuma" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresto" title="Foresto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Foresto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakir" title="Bakir – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bakir" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutan" title="Hutan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hutan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreste" title="Foreste – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Foreste" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiki%C4%A1aq_(Napaaqtut)" title="Tikiġaq (Napaaqtut) – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tikiġaq (Napaaqtut)" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihlathi" title="Ihlathi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ihlathi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihlathi" title="Ihlathi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ihlathi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B3gur" title="Skógur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skógur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresta" title="Foresta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Foresta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="יער – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יער" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alas" title="Alas – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%CA%8B" title="Laʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Laʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಾಡು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಡು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakewan" title="Kakewan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kakewan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94" title="ტყე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტყე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8E%D9%86" title="وَن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="وَن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las" title="Las – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Las" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Орман – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Орман" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koswik" title="Koswik – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Koswik" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Msitu" title="Msitu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Msitu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D3%A7%D1%80" title="Вӧр – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Вӧр" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A8" title="Forè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Forè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danbwa" title="Danbwa – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Danbwa" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daristan" title="Daristan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Daristan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Токой – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Токой" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%B9%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%B9" title="Шӹргӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шӹргӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%89" title="ປ່າໄມ້ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປ່າໄມ້" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silva" title="Silva – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Silva" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%BEs" title="Mežs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mežs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ABsch" title="Bësch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bësch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Там – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Там" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%A1kas" title="Miškas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Miškas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3s" title="Bós – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bós" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1mba" title="Zámba – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Zámba" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%8D%C4%8Dy" title="Meččy – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Meččy" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresta" title="Foresta – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Foresta" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C5%91" title="Erdő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Erdő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Шума – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шума" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala" title="Ala – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ala" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="വനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="वन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90" title="ტყა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტყა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutan" title="Hutan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hutan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%AA" title="ꯎꯃꯪ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯎꯃꯪ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utan" title="Utan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Utan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%95ng-l%C3%ACng" title="Sĕng-lìng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĕng-lìng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC" title="သစ်တော – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သစ်တော" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuauhtlahtli" title="Cuauhtlahtli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cuauhtlahtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veikau" title="Veikau – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Veikau" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos_(vegetatie)" title="Bos (vegetatie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bos (vegetatie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos" title="Bos – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Bos" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2" title="जङ्गल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जङ्गल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%81" title="गुँ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गुँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97" title="森林 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="森林" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Хьун – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хьун" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt" title="Walt – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Walt" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skog" title="Skog – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skog" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skog" title="Skog – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skog" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%AAt" title="Forêt – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Forêt" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A8st" title="Forèst – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Forèst" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBrmon" title="Oʻrmon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻrmon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2" title="ਜੰਗਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੰਗਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82" title="वनं – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="वनं" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilakilangan" title="Kilakilangan – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Kilakilangan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DD%AA" title="جنگݪ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنگݪ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%81%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%84" title="ځنګل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ځنګل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faris" title="Faris – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Faris" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woold" title="Woold – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Woold" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las" title="Las – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Las" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floresta" title="Floresta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Floresta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orman" title="Orman – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Orman" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83dure" title="Pădure – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pădure" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesh" title="Vesh – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Vesh" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaud" title="Guaud – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Guaud" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sach%27a-sach%27a" title="Sach'a-sach'a – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sach'a-sach'a" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%A3%D1%81" title="Лѣс – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лѣс" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Лес – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лес" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B0" title="Тыа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тыа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="वनम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वनम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱵᱤᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱤᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest" title="Forest – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Forest" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morung" title="Morung – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Morung" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekgwa" title="Sekgwa – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sekgwa" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylli" title="Pylli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pylli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guddefi" title="Guddefi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Guddefi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB" title="වනාන්තර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වනාන්තර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest" title="Forest – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Forest" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BB%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88" title="ٻيلو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٻيلو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les" title="Les – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Les" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gozd" title="Gozd – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gozd" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyn" title="Keyn – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Keyn" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دارستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دارستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Шума – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шума" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0uma" title="Šuma – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šuma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuweung" title="Leuweung – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Leuweung" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mets%C3%A4" title="Metsä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metsä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skog" title="Skog – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skog" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubat" title="Gubat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gubat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="காடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagant" title="Tagant – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tagant" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagant" title="Tagant – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tagant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Урман – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Урман" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF" title="అడవి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అడవి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="ป่า – Thai" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadleaf_forest&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadleaf forest">Broadleaf forest</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dense collection of trees covering a relatively large area</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a community of trees. