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As currently circumscribed it includes Dipsacaceae and Valerianaceae. On the other hand, <em>Sambucus</em> and <em>Viburnum</em> have been transferred to Adoxaceae. Diervillaceae and Linnaeaceae, sometimes considered as a separate family (here represented respectively by the genera <em>Weigela</em> and <em>Kolkwitzia</em>), are now included in Caprifoliaceae but raised as distinct families by some authors, for instance in Flora of China (Yang & al. 2011, following Backlund & Pyke 1998).</p> <p>1. Shrubs or vines (if occasionally more or less herbaceous, then with large, often purplish bracts subtending the flowering spikes) === 2<strong> </strong></p> <p>1. Herbaceous annuals, biennials or perennials, never with conspicuous colourful bracts subtending the inflorescence === 6</p> <p>2. Fruit a dry capsule === 3</p> <p>2. Fruit a hemispherical berry === 4</p> <p>3. Ovary 2-celled (each with many ovules), not bristly hairy. Calyx deciduous in fruit. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered cymes. Stamens 5 === <a href="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/node/3454"><em><strong>Weigela</strong></em></a></p> <p>3. Ovary 3-celled (1 fertile, 2 sterile), bristly hairy. Calyx persistent in fruit. Flowers paired. Stamens 4 === <a href="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/content/kolkwitzia-0" title="Kolkwitzia"><em><strong>Kolkwitzia</strong></em></a></p> <p>4. Inflorescence an elongated spike, with large, colourful (often purplish) bracts === <a href="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/node/3432"><em><strong>Leycesteria</strong></em></a></p> <p>4. Inflorescence usually whorled or in pairs, without or with very indistinct bracts === 5</p> <p>5. Fruit with numerous seeds. Evergreen or deciduous shrubs or vines. Corolla zygomorphic (with 4-lobed upper lip and unlobed lower lip) or actinomorphic (with 5 more or less equal lobes), variously coloured === <a href="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/node/3434"><em><strong>Lonicera</strong></em></a></p> <p>5. Fruit with two seeds. Deciduous shrubs. Corolla actinomorphic, always whitish or pinkish === <a href="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/node/3446"><em><strong>Symphoricarpos</strong></em> </a></p> <p>6. Stamens 1 or 3 === 7</p> <p>6. Stamens 4 or 5 === 9</p> <p>7. A single stamen. Corolla with conspicuous spur at base (2-12 mm long), reddish or more rarely white. Glabrous perennial, often glaucous === <a href="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/content/centranthus"><em><strong>Centranthus</strong></em></a></p> <p>7. Three stamens. Corolla without a distinct spur, at most pouched at base, pinkish, whitish or pale lilac. Hairy or more or less glabrous annuals or perennials === 8</p> <p>8. Annual. Leaves entire, serrate or sparsely lobed. Calyx remaining more or less minute in fruit, never developing into a conspicuous feathery pappus. Stem forked at each node. Corolla not pouched at base === <a href="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/node/3452"><em><strong>Valerianella</strong></em></a></p> <p>8. Perennial. At least some leaves distinctly lobed. Calyx much enlarging in fruit, developing into a feathery pappus. Stem not forked above. Corolla pouched at base === <a href="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/node/3450"><em><strong>Valeriana</strong></em></a></p> <p>9. Stem and leaves prickly (sometimes scarcely so). Receptacle scales spine-tipped === <strong><a href="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/node/3427"><em>Dipsacus</em></a> </strong></p> <p>9. Stem and leaves without prickles. Receptacle scales, if present, not spine-tipped === 10</p> <p>10. Corolla 5-lobed. Involucel (epicalyx) expanded at maturity into a membranous corona with many teeth (native) === 11</p> <p>10. Corolla 4-lobed. Involucel different === 12</p> <p>11. Tube of involucel (epicalyx) with 8 longitudinal grooves, these extending over total length of tube === <a href="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/content/scabiosa"><strong><em>Scabiosa</em></strong></a></p> <p>11. Tube of involucel with 8 apical pits, these up to 陆 as long as tube === <a href="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/content/lomelosia"><strong><em>Lomelosia</em></strong></a></p> <p>12. Receptacle hairy or bristly, without scales subtending each flower === <a href="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/node/3430"><em><strong>Knautia</strong></em></a></p> <p>12. Receptacle with scales subtending each flower === 13</p> <p>13. Either tall (up to 350 cm) perennial with creamy corollas and pinnatifid to pinnatisect leaves or smaller annual with lilac-blue corollas and entire or toothed leaves === <strong><a href="http://alienplantsbelgium.be/node/3423"><em>Cephalaria</em></a> </strong></p> <p>13. Perennial with bluish-violet corollas and entire or toothed leaves (native) === <em>Succisa</em></p> <div> <hr size="1" /></div> <p><strong>APG III</strong> (2009) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants. APG III. <em>Bot. J. Linn. Soc.</em> <strong>161(2)</strong>: 105-121.</p> <p><strong>Backlund A. & Pyck N.</strong> (1998) Diervillaceae and Linnaeaceae, two new families of caprifolioids. <em>Taxon</em> <strong>47</strong>: 657-661.</p> <p><strong>Yang Q., Landrein S., Osborne J. & Borosova R.</strong> (2011) Caprifoliaceae. In: Flora of China Editorial Committee (ed.), Flora of China, vol. 19. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis: 616-641.</p> </div></div></div> </div> <footer class="submitted"><span property="dc:date dc:created" content="2010-09-02T10:08:30+02:00" datatype="xsd:dateTime">Thu, 2010-09-02 10:08</span> -- <span rel="sioc:has_creator"><a href="/users/quentin-groom" title="View user profile." class="username" xml:lang="" about="/users/quentin-groom" typeof="sioc:UserAccount" property="foaf:name" datatype="">Quentin Groom</a></span> <div class="user-picture"> <a href="/users/quentin-groom" title="View user profile."><img width="20px" height="20px" typeof="foaf:Image" src="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f1bc8c87dc1e8a9672a0c0a67e7f1695.jpg?d=https%3A//alienplantsbelgium.myspecies.info/sites/all/modules/contrib/gravatar/avatar.png&s=100&r=G" alt="http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f1bc8c87dc1e8a9672a0c0a67e7f1695.jpg?d=https%3A//alienplantsbelgium.myspecies.info/sites/all/modules/contrib/gravatar/avatar.png&s=100&r=G" /></a> </div> 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