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Gloucestershire - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure

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lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navegació </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portada" title="Visiteu la pàgina principal [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Portada</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Article_aleatori" title="Carrega una pàgina a l’atzar [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article a l'atzar</span></a></li><li id="n-Articles-de-qualitat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat"><span>Articles de qualitat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunitat" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunitat" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunitat </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Portal" title="Sobre el projecte, què podeu fer, on trobareu les coses"><span>Portal viquipedista</span></a></li><li id="n-Agenda-d&#039;actes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Trobades"><span>Agenda d'actes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Canvis_recents" title="Una llista dels canvis recents al wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Canvis recents</span></a></li><li id="n-La-taverna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:La_taverna"><span>La taverna</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Contacte"><span>Contacte</span></a></li><li id="n-Xat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Canals_IRC"><span>Xat</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Ajuda" title="El lloc per a saber més coses"><span>Ajuda</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Viquipèdia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ca.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l&#039;Enciclopèdia Lliure" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ca.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Cerca" class="cdx-button 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mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&amp;returnto=Gloucestershire" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&amp;returnto=Gloucestershire" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" 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id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l&#039;edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d&#039;aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Història" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Història"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Història</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Història-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poblacions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poblacions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Poblacions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poblacions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gloucestershire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 77 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - aragonès" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleawcestersc%C4%ABr" title="Gleawcesterscīr - anglès antic" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gleawcesterscīr" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="anglès antic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="غلوسترشير - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غلوسترشير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - balinès" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - bavarès" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Глостэршыр - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Глостэршыр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Глостэршыр - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Глостэршыр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%88%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Глостършър - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Глостършър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - bretó" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swydd_Gaerloyw" title="Swydd Gaerloyw - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Swydd Gaerloyw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="گلاسترشر - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گلاسترشر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" title="גלוסטרשייר - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלוסטרשייר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="ग्लॉस्टर्शायर - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्लॉस्टर्शायर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B7%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Գլոստերշիր - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գլոստերշիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - islandès" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC" title="グロスタシャー - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グロスタシャー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0%EC%85%94%EC%A3%BC" title="글로스터셔주 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="글로스터셔주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - kurd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - còrnic" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="còrnic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glocestriensis_comitatus" title="Glocestriensis comitatus - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Glocestriensis comitatus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - luxemburguès" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster%C5%A1yras" title="Glosteršyras - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Glosteršyras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster%C5%A1%C4%ABra" title="Glosteršīra - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Glosteršīra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="ग्लॉस्टरशायर - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्लॉस्टरशायर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - mirandès" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Глостершир - osseta" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Глостершир" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osseta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="گلوسسٹرشائر - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گلوسسٹرشائر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Глостершир - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глостершир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - escocès" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Глостершир - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Глостершир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Глоукестершир - tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Глоукестершир" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="กลอสเตอร์เชอร์ - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลอสเตอร์เชอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Глостершир - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Глостершир" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="گلوسٹرشائر - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گلوسٹرشائر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - vènet" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%83%A1" title="格洛斯特郡 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="格洛斯特郡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8" title="גלאסטערשיר - ídix" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גלאסטערשיר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ídix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%83%A1" title="格洛斯特郡 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格洛斯特郡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gloucestershire" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%8A%E7%BE%85%E5%A3%AB%E6%89%93%E9%83%A1" title="告羅士打郡 