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class="mw-page-title-main">Voltage-gated calcium channel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel">Voltage-dependent calcium channel</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of voltage-gated ion channels permeable to Ca2+</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Protein family</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Two-pore channel</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd; color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit;">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;">TPC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a></th><td class="infobox-data pfam" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/pfam/PF08473">PF08473</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Orientations_of_Proteins_in_Membranes_database" title="Orientations of Proteins in Membranes database">OPM superfamily</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opm.phar.umich.edu/protein_superfamilies/8">8</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Orientations_of_Proteins_in_Membranes_database" title="Orientations of Proteins in Membranes database">OPM protein</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opm.phar.umich.edu/proteins?search=6c96">6c96</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Membranome_database" title="Membranome database">Membranome</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://membranome.org/protein_superfamilies/214">214</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd; color:inherit;">Available protein structures:</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a>  </th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pfam.xfam.org/family/PF08473?tab=pdbBlock">structures</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prodata.swmed.edu/ecod/complete/search?kw=PF08473">ECOD</a>  </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.annotation_id:PF08473%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.type:Pfam">RCSB PDB</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/search/index?pfam_accession:PF08473">PDBe</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdbj.org/search/pdb?other_db_select=PFam&other_db_field=PF08473">PDBj</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/PDBsum" title="PDBsum">PDBsum</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPfamStr.pl?pfam_id=PF08473">structure summary</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Voltage-gated calcium channels</b> (<b>VGCCs</b>), also known as <b>voltage-dependent calcium channels</b> (<b>VDCCs</b>), are a group of <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channel" title="Voltage-gated ion channel">voltage-gated ion channels</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">membrane</a> of excitable cells (<i>e.g.</i> <a href="/wiki/Muscle_cell" title="Muscle cell">muscle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Glial cell">glial cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>) with a <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)" title="Permeability (electromagnetism)">permeability</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> ion Ca<sup>2+</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Catterall_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catterall-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11823393_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11823393-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These channels are slightly permeable to <a href="/wiki/Sodium_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium ion">sodium ions</a>, so they are also called Ca<sup>2+</sup>–Na<sup>+</sup> channels, but their permeability to calcium is about 1000-fold greater than to sodium under normal physiological conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Physiologic" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiologic">physiologic</a> or resting <a href="/wiki/Membrane_potential" title="Membrane potential">membrane potential</a>, VGCCs are normally closed. They are activated (<i>i.e.</i>: opened) at <a href="/wiki/Depolarization" title="Depolarization">depolarized</a> membrane potentials and this is the source of the "voltage-gated" <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a>. The concentration of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> (Ca<sup>2+</sup> ions) is normally several thousand times higher outside the cell than inside. Activation of particular VGCCs allows a Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx into the cell, which, depending on the cell type, results in activation of calcium-sensitive <a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel" title="Potassium channel">potassium channels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contraction" title="Muscle contraction">muscular contraction</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15823093_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15823093-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> excitation of neurons, up-regulation of <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a>, or release of <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a>. </p><p>VGCCs have been immunolocalized in the <a href="/wiki/Zona_glomerulosa" title="Zona glomerulosa">zona glomerulosa</a> of normal and hyperplastic human <a href="/wiki/Adrenal" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrenal">adrenal</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">aldosterone</a>-producing <a href="/wiki/Adenoma" title="Adenoma">adenomas</a> (APA), and in the latter T-type VGCCs correlated with plasma aldosterone levels of patients.<sup id="cite_ref-Felizola_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felizola-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excessive activation of VGCCs is a major component of <a href="/wiki/Excitotoxicity" title="Excitotoxicity">excitotoxicity</a>, as severely elevated levels of intracellular calcium activates enzymes which, at high enough levels, can degrade essential cellular structures. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voltage-gated_calcium_channel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Voltage-gated calcium channels are formed as a complex of several different subunits: α<sub>1</sub>, α<sub>2</sub>δ, β<sub>1-4</sub>, and γ. The α<sub>1</sub> subunit forms the ion-conducting pore while the associated subunits have several functions including modulation of gating.<sup id="cite_ref-Dolphin_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dolphin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Channel_subunits">Channel subunits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voltage-gated_calcium_channel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Channel subunits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several different kinds of high-voltage-gated calcium channels (HVGCCs). They are structurally homologous among varying types; they are all similar, but not structurally identical. In the laboratory, it is possible to tell them apart by studying their physiological roles and/or inhibition by specific <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a>. High-voltage-gated calcium channels include the <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neural</a> N-type channel blocked by ω-<a href="/wiki/Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">conotoxin</a> GVIA, the R-type channel (R stands for <b>R</b>esistant to the other blockers and toxins, except <a href="/wiki/SNX-482" title="SNX-482">SNX-482</a>) involved in poorly defined processes in the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, the closely related P/Q-type channel blocked by ω-<a href="/wiki/Agatoxin" title="Agatoxin">agatoxins</a>, and the dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type channels responsible for excitation-contraction coupling of <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">cardiac muscle</a> and for hormone secretion in endocrine cells. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Current type</b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/1,4-dihydropyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="1,4-dihydropyridine">1,4-dihydropyridine</a> sensitivity (DHP)</b></th> <th><b>ω-<a href="/wiki/Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">conotoxin</a> sensitivity (ω-CTX)</b></th> <th><b>ω-agatoxin sensitivity (ω-AGA)</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td>L-type</td> <td>blocks</td> <td>resistant</td> <td>resistant </td></tr> <tr> <td>N-type</td> <td>resistant</td> <td>blocks</td> <td>resistant </td></tr> <tr> <td>P/Q-type</td> <td>resistant</td> <td>resistant</td> <td>blocks </td></tr> <tr> <td>R-type</td> <td>resistant</td> <td>resistant</td> <td>resistant </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Reference for the table can be found at Dunlap, Luebke and Turner (1995).<sup id="cite_ref-Dunlap_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunlap-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="α1_Subunit"><span id=".CE.B11_Subunit"></span>α<sub>1</sub> Subunit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voltage-gated_calcium_channel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: α1 Subunit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The α<sub>1</sub> subunit pore (~190 kDa in molecular mass) is the primary subunit necessary for channel functioning in the HVGCC, and consists of the characteristic four homologous I–IV domains containing six transmembrane α-helices each. The α<sub>1</sub> subunit forms the Ca<sup>2+</sup> selective pore, which contains voltage-sensing machinery and the drug/toxin-binding sites. A total of ten α<sub>1</sub> subunits that have been identified in humans:<sup id="cite_ref-Catterall_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catterall-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> α<sub>1</sub> subunit contains 4 homologous domains (labeled I–IV), each containing 6 transmembrane helices (S1–S6). This arrangement is analogous to a homo-tetramer formed by single-domain subunits of voltage-gated potassium channels (that also each contain 6 TM helices). The 4-domain architecture (and several key regulatory sites, such as the EF hand and IQ domain at the C-terminus) is also shared by the voltage gated sodium channels, which are thought to be evolutionarily related to VGCCs.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transmembrane helices from the 4 domains line up to form the channel proper; S5 and S6 helices are thought to line the inner pore surface, while S1–4 helices have roles in gating and voltage sensing (S4 in particular).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VGCCs are subject to rapid inactivation, which is thought to consist of 2 components: voltage-gated (VGI) and calcium-gated (CGI).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are distinguished by using either Ba<sup>2+</sup> or Ca<sup>2+</sup> as the charge carrier in the external recording solution (<i>in vitro</i>). The CGI component is attributed to the binding of the Ca<sup>2+</sup>-binding signaling protein <a href="/wiki/Calmodulin" title="Calmodulin">calmodulin</a> (CaM) to at least 1 site on the channel, as Ca<sup>2+</sup>-null CaM mutants abolish CGI in L-type channels. Not all channels exhibit the same regulatory properties and the specific details of these mechanisms are still largely unknown. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Type</b></th> <th><b>Voltage</b></th> <th><b>α<sub>1</sub> subunit (gene name)</b></th> <th><b>Associated subunits</b></th> <th><b>Most often found in</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel" title="L-type calcium channel">L-type calcium channel</a> ("Long-Lasting" AKA "DHP Receptor")</td> <td>HVA (high voltage activated)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cav1.1" title="Cav1.1">Ca<sub>v</sub>1.1</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNA1S">CACNA1S</a></i>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Cav1.2" title="Cav1.2">Ca<sub>v</sub>1.2</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNA1C">CACNA1C</a></i>) <a href="/wiki/Cav1.3" title="Cav1.3">Ca<sub>v</sub>1.3</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNA1D">CACNA1D</a></i>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Cav1.4" title="Cav1.4">Ca<sub>v</sub>1.4</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNA1F">CACNA1F</a></i>)</td> <td>α<sub>2</sub>δ, β, γ</td> <td>Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, bone (osteoblasts), ventricular myocytes** (responsible for prolonged action potential in cardiac cell; also termed DHP receptors), dendrites and dendritic spines of cortical neurones </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P-type_calcium_channel" title="P-type calcium channel">P-type calcium channel</a> ("Purkinje") /<a href="/wiki/Q-type_calcium_channel" title="Q-type calcium channel">Q-type calcium channel</a></td> <td>HVA (high voltage activated)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cav2.1" title="Cav2.1">Ca<sub>v</sub>2.1</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNA1A">CACNA1A</a></i>)</td> <td>α<sub>2</sub>δ, β, possibly γ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Purkinje_neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Purkinje neurons">Purkinje neurons</a> in the cerebellum / <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">Cerebellar</a> <a href="/wiki/Granule_cell" title="Granule cell">granule cells</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/N-type_calcium_channel" title="N-type calcium channel">N-type calcium channel</a> ("Neural"/"Non-L")</td> <td>HVA (high voltage activated)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/N-type_calcium_channel" title="N-type calcium channel">Ca<sub>v</sub>2.2</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNA1B">CACNA1B</a></i>)</td> <td>α<sub>2</sub>δ/β<sub>1</sub>, β<sub>3</sub>, β<sub>4</sub>, possibly γ</td> <td>Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> and peripheral nervous system. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/R-type_calcium_channel" title="R-type calcium channel">R-type calcium channel</a> ("Residual")</td> <td>intermediate voltage activated</td> <td><a href="/wiki/R-type_calcium_channel" title="R-type calcium channel">Ca<sub>v</sub>2.3</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNA1E">CACNA1E</a></i>)</td> <td>α<sub>2</sub>δ, β, possibly γ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">Cerebellar</a> <a href="/wiki/Granule_cell" title="Granule cell">granule cells</a>, other neurons </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T-type_calcium_channel" title="T-type calcium channel">T-type calcium channel</a> ("Transient")</td> <td>low voltage activated</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CACNA1G" title="CACNA1G">Ca<sub>v</sub>3.1</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNA1G">CACNA1G</a></i>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/CACNA1H" class="mw-redirect" title="CACNA1H">Ca<sub>v</sub>3.2</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNA1H">CACNA1H</a></i>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/CACNA1I" title="CACNA1I">Ca<sub>v</sub>3.3</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNA1I">CACNA1I</a></i>)</td> <td></td> <td>neurons, cells that have <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_pacemaker" title="Cardiac pacemaker">pacemaker</a> activity, bone (<a href="/wiki/Osteocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteocytes">osteocytes</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="α2δ_Subunit"><span id=".CE.B12.CE.B4_Subunit"></span>α<sub>2</sub>δ Subunit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voltage-gated_calcium_channel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: α2δ Subunit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The α<sub>2</sub>δ gene forms two subunits: α<sub>2</sub> and δ (which are both the product of the same gene). They are linked to each other via a disulfide bond and have a combined molecular weight of 170 kDa. The α<sub>2</sub> is the extracellular glycosylated subunit that interacts the most with the α<sub>1</sub> subunit. The δ subunit has a single transmembrane region with a short intracellular portion, which serves to anchor the protein in the plasma membrane. There are 4 α<sub>2</sub>δ genes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CACNA2D1" title="CACNA2D1">CACNA2D1</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNA2D1">CACNA2D1</a></i>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNA2D2" title="CACNA2D2">CACNA2D2</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNA2D2">CACNA2D2</a></i>),</li> <li>(<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNA2D3">CACNA2D3</a></i>),</li> <li>(<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNA2D4">CACNA2D4</a></i>).</li></ul> <p>Co-expression of the α<sub>2</sub>δ enhances the level of expression of the α<sub>1</sub> subunit and causes an increase in current amplitude, faster activation and inactivation kinetics and a hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of inactivation. Some of these effects are observed in the absence of the beta subunit, whereas, in other cases, the co-expression of beta is required. </p><p>The α<sub>2</sub>δ-1 and α<sub>2</sub>δ-2 subunits are the binding site for <a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">gabapentinoids</a>. This drug class includes two anticonvulsant drugs, <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a> (Neurontin) and <a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">pregabalin</a> (Lyrica), that also find use in treating chronic neuropathic pain. The α<sub>2</sub>δ subunit is also a binding site of the central depressant and <a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytic</a> <a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">phenibut</a>, in addition to actions at other targets.<sup id="cite_ref-ZvejnieceVavers2015_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZvejnieceVavers2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="β_Subunit"><span id=".CE.B2_Subunit"></span>β Subunit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voltage-gated_calcium_channel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: β Subunit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The intracellular β subunit (55 kDa) is an intracellular MAGUK-like protein (Membrane-Associated Guanylate Kinase) containing a guanylate kinase (GK) domain and an SH3 (src homology 3) domain. The guanylate kinase domain of the β subunit binds to the α<sub>1</sub> subunit I-II cytoplasmic loop and regulates HVGCC activity. There are four known genes for the β subunit: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CACNB1" title="CACNB1">CACNB1</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNB1">CACNB1</a></i>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNB2" title="CACNB2">CACNB2</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNB2">CACNB2</a></i>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNB3" title="CACNB3">CACNB3</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNB3">CACNB3</a></i>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNB4" title="CACNB4">CACNB4</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNB4">CACNB4</a></i>).</li></ul> <p>It is hypothesized that the cytosolic β subunit has a major role in stabilizing the final α<sub>1</sub> subunit conformation and delivering it to the cell membrane by its ability to mask an <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a> retention signal in the α<sub>1</sub> subunit. The endoplasmic retention brake is contained in the I–II loop in the α<sub>1</sub> subunit that becomes masked when the β subunit binds.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the β subunit functions initially to regulate the current density by controlling the amount of α<sub>1</sub> subunit expressed at the cell membrane. </p><p>In addition to this trafficking role, the β subunit has the added important functions of regulating the activation and inactivation kinetics, and hyperpolarizing the voltage-dependence for activation of the α<sub>1</sub> subunit pore, so that more current passes for smaller <a href="/wiki/Depolarization" title="Depolarization">depolarizations</a>. The β subunit has effects on the kinetics of the cardiac α<sub>1</sub>C in <i><a href="/wiki/Xenopus_laevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenopus laevis">Xenopus laevis</a></i> oocytes co-expressed with β subunits. The β subunit acts as an important modulator of channel electrophysiological properties. </p><p>Until very recently, the interaction between a highly conserved 18-<a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> region on the α1 subunit intracellular linker between domains I and II (the Alpha Interaction Domain, AID) and a region on the GK domain of the β subunit (Alpha Interaction Domain Binding Pocket) was thought to be solely responsible for the regulatory effects by the β subunit. Recently, it has been discovered that the SH3 domain of the β subunit also gives added regulatory effects on channel function, opening the possibility of the β subunit having multiple regulatory interactions with the α<sub>1</sub> subunit pore. Furthermore, the AID sequence does not appear to contain an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal, and this may be located in other regions of the I–II α<sub>1</sub> subunit linker. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="γ_Subunit"><span id=".CE.B3_Subunit"></span>γ Subunit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voltage-gated_calcium_channel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: γ Subunit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The γ1 subunit is known to be associated with skeletal muscle VGCC complexes, but the evidence is inconclusive regarding other subtypes of calcium channel. The γ1 subunit glycoprotein (33 kDa) is composed of four transmembrane spanning helices. The γ1 subunit does not affect trafficking, and, for the most part, is not required to regulate the channel complex. However, γ<sub>2</sub>, γ<sub>3</sub>, γ<sub>4</sub> and γ<sub>8</sub> are also associated with AMPA glutamate receptors. </p><p>There are 8 genes for gamma subunits: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CACNG1" title="CACNG1">γ1</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNG1">CACNG1</a></i>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNG2" title="CACNG2">γ2</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNG2">CACNG2</a></i>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNG3" title="CACNG3">γ3</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNG3">CACNG3</a></i>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNG4" title="CACNG4">γ4</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNG4">CACNG4</a></i>),</li> <li>(<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNG5">CACNG5</a></i>),</li> <li>(<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNG6">CACNG6</a></i>),</li> <li>(<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNG7">CACNG7</a></i>), and</li> <li>(<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CACNG8">CACNG8</a></i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muscle_physiology">Muscle physiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voltage-gated_calcium_channel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Muscle physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> cell is depolarized, it causes opening of the voltage-gated (L-type) calcium channels.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14627618_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14627618-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MBC_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depolarization may be brought about by stretching of the cell, agonist-binding its G protein-coupled receptor (<a href="/wiki/GPCR" class="mw-redirect" title="GPCR">GPCR</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic nervous system</a> stimulation. Opening of the L-type calcium channel causes influx of extracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup>, which then binds <a href="/wiki/Calmodulin" title="Calmodulin">calmodulin</a>. The activated calmodulin molecule activates <a href="/wiki/Myosin_light-chain_kinase" title="Myosin light-chain kinase">myosin light-chain kinase</a> (MLCK), which phosphorylates the <a href="/wiki/Myosin" title="Myosin">myosin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thick_filament" class="mw-redirect" title="Thick filament">thick filaments</a>. Phosphorylated myosin is able to form <a href="/wiki/Crossbridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossbridge">crossbridges</a> with <a href="/wiki/Actin" title="Actin">actin</a> <a href="/wiki/Thin_filament" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin filament">thin filaments</a>, and the smooth muscle fiber (i.e., cell) contracts via the <a href="/wiki/Sliding_filament_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sliding filament mechanism">sliding filament mechanism</a>. (See reference<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14627618_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14627618-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for an illustration of the signaling cascade involving L-type calcium channels in smooth muscle). </p><p>L-type calcium channels are also enriched in the <a href="/wiki/T-tubule" title="T-tubule">t-tubules</a> of <a href="/wiki/Striated_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Striated muscle">striated muscle</a> cells, i.e., skeletal and cardiac <a href="/wiki/Myofiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Myofiber">myofibers</a>. When these cells are depolarized, the L-type calcium channels open as in smooth muscle. In skeletal muscle, the actual opening of the channel, which is mechanically gated to a <a href="/wiki/Ryanodine_receptor" title="Ryanodine receptor">calcium-release channel</a> (a.k.a. <a href="/wiki/Ryanodine_receptor" title="Ryanodine receptor">ryanodine receptor</a>, or RYR) in the <a href="/wiki/Sarcoplasmic_reticulum" title="Sarcoplasmic reticulum">sarcoplasmic reticulum</a> (SR), causes opening of the RYR. In <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">cardiac muscle</a>, opening of the L-type calcium channel permits influx of calcium into the cell. The calcium binds to the calcium release channels (RYRs) in the SR, opening them; this phenomenon is called "<a href="/wiki/Calcium-induced_calcium_release" title="Calcium-induced calcium release">calcium-induced calcium release</a>", or CICR. However the RYRs are opened, either through mechanical-gating or CICR, Ca<sup>2+</sup> is released from the SR and is able to bind to <a href="/wiki/Troponin_C" title="Troponin C">troponin C</a> on the actin filaments. The muscles then contract through the sliding filament mechanism, causing shortening of <a href="/wiki/Sarcomeres" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcomeres">sarcomeres</a> and muscle contraction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_in_expression_during_development">Changes in expression during development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voltage-gated_calcium_channel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Changes in expression during development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in development, there is a high amount of expression of <a href="/wiki/T-type_calcium_channel" title="T-type calcium channel">T-type calcium channels</a>. During maturation of the nervous system, the expression of <a href="/wiki/N-type_calcium_channel" title="N-type calcium channel">N</a> or <a href="/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel" title="L-type calcium channel">L-type</a> currents becomes more prominent.