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Forest_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Forest (disambiguation)">Forest (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Plant_community" title="Plant community">Plant community</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">Woodland</a>.</div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Aerial_view_of_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg/310px-Aerial_view_of_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Aerial_view_of_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg/465px-Aerial_view_of_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Aerial_view_of_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg/620px-Aerial_view_of_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3450" data-file-height="2118" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a> alongside the <a href="/wiki/Solim%C3%B5es_River" title="Solimões River">Solimões River</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a>. These forests are the most <a href="/wiki/Biodiverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiverse">biodiverse</a> and productive <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> in the world.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proportion_and_distribution_of_global_forest_area_by_climatic_domain,_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Proportion_and_distribution_of_global_forest_area_by_climatic_domain%2C_2020.svg/310px-Proportion_and_distribution_of_global_forest_area_by_climatic_domain%2C_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Proportion_and_distribution_of_global_forest_area_by_climatic_domain%2C_2020.svg/465px-Proportion_and_distribution_of_global_forest_area_by_climatic_domain%2C_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Proportion_and_distribution_of_global_forest_area_by_climatic_domain%2C_2020.svg/620px-Proportion_and_distribution_of_global_forest_area_by_climatic_domain%2C_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="215" /></a><figcaption>Proportion and distribution of global forest area by climatic domain, 2020<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> A forest is an <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> characterized by a dense <a href="/wiki/Ecological_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological community">community</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing, and ecological function.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbd-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-unep-5">[5]</a> The United Nations' <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO) defines a forest as, "Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(biology)" title="Canopy (biology)">canopy</a> cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds <a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a>. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban use."<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Using this definition, <a href="/wiki/Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_(FRA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA)">Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020</a> found that forests covered 4.06 billion hectares (10.0 billion acres; 40.6 million square kilometres; 15.7 million square miles), or approximately 31 percent of the world's land area in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Forests are the largest <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_ecosystem" title="Terrestrial ecosystem">terrestrial ecosystems</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> by area, and are found around the globe.<a href="#cite_note-yude-8">[8]</a> 45 percent of forest land is in the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_forest" title="Tropical forest">tropical latitudes</a>. The next largest share of forests are found in <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climates</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Temperate_rainforest" title="Temperate rainforest">temperate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Subtropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropic">subtropical</a> zones.<a href="#cite_note-auto-9">[9]</a> Forests account for 75% of the <a href="/wiki/Gross_primary_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross primary production">gross primary production</a> of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>. <a href="/wiki/Primary_production#Gross_primary_production_and_net_primary_production" title="Primary production">Net primary production</a> is estimated at 21.9 <a href="/wiki/Gigatonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigatonne">gigatonnes</a> of biomass per year for <a href="/wiki/Tropical_forest" title="Tropical forest">tropical forests</a>, 8.1 for <a href="/wiki/Temperate_forest" title="Temperate forest">temperate forests</a>, and 2.6 for <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forest">boreal forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yude-8">[8]</a> Forests form distinctly different <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a> at different latitudes and elevations, and with different precipitation and <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a> rates.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> These biomes include boreal forests in subarctic climates, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">tropical moist forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests">tropical dry forests</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">Equator</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Temperate_forest" title="Temperate forest">temperate forests</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Middle_latitudes" title="Middle latitudes">middle latitudes</a>. Forests form in areas of the Earth with high rainfall, while drier conditions produce a transition to <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a>. However, in areas with intermediate rainfall levels, forest transitions to savanna rapidly when the percentage of land that is covered by trees drops below 40 to 45 percent.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Research conducted in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a> shows that trees can alter rainfall rates across a region, releasing water from their leaves in anticipation of seasonal rains to trigger the wet season early. Because of this, seasonal rainfall in the Amazon begins two to three months earlier than the climate would otherwise allow.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> in the Amazon and anthropogenic <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> hold the potential to interfere with this process, causing the forest to pass a threshold where it transitions into savanna.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> threatens many forest ecosystems. Deforestation occurs when humans remove trees from a forested area by cutting or burning, either to harvest <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a> or to make way for farming. Most deforestation today occurs in tropical forests. The vast majority of this deforestation is because of the production of four commodities: <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy">soy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Over the past 2,000 years, the area of land covered by forest in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> has been reduced from 80% to 34%. Large areas of forest have also been cleared in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and in the eastern <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> in which only 0.1% of land was left undisturbed.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Almost half of Earth's forest area (49 percent) is relatively intact, while 9 percent is found in fragments with little or no connectivity. Tropical rainforests and boreal coniferous forests are the least fragmented, whereas subtropical dry forests and temperate oceanic forests are among the most fragmented. Roughly 80 percent of the world's forest area is found in patches larger than 1 million hectares (2.5 million acres). The remaining 20 percent is located in more than 34 million patches around the world – the vast majority less than 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) in size.<a href="#cite_note-auto-9">[9]</a> Human society and forests can affect one another positively or negatively.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Forests provide <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a> to humans and serve as tourist attractions. Forests can also affect people's health. Human activities, including unsustainable use of forest resources, can negatively affect forest ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gate_in_the_forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1726119.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gate_in_the_forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1726119.jpg/220px-Gate_in_the_forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1726119.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gate_in_the_forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1726119.jpg/330px-Gate_in_the_forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1726119.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gate_in_the_forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1726119.jpg/440px-Gate_in_the_forest_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1726119.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Forest in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a> </figcaption></figure> Although the word forest is commonly used, there is no universally recognised precise definition, with more than 800 definitions of forest used around the world.<a href="#cite_note-unep-5">[5]</a> Although a forest is usually defined by the presence of trees, under many definitions an area completely lacking trees may still be considered a forest if it grew trees in the past, will grow trees in the future,<a href="#cite_note-ap862-20">[20]</a> or was legally designated as a forest regardless of vegetation type.<a href="#cite_note-ipcc-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> There are three broad categories of definitions of forest in use: administrative, <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Land_cover" title="Land cover">land cover</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ipcc-21">[21]</a> Administrative definitions are legal designations, and may not reflect the type of vegetation that grows upon the land; an area can be legally designated "forest" even if no trees grow on it.<a href="#cite_note-ipcc-21">[21]</a> Land-use definitions are based on the primary purpose the land is used for. Under a land-use definition, any area used primarily for harvesting timber, including areas that have been cleared by harvesting, disease, fire, or for the construction of roads and infrastructure, are still defined as forests, even if they contain no trees. Land-cover definitions define forests based upon the density of trees, area of <a href="/wiki/Tree_canopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree canopy">tree canopy</a> cover, or area of the land occupied by the cross-section of tree trunks (<a href="/wiki/Basal_area" title="Basal area">basal area</a>) meeting a particular threshold.<a href="#cite_note-ipcc-21">[21]</a> This type of definition depends upon the presence of trees sufficient to meet the threshold, or at least of immature trees that are expected to meet the threshold once they mature.<a href="#cite_note-ipcc-21">[21]</a> Under land-cover definitions, there is considerable variation on where the cutoff points are between a forest, <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a>. Under some definitions, to be considered a forest requires very high levels of tree canopy cover, from 60% to 100%,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> which excludes woodlands and savannas, which have a lower <a href="/wiki/Crown_closure" title="Crown closure">canopy cover</a>. Other definitions consider savannas to be a type of forest, and include all areas with tree canopies over 10%.<a href="#cite_note-ap862-20">[20]</a> Some areas covered with trees are legally defined as agricultural areas, for example <a href="/wiki/Norway_spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway spruce">Norway spruce</a> plantations, under Austrian forest law, when the trees are being grown as Christmas trees and are below a certain height. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niepolomice_oli_2013251.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Niepolomice_oli_2013251.jpg/220px-Niepolomice_oli_2013251.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Niepolomice_oli_2013251.jpg/330px-Niepolomice_oli_2013251.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Niepolomice_oli_2013251.jpg/440px-Niepolomice_oli_2013251.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Since the 13th century, the <a href="/wiki/Niepo%C5%82omice_Forest" title="Niepołomice Forest">Niepołomice Forest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> has had special use and protection. In this view from space, different coloration can indicate different functions.