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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Credits,_grades,_and_graduation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Credits,_grades,_and_graduation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Credits, grades, and graduation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Credits,_grades,_and_graduation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levels_of_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levels_of_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Levels of education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Levels_of_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Levels of education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Levels_of_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_school_/_Junior_high_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_school_/_Junior_high_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Middle school / Junior high school</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_school_/_Junior_high_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intermediate_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intermediate_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Intermediate school</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intermediate_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_school_/_Senior_high_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_school_/_Senior_high_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>High school / Senior high school</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_school_/_Senior_high_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types of schools</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_schools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of schools subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Public schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Independent schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charter_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charter_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Charter schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charter_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-College-preparatory_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#College-preparatory_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>College-preparatory schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-College-preparatory_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homeschooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homeschooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Homeschooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homeschooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_scheduling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_scheduling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Types of scheduling</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_scheduling-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of scheduling subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_scheduling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_scheduling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_scheduling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Traditional scheduling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_scheduling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Block_scheduling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Block_scheduling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Block scheduling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Block_scheduling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternate_day_block_scheduling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternate_day_block_scheduling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Alternate day block scheduling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternate_day_block_scheduling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-4x4_Block_Scheduling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#4x4_Block_Scheduling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>4x4 Block Scheduling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-4x4_Block_Scheduling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teacher_certification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teacher_certification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Teacher certification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teacher_certification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compulsory_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compulsory_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Compulsory education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compulsory_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elite_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elite_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Elite schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elite_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Normal_schools_and_teachers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Normal_schools_and_teachers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Normal schools and teachers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Normal_schools_and_teachers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b>This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Education in the United States">a series</a> on</b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#002868; border: 1px double #8C959A;"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;"><small>Education in the</small><br />United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Summary</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_States_by_state_or_territory" title="Category:Education in the United States by state or territory">By state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_insular_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Education in insular areas of the United States">in insular areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_States_by_subject" title="Category:Education in the United States by subject">By subject area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">History of education in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Chicago" title="History of education in Chicago">History of education in Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Kentucky" title="History of education in Kentucky">History of education in Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Massachusetts" title="History of education in Massachusetts">History of education in Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Missouri" title="History of education in Missouri">History of education in Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_New_York_City" title="History of education in New York City">History of education in New York City</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Curriculum topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Normal schools in the United States">Normal schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship_degree" title="Apprenticeship degree">Apprenticeship degrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_education_in_the_United_States" title="Art education in the United States">Art education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_education_in_the_United_States" title="Civic education in the United States">Civic education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education_and_programs_within_the_United_States" title="Music education and programs within the United