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, mature neurons express more calcium channels that will only be activated when the cell is significantly <a href="/wiki/Membrane_potential" title="Membrane potential">depolarized</a>. The different expression levels of low-voltage activated (LVA) and high-voltage activated (HVA) channels can also play an important role in <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuronal differentiation</a>. In developing <a href="/wiki/Xenopus" title="Xenopus">Xenopus</a> <a href="/wiki/Spinal_neuron" title="Spinal neuron">spinal neurons</a> LVA calcium channels carry a spontaneous calcium transient that may be necessary for the neuron to adopt a <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">GABAergic</a> phenotype as well as <a href="/wiki/Neurite" title="Neurite">process outgrowth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voltage-gated_calcium_channel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Voltage-gated calcium channels antibodies are associated with <a href="/wiki/Lambert%E2%80%93Eaton_myasthenic_syndrome" title="Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome">Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome</a> and have also been implicated in <a href="/wiki/Paraneoplastic_cerebellar_degeneration" title="Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration">paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voltage-gated calcium channels are also associated with <a href="/wiki/Malignant_hyperthermia" title="Malignant hyperthermia">malignant hyperthermia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Monnier_1997_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monnier_1997-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Timothy_syndrome" title="Timothy syndrome">Timothy syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Splawski_2004_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Splawski_2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mutations of the <i>CACNA1C</i> gene, with a <a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphism">single-nucleotide polymorphism</a> in the third intron of the Cav1.2 gene,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are associated with a variant of <a href="/wiki/Long_QT_syndrome" title="Long QT syndrome">long QT syndrome</a> called <a href="/wiki/Timothy%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy's syndrome">Timothy's syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20301577_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20301577-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also with <a href="/wiki/Brugada_syndrome" title="Brugada syndrome">Brugada syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19606473_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19606473-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large-scale genetic analyses have shown the possibility that <i>CACNA1C</i> is associated with <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18711365_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18711365-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequently also with <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19621016_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19621016-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21057379_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21057379-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, a <i>CACNA1C</i> risk allele has been associated to a disruption in brain connectivity in patients with bipolar disorder, while not or only to a minor degree, in their unaffected relatives or healthy controls.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22614292_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22614292-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voltage-gated_calcium_channel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_receptor" title="Glutamate receptor">Glutamate receptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inositol_triphosphate_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inositol triphosphate receptor">Inositol triphosphate receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">Ion channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDA receptors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voltage-gated_calcium_channel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Catterall-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catterall_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catterall_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCatterallPerez-ReyesSnutchStriessnig2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Catterall" title="William A. Catterall">Catterall WA</a>, Perez-Reyes E, Snutch TP, Striessnig J (December 2005). "International Union of Pharmacology. XLVIII. 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(May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fmp.2012.61">"The impact of CACNA1C allelic variation on effective connectivity during emotional processing in bipolar disorder"</a>. <i>Molecular Psychiatry</i>. <b>18</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">526–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fmp.2012.61">10.1038/mp.2012.61</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22614292">22614292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+CACNA1C+allelic+variation+on+effective+connectivity+during+emotional+processing+in+bipolar+disorder&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E526-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fmp.2012.61&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22614292&rft.aulast=Radua&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Surguladze%2C+SA&rft.au=Marshall%2C+N&rft.au=Walshe%2C+M&rft.au=Bramon%2C+E&rft.au=Collier%2C+DA&rft.au=Prata%2C+DP&rft.au=Murray%2C+RM&rft.au=McDonald%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fmp.2012.61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoltage-gated+calcium+channel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voltage-gated_calcium_channel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iuphar-db.org/IC/ReceptorFamiliesForward">"Voltage-Gated Ion Channels"</a>. <i>IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels</i>. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUPHAR+Database+of+Receptors+and+Ion+Channels&rft.atitle=Voltage-Gated+Ion+Channels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iuphar-db.org%2FIC%2FReceptorFamiliesForward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoltage-gated+calcium+channel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Calcium+Channels">Calcium+Channels</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ion_channels" title="Template:Ion channels"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ion_channels" title="Template talk:Ion channels"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ion_channels" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ion channels"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Membrane_transport_protein:_ion_channels_(TC_1A)163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein" title="Membrane transport protein">Membrane transport protein</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">ion channels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transporter_Classification_Database#1._Channels/Pores" title="Transporter Classification Database">TC 1A</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="Ca2+:_Calcium_channel163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>Ca<sup>2+</sup>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel" title="Calcium channel">Calcium channel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;">Ligand-gated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inositol_trisphosphate_receptor" title="Inositol trisphosphate receptor">Inositol trisphosphate receptor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITPR1" title="ITPR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITPR2" title="ITPR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITPR3" title="ITPR3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryanodine_receptor" title="Ryanodine receptor">Ryanodine receptor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RYR1" class="mw-redirect" title="RYR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryanodine_receptor_2" title="Ryanodine receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RYR3" class="mw-redirect" title="RYR3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Voltage-gated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel" title="L-type calcium channel">L-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cav1.1" title="Cav1.1">1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cav1.2" title="Cav1.2">1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cav1.3" title="Cav1.3">1.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cav1.4" title="Cav1.4">1.4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-type_calcium_channel" title="N-type calcium channel">N-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α2.2</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-type_calcium_channel" title="P-type calcium channel">P-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cav2.1" title="Cav2.1">2.1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-type_calcium_channel" title="Q-type calcium channel">Q-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α2.1</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-type_calcium_channel" title="R-type calcium channel">R-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α2.3</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-type_calcium_channel" title="T-type calcium channel">T-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CACNA1G" title="CACNA1G">3.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNA1H" class="mw-redirect" title="CACNA1H">3.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNA1I" title="CACNA1I">3.3</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>α<sub>2</sub>δ-subunits</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CACNA2D1" title="CACNA2D1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNA2D2" title="CACNA2D2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>β-subunits</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CACNB1" title="CACNB1">β1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNB2" title="CACNB2">β2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNB3" title="CACNB3">β3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNB4" title="CACNB4">β4</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>γ-subunits</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CACNG1" title="CACNG1">γ1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNG2" title="CACNG2">γ2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNG3" title="CACNG3">γ3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNG4" title="CACNG4">γ4</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cation_channels_of_sperm" title="Cation channels of sperm">Cation channels of sperm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CatSper1" title="CatSper1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CatSper2" title="CatSper2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CatSper3" title="CatSper3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CatSper4" title="CatSper4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-pore_channel" title="Two-pore channel">Two-pore channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TPCN1" title="TPCN1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPCN2" title="TPCN2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="Na+:_Sodium_channel163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>Na<sup>+</sup>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel" title="Sodium channel">Sodium channel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;">Constitutively active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epithelial_sodium_channel" title="Epithelial sodium channel">Epithelial sodium channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SCNN1A" title="SCNN1A">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCNN1B" title="SCNN1B">β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCNN1G" title="SCNN1G">γ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCNN1D" title="SCNN1D">δ</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hydron_(chemistry)" title="Hydron (chemistry)">Proton</a>-gated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid-sensing_ion_channel" title="Acid-sensing ion channel">Amiloride-sensitive cation channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACCN1" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCN1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACCN2" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCN2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACCN3" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACCN4" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCN4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channel" title="Voltage-gated sodium channel">Voltage-gated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Na<sub>v</sub>α</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Nav1.1">1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Nav1.2">1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN3A" title="SCN3A">1.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.4" title="Nav1.4">1.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.5" class="mw-redirect" title="Nav1.5">1.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN8A" title="SCN8A">1.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.7" class="mw-redirect" title="Nav1.7">1.