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="告羅士打郡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23165#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussi%C3%B3:Gloucestershire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d&#039;aquesta pàgina (encara no existeix) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">català</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gloucestershire&amp;action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d&#039;aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gloucestershire&amp;action=history" title="Versions antigues d&#039;aquesta pàgina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eines</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gloucestershire&amp;action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d&#039;aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gloucestershire&amp;action=history"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/Gloucestershire" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Gloucestershire" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d&#039;aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A0gines_especials" title="Llista totes les pàgines especials [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pàgines especials</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gloucestershire&amp;oldid=33127149" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta revisió de la pàgina"><span>Enllaç permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gloucestershire&amp;action=info" title="Més informació sobre aquesta pàgina"><span>Informació de la pàgina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citau&amp;page=Gloucestershire&amp;id=33127149&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informació sobre com citar aquesta pàgina"><span>Citau aquest article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGloucestershire"><span>Obtén una URL abreujada</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGloucestershire"><span>Descarrega el codi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimeix/exporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Llibre&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Gloucestershire"><span>Crea un llibre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Gloucestershire&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Baixa com a PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gloucestershire&amp;printable=yes" title="Versió per a impressió d&#039;aquesta pàgina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versió per a impressora</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En altres projectes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23165" title="Enllaç a l&#039;element del repositori de dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates-ind" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><span title="Coordenades geogràfiques WGS84">Coord.:</span> <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gloucestershire&amp;language=ca&amp;params=51.83_N_-2.17_E_region:"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Mapes, fotos aèries i altres informacions per a aquesta localització">51°&#160;50′&#160;N, 2°&#160;10′&#160;O</span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Mapes, fotos aèries i altres informacions per a aquesta localització"><span class="latitude">51.83°N</span>,<span class="longitude">2.17°O</span></span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">51.83; -2.17</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l&#039;enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33571020">.mw-parser-output .infobox_bodystyle{font-size:85%;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox_titlestyle{background:#d9b38c}.mw-parser-output .infobox_abovestyle{background:#d9b38c}.mw-parser-output .infobox_headerclass_solid{background:#d9b38c}.mw-parser-output .infobox_headerclass_botton_top{border-bottom:2px solid #ccccff;border-top:2px solid #ccccff}.mw-parser-output .infobox_subheaderstyle{background:#d9b38c}.mw-parser-output .infobox_subheaderstyle1{width:100%;background:#d9b38c;text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox_belowstyle{border-top:#aaa 1px solid;background:#d9b38c}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label{background:#eeeeee;padding-right:1.2em;width:40%;text-align:start}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33571020"> <table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%;width:25em;infobox_bodystyle"><caption class="infobox_titlestyle" style="font-weight:bold"><span style="float:left; margin-left: 3px;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Globe_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plantilla:Infotaula geografia política"><img alt="Plantilla:Infotaula geografia política" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Globe_icon.svg/25px-Globe_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Globe_icon.svg/38px-Globe_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Globe_icon.svg/50px-Globe_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></span>Gloucestershire</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r32548069/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:102px;max-width:102px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Arms_of_Gloucestershire_County_Council.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Arms_of_Gloucestershire_County_Council.svg/98px-Arms_of_Gloucestershire_County_Council.svg.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Arms_of_Gloucestershire_County_Council.svg/147px-Arms_of_Gloucestershire_County_Council.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Arms_of_Gloucestershire_County_Council.svg/196px-Arms_of_Gloucestershire_County_Council.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1084" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33606766">.mw-parser-output .img_toogle ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;font-size:70%}.mw-parser-output .img_toogle li{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .img_toogle li:after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .img_toogle li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .img_toogle_caption{font-size:100%;font-style:normal;text-align:center;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px}</style><div class="img_toogle"> <div class="geobox"><table style="width:auto; margin:auto; border:none; border-spacing:0; padding:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0; text-align:center;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:River_Wye_at_Symonds_Yat_(9752).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imatge"><img alt="Imatge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/River_Wye_at_Symonds_Yat_%289752%29.jpg/300px-River_Wye_at_Symonds_Yat_%289752%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/River_Wye_at_Symonds_Yat_%289752%29.jpg/450px-River_Wye_at_Symonds_Yat_%289752%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/River_Wye_at_Symonds_Yat_%289752%29.jpg/600px-River_Wye_at_Symonds_Yat_%289752%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Tipus</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Llista_de_comtats_cerimonials_d%27Anglaterra" title="Llista de comtats cerimonials d&#39;Anglaterra">comtat cerimonial</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23165?uselang=ca#P31" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass_botton_top infobox_headerclass_solid" style="text-align:center">Localització</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><table align="center" style="width:auto; cellspacing:1; cellpadding:0%; border:0; margin:0; display:table;"><tbody><tr><td