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></figcaption></figure> The word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/forest" class="extiw" title="wikt:forest">forest</a> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> forest (also forès), denoting "forest, vast expanse covered by trees"; forest was first introduced into English as the word denoting wild land set aside for hunting<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> without necessarily having trees on the land.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Possibly a borrowing, probably via <a href="/wiki/Old_Frankish" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Frankish">Frankish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> foresta, denoting "open wood", <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> scribes first used foresta in the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire#Capitularies" title="Carolingian Empire">capitularies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, specifically to denote the royal hunting grounds of the king. The word was not endemic to the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, e.g., native words for forest in the Romance languages derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> silva, which denoted "forest" and "<a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">wood(land)</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> the English sylva and sylvan; the Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese selva; the Romanian silvă; the Old French selve). Cognates of forest in Romance languages—e.g., the Italian foresta, Spanish and Portuguese floresta, etc.—are all ultimately derivations of the French word. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_forest_near_Blatets,_Vinitsa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_forest_near_Blatets%2C_Vinitsa.JPG/220px-The_forest_near_Blatets%2C_Vinitsa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_forest_near_Blatets%2C_Vinitsa.JPG/330px-The_forest_near_Blatets%2C_Vinitsa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_forest_near_Blatets%2C_Vinitsa.JPG/440px-The_forest_near_Blatets%2C_Vinitsa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>A forest near <a href="/wiki/Vinica,_North_Macedonia" title="Vinica, North Macedonia">Vinitsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> </figcaption></figure> The precise origin of Medieval Latin foresta is obscure. Some authorities claim the word derives from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> phrase forestam silvam, denoting "the outer wood"; others claim the word is a Latinisation of the Frankish *forhist, denoting "forest, wooded country", and was assimilated to forestam silvam, pursuant to the common practice of Frankish scribes. The Old High German forst denoting "forest"; <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a> vorst denoting "forest"; <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> fyrhþ denoting "forest, woodland, game preserve, hunting ground" (English <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frith" class="extiw" title="wikt:frith">frith</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> fýri, denoting "<a href="/wiki/Coniferous_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniferous forest">coniferous forest</a>"; all of which derive from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> *furhísa-, *furhíþija-, denoting "a <a href="/wiki/Fir_wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Fir wood">fir-wood</a>, coniferous forest", from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> *perkwu-, denoting "a coniferous or <a href="/wiki/Mountain_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain forests">mountain forest</a>, wooded height" all attest to the Frankish *forhist. Uses of forest in English to denote any uninhabited and unenclosed area are presently considered archaic.<a href="#cite_note-oed-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman rulers of England</a> introduced the word as a legal term, as seen in Latin texts such as <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, to denote uncultivated land that was legally designated for hunting by feudal <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Royal_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Forest">royal forest</a>).<a href="#cite_note-oed-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> These hunting forests did not necessarily contain any trees. Because that often included significant areas of woodland, "forest" eventually came to connote woodland in general, regardless of tree density.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By the beginning of the fourteenth century, English texts used the word in all three of its senses: common, legal, and archaic.<a href="#cite_note-oed-27">[27]</a> Other English words used to denote "an area with a high density of trees" are firth, frith, holt, weald, wold, wood, and woodland. Unlike forest, these are all derived from Old English and were not borrowed from another language. Some present classifications reserve woodland for denoting a locale with more open space between trees, and distinguish kinds of woodlands as open forests and closed forests, premised on their <a href="/wiki/Crown_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown cover">crown covers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Finally, sylva (plural sylvae or, less classically, sylvas) is a peculiar English spelling of the Latin silva, denoting a "woodland", and has precedent in English, including its plural forms. While its use as a <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a> of forest, and as a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latinate</a> word denoting a woodland, may be admitted; in a specific technical sense it is restricted to denoting the species of trees that comprise the woodlands of a region, as in its sense in the subject of <a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">silviculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The resorting to sylva in English indicates more precisely the denotation that the use of forest intends. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h2></div> The first known forests on Earth arose in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title="Middle Devonian">Middle Devonian</a> (approximately 390 <a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">million years ago</a>), with the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Cladoxylopsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladoxylopsid">cladoxylopsid</a> plants like <a href="/wiki/Calamophyton" title="Calamophyton">Calamophyton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late Devonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeopteris" title="Archaeopteris">Archaeopteris</a> was both tree-like and <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">fern</a>-like plant, growing to 20 metres (66 ft) in height or more.<a href="#cite_note-Devonian-32">[32]</a> It quickly spread throughout the world, from the equator to subpolar latitudes.<a href="#cite_note-Devonian-32">[32]</a> It is the first species known to cast shade due to its <a href="/wiki/Frond" title="Frond">fronds</a> and forming soil from its roots. Archaeopteris was <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a>, dropping its fronds onto the forest floor, the shade, soil, and forest <a href="/wiki/Plant_litter" title="Plant litter">duff</a> from the dropped fronds creating the early forest.<a href="#cite_note-Devonian-32">[32]</a> The shed organic matter altered the freshwater environment, slowing its flow and providing food. This promoted freshwater fish.<a href="#cite_note-Devonian-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Forest ecology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hellyer_Gorge,_Tasmania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hellyer_Gorge%2C_Tasmania.jpg/220px-Hellyer_Gorge%2C_Tasmania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hellyer_Gorge%2C_Tasmania.jpg/330px-Hellyer_Gorge%2C_Tasmania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hellyer_Gorge%2C_Tasmania.jpg/440px-Hellyer_Gorge%2C_Tasmania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Temperate_rainforest" title="Temperate rainforest">Temperate rainforest</a> in Tasmania's <a href="/wiki/Hellyer_Gorge" title="Hellyer Gorge">Hellyer Gorge</a></figcaption></figure> Forests account for 75% of the <a href="/wiki/Gross_primary_productivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross primary productivity">gross primary productivity</a> of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass.<a href="#cite_note-yude-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a> per unit area is high compared to other vegetation communities. Much of this biomass occurs below ground in the root systems and as partially decomposed plant <a href="/wiki/Detritus" title="Detritus">detritus</a>. The woody component of a forest contains <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a>, which is relatively slow to <a href="/wiki/Decompose" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompose">decompose</a> compared with other organic materials such as <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> or carbohydrate. The world's forests contain about 606 gigatonnes of living biomass (above- and below-ground) and 59 gigatonnes of dead wood. The total biomass has decreased slightly since 1990, but biomass per unit area has increased.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a> Forest ecosystems broadly differ based on <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>; latitudes 10° north and south of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> are mostly covered in <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a>, and the latitudes between <a href="/wiki/53rd_parallel_north" title="53rd parallel north">53°N</a> and <a href="/wiki/67th_parallel_north" title="67th parallel north">67°N</a> have <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forest">boreal forest</a>. As a general rule, forests dominated by <a href="/wiki/Angiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperms">angiosperms</a> (broadleaf forests) are more species-rich than those dominated by <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnosperms">gymnosperms</a> (conifer, montane, or needleleaf forests), although exceptions exist. The trees that form the principal structural and defining component of a forest may be of a great variety of species (as in <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temperate_deciduous_forest" title="Temperate deciduous forest">temperate deciduous forests</a>), or relatively few species over large areas (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> and arid <a href="/wiki/Montane" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane">montane</a> coniferous forests). The biodiversity of forests also encompasses <a href="/wiki/Shrubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrubs">shrubs</a>, herbaceous plants, <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, and a variety of <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>. Trees rising up to 35 meters (115 ft) in height add a vertical dimension to the area of land that can support plant and animal species, opening up numerous <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niches</a> for <a href="/wiki/Arboreal_locomotion" title="Arboreal locomotion">arboreal</a> animal species, <a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphytes</a>, and various species that thrive under the regulated microclimate created under the canopy.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Forests have intricate three-dimensional structures that increase in complexity with lower levels of disturbance and greater variety of tree species.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The biodiversity of forests varies considerably according to factors such as forest type, geography, climate, and soils – in addition to human use.<a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[36]</a> Most forest habitats in temperate regions support relatively few animal and plant species, and species that tend to have large geographical distributions, while the montane forests of Africa, South America, Southeast Asia, and lowland forests of Australia, coastal Brazil, the Caribbean islands, Central America, and insular Southeast Asia have many species with small geographical distributions.<a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[36]</a> Areas with dense human populations and intense agricultural land use, such as Europe, parts of Bangladesh, China, India, and North America, are less intact in terms of their biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[36]</a> Northern Africa, southern Australia, coastal Brazil, Madagascar, and South Africa are also identified as areas with striking losses in biodiversity intactness.<a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components">Components</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brussels_Zonienwoud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Brussels_Zonienwoud.jpg/220px-Brussels_Zonienwoud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Brussels_Zonienwoud.jpg/330px-Brussels_Zonienwoud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Brussels_Zonienwoud.jpg/440px-Brussels_Zonienwoud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Even, dense <a href="/wiki/Old_growth_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Old growth forest">old-growth stand</a> of beech trees (<a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">Fagus sylvatica</a>) prepared to be regenerated by their saplings in the <a href="/wiki/Understory" title="Understory">understory</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> part of the <a href="/wiki/Sonian_Forest" title="Sonian Forest">Sonian Forest</a>.