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN10A" class="mw-redirect" title="SCN10A">1.8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.9" title="Nav1.9">1.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN7A" title="SCN7A">7A</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Na<sub>v</sub>β</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SCN1B" title="SCN1B">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN2B" title="SCN2B">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN3B" title="SCN3B">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN4B" title="SCN4B">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="K+:_Potassium_channel163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>K<sup>+</sup>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel" title="Potassium channel">Potassium channel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel" title="Calcium-activated potassium channel">Calcium-activated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BK_channel" title="BK channel">BK channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel_subunit_alpha-1" title="Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1">α1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNMB1" title="KCNMB1">β1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNMB2" title="KCNMB2">β2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNMB3" title="KCNMB3">β3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNMB4" title="KCNMB4">β4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK_channel" title="SK channel">SK channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNN1" title="KCNN1">SK1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNN2" title="KCNN2">SK2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK3" title="SK3">SK3</a></li></ul></li> <li>IK channel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNN4" title="KCNN4">IK1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>K<sub>Ca</sub></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel_subunit_alpha-1" title="Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1">1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNN1" title="KCNN1">2.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNN2" title="KCNN2">2.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK3" title="SK3">2.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNN4" title="KCNN4">3.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNT1" title="KCNT1">4.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNT2" title="KCNT2">4.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNU1" title="KCNU1">5.1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Inward-rectifier_potassium_ion_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Inward-rectifier potassium ion channel">Inward-rectifier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP-sensitive_potassium_channel" title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel">K<sub>ATP</sub></a></li> <li><i>K<sub>ir</sub></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ROMK" title="ROMK">1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir2.1" title="Kir2.1">2.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ12" title="KCNJ12">2.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ4" title="KCNJ4">2.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ14" title="KCNJ14">2.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir2.6" title="Kir2.6">2.6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel">GIRK</a>/<i>K<sub>ir</sub></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ3" title="KCNJ3">3.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ6" title="KCNJ6">3.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ9" title="KCNJ9">3.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ5" title="KCNJ5">3.4</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>K<sub>ir</sub></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ10" title="KCNJ10">4.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ15" title="KCNJ15">4.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ16" title="KCNJ16">5.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ8" title="KCNJ8">6.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir6.2" title="Kir6.2">6.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ13" title="KCNJ13">7.1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tandem_pore_domain_potassium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandem pore domain potassium channel">Tandem pore domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>K2P</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNK1" title="KCNK1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK2" title="KCNK2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK3" title="KCNK3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK4" title="KCNK4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK5" title="KCNK5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK6" title="KCNK6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK7" title="KCNK7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK9" title="KCNK9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK10" title="KCNK10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK12" title="KCNK12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK13" title="KCNK13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK15" title="KCNK15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK16" title="KCNK16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK17" title="KCNK17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK18" title="KCNK18">18</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_potassium_channel" title="Voltage-gated potassium channel">Voltage-gated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>K<sub>v</sub>α1-6</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kv1.1" title="Kv1.1">1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA2" title="KCNA2">1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA3" title="KCNA3">1.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA4" title="KCNA4">1.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA5" title="KCNA5">1.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA6" title="KCNA6">1.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA7" title="KCNA7">1.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA10" title="KCNA10">1.8</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNB1" title="KCNB1">2.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNB2" title="KCNB2">2.2</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNC1" title="KCNC1">3.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNC2" title="KCNC2">3.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNC3" title="KCNC3">3.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNC4" title="KCNC4">3.4</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCND1" title="KCND1">4.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCND2" title="KCND2">4.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCND3" title="KCND3">4.3</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNF1" title="KCNF1">5.1</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNG1" title="KCNG1">6.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNG2" title="KCNG2">6.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNG3" title="KCNG3">6.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNG4" title="KCNG4">6.4</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>K<sub>v</sub>α7-12</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KvLQT1" title="KvLQT1">7.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KvLQT2" title="KvLQT2">7.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KvLQT3" title="KvLQT3">7.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNQ4" title="KCNQ4">7.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNQ5" title="KCNQ5">7.5</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNV1" title="KCNV1">8.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNV2" title="KCNV2">8.2</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNS1" title="KCNS1">9.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNS2" title="KCNS2">9.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNS3" title="KCNS3">9.3</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNH1" title="KCNH1">10.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNH5" title="KCNH5">10.2</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HERG" title="HERG">11.1/hERG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNH6" title="KCNH6">11.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNH7" title="KCNH7">11.3</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNH8" title="KCNH8">12.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNH3" title="KCNH3">12.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNH4" title="KCNH4">12.3</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>K<sub>v</sub>β</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNAB1" title="KCNAB1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNAB2" title="KCNAB2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNAB3" title="KCNAB3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>KCNIP</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNIP1" title="KCNIP1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNIP2" title="KCNIP2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calsenilin" title="Calsenilin">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNIP4" title="KCNIP4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNE1" title="KCNE1">minK/ISK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNE1L" class="mw-redirect" title="KCNE1L">minK/ISK-like</a></li> <li><i>MiRP</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNE2" title="KCNE2">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNE3" title="KCNE3">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNE4" title="KCNE4">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaker_(gene)" title="Shaker (gene)">Shaker (gene)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="Miscellaneous163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>Miscellaneous</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">Cl<sup>−</sup></a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel" title="Chloride channel">Chloride channel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_chloride_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium-activated chloride channel">Calcium-activated chloride channels</a> <ul><li><i>Anoctamin</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANO1" title="ANO1">ANO1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Bestrophin</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bestrophin_1" title="Bestrophin 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEST2" class="mw-redirect" title="BEST2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Chloride Channel Accessory</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CLCA1" title="CLCA1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCA2" title="CLCA2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCA3" title="CLCA3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCA4" title="CLCA4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis_transmembrane_conductance_regulator" title="Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator">CFTR</a></li> <li><i>CLCN</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CLCN1" title="CLCN1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN2" title="CLCN2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN3" title="CLCN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN4" title="CLCN4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN5" title="CLCN5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN6" title="CLCN6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN7" title="CLCN7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCNKA" title="CLCNKA">KA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCNKB" title="CLCNKB">KB</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>CLIC</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CLIC1" title="CLIC1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLIC2" title="CLIC2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLIC3" title="CLIC3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLIC4" title="CLIC4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLIC5" title="CLIC5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLIC6" title="CLIC6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCC1" title="CLCC1">L1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>CLNS</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CLNS1A" title="CLNS1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLNS1B" title="CLNS1B">1B</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hydron_(chemistry)" title="Hydron (chemistry)">H<sup>+</sup></a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_proton_channel" title="Voltage-gated proton channel">Proton channel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HVCN1" title="HVCN1">HVCN1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ion#Anions_and_cations" title="Ion">M<sup>+</sup></a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_ion_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel">CNG cation channel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>α</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channel_alpha_1" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channel_alpha_2" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channel_alpha_3" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channel_alpha_4" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>β</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CNGB1" title="CNGB1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channel_alpha_4" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 4">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide_gated_channel_beta_3" title="Cyclic nucleotide gated channel beta 