align="center" style="width:auto; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fitxer:Gloucestershire_UK_locator_map_2010.svg&amp;lang=ca" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gloucestershire_UK_locator_map_2010.svg/langca-123px-Gloucestershire_UK_locator_map_2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="123" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gloucestershire_UK_locator_map_2010.svg/langca-185px-Gloucestershire_UK_locator_map_2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gloucestershire_UK_locator_map_2010.svg/langca-247px-Gloucestershire_UK_locator_map_2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="1345" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23165?uselang=ca#P242" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td> <td align="center" style="width:auto; vertical-align:middle;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="150" data-height="150" data-zoom="7" data-lat="51.83" data-lon="-2.17" data-overlays="[&quot;_dc1a157b168c283e43f211412b176e71a5b08036&quot;]" href="/wiki/Especial:Map/7/51.83/-2.17/ca"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,51.83,-2.17,150x150.png?lang=ca&amp;domain=ca.wikipedia.org&amp;title=Gloucestershire&amp;revid=33127149&amp;groups=_dc1a157b168c283e43f211412b176e71a5b08036" width="150" height="150" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,51.83,-2.17,150x150@2x.png?lang=ca&amp;domain=ca.wikipedia.org&amp;title=Gloucestershire&amp;revid=33127149&amp;groups=_dc1a157b168c283e43f211412b176e71a5b08036 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="center" style="width:auto; vertical-align:middle;"><small>&#160;<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gloucestershire&amp;language=ca&amp;params=51.83_N_-2.17_E_region:"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Mapes, fotos aèries i altres informacions per a aquesta localització">51°&#160;50′&#160;N, 2°&#160;10′&#160;O</span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Mapes, fotos aèries i altres informacions per a aquesta localització"><span class="latitude">51.83°N</span>,<span class="longitude">2.17°O</span></span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">51.83; -2.17</span></span></span></a></span></small></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"></td></tr><tr><td class="infobox-label"><b>Estat</b></td><td><a href="/wiki/Regne_Unit" title="Regne Unit">Regne Unit</a></td></tr><tr><td class="infobox-label"><b>País</b></td><td><a href="/wiki/Anglaterra" title="Anglaterra">Anglaterra</a></td></tr><tr><td class="infobox-label"><b>Regió</b></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sud-oest_d%27Anglaterra" title="Sud-oest d&#39;Anglaterra">Sud-oest d'Anglaterra</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23165?uselang=ca#P131" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23165?uselang=ca#P36" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Conté la subdivisió</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><div style="text-align:start;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21694733" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q21694733">Gloucestershire</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire" title="South Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire del Sud</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23165?uselang=ca#P150" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass_botton_top infobox_headerclass_solid" style="text-align:center">Població humana</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Població</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">928.466 <small>(2020) <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23165?uselang=ca#P1082" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></small> (294,75 <small><span lang="gl">hab./km²</span></small>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass_botton_top infobox_headerclass_solid" style="text-align:center">Geografia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Superfície</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">3.149,9785 km² <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23165?uselang=ca#P2046" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Limita amb</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; padding: 0;"><div class="" style="width:100%;" align="left"></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a> <br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21693433" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q21693433">comtat de Bristol</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Gwent" title="Gwent">Gwent</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23165?uselang=ca#P47" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33571020"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/P300" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/P300">ISO 3166-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">GB-GLS <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23165?uselang=ca#P300" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/P605" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/P605">Codi NUTS</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dd.eionet.europa.eu/vocabularyconcept/common/nuts/UKK13">UKK13</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23165?uselang=ca#P605" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lloc web</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gloucestershire.gov.uk/">gloucestershire.gov.uk</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23165?uselang=ca#P856" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gloucestershire</b> (pronunciat <a href="/wiki/Alfabet_fon%C3%A8tic_internacional" title="Alfabet fonètic internacional">/ˈɡlɒstərʃər/</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) és un comtat situat al sud-oest d'<a href="/wiki/Anglaterra" title="Anglaterra">Anglaterra</a>. La seva capital és la ciutat de <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>, que n'és l'única ciutat gran, però hi ha altres viles importants com <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroud_(Glocestershire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stroud (Glocestershire)">Stroud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cirencester" title="Cirencester">Cirencester</a> i <a href="/wiki/Tewkesbury" title="Tewkesbury">Tewkesbury</a>. L'abreviació formal és <i>Gloucs.</i>, però antigament també es feia servir <i>Glos.</i>, sobretot per al correu. Dins del comtat cerimonial està la zona nord de Bristol, que és una <a href="/wiki/Autoritat_unit%C3%A0ria" title="Autoritat unitària">autoritat unitària</a>. </p><p>Geogràficament es distingeixen tres tipus de paisatge: els boscos a l'est, la vall del Wye a l'oest i els pujols dels Cotswolds al centre. La pagesia és el recurs econòmic dominant del comtat, hi ha una raça de vaca característica d'aquesta zona, i el porc pigat és autòcton. La catedral de Gloucester, l'abadia de Tewkesbury i l'església de Cirencester són els edificis històrics més destacats. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografia">Geografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gloucestershire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Geografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Cleeve_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cleeve_Hill.jpg/220px-Cleeve_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cleeve_Hill.jpg/330px-Cleeve_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cleeve_Hill.jpg/440px-Cleeve_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Fita al <i>Cleeve Hill</i>, 330 m.