States">Music education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_education_in_the_United_States" title="Legal education in the United States">Legal education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_school_in_the_United_States" title="Law school in the United States">Law school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_education_in_the_United_States" title="Medical education in the United States">Medical education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school_in_the_United_States" title="Medical school in the United States">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_degrees_in_the_United_States" title="Nursing degrees in the United States">Nursing degrees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental education in the United States">Environmental education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_education_in_the_United_States" title="Language education in the United States">Language education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_education_in_the_United_States" title="Mathematics education in the United States">Mathematics education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sex education in the United States">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education_in_the_United_States" title="Vocational education in the United States">Vocational education</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> <a href="/wiki/Education_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Education policy of the United States"><span style="color:white;">Education policy issues</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_accreditation" title="Educational accreditation">Accreditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-tertiary-education_accreditation" title="Pre-tertiary-education accreditation">Primary and secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education accreditation in the United States">Post-secondary</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Education finance in the United States">Financing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Issues in higher education in the United States">Post-secondary issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_and_financing_issues_facing_higher_education_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost and financing issues facing higher education in the United States">Cost and financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_inflation" title="Educational inflation">Credentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_overproduction" title="Elite overproduction">Elite overproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_unemployment#United_States" title="Graduate unemployment">Graduate unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_financial_aid_in_the_United_States" title="Student financial aid in the United States">Student financial aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_loans_in_the_United_States" title="Student loans in the United States">Student loans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_reform##Contemporary_issues_(United_States)" title="Education reform">Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Charter schools in the United States">Charter schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Educational inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achievement_gaps_in_the_United_States" title="Achievement gaps in the United States">Achievement gaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing" title="Desegregation busing">Desegregation busing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sex differences in education in the United States">Gender achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_Start_(program)" title="Head Start (program)">Head Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_choice" title="School choice">School choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_diversity_in_United_States_schools" title="Racial diversity in United States schools">Racial diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standards-based_education_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Standards-based education reform in the United States">Standards-based reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="School corporal punishment in the United States">School corporal punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_meal_programs_in_the_United_States" title="School meal programs in the United States">School meals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_violence_in_the_United_States" title="School violence in the United States">School violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sexual harassment in education in the United States">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Qatari involvement in higher education in the United States">Foreign involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education_in_the_United_States" title="Special education in the United States">Special education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship_in_the_United_States" title="Apprenticeship in the United States">Apprenticeship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School-to-work_transition" title="School-to-work transition">School-to-work transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Community colleges in the United States">Community colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="For-profit higher education in the United States">For-profit higher education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="For-profit colleges in the United States">For-profit colleges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_universities_in_the_United_States" title="List of research universities in the United States">Research universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_school_(United_States)" title="Community school (United States)">Community school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full-service_community_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Full-service community schools in the United States">Full-service community schools</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Levels of education</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education_in_the_United_States" title="Early childhood education in the United States">Early childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312_education_in_the_United_States" title="K–12 education in the United States">K–12</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_education_in_the_United_States" title="Primary education in the United States">Primary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Secondary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">Post-secondary</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Educational_organizations_based_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Educational organizations based in the United States">Organizations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/16px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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/></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winnebago_Lutheran_Academy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Winnebago_Lutheran_Academy.jpg/220px-Winnebago_Lutheran_Academy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Winnebago_Lutheran_Academy.jpg/330px-Winnebago_Lutheran_Academy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Winnebago_Lutheran_Academy.jpg/440px-Winnebago_Lutheran_Academy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Winnebago_Lutheran_Academy" title="Winnebago Lutheran Academy">Winnebago Lutheran Academy</a>, a private, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> high school in <a href="/wiki/Fond_du_Lac,_Wisconsin" title="Fond du Lac, Wisconsin">Fond du Lac, Wisconsin</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary education</a> is the last six or seven years of statutory formal <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">education in the United States</a>. It culminates with <a href="/wiki/Grade_12" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade 12">twelfth grade (age 17–18)</a>. Whether it begins with <a href="/wiki/Grade_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade 6">sixth grade (age 11–12)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grade_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade 7">seventh grade (age 12–13)</a> varies by state and sometimes by school district.