</figcaption></figure> A forest consists of many components that can be broadly divided into two categories: biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living). The living parts include <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grasses</a> and other herbaceous (non-woody) plants, <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, and microorganisms living on the plants and animals and in the soil, connected by <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhizal_network" title="Mycorrhizal network">mycorrhizal networks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layers">Layers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiny_Forest_Ifaty_Madagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Spiny_Forest_Ifaty_Madagascar.jpg/220px-Spiny_Forest_Ifaty_Madagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Spiny_Forest_Ifaty_Madagascar.jpg/330px-Spiny_Forest_Ifaty_Madagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Spiny_Forest_Ifaty_Madagascar.jpg/440px-Spiny_Forest_Ifaty_Madagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Spiny forest at Ifaty, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, featuring various <a href="/wiki/Adansonia" title="Adansonia">Adansonia</a> (baobab) species, <a href="/wiki/Alluaudia_procera" title="Alluaudia procera">Alluaudia procera</a> (Madagascar ocotillo) and other vegetation</figcaption></figure> The main layers of all forest types are the <a href="/wiki/Forest_floor" title="Forest floor">forest floor</a>, the understory, and the canopy. The emergent layer, above the canopy, exists in tropical rainforests. Each layer has a different set of plants and animals, depending upon the availability of sunlight, moisture, and food. <ul><li>The Forest floor is covered in dead plant material such as fallen leaves and decomposing logs, which <a href="/wiki/Detritivores" class="mw-redirect" title="Detritivores">detritivores</a> break down into new soil. The layer of decaying leaves that covers the soil is necessary for many insects to overwinter and for amphibians, birds, and other animals to shelter and forage for food. <a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">Leaf litter</a> also keeps the soil moist, stops erosion, and protects roots against extreme heat and cold.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungal</a> <a href="/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">mycelium</a> that helps form the <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhizal_network" title="Mycorrhizal network">mycorrhizal network</a> transmits nutrients from decaying material to trees and other plants. The <a href="/wiki/Forest_floor" title="Forest floor">forest floor</a> supports a variety of plants, ferns, grasses, and tree seedlings, as well as animals such as <a href="/wiki/Ants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ants">ants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Millipede" title="Millipede">millipedes</a>.</li> <li>Understory is made up of bushes, shrubs, and young trees that are adapted to living in the shade of the canopy.</li> <li>Canopy is formed by the mass of intertwined branches, twigs, and leaves of mature trees. The crowns of the dominant trees receive most of the sunlight. This is the most productive part of the trees, where maximum food is produced. The canopy forms a shady, protective "umbrella" over the rest of the forest.</li> <li>Emergent layer exists in a tropical rain forest and is composed of a few scattered trees that tower over the canopy.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li></ul> In botany and countries like Germany and Poland, a different classification of forest vegetation is often used: tree, shrub, herb, and moss layers (see <a href="/wiki/Stratification_(vegetation)" title="Stratification (vegetation)">stratification (vegetation)</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sentieri_tra_le_foreste_casentinesi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sentieri_tra_le_foreste_casentinesi.jpg/220px-Sentieri_tra_le_foreste_casentinesi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sentieri_tra_le_foreste_casentinesi.jpg/330px-Sentieri_tra_le_foreste_casentinesi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sentieri_tra_le_foreste_casentinesi.jpg/440px-Sentieri_tra_le_foreste_casentinesi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Foreste_Casentinesi,_Monte_Falterona,_Campigna_National_Park" title="Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona, Campigna National Park">Casentinesi Forests</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> Forests are classified differently and to different degrees of specificity. One such classification is in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a> in which they exist, combined with leaf longevity of the dominant species (whether they are <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a>). Another distinction is whether the forests are composed predominantly of broadleaf trees, <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">coniferous</a> (needle-leaved) trees, or mixed. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forest">Boreal forests</a> occupy the <a href="/wiki/Subarctic" title="Subarctic">subarctic</a> zone and are generally evergreen and coniferous.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">Temperate</a> zones support both broadleaf deciduous forests (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">temperate deciduous forest</a>) and evergreen coniferous forests (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate coniferous forests">temperate coniferous forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temperate_rainforest" title="Temperate rainforest">temperate rainforests</a>). Warm temperate zones support broadleaf evergreen forests, including <a href="/wiki/Laurel_forest" title="Laurel forest">laurel forests</a>.</li> <li>Tropical and <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> forests include <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">tropical and subtropical moist forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests">tropical and subtropical dry forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests">tropical and subtropical coniferous forests</a>.</li> <li>Forests are classified according to physiognomy based on their overall physical structure or <a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">developmental stage</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Old_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Old growth">old growth</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">second growth</a>).</li> <li>Forests can also be classified more specifically based on the climate and the dominant tree species present, resulting in numerous different forest types (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ponderosa_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponderosa pine">Ponderosa pine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a> forest).</li></ul> The number of trees in the world, according to a 2015 estimate, is 3 trillion, of which 1.4 trillion are in the tropics or sub-tropics, 0.6 trillion in the temperate zones, and 0.7 trillion in the coniferous boreal forests. The 2015 estimate is about eight times higher than previous estimates, and is based on tree densities <a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">measured</a> on over 400,000 plots. It remains subject to a wide margin of error, not least because the samples are mainly from Europe and North America.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Forests can also be classified according to the amount of human alteration. <a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">Old-growth forest</a> contains mainly natural patterns of biodiversity in established <a href="/wiki/Seral" class="mw-redirect" title="Seral">seral</a> patterns, and they contain mainly species native to the region and habitat. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary forest</a> is forest regrowing following timber harvest and may contain species originally from other regions or habitats.<a href="#cite_note-Chazdon-41">[41]</a> Different global forest classification systems have been proposed, but none has gained universal acceptance.<a href="#cite_note-wcmc-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">UNEP</a>-<a href="/wiki/World_Conservation_Monitoring_Centre" title="World Conservation Monitoring Centre">WCMC</a>'s forest category classification system is a simplification of other, more complex systems (e.g. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s forest and woodland 'subformations'). This system divides the world's forests into 26 major types, which reflect climatic zones as well as the principal types of trees. These 26 major types can be reclassified into 6 broader categories: temperate needleleaf, temperate broadleaf and mixed, tropical moist, tropical dry, sparse trees and parkland, and forest plantations.<a href="#cite_note-wcmc-42">[42]</a> Each category is described in a separate section below. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temperate_needleleaf">Temperate needleleaf</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forest" title="Temperate coniferous forest">Temperate needleleaf forests</a> mostly occupy the higher latitudes of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, as well as some warm temperate areas, especially on nutrient-poor or otherwise unfavourable soils. These forests are composed entirely, or nearly so, of coniferous species (<a href="/wiki/Coniferophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniferophyta">Coniferophyta</a>). In the Northern Hemisphere, <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pines</a> Pinus, <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruces</a> Picea, <a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">larches</a> Larix, <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">firs</a> Abies, Douglas firs <a href="/wiki/Pseudotsuga" title="Pseudotsuga">Pseudotsuga</a>, and hemlocks <a href="/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga">Tsuga</a> make up the canopy; but other taxa are also important. In the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>, most coniferous trees (members of <a href="/wiki/Araucariaceae" title="Araucariaceae">Araucariaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Podocarpaceae" title="Podocarpaceae">Podocarpaceae</a>) occur mixed with broadleaf species, and are classed as broadleaf-and-mixed forests.<a href="#cite_note-wcmc-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed">Temperate broadleaf and mixed</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Namdapha2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Namdapha2.jpg/170px-Namdapha2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Namdapha2.jpg/255px-Namdapha2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Namdapha2.jpg/340px-Namdapha2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption>Broadleaf forest in <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest">Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests</a> include a substantial component of trees of the <a href="/wiki/Anthophyta" title="Anthophyta">Anthophyta</a> group. They are generally characteristic of the warmer temperate latitudes, but extend to cool temperate ones, particularly in the southern hemisphere. They include such forest types as the mixed deciduous forests of the United States and their counterparts in China and Japan; the broadleaf evergreen <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforests</a> of Japan, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Sclerophyllous" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerophyllous">sclerophyllous</a> forests of Australia, central Chile, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a>, and California; and the southern beech <a href="/wiki/Nothofagus" title="Nothofagus">Nothofagus</a> forests of Chile and New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-wcmc-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tropical_moist">Tropical moist</h4></div> There are many different types of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">tropical moist forests</a>, with lowland evergreen broad-leaf <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforests</a>: for example <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1rzea_forest" title="Várzea forest">várzea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cant%C3%A3o#Natural_Communities" title="Cantão">igapó</a> forests and the terra firme forests of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">Amazon Basin</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Peat_swamp_forest" title="Peat swamp forest">peat swamp forests</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dipterocarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipterocarp">dipterocarp</a> forests of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/High_forest" title="High forest">high forests</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_tropical_forest" title="Seasonal tropical forest">Seasonal tropical forests</a>, perhaps the best description for the colloquial term "<a href="/wiki/Jungle" title="Jungle">jungle</a>", typically range from the rainforest zone 10 degrees north or south of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">Tropic of Capricorn</a>. Forests located on mountains are also included in this category, divided largely into upper and lower <a href="/wiki/Montane_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane ecology">montane</a> formations, on the basis of the variation of physiognomy corresponding to changes in altitude.