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Boscos</dt></dl> <p>A l'est de Gloucestershire està el <a href="/wiki/Bosc_de_Dean" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosc de Dean">bosc de Dean</a>, que forma una plana triangular entre el <a href="/wiki/Riu_Wye" class="mw-redirect" title="Riu Wye">riu Wye</a>, a l'oest i nord-oest, <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a> al nord, el riu Severn al sud i la ciutat de Gloucester a l'est. Aquesta àrea de més de 110 km² és una barreja de diversos boscos i la part restant d'un dels antics boscos d'Anglaterra que ha sobreviscut fins als nostres dies. Abans del 1066 una gran part va ser zona de caça reservada per al rei i va continuar sent la segona àrea més gran de boscos reials d'Anglaterra, dins la qual estava l'històric <i><a href="/wiki/New_Forest" title="New Forest">New Forest</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarren199061_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarren199061-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Pujols</dt></dl> <p>Hi ha uns 30 pujols el més alt fa 330 m i el menys elevat 115; la majoria situats dins dels <i><a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">Cotswolds</a></i>, una serralada que travessa sis comtats. Molts d'aquests pujols tenen importància històrica, arqueològica o pertanyen a reserves naturals, mentre que altres són destinació d'aficionats a l'escalada i a l'excursionisme. En la següent llista estan marcats amb la lletra (C) els que formen part dels <i>Cotswolds</i>, amb (FD) els que estan situats al bosc de Dean i amb (W) els que estan a la vall del Wye:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElse342_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElse342-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li>Cleeve, 330 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li> <li>Seven Wells, 319 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a></li> <li>Shenberrow, 304 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li> <li>Roel, 301 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li> <li>Birdlip, 209 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li> <li>Wistley, 208 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li> <li>May, 296 m</li> <li>Leckhampton, 295 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li> <li>Ruardean, 290 m, (<a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Dean" title="Forest of Dean">FD</a>)</li> <li>Upper Coscombe, 290 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li> <li>Painswick Beacon, 295 m, ((<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li> <li>High Brotheridge, 282 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li> <li>Nottingham Hill, 280 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li> <li>Buck Stone, 279 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li> <li>Edge Hills, 279 m, (<a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Dean" title="Forest of Dean">FD</a>)</li> <li>Temple Guiting, 279 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li> <li>Wigpool Common, 279 m, (<a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Dean" title="Forest of Dean">FD</a>)</li> <li>Langley, 274 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li> <li>Crickley, 273 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li> <li>Pen, 267 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li> <li>Hart, 263 m, (<a href="/wiki/Vall_de_Wye" title="Vall de Wye">W</a>)</li> <li>Scottsquar, 256 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li> <li>Crawley, 251 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li> <li>Hetty Pegler's Tump, 251 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li> <li>Wyck Beacon[, 250 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li> <li>Oxenton, 223 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li> <li>Alderton, 223 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li> <li>Robins Wood Hill, 198 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li> <li>Churchdown, 155 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li> <li>Chosen-Tinker, 155 m, (<a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">C</a>)</li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Valls</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Gloucester_and_its_cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1454853.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gloucester_and_its_cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1454853.jpg/220px-Gloucester_and_its_cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1454853.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gloucester_and_its_cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1454853.jpg/330px-Gloucester_and_its_cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1454853.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gloucester_and_its_cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1454853.jpg/440px-Gloucester_and_its_cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1454853.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Vista aèria de Gloucester.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Vall_de_Wye" title="Vall de Wye">vall del Wye</a> està declarada <a href="/wiki/%C3%80rea_de_Bellesa_Natural_Excepcional" title="Àrea de Bellesa Natural Excepcional">àrea de destacada bellesa natural</a> (AONB) i marca la frontera entre Anglaterra i Gal·les. El paisatge de la part baixa del riu Wye es va formar per l'acció d'aquest riu sobre els diversos estrats de roca que hi ha en direcció al bosc de Dean; en arribar a aquest punt l'aigua ha passat excavant els marges de la plana sorrenca (<i><a href="/wiki/Old_Red_Sandstone" title="Old Red Sandstone">Old Red Sandstone</a></i>) i ha format una gorja amb pregons penya-segats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonkhouse1964130_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonkhouse1964130-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A prop del riu Wye, està el <a href="/wiki/Muralla_d%27Offa" title="Muralla d&#39;Offa">mur d'Offa</a>, una construcció defensiva consistent en una petita elevació del terreny seguida d'un <a href="/wiki/Fossat" title="Fossat">fossat</a> que data del segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">viii</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrydeReitz200940_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrydeReitz200940-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>El <a href="/wiki/Riu_Severn" title="Riu Severn">riu Severn</a>, en canvi no forma una vall sinó una plana que, quan plou molt, resulta un problema. El juliol del 2007 Gloucestershire va patir la pitjor inundació de la història de la Gran Bretanya i van haver desenes de milers de residents perjudicats quan el riu Severn va sobreeixir al seu pas per Gloucester. La <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> es va encarregar de les operacions de rescat i va salvar 120 persones. Es calcula que els danys van superar els 2.000&#160;milions de lliures. La contrada es va recuperar ràpidament del desastre.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Història"><span id="Hist.C3.B2ria"></span>Història</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gloucestershire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Història"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Gloucestershire_1832_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gloucestershire_1832_Map.png/220px-Gloucestershire_1832_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gloucestershire_1832_Map.png/330px-Gloucestershire_1832_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gloucestershire_1832_Map.png/440px-Gloucestershire_1832_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="2075" /></a><figcaption>Els <i>hundreds</i> de Gloucestershire, encara vigents el 1832.