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Secondary education in the United States</b> occurs in two phases. The first. as classified by the <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">International Standard Classification of Education</a> (ISCED), is the lower secondary phase, either called a <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle school</a> or junior high school. A <a href="/wiki/Junior_high_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior high school">middle school</a> is for students <a href="/wiki/Sixth_grade" title="Sixth grade">sixth grade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seventh_grade" title="Seventh grade">seventh grade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eighth_grade" title="Eighth grade">eighth grade</a> and a junior high school is only for students in seventh and eighth grade. </p><p>The second is the ISCED upper secondary phase, a <a href="/wiki/High_school_in_the_United_States" title="High school in the United States">high school</a> or senior high school for students <a href="/wiki/Grade_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade 9">ninth grade</a> through twelfth grade.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some debate over the optimum age of transfer, and variation in some states; also, middle school often includes grades that are almost always considered <a href="/wiki/Primary_education_in_the_United_States" title="Primary education in the United States">primary school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academies">Academies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">History of higher education in the United States</a></div> <p>Today "<a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">Academy</a>" is a general term referring to post-secondary education, especially the most elite or liberal arts part of it. However, in the 18th and 19th century, an "academy" was what later became known as a high school. In most towns there were no public schools above the primary level. The typical college at first included a preparatory unit, which it dropped by 1900. </p><p>In the nineteenth century an academy was what later became known as a high school; in most places in the U.S. there were no public schools above the primary level. Some older high schools, such as <a href="/wiki/Corning_Free_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Corning Free Academy">Corning Free Academy</a>, retained the term in their names (Corning Free Academy, demoted to a <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle school</a>, closed in 2014). In 1753, Benjamin Franklin established the academy and Charitable School of the Province of Pennsylvania. In 1755, it was renamed the college and Academy and Charitable School of Philadelphia. Today, it is known as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> was formed in 1802 as a college. It never included a preparatory unit. </p><p>The religious revival known as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> stimulated Protestant denominations to open academies and colleges. In the small town of <a href="/wiki/Amherst,_Massachusetts" title="Amherst, Massachusetts">Amherst, Massachusetts</a> in 1812, funds were raised for a secondary school, Amherst Academy; it opened December 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The academy incorporated in 1816,<sup id="cite_ref-Adams1853_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams1853-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eventually counted among its students <a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Graham" title="Sylvester Graham">Sylvester Graham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a> (founder of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1821 it added a higher education with <a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst College</a>. Besides religion, the academy movement arose from a public sense that education in the classic disciplines needed to be extended into the western states. </p><p>Thousands of academies were started using local funds and tuition; most closed after a few years and others were established. In 1860 there were 6,415 academies in operation. When the Civil War erupted in 1861 they generally closed down temporarily; most in the South never reopened.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like Amherst, a number of colleges began as (high school) academies, then became a college by adding post-secondary unit, and then finally dropped the pre-collegiate academy. Several colleges were indirectly influenced by the academy model, including <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> in Rhode Island and <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> in New Hampshire.In 1753, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> established the academy and Charitable School of the Province of Pennsylvania. In 1755, it was renamed the college and Academy and Charitable School of Philadelphia. It evolved into the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1840 3,204 academies and similar secondary schools were in operation. Most lasted only a few years but others were created and by 1860 6,415 were in operation nationwide. The first public secondary schools started around the 1830s and 40s within the wealthier areas of similar income levels and greatly expanded after 1865 into the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption style="text-align: left;">Number of academies and secondary schools in operation, 1840–1860, by region<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Region</th> <th scope="col">1840</th> <th scope="col">1850</th> <th scope="col">1860</th> <th scope="col"> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">New England </th> <td>630</td> <td>985</td> <td>988</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Middle Atlantic </th> <td>861</td> <td>1,626</td> <td>1,648</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">South Atlantic </th> <td>969</td> <td>1,366</td> <td>1,515</td> <td> <p><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Southwest </th> <td>560</td> <td>1,371</td> <td>1,361</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">West </th> <td>184</td> <td>550</td> <td>903</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Total USA </th> <td>3,204</td> <td>5,898</td> <td>6,415</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_high_schools">Public high schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Public high schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many high schools in the 19th century contained a "normal school" which trained students as teachers in common schools. Most of those enrolled were young women planning to teach a few years before marriage. </p><p>High school enrollment increased when schools at this level became free tuition, and when compulsory education laws required teenagers to attend until a certain age. It was believed that every American student had the opportunity to participate regardless of their ability.