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tropical_dry">Tropical dry</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests">Tropical dry forests</a> are characteristic of areas in the tropics affected by seasonal drought. The seasonality of rainfall is usually reflected in the deciduousness of the forest canopy, with most trees being leafless for several months of the year. Under some conditions, such as less fertile soils or less predictable drought regimes, the proportion of evergreen species increases and the forests are characterised as "<a href="/wiki/Sclerophyllous" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerophyllous">sclerophyllous</a>". <a href="/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">Thorn forest</a>, a dense forest of low stature with a high frequency of thorny or spiny species, is found where drought is prolonged, and especially where grazing animals are plentiful. On very poor soils, and especially where fire or herbivory are recurrent phenomena, <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a> develop.<a href="#cite_note-wcmc-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sparse_trees_and_savanna">Sparse trees and savanna</h4></div> Sparse trees and <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> are forests with sparse tree-<a href="/wiki/Canopy_(biology)" title="Canopy (biology)">canopy</a> cover. They occur principally in areas of transition from forested to non-forested landscapes. The two major zones in which these <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> occur are in the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_ecosystem" title="Boreal ecosystem">boreal</a> region and in the seasonally dry tropics. At high latitudes, north of the main zone of boreal forestland, growing conditions are not adequate to maintain a continuously closed <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a>, so tree cover is both sparse and discontinuous. This vegetation is variously called open <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a>, open <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a> woodland, and forest tundra. A savanna is a mixed <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodland</a>–<a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> characterized by the trees being sufficiently widely spaced so that the canopy does not close. The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground to support an unbroken <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a> layer that consists primarily of grasses. Savannas maintain an open canopy despite a high tree density.<a href="#cite_note-wcmc-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plantations">Plantations</h4></div> Forest plantations are generally intended for the production of timber and <a href="/wiki/Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">pulpwood</a>. Commonly mono-specific, planted with even spacing between the trees, and intensively managed, these forests are generally important as habitat for native <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. Some are managed in ways that enhance their biodiversity protection functions and can provide ecosystem services such as nutrient capital maintenance, <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a> and soil structure protection and carbon storage.<a href="#cite_note-Chazdon-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-wcmc-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Area">Area</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forest-area-as-share-of-land-area.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Forest-area-as-share-of-land-area.svg/330px-Forest-area-as-share-of-land-area.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Forest-area-as-share-of-land-area.svg/495px-Forest-area-as-share-of-land-area.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Forest-area-as-share-of-land-area.svg/660px-Forest-area-as-share-of-land-area.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Share of land that is covered by forest</figcaption></figure> The annual net loss of forest area has decreased since 1990, but the world is not on track to meet the target of the United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests to increase forest area by 3 percent by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[36]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area,_Top_Countries_(2021).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg/330px-Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg/495px-Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg/660px-Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area%2C_Top_Countries_%282021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Share of forest area in total land area, top countries (2021)</figcaption></figure> While <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> is taking place in some areas, new forests are being established through natural expansion or deliberate efforts in other areas. As a result, the net loss of forest area is less than the rate of deforestation; and it, too, is decreasing: from 7.8 million hectares (19 million acres) per year in the 1990s to 4.7 million hectares (12 million acres) per year during 2010–2020.<a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[36]</a> In absolute terms, the global forest area decreased by 178 million hectares (440 million acres; 1,780,000 square kilometres; 690,000 square miles) between 1990 and 2020, which is an area about the size of Libya.<a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Societal_significance">Societal significance</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Redwood_M_D_Vaden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Redwood_M_D_Vaden.jpg/220px-Redwood_M_D_Vaden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Redwood_M_D_Vaden.jpg/330px-Redwood_M_D_Vaden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Redwood_M_D_Vaden.jpg/440px-Redwood_M_D_Vaden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Redwood tree in northern California redwood forest, where many <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens">redwood</a> trees are managed for preservation and longevity, rather than being harvested for wood production</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verbrannter_Wald,_Thasos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Verbrannter_Wald%2C_Thasos.jpg/220px-Verbrannter_Wald%2C_Thasos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Verbrannter_Wald%2C_Thasos.jpg/330px-Verbrannter_Wald%2C_Thasos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Verbrannter_Wald%2C_Thasos.jpg/440px-Verbrannter_Wald%2C_Thasos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Burned forest</a> on <a href="/wiki/Kastro,_Thasos" title="Kastro, Thasos">Thasos</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecosystem_services">Ecosystem services</h3></div> Forests provide a diversity of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a> including: <ul><li>Converting <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> into <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and biomass. A full-grown tree produces about 100 kilograms (220 lb) of net oxygen per year.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li>Acting as a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sink</a>. Therefore, they are necessary to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigate climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IPCC-45">[45]</a></li> <li>Aiding in regulating <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>. For example, research from 2017 shows that forests induce rainfall. If the forest is cut, it can lead to <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rainforest-initiated_wet_season_onset_over_the_southern_Amazon-46">[46]</a> and in the tropics to <a href="/wiki/Occupational_heat_stress" title="Occupational heat stress">occupational heat stress</a> of outdoor workers.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li> <li>Purifying <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>.</li> <li>Mitigating natural hazards such as <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a>.</li> <li>Serving as a genetic reserve.</li> <li>Serving as a source of <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreational</a> areas.</li> <li>Serving as a source of woodlands and trees for millions of people dependent almost entirely on forests for subsistence for their essential fuelwood, food, and fodder needs.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li></ul> The main ecosystem services can be summarized in the next table:<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Main ecosystem services of the 3 main types of forest </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type of forest</th> <th>Carbon stored</th> <th>Biodiversity</th> <th>Other </th></tr> <tr> <td>Primary <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forests">Boreal Forests</a></td> <td>1,042 billion tonnes of carbon, more than currently found in the atmosphere, 2 times more than all <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">human caused emissions</a> since the year 1870.</td> <td>Biodiversity services given by Canada forest alone are estimated as 703 billion dollars per year. Important for almost half of the <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> in North America.</td> <td>Contain 60% of world <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">surface freshwater</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Primary <a href="/wiki/Temperate_forest" title="Temperate forest">Temperate Forests</a></td> <td>119 billion tonnes (like all CO2 emitted by humans in 2005–2017)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">Old growth forest</a> has very high biodiversity. Some species link <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_ecosystem" title="Terrestrial ecosystem">terrestrial ecosystems</a> to <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine</a>.</td> <td>Some trees can live 1,000 years providing many services to humans. Help to protect people from <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">droughts</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Primary <a href="/wiki/Tropical_forest" title="Tropical forest">Tropical Forests</a></td> <td>471 billion tonnes (more than all CO2 emissions from fossil fuel industry from the year 1750)</td> <td>Contain about two thirds of all <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>.</td> <td>Creates clouds, <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> Some researchers state that forests do not only provide benefits, but can in certain cases also incur costs to humans.<a href="#cite_note-R_Nasi,_S_Wunder_2002-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Forests may impose an economic burden,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> diminish the enjoyment of natural areas,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> reduce the food-producing capacity of grazing land<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> and cultivated land,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> reduce biodiversity,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> reduce available water for humans and wildlife,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> harbour dangerous or destructive wildlife,<a href="#cite_note-R_Nasi,_S_Wunder_2002-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and act as reservoirs of human and livestock disease.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> An important consideration regarding carbon sequestration is that forests can turn from a carbon sink to a carbon source if plant diversity, density or forest area decreases, as has been observed in different tropical forests<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The typical tropical forest may become a carbon source by the 2060s.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> An assessment of European forests found early signs of carbon sink saturation, after decades of increasing strength.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> concluded that a combination of measures aimed at increasing forest carbon stocks, andsustainable timber offtake will generate the largest carbon sequestration benefit.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forest-dependent_people">Forest-dependent people</h3></div> The term forest-dependent people is used to describe any of a wide variety of livelihoods that are dependent on access to forests, products harvested from forests, or ecosystem services provided by forests, including those of Indigenous peoples dependent on forests.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-70">[70]</a> In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, approximately 22 percent of the population belongs to forest-dependent communities, which live in close proximity to forests and practice <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a> as a principal part of their livelihood.