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HCN_channel" title="HCN channel">HCN</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funny_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Funny current">FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCN1" title="HCN1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCN2" title="HCN2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCN3" title="HCN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCN4" title="HCN4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ion#Anions_and_cations" title="Ion">M<sup>+</sup></a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channel" title="Transient receptor potential channel">TRP cation channel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRPA_(channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="TRPA (channel)">TRPA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_cation_channel,_member_A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient receptor potential cation channel, member A1">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC" title="TRPC">TRPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRPC1" title="TRPC1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC2" title="TRPC2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC3" title="TRPC3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC4" title="TRPC4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC4AP" title="TRPC4AP">4AP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC5" title="TRPC5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC6" title="TRPC6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC7" title="TRPC7">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM" title="TRPM">TRPM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRPM1" title="TRPM1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM2" title="TRPM2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM3" title="TRPM3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM4" title="TRPM4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM5" title="TRPM5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM6" title="TRPM6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM7" title="TRPM7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM8" title="TRPM8">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPML" title="TRPML">TRPML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mucolipin-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucolipin-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCOLN2" title="MCOLN2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCOLN3" title="MCOLN3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPN" title="TRPN">TRPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPP" title="TRPP">TRPP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PKD1" class="mw-redirect" title="PKD1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycystic_kidney_disease_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycystic kidney disease 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV" title="TRPV">TRPV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRPV1" title="TRPV1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV2" title="TRPV2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV3" title="TRPV3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV4" title="TRPV4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV5" title="TRPV5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV6" title="TRPV6">6</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">H<sub>2</sub>O</a> (+ <a href="/wiki/Solutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Solutes">solutes</a>):</i> <a href="/wiki/Porin_(protein)" title="Porin (protein)">Porin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaporin" title="Aquaporin">Aquaporin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIP_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="MIP (gene)">0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaporin_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporin 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaporin_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporin 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaporin_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporin 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaporin_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporin 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQP5" class="mw-redirect" title="AQP5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQP6" class="mw-redirect" title="AQP6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQP7" class="mw-redirect" title="AQP7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQP8" class="mw-redirect" title="AQP8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQP9" class="mw-redirect" title="AQP9">9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_anion_channel" title="Voltage-dependent anion channel">Voltage-dependent anion channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VDAC1" title="VDAC1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VDAC2" title="VDAC2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VDAC3" title="VDAC3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_bacterial_porin_family" title="General bacterial porin family">General bacterial porin family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">Cytoplasm</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Gap_junction" title="Gap junction">Gap junction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connexin" title="Connexin">Connexin</a> <ul><li>A <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GJA1" title="GJA1">GJA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJA3" title="GJA3">GJA3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJA4" title="GJA4">GJA4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJA5" title="GJA5">GJA5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJA8" title="GJA8">GJA8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJD2" title="GJD2">GJA9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJA10" title="GJA10">GJA10</a></li></ul></li> <li>B <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GJB1" title="GJB1">GJB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB2" title="GJB2">GJB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB3" title="GJB3">GJB3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB4" title="GJB4">GJB4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB5" title="GJB5">GJB5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB6" title="GJB6">GJB6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB7" title="GJB7">GJB7</a></li></ul></li> <li>C <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GJC1" title="GJC1">GJC1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJC2" title="GJC2">GJC2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJC3" title="GJC3">GJC3</a></li></ul></li> <li>D <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GJD2" title="GJD2">GJD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJD3" title="GJD3">GJD3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJD4" title="GJD4">GJD4</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innexin" title="Innexin">Innexin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="By_gating_mechanism163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>By gating mechanism</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ion_channel_class21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i>Ion channel class</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel" title="Ligand-gated ion channel">Ligand-gated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-gated_ion_channel" title="Light-gated ion channel">Light-gated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channel" title="Voltage-gated ion channel">Voltage-gated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretch-activated_ion_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stretch-activated ion channel">Stretch-activated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite; padding: 0px;"><div><i>see also <a href="/wiki/Template:Channelopathy" title="Template:Channelopathy">disorders</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ion_channel_modulators357" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ion_channel_modulators" title="Template:Ion channel modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ion_channel_modulators" title="Template talk:Ion channel modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ion_channel_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ion channel modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ion_channel_modulators357" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">Ion channel modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel" title="Calcium channel">Calcium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="VDCCsTooltip_Voltage-dependent_calcium_channels424" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channels"><abbr title="Voltage-dependent calcium channels">VDCCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel" title="L-type calcium channel">L-type-selective</a>:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Dihydropyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydropyridine">Dihydropyridines</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Amlodipine" title="Amlodipine">Amlodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranidipine" title="Aranidipine">Aranidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azelnidipine" title="Azelnidipine">Azelnidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnidipine" title="Barnidipine">Barnidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clevidipine" title="Clevidipine">Clevidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronidipine (page does not exist)">Cronidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darodipine" title="Darodipine">Darodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dexniguldipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dexniguldipine (page does not exist)">Dexniguldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elgodipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elgodipine (page does not exist)">Elgodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elnadipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elnadipine (page does not exist)">Elnadipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felodipine" title="Felodipine">Felodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flordipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flordipine (page does not exist)">Flordipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Furnidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Furnidipine (page does not exist)">Furnidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iganidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iganidipine (page does not exist)">Iganidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isradipine" title="Isradipine">Isradipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacidipine" title="Lacidipine">Lacidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemildipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemildipine (page does not exist)">Lemildipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lercanidipine" title="Lercanidipine">Lercanidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levamlodipine" title="Levamlodipine">Levamlodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levniguldipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levniguldipine (page does not exist)">Levniguldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manidipine" title="Manidipine">Manidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnidipine" title="Barnidipine">Mepirodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesudipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesudipine (page does not exist)">Mesudipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicardipine" title="Nicardipine">Nicardipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifedipine" title="Nifedipine">Nifedipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niguldipine" title="Niguldipine">Niguldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niludipine" title="Niludipine">Niludipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilvadipine" title="Nilvadipine">Nilvadipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimodipine" title="Nimodipine">Nimodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisoldipine" title="Nisoldipine">Nisoldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrendipine" title="Nitrendipine">Nitrendipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olradipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olradipine (page does not exist)">Olradipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxodipine" title="Oxodipine">Oxodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palonidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palonidipine (page does not exist)">Palonidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranidipine" title="Pranidipine">Pranidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riodipine" title="Riodipine">Ryodipine (riodipine)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagandipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sagandipine (page does not exist)">Sagandipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sornidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sornidipine (page does not exist)">Sornidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teludipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teludipine (page does not exist)">Teludipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiamdipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiamdipine (page does not exist)">Tiamdipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombodipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trombodipine (page does not exist)">Trombodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatanidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vatanidipine (page does not exist)">Vatanidipine</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Diltiazem" title="Diltiazem">Diltiazem</a> derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/Clentiazem" title="Clentiazem">Clentiazem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diltiazem" title="Diltiazem">Diltiazem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iprotiazem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iprotiazem (page does not exist)">Iprotiazem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nictiazem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nictiazem (page does not exist)">Nictiazem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siratiazem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siratiazem (page does not exist)">Siratiazem</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Arylalkylamine" title="Arylalkylamine">Phenylalkylamines</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anipamil" title="Anipamil">Anipamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagapamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dagapamil (page does not exist)">Dagapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devapamil" title="Devapamil">Devapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dexverapamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dexverapamil (page does not exist)">Dexverapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emopamil" title="Emopamil">Emopamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etripamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etripamil (page does not exist)">Etripamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falipamil" title="Falipamil">Falipamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallopamil" title="Gallopamil">Gallopamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levemopamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levemopamil (page does not exist)">Levemopamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nexopamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nexopamil (page does not exist)">Nexopamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norverapamil" title="Norverapamil">Norverapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronipamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronipamil (page does not exist)">Ronipamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiapamil" title="Tiapamil">Tiapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verapamil" title="Verapamil">Verapamil</a>; <i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/AH-1058" title="AH-1058">AH-1058</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brinazarone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brinazarone (page does not exist)">Brinazarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budiodarone" title="Budiodarone">Budiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celivarone" title="Celivarone">Celivarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dronedarone" title="Dronedarone">Dronedarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantofarone" title="Fantofarone">Fantofarone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-33805&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-33805 (page does not exist)">SR-33805</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydropalmatine" title="Tetrahydropalmatine">Tetrahydropalmatine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/N-type_calcium_channel" title="N-type calcium channel">N-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/%CE%A9-Conotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ω-Conotoxin">ω-Conotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Conotoxin_GVIA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Conotoxin GVIA (page does not exist)">ω-Conotoxin GVIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroverine" title="Caroverine">Caroverine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huwentoxin_XVI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huwentoxin XVI (page does not exist)">Huwentoxin XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leconotide" title="Leconotide">Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PD-173212&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PD-173212 (page does not exist)">PD-173212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralfinamide" title="Ralfinamide">Ralfinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safinamide" title="Safinamide">Safinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Z160&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z160 (page does not exist)">Z160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziconotide" title="Ziconotide">Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/P-type_calcium_channel" title="P-type calcium channel">P-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Agatoxin_IVA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Agatoxin IVA (page does not exist)">ω-Agatoxin IVA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Agatoxin_IVB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Agatoxin IVB (page does not exist)">ω-Agatoxin IVB</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/R-type_calcium_channel" title="R-type calcium channel">R-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/SNX-482" title="SNX-482">SNX-482</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/T-type_calcium_channel" title="T-type calcium channel">T-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ABT-639&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABT-639 (page does not exist)">ABT-639</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-218&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-218 (page does not exist)">ML-218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNC_55-0396&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNC 55-0396 (page does not exist)">NNC 55-0396</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ProTx_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ProTx I (page does not exist)">ProTx I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Z944&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z944 (page does not exist)">Z944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Non-selective:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Agatoxin_TK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Agatoxin TK (page does not exist)">ω-Agatoxin TK</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Conotoxin_MVIIC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Conotoxin MVIIC (page does not exist)">ω-Conotoxin MVIIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benidipine" title="Benidipine">Benidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bepridil" title="Bepridil">Bepridil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilnidipine" title="Cilnidipine">Cilnidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnarizine" title="Cinnarizine">Cinnarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotarizine" title="Dotarizine">Dotarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efonidipine" title="Efonidipine">Efonidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunarizine" title="Flunarizine">Flunarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam">Levetiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomerizine" title="Lomerizine">Lomerizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">Loperamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibefradil" title="Mibefradil">Mibefradil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NP078585&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NP078585 (page does not exist)">NP078585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TROX-1" title="TROX-1">TROX-1</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel#α2δ_Subunit" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel">α<sub>2</sub>δ subunit</a>-selective (<a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">gabapentinoids</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/4-Methylpregabalin" title="4-Methylpregabalin">4-Methylpregabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbaclofen" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbaclofen">Arbaclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbaclofen_placarbil" title="Arbaclofen placarbil">Arbaclofen placarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atagabalin" title="Atagabalin">Atagabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">Baclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin_enacarbil" title="Gabapentin enacarbil">Gabapentin enacarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagabalin" title="Imagabalin">Imagabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirogabalin" title="Mirogabalin">Mirogabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PD-200,347&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PD-200,347 (page does not exist)">PD-200,347</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-217,014" title="PD-217,014">PD-217,014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PD-299,685&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PD-299,685 (page does not exist)">PD-299,685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Others/unsorted:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bencyclane" title="Bencyclane">Bencyclane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbamine" title="Berbamine">Berbamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevantolol" title="Bevantolol">Bevantolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadine" title="Canadine">Canadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboxyamidotriazole" title="Carboxyamidotriazole">Carboxyamidotriazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycleanine" title="Cycleanine">Cycleanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauricine" title="Dauricine">Dauricine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimeditiapramine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimeditiapramine">Dimeditiapramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diproteverine" title="Diproteverine">Diproteverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enpiperate" title="Enpiperate">Enpiperate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eperisone" title="Eperisone">Eperisone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elpetrigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elpetrigine (page does not exist)">Elpetrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethadione" title="Ethadione">Ethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethosuximide" title="Ethosuximide">Ethosuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasudil" title="Fasudil">Fasudil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fendiline" title="Fendiline">Fendiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fostedil" title="Fostedil">Fostedil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTV-519" title="JTV-519">JTV-519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidoflazine" title="Lidoflazine">Lidoflazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoalide" title="Manoalide">Manoalide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesuximide" title="Mesuximide">Mesuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monatepil" title="Monatepil">Monatepil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftopidil" title="Naftopidil">Naftopidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochratoxin_A" title="Ochratoxin A">Ochratoxin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osthol" title="Osthol">Osthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otilonium_bromide" title="Otilonium bromide">Otilonium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramethadione" title="Paramethadione">Paramethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phensuximide" title="Phensuximide">Phensuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinaverium_bromide" title="Pinaverium bromide">Pinaverium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenylamine" title="Prenylamine">Prenylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophylline" title="Rhynchophylline">Rhynchophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesamodil" title="Sesamodil">Sesamodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silperisone" title="Silperisone">Silperisone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipatrigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sipatrigine (page does not exist)">Sipatrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terodiline" title="Terodiline">Terodiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrandrine" title="Tetrandrine">Tetrandrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolperisone" title="Tolperisone">Tolperisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethadione" title="Trimethadione">Trimethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valperinol" title="Valperinol">Valperinol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_opener" title="Calcium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel" title="L-type calcium channel">L-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bay_K8644" title="Bay K8644">Bay K8644</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel" title="Potassium channel">Potassium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_potassium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-gated potassium channels"><abbr title="Voltage-gated potassium channels">VGKCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Diaminopyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="3,4-Diaminopyridine">3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Aminopyridine" title="4-Aminopyridine">4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adekalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adekalant (page does not exist)">Adekalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almokalant" title="Almokalant">Almokalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azimilide" title="Azimilide">Azimilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretylium" title="Bretylium">Bretylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunaftine" title="Bunaftine">Bunaftine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charybdotoxin" title="Charybdotoxin">Charybdotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clamikalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clamikalant (page does not exist)">Clamikalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">Conotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalazatide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalazatide (page does not exist)">Dalazatide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrotoxin" title="Dendrotoxin">Dendrotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dofetilide" title="Dofetilide">Dofetilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dronedarone" title="Dronedarone">Dronedarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-4031" title="E-4031">E-4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanatoxin" title="Hanatoxin">Hanatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HgeTx1" title="HgeTx1">HgeTx1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HsTx1" title="HsTx1">HsTx1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibutilide" title="Ibutilide">Ibutilide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inakalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inakalant (page does not exist)">Inakalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliotoxin" title="Kaliotoxin">Kaliotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linopirdine" title="Linopirdine">Linopirdine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolitrem_B" title="Lolitrem B">Lolitrem B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurotoxin" title="Maurotoxin">Maurotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifekalant" title="Nifekalant">Nifekalant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notoxin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notoxin (page does not exist)">Notoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paxilline" title="Paxilline">Paxilline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinokalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinokalant (page does not exist)">Pinokalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ShK-186&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ShK-186 (page does not exist)">ShK-186</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotalol" title="Sotalol">Sotalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedisamil" title="Tedisamil">Tedisamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terikalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terikalant (page does not exist)">Terikalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraethylammonium" title="Tetraethylammonium">Tetraethylammonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernakalant" title="Vernakalant">Vernakalant</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/HERG" title="HERG">hERG</a> (KCNH2, K<sub>v</sub>11.1)-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ajmaline" title="Ajmaline">Ajmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmmTX3" title="AmmTX3">AmmTX3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astemizole" title="Astemizole">Astemizole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azaspiracid" title="Azaspiracid">Azaspiracid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZD1305" title="AZD1305">AZD1305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azimilide" title="Azimilide">Azimilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedaquiline" title="Bedaquiline">Bedaquiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeKm-1_toxin" title="BeKm-1 toxin">BeKm-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BmTx3" title="BmTx3">BmTx3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRL-32872" title="BRL-32872">BRL-32872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisapride" title="Cisapride">Cisapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarithromycin" title="Clarithromycin">Clarithromycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darifenacin" title="Darifenacin">Darifenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diallyl_trisulfide" title="Diallyl trisulfide">Diallyl trisulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">Domperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-4031" title="E-4031">E-4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergtoxin" title="Ergtoxin">Ergtoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">Erythromycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigactonine" title="Gigactonine">Gigactonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norpropoxyphene" title="Norpropoxyphene">Norpropoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimozide" title="Pimozide">Pimozide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-282,987" title="PNU-282,987">PNU-282,987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">Promethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranolazine" title="Ranolazine">Ranolazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxithromycin" title="Roxithromycin">Roxithromycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertindole" title="Sertindole">Sertindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solifenacin" title="Solifenacin">Solifenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamulotoxin" title="Tamulotoxin">Tamulotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terodiline" title="Terodiline">Terodiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terfenadine" title="Terfenadine">Terfenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolterodine" title="Tolterodine">Tolterodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">Vanoxerine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernakalant" title="Vernakalant">Vernakalant</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/KCNQ" title="KCNQ">KCNQ (K<sub>v</sub>7)</a>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Linopirdine" title="Linopirdine">Linopirdine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XE-991&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XE-991 (page does not exist)">XE-991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssm_spooky_toxin" title="Ssm spooky toxin">Spooky toxin (SsTx)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/KCNQ" title="KCNQ">KCNQ (K<sub>v</sub>7)</a>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retigabine" title="Retigabine">Retigabine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Inwardly rectifying potassium channel"><abbr title="Inwardly rectifying potassium channel">IRKs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/ATP-sensitive_potassium_channel" title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel"><abbr title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel">K<sub>ATP</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetohexamide" title="Acetohexamide">Acetohexamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbutamide" title="Carbutamide">Carbutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpropamide" title="Chlorpropamide">Chlorpropamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glibenclamide" title="Glibenclamide">Glibenclamide (glyburide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glibornuride" title="Glibornuride">Glibornuride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glicaramide" title="Glicaramide">Glicaramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliclazide" title="Gliclazide">Gliclazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glimepiride" title="Glimepiride">Glimepiride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glipizide" title="Glipizide">Glipizide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliquidone" title="Gliquidone">Gliquidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glisoxepide" title="Glisoxepide">Glisoxepide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyclopyramide" title="Glyclopyramide">Glyclopyramide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glycyclamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glycyclamide (page does not exist)">Glycyclamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metahexamide" title="Metahexamide">Metahexamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitiglinide" title="Mitiglinide">Mitiglinide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nateglinide" title="Nateglinide">Nateglinide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repaglinide" title="Repaglinide">Repaglinide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolazamide" title="Tolazamide">Tolazamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolbutamide" title="Tolbutamide">Tolbutamide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel"><abbr title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel">GIRK</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramiphen" title="Caramiphen">Caramiphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloperastine" title="Cloperastine">Cloperastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">Clozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethosuximide" title="Ethosuximide">Ethosuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifenprodil" title="Ifenprodil">Ifenprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiapin" title="Tertiapin">Tertiapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipepidine" title="Tipepidine">Tipepidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/ATP-sensitive_potassium_channel" title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel"><abbr title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel">K<sub>ATP</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aprikalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aprikalim (page does not exist)">Aprikalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimakalim" title="Bimakalim">Bimakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromakalim" title="Cromakalim">Cromakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazoxide" title="Diazoxide">Diazoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emakalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emakalim (page does not exist)">Emakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levcromakalim" class="mw-redirect" title="Levcromakalim">Levcromakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazokalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazokalim (page does not exist)">Mazokalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoxidil" title="Minoxidil">Minoxidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoxidil_sulfate" title="Minoxidil sulfate">Minoxidil sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naminidil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naminidil (page does not exist)">Naminidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicorandil" title="Nicorandil">Nicorandil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacidil" title="Pinacidil">Pinacidil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rilmakalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rilmakalim (page does not exist)">Rilmakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarakalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarakalim (page does not exist)">Sarakalim</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel"><abbr title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel">GIRK</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-297&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-297 (page does not exist)">ML-297 (VU0456810)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel" title="Calcium-activated potassium channel"><abbr title="Calcium-activated potassium channel">K<sub>Ca</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/BK_channel" title="BK channel">BK<sub>Ca</sub></a>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAL-021" class="mw-redirect" title="GAL-021">GAL-021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/BK_channel" title="BK channel">BK<sub>Ca</sub></a>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimesulide" title="Nimesulide">Nimesulide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottlerin" title="Rottlerin">Rottlerin (mallotoxin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tandem_pore_domain_potassium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandem pore domain potassium channel"><abbr title="Tandem pore domain potassium channel">K2Ps</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate" title="12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate">12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">Arachidonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfluoxetine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfluoxetine">Norfluoxetine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riluzole" title="Riluzole">Riluzole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel" title="Sodium channel">Sodium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-gated sodium channels"><abbr title="Voltage-gated sodium channels">VGSCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Antianginals:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ranolazine" title="Ranolazine">Ranolazine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antiarrhythmics (class I):</i> <a