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1892, in response to many competing academic philosophies being promoted at the time, a working group of educators, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ten" title="Committee of Ten">Committee of Ten</a>" was established by the <a href="/wiki/National_Education_Association" title="National Education Association">National Education Association</a>. It recommended twelve years of instruction, consisting of eight years of elementary education followed by four years of high school. Rejecting suggestions that high schools should divide students into college-bound and working-trades groups from the start, and in some cases also by race or ethnic background, they unanimously recommended that "every subject which is taught at all in a secondary school should be taught in the same way and to the same extent to every pupil so long as he pursues it, no matter what the probable destination of the pupil may be, or at what point his education is to cease."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calhan_High_School_Senior_Classroom_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Calhan_High_School_Senior_Classroom_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Calhan_High_School_Senior_Classroom_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Calhan_High_School_Senior_Classroom_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/330px-Calhan_High_School_Senior_Classroom_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Calhan_High_School_Senior_Classroom_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/440px-Calhan_High_School_Senior_Classroom_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A high school senior (twelfth grade) classroom in <a href="/wiki/Calhan,_Colorado" title="Calhan, Colorado">Calhan, Colorado</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1910 and 1940, the <a href="/wiki/High_school_movement" title="High school movement">high school movement</a> resulted in rapidly increasing founding of public high schools in many cities and towns and later with further expansions in each locality with the establishment of neighborhood, district, or community high schools in the larger cities which may have had one or two schools since the 19th century. High school enrollment and graduation numbers and rates increased markedly, mainly due to the building of new schools, and a practical curriculum based on gaining skills "for life" rather than "for college". There was a shift towards local decision making by school districts, and a policy of easy and open enrollment. The shift from theoretical to a more practical approach in curriculum also resulted in an increase of skilled blue-collar workers. The open enrollment nature and relatively relaxed standards, such as ease of repeating a grade, also contributed to the boom in secondary schooling. There was an increase in educational attainment, primarily from the grass-roots movement of building and staffing public high schools.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By mid-century, <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_high_school" title="Comprehensive high school">comprehensive high schools</a> became common, which were designed to give a free education to any student who chose to stay in school for 12 years to get a diploma with a minimal grade point average. </p><p>In 1954, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> case, <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i>, made desegregation of elementary and high schools mandatory, although private Christian schools expanded rapidly following this ruling to accommodate white families attempting to avoid desegregation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1955, the enrollment rates of secondary schools in the United States were around 80%, higher than enrollment rates in most or all European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal became to minimize the number who exited at the mandatory attendance age, which varies by state between 14 and 18 years of age, and become considered to be <a href="/wiki/Dropping_out" title="Dropping out">dropouts</a>, at risk of economic failure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1965, the far-reaching <a href="/wiki/Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act" title="Elementary and Secondary Education Act">Elementary and Secondary Education Act</a> ('ESEA'), passed as a part of President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/War_on_Poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Poverty">War on Poverty</a>, provided funds for primary and secondary education known as Title I funding while explicitly forbidding the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/National_curriculum" title="National curriculum">national curriculum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It emphasized equal access to education and established high standards and accountability.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill also aimed to shorten the achievement gaps between students by providing every child with fair and equal opportunities to achieve an exceptional education. </p><p>After 1980, the growth in educational attainment decreased, which caused the growth of the educated workforce to slow down.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the education reform movement started in the early 1990s by many state legislatures and the federal government, about two-thirds of the nation's public high school students are <a href="/wiki/High_school_graduation_examination_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="High school graduation examination in the United States">required to pass a graduation exam</a>, usually at the 10th and higher grade levels, though no new states had adopted a new requirement in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This requirement has been an object of controversy when states have started to withhold diplomas, and the right to attend commencement exercises, if a student does not meet the standards set by the state. </p><p>Pressure to allow people and organizations to create new <a href="/wiki/Charter_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Charter schools in the United States">Charter schools</a> developed during the 1980s and were embraced by the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Teachers" title="American Federation of Teachers">American Federation of Teachers</a> in 1988. These would be legally and financially autonomous <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government funded)">public school</a> free from many state laws and district regulations, and accountable more for student outcomes rather than for processes or inputs. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> was the first state to pass a charter school law in 1991. </p><p>In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a> required all public schools receiving federal funding to administer a statewide <a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">standardized test</a> annually to all students. Schools that receive Title I funding must make <a href="/wiki/Adequate_Yearly_Progress" title="Adequate Yearly Progress">Adequate Yearly Progress</a> (AYP) in test scores; for instance, each year, fifth graders must do better on standardized tests than the previous year's fifth graders. Schools that miss AYP for a second consecutive year are publicly labeled as in need of improvement, and students have the option to transfer to a better school within the school district, if such options exist.