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> People of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> who rely on <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">bushmeat</a> harvested from forests and Indigenous peoples of the Amazon rainforest are also examples of forest-dependent people.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-70">[70]</a> Though forest-dependence by more common definitions is statistically associated with poverty and <a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">rural</a> livelihoods, elements of forest-dependence exist in communities with a wide range of characteristics. Generally, richer households derive more cash value from forest resources, whereas among poorer households, forest resources are more important for home consumption and increase community resilience.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_peoples">Indigenous peoples</h3></div> Forests are fundamental to the culture and livelihood of indigenous people groups that live in and depend on forests,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> many of which have been removed from and denied access to the lands on which they lived as part of global <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>. Indigenous lands contain 36% or more of intact forest worldwide, host more biodiversity, and experience less deforestation.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Indigenous activists have argued that degradation of forests and indigenous peoples' marginalization and land dispossession are interconnected.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Other concerns among indigenous peoples include lack of Indigenous involvement in forest management and loss of knowledge related for the forest ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Since 2002, the amount of land that is legally owned by or designated for indigenous peoples has broadly increased, but land acquisition in lower-income countries by multinational corporations, often with little or no consultation of indigenous peoples, has also increased.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Research in the Amazon rainforest suggests that indigenous methods of agroforestry form reservoirs of biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, forests managed by indigenous people have more plant diversity, fewer invasive species, higher tree regeneration rates, and higher volume of trees.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">Forest management</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Production_Of_Selected_Forest_Products.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/World_Production_Of_Selected_Forest_Products.svg/220px-World_Production_Of_Selected_Forest_Products.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/World_Production_Of_Selected_Forest_Products.svg/330px-World_Production_Of_Selected_Forest_Products.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/World_Production_Of_Selected_Forest_Products.svg/440px-World_Production_Of_Selected_Forest_Products.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption>World production of selected forest products</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">Forest management</a> has changed considerably over the last few centuries, with rapid changes from the 1980s onward, culminating in a practice now referred to as sustainable forest management. Forest ecologists concentrate on forest patterns and processes, usually with the aim of elucidating cause-and-effect relationships. <a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">Foresters</a> who practice sustainable forest management focus on the integration of ecological, social, and economic values, often in <a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_engagement" title="Stakeholder engagement">consultation with local communities and other stakeholders</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Checkerboard_forest_in_Idaho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Priest River winds through mountains with a checkerboard design of trees to its east" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Checkerboard_forest_in_Idaho.jpg/220px-Checkerboard_forest_in_Idaho.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Checkerboard_forest_in_Idaho.jpg/330px-Checkerboard_forest_in_Idaho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Checkerboard_forest_in_Idaho.jpg/440px-Checkerboard_forest_in_Idaho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Priest_River_(Idaho)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priest River (Idaho)">Priest River</a> winding through Whitetail Butte with lots of <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> to the east—these lot patterns have existed since the mid-19th century. The white patches reflect areas with younger, smaller trees, where winter snow cover shows up brightly to the astronauts. Dark green-brown squares are parcels</figcaption></figure> Humans have generally decreased the amount of forest worldwide. Anthropogenic factors that can affect forests include logging, <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>, human-caused <a href="/wiki/Forest_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fire">forest fires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Slash_and_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash and burn">slash and burn</a> practices of swidden agriculture or <a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">shifting cultivation</a>. The loss and re-growth of forests lead to a distinction between two broad types of forest: primary or <a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth forest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary forest</a>. There are also many natural factors that can cause changes in forests over time, including <a href="/wiki/Forest_fires" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fires">forest fires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology#Animals" title="Forest pathology">insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">diseases</a>, weather, competition between species, etc. In 1997, the <a href="/wiki/World_Resources_Institute" title="World Resources Institute">World Resources Institute</a> recorded that only 20% of the world's original forests remained in large intact tracts of undisturbed forest.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> More than 75% of these intact forests lie in three countries: the boreal forests of Russia and Canada, and the rainforest of Brazil. According to <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>'s (FAO) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, an estimated 420 million hectares (1.0 billion acres) of forest have been lost worldwide through deforestation since 1990, but the rate of <a href="/wiki/Forest_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest loss">forest loss</a> has declined substantially. In the most recent five-year period (2015–2020), the annual rate of deforestation was estimated at 10 million hectares (25 million acres), down from 12 million hectares (30 million acres) annually in 2010–2015.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_forest_transition">The forest transition</h3></div> The transition of a region from forest loss to net gain in forested land is referred to as the forest transition. This change occurs through a few main pathways, including increase in commercial tree plantations, adoption of <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a> techniques by small farmers, or spontaneous regeneration when former agricultural land is abandoned. It can be motivated by the economic benefits of forests, the ecosystem services forests provide, or cultural changes where people increasingly appreciate forests for their spiritual, aesthetic, or otherwise intrinsic value.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Special_Report_on_Global_Warming_of_1.5_%C2%B0C" title="Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C">Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a>, to avoid temperature rise by more than 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels, there will need to be an increase in global forest cover equal to the land area of Canada (10 million square kilometres (3.9 million square miles)) by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-IPCC-45">[45]</a> China instituted a ban on logging, beginning in 1998, due to the erosion and flooding that it caused.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In addition, ambitious tree-planting programmes in countries such as China, India, the United States, and Vietnam – combined with natural expansion of forests in some regions – have added more than 7 million hectares (17 million acres) of new forests annually. As a result, the net loss of forest area was reduced to 5.2 million hectares (13 million acres) per year between 2000 and 2010, down from 8.3 million hectares (21 million acres) annually in the 1990s. In 2015, a study for <a href="/wiki/Nature_Climate_Change" title="Nature Climate Change">Nature Climate Change</a> showed that the trend has recently been reversed, leading to an "overall gain" in global biomass and forests. This gain is due especially to <a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a> in China and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> New forests are not equivalent to old growth forests in terms of species diversity, resilience, and carbon capture. On 7 September 2015, the FAO released a new study stating that over the last 25 years the global <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> rate has decreased by 50% due to improved <a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management of forests</a> and greater government protection.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proportion_of_forest_in_protected_areas,_by_region,_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Proportion_of_forest_in_protected_areas%2C_by_region%2C_2020.svg/220px-Proportion_of_forest_in_protected_areas%2C_by_region%2C_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Proportion_of_forest_in_protected_areas%2C_by_region%2C_2020.svg/330px-Proportion_of_forest_in_protected_areas%2C_by_region%2C_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Proportion_of_forest_in_protected_areas%2C_by_region%2C_2020.svg/440px-Proportion_of_forest_in_protected_areas%2C_by_region%2C_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>Proportion of forest in protected areas, by region, 2020<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a></figcaption></figure> There is an estimated 726 million hectares (1.79 billion acres) of forest in protected areas worldwide. Of the six major world regions, South America has the highest share of forests in protected areas, at 31 percent. The area of such areas globally has increased by 191 million hectares (470 million acres) since 1990, but the rate of annual increase slowed in 2010–2020.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a> Smaller areas of <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodland</a> in cities may be managed as <a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">urban forestry</a>, sometimes within public parks. These are often created for human benefits; <a href="/wiki/Attention_Restoration_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention Restoration Theory">Attention Restoration Theory</a> argues that spending time in nature reduces stress and improves health, while <a href="/wiki/Forest_School_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest School (education)">forest schools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forest_kindergarten" title="Forest kindergarten">kindergartens</a> help young people to develop social as well as scientific skills in forests. These typically need to be close to where the children live. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Canada" title="Forests of Canada">Forests of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garibaldi_National_Park_-_Garibaldi_Mountain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Garibaldi_National_Park_-_Garibaldi_Mountain.jpg/220px-Garibaldi_National_Park_-_Garibaldi_Mountain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Garibaldi_National_Park_-_Garibaldi_Mountain.jpg/330px-Garibaldi_National_Park_-_Garibaldi_Mountain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Garibaldi_National_Park_-_Garibaldi_Mountain.jpg/440px-Garibaldi_National_Park_-_Garibaldi_Mountain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Provincial_Park" title="Garibaldi Provincial Park">Garibaldi Provincial Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></figcaption></figure> Canada has about 4 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles) of forest land. More than 90% of forest land is publicly owned and about 50% of the total forest area is allocated for harvesting. These allocated areas are managed using the principles of sustainable forest management, which include extensive consultation with local stakeholders. About eight percent of Canada's forest is legally protected from resource development.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-nrcan-90">[90]</a> Much more forest land—about 40 percent of the total forest land base—is subject to varying degrees of protection through processes such as integrated <a href="/wiki/Land_use_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Land use planning">land use planning</a> or defined management areas, such as certified forests.