</figcaption></figure> <p>La zona actualment coneguda com a Gloucestershire va ser un territori originàriament habitat per pobles <a href="/wiki/Britans" title="Britans">britans</a> (antecessors dels gal·lesos i d'altres pobles celtes de l'illa de la <a href="/wiki/Gran_Bretanya" title="Gran Bretanya">Gran Bretanya</a>) ja en l'<a href="/wiki/Edat_del_ferro" title="Edat del ferro">edat del ferro</a> i es van mantenir durant el període de <a href="/wiki/Conquesta_romana_de_Brit%C3%A0nnia" title="Conquesta romana de Britànnia">domini romà</a>. El nom del comtat pren el nom de la seva capital, <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>, l'antiga <i>Caerloyw</i> (paraula que encara es conserva en l'idioma gal·lès per referir-se a aquesta ciutat). En abandonar el país els romans, vers el segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">v</span>, els britans van reprendre el control, però es desconeix com estava dividit exactament administrativament el territori. Al segle VII aquesta zona va passar a formar part de <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A8rcia" title="Mèrcia">Mèrcia</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter200723_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter200723-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> i va acabar sota domini dels saxons de l'oest, <a href="/wiki/Regne_de_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Regne de Wessex">regne de Wessex</a> al segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">ix</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonCrowcroft2015410_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannonCrowcroft2015410-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gloucestershire probablement va començar a ser un comtat al segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">x</span>, i així és esmentat a la <i><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%B2nica_anglosaxona" title="Crònica anglosaxona">Crònica anglosaxona</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanton199858_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanton199858-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> encara que les àrees de Winchcombe i el bosc de Dean no van ser afegides fins al segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xi</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHighamHill2001153_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHighamHill2001153-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> El territori primigeni de Gloucestershire incloïa Bristol, que en aquell temps era una petita vila d'interior fins que més tard els seus habitants es van traslladar cap a la costa. Bristol, va créixer molt durant la revolució industrial i va esdevenir un comtat per si mateix, amb territoris separats de Gloucestershire i de Somerset.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED_A18351151_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED_A18351151-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Durant un temps, però, (1974-1996) va formar part del comtat d'Avon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1999125_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1999125-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Els trenta-nou <i><a href="/wiki/Hundred_(divisi%C3%B3)" title="Hundred (divisió)">hundreds</a></i> que consten al <i><a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a></i> i els trenta-un esmentats als <i>Hundred Rolls</i> del 1274 difereixen en extensió i nom dels vint-i-vuit del segle dinou. Segons el diari oficial <i>National Gazetteer of Britain and Ireland</i> la llista és la següent:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="refbegin" style="margin-left:1.5em;-moz-column-count:4; -webkit-column-count:4; column-count:4;"> <ul><li>Barton Regis</li> <li>Berkeley</li> <li>Bishop's Cleeve</li> <li>Bisley</li> <li>Bledisloe</li> <li>Botloe</li> <li>Bradley</li> <li>Brightwell's Barrow</li> <li>Cheltenham</li> <li>Cleeve</li> <li>Crowthorne-with-Minety</li> <li>Deerhurst</li> <li>Dudstone</li> <li>Grumbalds Ash</li> <li>Henbury</li> <li>Kiftsgate</li> <li>Langley and Swinehead</li> <li>Longtree</li> <li>Lower Slaughter</li> <li>Lower Tewkesbury</li> <li>Lower Thornbury</li> <li>Pucklechurch</li> <li>Rapsgate</li> <li>St Briavels</li> <li>Tibaldstone</li> <li>Upper Slaughter</li> <li>Upper Tewkesbury<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElrington1965185-188_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElrington1965185-188-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Upper Thornbury<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Westbury</li> <li>Westminster</li> <li>Whitstone</li></ul> </div> <p>La ciutat lliure anomenada Ducat de Lancaster (<i>Duchy of Lancaster-Gloucestershire</i>), de vegades consta com a <i>hundred</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bristol es va separar el 1373, i el <a href="/wiki/1483" title="1483">1483</a> el rei <a href="/wiki/Ricard_III_d%27Anglaterra" title="Ricard III d&#39;Anglaterra">Ricard III</a> va crear Gloucester com a comtat independent, afegint els <i>hundreds</i> de Dudston i Kings Barton.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox199140_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox199140-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aquest darrer municipi va tornar a formar part del comtat de Gloucestershire el 1673, però les ciutats de Bristol i Gloucester van continuar sent comtats independents amb jurisdiccions i tribunals separats. El funcionari de més rang encarregat del bosc de Dean era el <i>warden</i>, que generalment també era el batlle del castell de St Briavel. Aquest càrrec amb funcions de jutge per a delictes relacionats amb el bosc va tenir primer la seu al castell de Gloucester, des de l'any 1282, i va deixar de funcionar el 1635.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarvinHooperCox1929437_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarvinHooperCox1929437-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> El <i>hundred</i> anomenat <i>Duchy of Lancaster</i> estava dins la jurisdicció del comtat de Gloucestershire per segons quins assumptes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED_A1863188_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED_A1863188-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gloucestershire va tenir representació al parlament des del 1290. </p><p>Després de l'abolició del comtat d'Avon, l'any 1996, la regió nord de Bristol va esdevenir una <a href="/wiki/Autoritat_unit%C3%A0ria" title="Autoritat unitària">autoritat unitària</a> dins el districte de Gloucestershire Sud i és actualment part del comtat cerimonial de Gloucestershire. </p><p>Per al correu es feia servir l'abreviació «Glos.», que ha caigut en desús amb la introducció del sistema de codis postals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1994122_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1994122-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poblacions">Poblacions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gloucestershire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Poblacions"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Berkeley_High_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1732420.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Berkeley_High_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1732420.jpg/220px-Berkeley_High_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1732420.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Berkeley_High_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1732420.jpg/330px-Berkeley_High_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1732420.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Berkeley_High_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1732420.jpg/440px-Berkeley_High_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1732420.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Carrer major de Berkeley.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Castle_Street_Cirencester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Castle_Street_Cirencester.jpg/220px-Castle_Street_Cirencester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Castle_Street_Cirencester.jpg/330px-Castle_Street_Cirencester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Castle_Street_Cirencester.jpg/440px-Castle_Street_Cirencester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Carrer del castell, Cirencester.