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Standards-based_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Standards-based education">Standards-based education</a> has been embraced in most states which changed the measurement of success to academic achievement, rather than the completion of 12 years of education. By 2006, two-thirds of students lived in states with effective standards requiring passing tests to ensure that all graduates had achieved these standards. </p><p>By 2009, charter schools were operating in 41 of the 50 states and the national capital of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and 59% of these had waiting lists.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Curriculum">Curriculum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Curriculum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_education_in_the_United_States" title="Mathematics education in the United States">Mathematics education in the United States</a></div> <p>Authority to regulate education resides constitutionally with the individual states, with direct authority of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> and the federal <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Education">U.S. Department of Education</a> being limited to regulation and enforcement of federal constitutional rights. Great indirect authority is, however, exercised through federal funding of national programs and block grants although there is no obligation upon any state to accept these funds. The U.S. government may also propose, but cannot enforce national goals, objectives and standards, which generally lie beyond its jurisdiction. </p><p>Many high schools in the United States offer a choice of vocational or college prep curriculum. Schools that offer vocational programs include a very high level of technical specialization, e.g., auto mechanics or carpentry, with a half-day instruction/approved work program in senior year as the purpose of the program is to prepare students for gainful employment without a college degree. The level of specialization allowed varies depending on both the state and district the school is located in. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Core">Core</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Core"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many states require courses in the "core" areas of <a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English</a> (or Language Arts), <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_studies" title="Social studies">Social Studies</a> (or History), and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a> every year although others allow more choice after 10th grade.<sup id="cite_ref-aes_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aes-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three science courses, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> are usually offered. Many schools follow the curriculum set by <a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Science_Standards" title="Next Generation Science Standards">Next Generation Science Standards</a> (NGSS). Other science courses offered at high schools include <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Health science">health</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">forensic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High school <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">math</a> courses typically include <a href="/wiki/Pre-algebra" title="Pre-algebra">Pre-algebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">Algebra I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">Geometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">Algebra II</a> with <a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometry</a> classes. Advanced study options can include <a href="/wiki/Precalculus" title="Precalculus">Precalculus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">Calculus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a>. </p><p>English and language classes are usually required for four years of high school although many schools count <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a>, public speaking/debate, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">foreign language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a> (both technical and creative) classes as English/Language classes. </p><p>Social studies classes include <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Science">Political Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a>. Political science and Economics classes are sometimes combined as two semesters of a year-long course. Additional study options can include classes in <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a>. </p><p>Many states require a <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> or <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">wellness</a> course in order to graduate. The class typically covers basic <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">first aid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual education">sexual education</a>, and how to make responsible decisions regarding <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drugs">illegal drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>. In some places, contraception is not allowed to be taught for religious reasons. In some places, the health and physical education class are combined into one class or are offered in alternate semesters. In some private schools, such as <a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> is required before a student graduates. Two years of <a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">physical education</a> (usually referred to as "gym," "PE" or "phys ed" by students) is commonly required, although some states and school districts require that all students take Physical Education every <a href="/wiki/Academic_term" title="Academic term">term</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aes_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aes-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most high schools in the country offer <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Placement" title="Advanced Placement">Advanced Placement</a> (AP) or <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a> (IB) courses to be taken instead of the ones created by the school and/or <a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">school district</a>. These classes have a standard curriculum, making them easy to study for, but are more rigorous as they are college level. Students may take these for classes they are more proficient in if they want a challenge. If students earn a good score on a test given later in the school year, they are given college credit at participating <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electives">Electives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Electives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public high schools offer a wide variety of elective courses, which are classes that don't fall under any of the 'core' categories. Students usually choose to take elective classes tailored to their personality, interests, and after school activities. The availability of such courses depends upon each particular school, varying based on what the building can support and if the school can afford to hold them. Electives may be taken over the course of a full year or over the course of an <a href="/wiki/Academic_term" title="Academic term">academic term</a>. Students are usually required to take several elective classes over the course of high school to graduate. This can include <a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">physical education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">foreign language</a> classes, but sometimes these are