<a href="#cite_note-nrcan-90">[90]</a> By December 2006, over 1.2 million square kilometres (460,000 square miles) of forest land in Canada (about half the global total) had been certified as being sustainably managed.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a>, first used in the latter half of the 20th century, is less expensive, but devastating to the environment; and companies are required by law to ensure that harvested areas are adequately regenerated. Most Canadian provinces have regulations limiting the size of new clear-cuts, although some older ones grew to 110 square kilometres (42 sq mi) over several years. The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forest_Service" title="Canadian Forest Service">Canadian Forest Service</a> is the government department which looks after Forests in Canada. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latvia">Latvia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latvian_Forest_Tomes_pagasts,_%C4%B6eguma_novads,_Latvia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Latvian_Forest_Tomes_pagasts%2C_%C4%B6eguma_novads%2C_Latvia.jpg/220px-Latvian_Forest_Tomes_pagasts%2C_%C4%B6eguma_novads%2C_Latvia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Latvian_Forest_Tomes_pagasts%2C_%C4%B6eguma_novads%2C_Latvia.jpg/330px-Latvian_Forest_Tomes_pagasts%2C_%C4%B6eguma_novads%2C_Latvia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Latvian_Forest_Tomes_pagasts%2C_%C4%B6eguma_novads%2C_Latvia.jpg/440px-Latvian_Forest_Tomes_pagasts%2C_%C4%B6eguma_novads%2C_Latvia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Latvian <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a> Forest in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B6egums_Municipality" title="Ķegums Municipality">Ķegums Municipality</a> </figcaption></figure> Latvia has about 3.27 million hectares (8.1 million acres; 12,600 square miles) of forest land, which equates to about 50.5% of Latvia's total area of 64,590 square kilometres (24,938 sq mi) 1.51 million hectares (3.7 million acres) of forest land (46% of total forest land) is publicly owned and 1.75 million hectares (4.3 million acres) of forest land (54% of the total) is in private hands. Latvia's forests have been steadily increasing over the years, which is in contrast to many other nations, mostly due to the forestation of land not used for agriculture. In 1935, there were only 1.757 million hectares (4.34 million acres) of forest; today this has increased by more than 150%. Birch is the most common tree at 28.2%, followed by pine (26.9%), spruce (18.3%), grey alder (9.7%), aspen (8.0%), black alder (5.7%), oak/ash (1.2%), with other hardwood trees making up the rest (2.0%).<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> In the United States, most forests have historically been affected by humans to some degree, though in recent years improved <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> practices have helped regulate or moderate large-scale impacts. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a> estimated a net loss of about 2 million hectares (4.9 million acres) between 1997 and 2020; this estimate includes conversion of forest land to other uses, including urban and suburban development, as well as <a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a> and natural reversion of abandoned crop and <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pasture</a> land to forest. In many areas of the United States, the area of forest is stable or increasing, particularly in many northern states. The opposite problem from flooding has plagued national forests, with loggers complaining that a lack of thinning and proper forest management has resulted in large forest fires.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/48px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/64px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/28px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/42px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/56px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioproducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioproducts">Bioproducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_to_nature_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Close to nature forestry">Close to nature forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forest" title="Cloud forest">Cloud forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrometry" title="Dendrometry">Dendrometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dynamics" title="Forest dynamics">Forest dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_migration" title="Forest migration">Forest migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">Forest pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forest</a> (A forest made mostly if not entirely of <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">Kelp</a>; an underwater forest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area" title="List of countries by forest area">List of countries by forest area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_forests_of_the_United_States" title="List of national forests of the United States">List of national forests of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_old-growth_forests" title="List of old-growth forests">List of old-growth forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Permaforestry">Permaforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD-plus" class="mw-redirect" title="REDD-plus">REDD-plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodland management">Woodland management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">Woodland</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Forest_Resources_Assessment_2020_%E2%80%93_Key_findings.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf">Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings</a>, FAO, FAO. <a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_State_of_the_World%E2%80%99s_Forests_2020._In_brief.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8985en">The State of the World's Forests 2020. In brief – Forests, biodiversity and people</a>, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings. 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Oregon State University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Money+Trees%3A+The+Douglas+Fir+and+American+Forestry%2C+1900%E2%80%931944&rft.pub=Oregon+State+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Emily+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForest" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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.mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Forest at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Forest" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Forest">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Forest" class="extiw" title="c:Forest">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Forests" class="extiw" title="q:Forests">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Forest" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Forest">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barrameda.com.ar/ecology/forests-in-danger.htm">Forests in danger</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908225225/http://intactforests.org/">Intact Forests</a> with maps and reports (archived 8 September 2015)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/a0400e/a0400e00.htm">Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080124171741/http://www.coolforests.org/">CoolForests.org – Conservation Cools the Planet</a> (archived 24 January 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS">Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=ag_lnd_frst_k2&hl=en&dl=en">Forest area (sq. km)</a> data from the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>'s <a href="/wiki/World_Development_Indicators" title="World Development Indicators">World Development Indicators</a>, made available by Google</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuck_Baker2008" class="citation news cs1">Luck Baker, Andrew (18 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/948_discovery_2008/page12.shtml">"The first forests – Discovery 2008"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Online" title="BBC Online">BBC Online</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Online&rft.atitle=The+first+forests+%E2%80%93+Discovery+2008&rft.date=2008-11-18&rft.aulast=Luck+Baker&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Fspecials%2F948_discovery_2008%2Fpage12.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conservation.org/newsroom/pressreleases/Pages/The-Worlds-10-Most-Threatened-Forest-Hotspots.aspx">"The World's 10 Most Threatened Forest Hotspots"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conservation_International" title="Conservation International">Conservation International</a>. 2 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+10+Most+Threatened+Forest+Hotspots&rft.pub=Conservation+International&rft.date=2011-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservation.org%2Fnewsroom%2Fpressreleases%2FPages%2FThe-Worlds-10-Most-Threatened-Forest-Hotspots.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForest" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlichPinchot1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Philipp_Daniel_Schlich" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Philipp Daniel Schlich">Schlich, Wilhelm</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot" title="Gifford Pinchot">Pinchot, Gifford</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Forests_and_Forestry">"Forests and Forestry" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 645–660.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forests+and+Forestry&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=645-660&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Schlich&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Pinchot%2C+Gifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForest" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Mycoforestry" title="Mycoforestry">Mycoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Permaforestry">Permaforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">Plantation forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_forestry_in_India" title="Social forestry in India">Social forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forestry">Sustainable forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_woody_debris" title="Coarse woody debris">coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_woody_debris" title="Large woody debris">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_(logging)" title="Slash (logging)">slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_thinning" title="Ecological thinning">Ecological thinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_aged_timber_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Even aged timber management">Even-aged management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Forest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dynamics" title="Forest dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_informatics" title="Forest informatics">informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_integrated_pest_management" title="Forest integrated pest management">IPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest governance">governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Forest_Information_Service" title="Global Forest Information Service">Global Forest Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_restoration" title="Forest restoration">restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_stand" title="Forest stand">stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_transition" title="Forest transition">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillion_Tree_Campaign" title="Trillion Tree Campaign">Trillion Tree Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Forest certification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm#American_Tree_Farm_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">ATFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CarbonFix_Standard" title="CarbonFix Standard">CFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Stewardship_Council#Standards,_certification_and_accreditation" title="Forest Stewardship Council">FSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_Endorsement_of_Forest_Certification" title="Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification">PEFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Forestry_Initiative" title="Sustainable Forestry Initiative">SFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance#Sustainable_forestry_certification" title="Rainforest Alliance">SmartWood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Formally designated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_and_yield_modelling" title="Growth and yield modelling">Growth and yield modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">GM trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Tree" title="I-Tree">i-Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_allometry" title="Tree allometry">allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Tree measurement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_crown_measurement" title="Tree crown