</figcaption></figure> <p>La següent llista mostra les poblacions amb més habitants de Gloucestershire, l'única gran ciutat és la capital: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a> (136.362 hab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a> (116.447 hab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filton" title="Filton">Filton</a> (59.495 hab)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingswood&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingswood (encara no existeix)">Kingswood</a> (40.734 hab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirencester" title="Cirencester">Cirencester</a> (16.325 hab)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dursley&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dursley (encara no existeix)">Dursley</a> (14.542 hab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroud_(Glocestershire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stroud (Glocestershire)">Stroud</a> (13.259 hab)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patchway&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Patchway (encara no existeix)">Patchway</a> (10.511 hab)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coleford&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Coleford (encara no existeix)">Coleford</a> (8.359 hab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehouse" title="Stonehouse">Stonehouse</a> (7.400 hab.)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chipping_Campden&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chipping Campden (encara no existeix)">Chipping Campden</a> (2.288 hab)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkeley_(Anglaterra)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Berkeley (Anglaterra) (encara no existeix)">Berkeley</a> (2.034 hab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemble" title="Kemble">Kemble</a> (1.036 hab)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economia">Economia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gloucestershire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Economia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les característiques de les tres divisions naturals de Gloucestershire han donat lloc a diferents àrees econòmiques. La zona del bosc va ser el principal centre d'extracció de <a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro">ferro</a> del país, fins que al segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xvi</span> es van obrir les mines de Sussex. A més l'abundància de fusta va propiciar la creació d'adoberies i de tallers de construcció naval. La zona dels pujols, va ser zona de la pagesia, on es criaven les <a href="/wiki/Ovelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovelles">ovelles</a> que eren la matèria primera per a la indústria tèxtil de les ciutats, fins que aquestes empreses van començar a preferir comprar llana estrangera. La indústria de la <a href="/wiki/Seda" title="Seda">seda</a> es va introduir al segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xvii</span> i va ser especialment pròspera a la vall del Stroud. L'abundor d'argila i de pedra va donar lloc a la creació de fàbriques de maons, teules i ceràmica. Durant el segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xvii</span> i XVIII van trobar sortida fàbriques de productes com: els botons, agulles, blondes, mitges, corda i roba per a veles. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Gloucester_Old_Spot_Boar,_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gloucester_Old_Spot_Boar%2C_England.jpg/220px-Gloucester_Old_Spot_Boar%2C_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gloucester_Old_Spot_Boar%2C_England.jpg/330px-Gloucester_Old_Spot_Boar%2C_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gloucester_Old_Spot_Boar%2C_England.jpg/440px-Gloucester_Old_Spot_Boar%2C_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1589" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption>Porc de la raça <i>Gloucestershire Old Spot</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>El famós <a href="/wiki/Porc" title="Porc">porc</a> pigat de Gloucestershire és una raça criada des d'antic en aquesta contrada.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Les ovelles encara es crien pasturant pel bosc de Dean.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Al bosc de Dean i a la vall del Wye també habiten porcs senglars.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>La vaca de Gloucester, és una raça poc comuna<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>però que encara es cria en aquest comtat.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Se la reconeix per la franja blanca que va pel mig de la seva esquena fins a la cua. És famosa per la llet que dona i pels formatges que se'n produeixen. </p><p>La següent taula mostra la distribució per sectors del <a href="/wiki/Valor_afegit_brut" title="Valor afegit brut">valor afegit brut</a> regional<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>amb valors expressats en milions de lliures esterlines. El total pot no coincidir amb la suma dels valors parcials degut a l'arrodoniment. La segona taula motra l'evolució econòmica entre 1997-2009.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>any</th> <th>valor afegit brut regional</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sector_primari" title="Sector primari">sector primari</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sector_secundari" title="Sector secundari">sector secundari</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sector_terciari" title="Sector terciari">sector terciari</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td><b>5.771</b></td> <td>196</td> <td>1.877</td> <td>3.698 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td><b>8.163</b></td> <td>148</td> <td>2.677</td> <td>5.338 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td><b>10.17</b></td> <td>166</td> <td>2.933</td> <td>7.517 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; border:0; text-align:left; line-height:150%;"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>any</b></td> <td>1997</td> <td>1998</td> <td>1999</td> <td>2000</td> <td>2001</td> <td>2002</td> <td>2003</td> <td>2004</td> <td>2005</td> <td>2006</td> <td>2007</td> <td>2008</td> <td>2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td>PIB</td> <td><b>7.167</b></td> <td><b>7.630</b></td> <td><b>8.034</b></td> <td><b>8.414</b></td> <td><b>8.947</b></td> <td><b>9.504</b></td> <td><b>10.117</b></td> <td><b>10.525</b></td> <td><b>10.680</b></td> <td><b>11.073</b></td> <td><b>11.563</b></td> <td><b>11.666</b></td> <td><b>11.452</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gloucestershire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist &#123;&#123;#if: &#124; references-column-count references-column-count-&#123;&#123;&#123;col&#125;&#125;&#125;" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Escolteu l'àudio: <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/En-gloucestershire.ogg">Gloucestershire</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarren199061-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarren199061_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarren1990">Marren, 1990</a>, p.&#160;61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElse342-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElse342_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElse">Else</a>, p.&#160;342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/">https://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/</a> the online version of the Database of British and Irish Hills]».&#32; Hill Bagging.&#32;[Consulta: 12 abril 2017].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonkhouse1964130-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonkhouse1964130_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonkhouse1964">Monkhouse, 1964</a>, p.&#160;130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrydeReitz200940-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrydeReitz200940_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrydeReitz2009">Fryde i Reitz, 2009</a>, p.