separate. </p><p>Common types of electives include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">drawing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_studies" title="Film studies">film studies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">woodworking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_drafting" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer-aided drafting">computer-aided drafting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automobile_repair" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile repair">automobile repair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmetology" title="Cosmetology">cosmetology</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_FFA_Organization" title="National FFA Organization">FFA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a>/<a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Word_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Word processing">word processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_club_(user_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer club (user group)">computer club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_design" title="Web design">web design</a> and <a href="/wiki/Web_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Web programming">web programming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game_design" title="Video game design">video game design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Music production">music production</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing</a> (<a href="/wiki/School_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="School newspaper">school newspaper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yearbook" title="Yearbook">yearbook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television production</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">Foreign languages</a> (These are usually <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, but schools have also offered <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a>, among many others.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_education" title="Business education">Business education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">Accounting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_Processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Processing">Data Processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">Finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">Business</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_and_Communication_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and Communication Technology">Information and Communication Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secretary" title="Secretary">Secretarial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_and_consumer_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Family and consumer science">Family and consumer science</a>/home economics (<a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Culinary">culinary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">child development</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps">Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps</a> (In some schools, JROTC may replace a credit of health or P.E.) and <a href="/wiki/High_school_gun_clubs_and_teams_in_the_United_States" title="High school gun clubs and teams in the United States">gun clubs and shooting teams</a></li> <li>Some American high schools offer <a href="/wiki/Drivers%27_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Drivers' education">drivers' education</a>. At some schools, a student can take it during school as a regular course for a credit. At some schools, drivers education courses are only available after school.</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Career_and_Technical_Education" title="Association for Career and Technical Education">Association for Career and Technical Education</a> is the largest U.S. association dedicated to promoting this type of education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Credits,_grades,_and_graduation"><span id="Credits.2C_grades.2C_and_graduation"></span>Credits, grades, and graduation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Credits, grades, and graduation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High schools in the United States base if students are able to graduate based off how many credits they have earned. How many credits are required to graduate and how many credits students earn from classes vary state by state. As an example, in <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, students are required to obtain a total of 24 credits before they graduate. At the end of a semester (halfway through the school year), the student earns 0.5 credits for each class they have a passing grade in (usually above 50%).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the student does not earn a credit, they are able to earn the credit through retaking the class, taking a specific credit recovery class, taking the class at a <a href="/wiki/Summer_school" title="Summer school">summer school</a>, or taking the same or an equivalent class <a href="/wiki/Online_school" title="Online school">online</a>. These options are also available for students who wish to get a better grade. </p><p>If a student does not have the total required credits needed to graduate at the end of their <a href="/wiki/Senior_year_of_high_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior year of high school">senior year of high school</a>, the student will stay for another year or until they meet the required amount of credits. On the contrary, if a student earns enough credits required to graduate before the end of their senior year (usually at the end of <a href="/wiki/11th_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="11th grade">11th grade</a> or the middle of <a href="/wiki/12th_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="12th grade">12th grade</a>) they can graduate early. </p><p>Depending on the circumstances, students may receive a <a href="/wiki/High_school_diploma" title="High school diploma">diploma</a> different from the standard. Students that take a certain number of <a href="/wiki/Honors_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Honors class">honors classes</a> or <a href="/wiki/College_credit" class="mw-redirect" title="College credit">college credit</a> classes can receive an advanced diploma. The highest-performing student in the grade usually receives the <a href="/wiki/Valedictorian" title="Valedictorian">valedictorian</a> title, along with a special diploma. On the contrary, students with extenuating circumstances (for example, the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>) that negatively impacted or interrupted their learning may receive a modified diploma. </p><p>Usually, to graduate, students need to take and pass four years of <a href="/wiki/English_class" class="mw-redirect" title="English class">English</a> (or Language Arts) classes, four years of <a href="/wiki/Social_studies" title="Social studies">Social Studies</a> (or History) classes, three years of <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_education" title="Mathematics education">Math</a> classes, (but four are recommended), Three years of <a href="/wiki/Science_education" title="Science education">Science</a> classes, (but four are recommended), two years of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">Foreign language</a> classes, one year of a <a href="/wiki/Health_education" title="Health education">Health education</a> class, one year of a <a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">Physical education</a> class, and a