href="/wiki/Ajmaline" title="Ajmaline">Ajmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aprindine" title="Aprindine">Aprindine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disopyramide" title="Disopyramide">Disopyramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dronedarone" title="Dronedarone">Dronedarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encainide" title="Encainide">Encainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flecainide" title="Flecainide">Flecainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorajmine" title="Lorajmine">Lorajmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorcainide" title="Lorcainide">Lorcainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexiletine" title="Mexiletine">Mexiletine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moracizine" title="Moracizine">Moricizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilsicainide" title="Pilsicainide">Pilsicainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajmaline" title="Prajmaline">Prajmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procainamide" title="Procainamide">Procainamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propafenone" title="Propafenone">Propafenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparteine" title="Sparteine">Sparteine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocainide" title="Tocainide">Tocainide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Anticonvulsants:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylpheneturide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acetylpheneturide (page does not exist)">Acetylpheneturide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenobamate" title="Cenobamate">Cenobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenacemide" title="Chlorphenacemide">Chlorphenacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elpetrigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elpetrigine (page does not exist)">Elpetrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eslicarbazepine_acetate" title="Eslicarbazepine acetate">Eslicarbazepine acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethotoin" title="Ethotoin">Ethotoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosphenytoin" title="Fosphenytoin">Fosphenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">Lacosamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licarbazepine" title="Licarbazepine">Licarbazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephenytoin" title="Mephenytoin">Mephenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxcarbazepine" title="Oxcarbazepine">Oxcarbazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxitriptyline" title="Oxitriptyline">Oxitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacemide" title="Phenacemide">Phenacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheneturide" title="Pheneturide">Pheneturide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufinamide" title="Rufinamide">Rufinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipatrigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sipatrigine (page does not exist)">Sipatrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_valproate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium valproate">Sodium valproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valnoctamide" title="Valnoctamide">Valnoctamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_semisodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproate semisodium">Valproate semisodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">Valproic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Local anesthetics:</i> <a href="/wiki/3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane" title="3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane"><i>p</i>FBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylocaine" title="Amylocaine">Amylocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articaine" title="Articaine">Articaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzocaine" title="Benzocaine">Benzocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupivacaine" title="Bupivacaine">Bupivacaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levobupivacaine" title="Levobupivacaine">Levobupivacaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ropivacaine" title="Ropivacaine">Ropivacaine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butacaine" title="Butacaine">Butacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butamben" title="Butamben">Butamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroprocaine" title="Chloroprocaine">Chloroprocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinchocaine" title="Cinchocaine">Cinchocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclomethycaine" title="Cyclomethycaine">Cyclomethycaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethocaine" title="Dimethocaine">Dimethocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etidocaine" title="Etidocaine">Etidocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexylcaine" title="Hexylcaine">Hexylcaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iontocaine" title="Iontocaine">Iontocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepivacaine" title="Mepivacaine">Mepivacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meprylcaine" title="Meprylcaine">Meprylcaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabutoxycaine" title="Metabutoxycaine">Metabutoxycaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthocaine" title="Orthocaine">Orthocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperocaine" title="Piperocaine">Piperocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prilocaine" title="Prilocaine">Prilocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procaine" title="Procaine">Procaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoxycaine" title="Propoxycaine">Propoxycaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxymetacaine" title="Proxymetacaine">Proxymetacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risocaine" title="Risocaine">Risocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracaine" title="Tetracaine">Tetracaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimecaine" title="Trimecaine">Trimecaine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Analgesics:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-3161&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-3161 (page does not exist)">AZD-3161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSP-2230" title="DSP-2230">DSP-2230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funapide" title="Funapide">Funapide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GDC-0276&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GDC-0276 (page does not exist)">GDC-0276</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKTR-171&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NKTR-171 (page does not exist)">NKTR-171</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF-04531083&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF-04531083 (page does not exist)">PF-04531083</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-05089771" title="PF-05089771">PF-05089771</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralfinamide" title="Ralfinamide">Ralfinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raxatrigine" class="mw-redirect" title="Raxatrigine">Raxatrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RG7893&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RG7893 (page does not exist)">RG7893 (GDC-0287)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzetrigine" title="Suzetrigine">Suzetrigine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Toxins:</i> <a href="/wiki/Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">Conotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosaxitoxin" title="Neosaxitoxin">Neosaxitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zetekitoxin_AB" title="Zetekitoxin AB">Zetekitoxin AB</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenamide" title="Evenamide">Evenamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safinamide" title="Safinamide">Safinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_opener" title="Sodium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aconitine" title="Aconitine">Aconitine</a></li> <li>Atracotoxins (<a href="/wiki/Omega-Atracotoxin" title="Omega-Atracotoxin">ω-Atracotoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robustoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robustoxin">Robustoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versutoxin" title="Versutoxin">Versutoxin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">Batrachotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatoxin" title="Ciguatoxin">Ciguatoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayanotoxin" title="Grayanotoxin">Grayanotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poneratoxin" title="Poneratoxin">Poneratoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Epithelial_sodium_channel" title="Epithelial sodium channel"><abbr title="Epithelial sodium channel">ENaC</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiloride" title="Amiloride">Amiloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzamil" title="Benzamil">Benzamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triamterene" title="Triamterene">Triamterene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_opener" title="Sodium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solnatide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solnatide (page does not exist)">Solnatide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Acid-sensing_ion_channel" title="Acid-sensing ion channel"><abbr title="Acid-sensing ion channel">ASICs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-317567&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-317567 (page does not exist)">A-317567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiloride" title="Amiloride">Amiloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PcTX1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PcTX1 (page does not exist)">PcTX1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel" title="Chloride channel">Chloride</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_chloride_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium-activated chloride channel"><abbr title="Calcium-activated chloride channel">CaCCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_blocker" title="Chloride channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crofelemer" title="Crofelemer">Crofelemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIDS" title="DIDS">DIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethacrynic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethacrynic acid">Ethacrynic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furosemide" title="Furosemide">Furosemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glibenclamide" title="Glibenclamide">Glibenclamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefloquine" title="Mefloquine">Mefloquine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibefradil" title="Mibefradil">Mibefradil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_opener" title="Chloride channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbachol" title="Carbachol">Carbachol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis_transmembrane_conductance_regulator" title="Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator"><abbr title="Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator">CFTR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_blocker" title="Chloride channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glibenclamide" title="Glibenclamide">Glibenclamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonidamine" title="Lonidamine">Lonidamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piretanide" title="Piretanide">Piretanide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_opener" title="Chloride channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1,7-Phenanthroline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1,7-Phenanthroline (page does not exist)">1,7-Phenanthroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,10-Phenanthroline" title="1,10-Phenanthroline">1,10-Phenanthroline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4,7-Phenanthroline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4,7-Phenanthroline (page does not exist)">4,7-Phenanthroline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7,8-Benzoquinoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7,8-Benzoquinoline (page does not exist)">7,8-Benzoquinoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivacaftor" title="Ivacaftor">Ivacaftor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenanthridine" title="Phenanthridine">Phenanthridine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_blocker" title="Chloride channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumetanide" title="Bumetanide">Bumetanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepacrine" title="Mepacrine">Mepacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talniflumate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talniflumate (page does not exist)">Talniflumate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">Trifluoperazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient receptor potential channels"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential channels">TRPs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ligand_gated_ion_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligand gated ion channels"><abbr title="Ligand gated ion channels">LGICs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Pharmacomodulation" title="Template:Pharmacomodulation">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators">Transient receptor potential channel modulators</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" 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