&#160;40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6911226.stm">Flood crisis grows as rivers rise</a>».&#32; BBC News,&#32;23-07-2007.&#32;[Consulta: 14 abril 2017].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter200723-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter200723_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter2007">Baxter, 2007</a>, p.&#160;23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECannonCrowcroft2015410-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonCrowcroft2015410_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCannonCrowcroft2015">Cannon i Crowcroft, 2015</a>, p.&#160;410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanton199858-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanton199858_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwanton1998">Swanton, 1998</a>, p.&#160;58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHighamHill2001153-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHighamHill2001153_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHighamHill2001">Higham i Hill, 2001</a>, p.&#160;153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED_A18351151-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED_A18351151_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFD_A1835">D A, 1835</a>, p.&#160;1151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1999125-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1999125_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1999">Baxter, 1999</a>, p.&#160;125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/GLS/Miscellaneous/index.html">Hundreds of Gloucestershire Miscellaneous Places, Gloucestershire</a>».&#32; Genuki.&#32;[Consulta: 14 abril 2017].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElrington1965185-188-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElrington1965185-188_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElrington1965">Elrington, 1965</a>, p.&#160;185-188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217035829/http://placenames.org.uk/browse/mads/epns-deep-40-hu-subcounty-000004">Upper Thornbury</a>».&#32; The Historical Gazeteer of English place-names. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://placenames.org.uk/browse/mads/epns-deep-40-hu-subcounty-000004">original</a> el 17 de desembre 2014.&#32;[Consulta: 14 abril 2017].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/place/20737">Duchy of Lancaster Gloucestershire</a>».&#32; A Vision of Britain through Time. University of Portsmouth.&#32;[Consulta: 14 abril 2017].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrox199140-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorrox199140_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorrox1991">Horrox, 1991</a>, p.&#160;40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarvinHooperCox1929437-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarvinHooperCox1929437_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarvinHooperCox1929">Garvin, Hooper i Cox, 1929</a>, p.&#160;437.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED_A1863188-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED_A1863188_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFD_A1863">D A, 1863</a>, p.&#160;188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1994122-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1994122_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster1994">Foster, 1994</a>, p.&#160;122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227044729/https://www.rbst.org.uk/watch-list/pigs/gloucestershire-old-spots">Gloucestershire Old Spots</a>».&#32; Rbst.org.uk. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbst.org.uk/watch-list/pigs/gloucestershire-old-spots">original</a> el 27 de febrer 2014.&#32;[Consulta: 23 febrer 2014].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.campingintheforest.co.uk/england/forest-of-dean">Campsites in the Forest of Dean</a>».&#32; Camping in the forest.&#32;[Consulta: 23 febrer 2014].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Vidal, John&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/apr/05/hundreds-wild-boar-cull-forest-of-dean">Hundreds of wild boars face cull in Forest of Dean</a>».&#32;<i>The Guardian</i>,&#32;05-04-2013&#32;[Consulta: 23 febrer 2014].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227045448/https://www.rbst.org.uk/sitemanager/uploads/ck_files/files/Gloucester%20-%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf">Gloucester</a>».&#32; Rare Breeds Survival Trust,&#32;2011. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbst.org.uk/sitemanager/uploads/ck_files/files/Gloucester%20-%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf">original</a> el 27 de febrer 2014.&#32;[Consulta: 23 febrer 2014].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gloucestercattle.org.uk/">Gloucester Cattle Society</a>».&#32; gloucestercattle.org.uk.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728091019/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf">published</a> (pp. 240–253) by <i>Office for National Statistics</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/regional-accounts/regional-gross-value-added--income-approach-/december-2011/rft-nuts1.xls">Regional accounts</a>»,&#32;2011.</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gloucestershire&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Bibliografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBaxter2007"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Baxter</span>, S D. <i>The Earls of Mercia: Lordship and Power in Late Anglo-Saxon England</i>.&#32; Oxford University Press,&#32;2007.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Earls+of+Mercia%3A+Lordship+and+Power+in+Late+Anglo-Saxon+England&amp;rft.aulast=Baxter&amp;rft.aufirst=S+D&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBaxter1999"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Baxter</span>, Angus. <i>In Search of Your British &amp; Irish Roots: A Complete Guide to Tracing Your English, Welsh, Scottish &amp; Irish Ancestors</i>.&#32; Genealogical Publishing Com,&#32;1999.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Your+British+%26+Irish+Roots%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+Tracing+Your+English%2C+Welsh%2C+Scottish+%26+Irish+Ancestors&amp;rft.aulast=Baxter&amp;rft.aufirst=Angus&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing+Com"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFCannonCrowcroft2015"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Cannon</span>, J;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Crowcroft</span>, R. <i>The Oxford Companion to British History</i>.&#32; Oxford University Press,&#32;2015.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+British+History&amp;rft.aulast=Cannon&amp;rft.aufirst=J&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFD_A1835"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">D A</span>, Diversos Autors. <i>Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Inquire Into the Municipal Corporations in England and Wales</i>.&#32; Hansard,&#32;1835.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Commissioners+Appointed+to+Inquire+Into+the+Municipal+Corporations+in+England+and+Wales&amp;rft.aulast=D+A&amp;rft.aufirst=Diversos+Autors&amp;rft.date=1835&amp;rft.pub=Hansard"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFD_A1863"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">D A</span>, Diversos Autors. <i>The Post Office Directory of Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Shropshire, and the City of Bristol, with maps engraved espressly for the work</i>,&#32;1863.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Post+Office+Directory+of+Gloucestershire%2C+Herefordshire%2C+Shropshire%2C+and+the+City+of+Bristol%2C+with+maps+engraved+espressly+for+the+work&amp;rft.aulast=D+A&amp;rft.aufirst=Diversos+Autors&amp;rft.date=1863"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFElse2007"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Else</span>, David. <i>Great Britain</i>.