measurement">crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_girth_measurement" title="Tree girth measurement">girth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_height_measurement" title="Tree height measurement">height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_volume_measurement" title="Tree volume measurement">volume</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain#Forests_and_other_vegetation" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fragmentation">Forest fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_forest" title="Ghost forest">Ghost forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_grading" title="High grading">High grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">timber mafia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species#Forestry" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">REDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitemene" title="Chitemene">chitemene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svedjebruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svedjebruk">svedjebruk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Tree hugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">Coppicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmilling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_product" title="Forest product">Products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">Tree farm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_cultivation" title="Christmas tree cultivation">Christmas trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">green woodworking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">Forester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">Bucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker_setter" title="Choker setter">Choker setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">Feller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighter">Firefighter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interagency_hotshot_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Interagency hotshot crew">hotshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_driving" title="Log driving">River driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Truck driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">Timber cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood process engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject</a></li> <li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></li> <li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/16px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/24px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/16px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/24px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/32px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Plants" title="Portal:Plants">Plants portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/16px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/24px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/32px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Trees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry" title="Category:Forestry">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_forestry" title="Outline of forestry">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_resources" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_resources" title="Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">Ambient standards (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_law" title="Air quality law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act (US)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Emissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airshed" title="Airshed">Airshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">Deforestation (REDD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy resources">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">peak coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_gas" title="Peak gas">peak gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_(shadow)" title="Shade (shadow)">shade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_land" title="Agricultural land">Agricultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_farmland" title="Peak farmland">peak farmland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(agriculture)" title="Field (agriculture)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">Landscape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">cityscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seascape" title="Seascape">seascape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">soundscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewshed" title="Viewshed">viewshed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat conservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_mineral" title="Industrial mineral">industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">sand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_minerals" title="Peak minerals">peak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak copper">copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">phosphorus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_resilience" title="Soil resilience">resilience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushfood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushfood">Bushfood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Forests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_genetic_resources" title="Forest genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber products</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">Game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">Meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant Treaty">FAO Plant Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_bank" title="Gene bank">gene banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" title="List of plants used in herbalism">herbal medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="UPOV">UPOV Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">Rangeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Types / location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and recovery">storage and recovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Fresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" title="Groundwater remediation">remediation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">bergs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">huerta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_resources" title="Marine resources">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">harvesting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reclaimed water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Watershed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">Leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_efficiency" title="Water efficiency">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Peak water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_water_source" title="Improved water source">improved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">Natural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital_accounting" title="Natural capital accounting">accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_good" title="Environmental good">good</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage">Natural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remnant_natural_area" title="Remnant natural area">remnant natural area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">Resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">Conflict (perpetuation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">Extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewable</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_resources" title="Category:Natural resources">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phytogeography:_Vegetation_classification" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vegetation" title="Template:Vegetation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vegetation" title="Template talk:Vegetation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vegetation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vegetation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phytogeography:_Vegetation_classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vegetation_classification" title="Vegetation classification">Vegetation classification</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physiognomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">Shrublands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heath" title="Heath">heath</a>, scrubs, <a href="/wiki/Thicket" title="Thicket">thickets</a>, fruticetum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf-shrub" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf-shrub">Dwarf-shrubland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">subshrublands</a>, dwarf-scrubs, suffruticetum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">Herbaceous communities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairies</a>, herbetum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">Savannas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspen_parkland" title="Aspen parkland">parklands</a></li> <li>Scarcely vegetated areas, <a href="/wiki/Desert_vegetation" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert vegetation">desert vegetation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">Desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barren_vegetation" title="Barren vegetation">Barren vegetation</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latitude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">Tropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">Subtropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">Temperate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Subpolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">Polar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Climatic regime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pluvial" title="Pluvial">Pluvial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainy</a>, ombrophilous</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forest" title="Cloud forest">Cloudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasonal">Seasonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Altitude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montane" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane">Montane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submontane" class="mw-redirect" title="Submontane">Submontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowland">Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal">Coastal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Loss of leaves <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">Deciduous</a>, caducifolious</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-deciduous" title="Semi-deciduous">Semi-deciduous</a>, semicaducifolious</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">Evergreen</a>, perennifolious</li></ul></li> <li>Leaf hardness <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sclerophyll" title="Sclerophyll">Sclerophyll</a>, stiff leaves</li> <li>Orthophyll, hyptiophyll leaves</li></ul></li> <li>Leaf form <ul><li>Aciculifolious, needle-leaved</li> <li>Latifolious, <a href="/wiki/Broad-leaved" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad-leaved">broad-leaved</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Substrate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_vegetation" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial vegetation">Terrestrial vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_vegetation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic vegetation">Aquatic vegetation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riparian" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparian">Riparian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">Swampy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Biogeographic realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floristic_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Floristic kingdom">Floristic kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_region" title="Natural region">Natural region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiographic_region" title="Physiographic region">Physiographic region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_habit" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant habit">Plant habits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_life-form" title="Plant life-form">Plant life-forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">Vegetation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4421#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4421#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4421#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4064354-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85050707">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119314375">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119314375">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571104">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115123&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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