&#32; Lonely Planet,&#32;2007.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Great+Britain&amp;rft.aulast=Else&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pub=Lonely+Planet"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFElrington1965"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Elrington</span>, C R.&#32;«Tewkesbury hundred: Upper division». A: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/glos/vol6/pp185-188"><i>A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 6</i></a>,&#32;1965.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Gloucester%3A+Volume+6&amp;rft.atitle=Tewkesbury+hundred%3A+Upper+division&amp;rft.aulast=Elrington&amp;rft.aufirst=C+R&amp;rft.date=1965&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fvch%2Fglos%2Fvol6%2Fpp185-188"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFFoster1994"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Foster</span>, Thelma J. <i>Office Skills</i>.&#32; Nelson Thornes,&#32;1994.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Office+Skills&amp;rft.aulast=Foster&amp;rft.aufirst=Thelma+J&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFFrydeReitz2009"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fryde</span>, N;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Reitz</span>, D. <i>Walls, Ramparts, and Lines of Demarcation: Selected Studies from Antiquity to Modern Times</i>.&#32; LIT Verlag Münster,&#32;2009.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Walls%2C+Ramparts%2C+and+Lines+of+Demarcation%3A+Selected+Studies+from+Antiquity+to+Modern+Times&amp;rft.aulast=Fryde&amp;rft.aufirst=N&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGarvinHooperCox1929"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Garvin</span>, J;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hooper</span>, F;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Cox</span>, W. <i>The Encyclopedia Britannica, Volum 10</i>.&#32; Encyclopedia Britannica Company, Limited,&#32;1929.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+Britannica%2C+Volum+10&amp;rft.aulast=Garvin&amp;rft.aufirst=J&amp;rft.date=1929&amp;rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica+Company%2C+Limited"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHighamHill2001"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Higham</span>, N J;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hill</span>, D. <i>Edward the Elder, 899-924</i>.&#32; Psychology Press,&#32;2001.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Edward+the+Elder%2C+899-924&amp;rft.aulast=Higham&amp;rft.aufirst=N+J&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.pub=Psychology+Press"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHorrox1991"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Horrox</span>, Rosemary. <i>Richard III: A Study of Service</i>.&#32; <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>,&#32;1991.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Richard+III%3A+A+Study+of+Service&amp;rft.aulast=Horrox&amp;rft.aufirst=Rosemary&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BCambridge+University+Press%5D%5D"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMarren1990"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Marren</span>, Peter. <i>Woodland Heritage</i>.&#32; David &amp; Charles,&#32;1990.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Woodland+Heritage&amp;rft.aulast=Marren&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.pub=David+%26+Charles"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMonkhouse1964"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Monkhouse</span>, Francis J. <i>Principles of Physical Geography</i>.&#32; Rowman &amp; Littlefield,&#32;1964.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Principles+of+Physical+Geography&amp;rft.aulast=Monkhouse&amp;rft.aufirst=Francis+J&amp;rft.date=1964&amp;rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSwanton1998"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Swanton</span>, Michael. <i>The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>.&#32; Psychology Press,&#32;1998.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Chronicle&amp;rft.aulast=Swanton&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.pub=Psychology+Press"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-center{clear:both;margin:auto}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Txeca" title="Biblioteca Nacional de la República Txeca">NKC</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ge339095&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bases d'informació</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEC" class="mw-redirect" title="GEC">GEC</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/gloucestershire">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OSM</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/2700308">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="border&amp;#124;enllaç=&amp;#124;25px&amp;#124;Anglaterra_Regne_Unit_•_Anglaterra_•_Comtats_cerimonials_d&amp;#039;Anglaterra" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plantilla:Comtatsanglesos" title="Plantilla:Comtatsanglesos"><img alt="Vegeu aquesta plantilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/18px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/27px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Regne Unit">Regne Unit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anglaterra" title="Anglaterra">Anglaterra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Comtats_cerimonials_d%27Anglaterra" class="mw-redirect" title="Comtats cerimonials d&#39;Anglaterra">Comtats cerimonials d'Anglaterra</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comtats</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Ciutat_de_Londres" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciutat de Londres">Ciutat de Londres</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Cornualla" title="Cornualla">Cornualla</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAmbria" title="Cúmbria">Cúmbria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Comtat_de_Durham" title="Comtat de Durham">Durham</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/East_Riding_de_Yorkshire" title="East Riding de Yorkshire">East Riding de Yorkshire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gloucestershire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Gran_Londres" title="Gran Londres">Gran Londres</a>*<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Gran_Manchester" title="Gran Manchester">Gran Manchester</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Illa_de_Wight" title="Illa de Wight">Illa de Wight</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Tyne_i_Wear" title="Tyne i Wear">Tyne i Wear</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(comtat)" title="West Midlands (comtat)">West Midlands</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Comtats per la Lieutenancies Act 1997</i><br />* <small>La <a href="/wiki/Ciutat_de_Londres" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciutat de Londres">Ciutat de Londres</a> no forma part del comtat del <a href="/wiki/Gran_Londres" title="Gran Londres">Gran Londres</a>, però si de la regió.</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐6dd6684647‐xn4gt Cached time: 20241121145904 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.473 seconds Real time usage: 1.908 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 15948/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 131281/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 30533/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 34/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand 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