varying number of elective classes. </p><p>Grades in American schools range from A (90% to 100%) to F (59% and below), excluding E. To pass a class and receive a credit for it, students usually need to receive a grade between A to D, or 100% to 60%. F, or 59% and below would be failing and students wouldn't receive credit for the class. An A grade is for greatly exceeding the expected standard, a B grade is for exceeding the expected standard, a C is the expected standard, a D is falling behind the expected standard, and an F (or fail) is greatly behind the expected standard. </p><p>Sometimes a letter grade can have a + or a - next to it, related to what percentage was given. </p> <ul><li>A+: 97% to 100%</li> <li>A: 96% to 94% (or 90% to 100%)</li> <li>A-: 93% to 90%</li> <li>B+: 89% to 87%</li> <li>B: 86% to 84% (or 80% to 89%)</li> <li>B-: 83% to 80%</li> <li>C+: 79% to 77%</li> <li>C: 76% to 74% (or 70% to 79%)</li> <li>C-: 73% to 70%</li> <li>D+: 69% to 67%</li> <li>D: 66% to 64% (or 60% to 69%)</li> <li>D-: 63% to 60%</li> <li>F(ail): 59% and below</li></ul> <p>Instructors may choose to have the lowest possible grade be a 50%, and only grade 0% to assignments that have not been turned in. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Levels_of_education">Levels of education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Levels of education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_school_/_Junior_high_school"><span id="Middle_school_.2F_Junior_high_school"></span>Middle school / Junior high school</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Middle school / Junior high school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">Middle schools</a> and junior high schools are schools that which straddle <a href="/wiki/Elementary_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary education">elementary</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a> education. "Middle" schools commonly serve <a href="/wiki/Sixth_grade" title="Sixth grade">sixth grade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seventh_grade" title="Seventh grade">seventh grade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eighth_grade" title="Eighth grade">eighth grade</a>, while "junior high" schools usually exclude sixth grade and can sometimes include <a href="/wiki/Ninth_grade" title="Ninth grade">ninth grade</a> instead. Rarely, middle and junior high schools can also include <a href="/wiki/Fifth_grade" title="Fifth grade">fifth grade</a>. </p><p>Upon arrival in middle school or junior high school, students begin to enroll in class schedules in which they will take classes with several teachers in different classrooms on any given day. (This is a sharp transition from the primary or elementary school model in which students remain with a single teacher in a single classroom.) The classes are usually a set of four or five (if foreign language is included in the curriculum) core academic classes (<a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Language_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Language arts">language arts</a>," <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Social_studies" title="Social studies">social studies</a>," and in some schools, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">foreign language</a>) with two to four other classes, either electives, supplementary, or remedial academic classes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some students also start taking a foreign language or advanced math and science classes in middle school. Typically schools will offer <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>; and, often <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>; and, sometimes <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a>. In addition to <a href="/wiki/Pre-Algebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Algebra">Pre-Algebra</a> and other high school mathematics prep courses, Algebra I and <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">Geometry</a> are both commonly taught. Schools also offer Earth Science, Life Science, or Physical Science classes. <a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">Physical education</a> classes (also called "PE", "phys ed", Kinesiology, or "gym") are usually mandatory for various periods. For social studies, some schools offer <a href="/wiki/U.S._History" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. History">U.S. History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World History</a> classes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many also have honors classes for motivated and gifted students, where the quality of education is higher and much more is expected from the enrolled student. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intermediate_school">Intermediate school</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Intermediate school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Intermediate school is an uncommon term, and can <i>either</i> be a synonym for middle school (notably as used by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Education" title="New York City Department of Education">New York City</a> public schools) or for schools that encompass the latter years of <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">elementary</a> education prior <i>to</i> middle school/junior high school, serving grades 3 or 4 through 5 or 6. These can also be called 'upper elementary' schools.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US-K12.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/US-K12.gif/220px-US-K12.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/US-K12.gif/330px-US-K12.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/US-K12.gif/440px-US-K12.gif 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption>Breakdown of different models of primary, secondary, and post-secondary education</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_school_/_Senior_high_school"><span id="High_school_.2F_Senior_high_school"></span>High school / Senior high school<span class="anchor" id="High_school"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: High school / Senior high school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/High_school_in_the_United_States" title="High school in the United States">High schools</a>, or senior high schools, are schools that span grades 8, 9, or 10 through 12. Most American high schools are <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_high_school" title="Comprehensive high school">comprehensive high schools</a> and accept all students from their local area, regardless of ability or vocational/college track. Students have significant control of their education, and may choose even their core classes, although the control given to students varies from state to state and school to school. The schools are managed by local school districts rather than by the central government. </p><p>Some states and cities offer special high schools with examinations to admit only the highest performing students, such as <a href="/wiki/Boston_Latin_School" title="Boston Latin School">Boston Latin School</a>, several schools in the <a href="/wiki/Specialized_high_schools_in_New_York_City" title="Specialized high schools in New York City">New York City Specialized High School</a> system or <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_High_School_for_Science_and_Technology" title="Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology">Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology</a>. Other high schools cater to the arts. Some schools have been set up for students who do not succeed with normal academic standards; while others, like <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk_High_School" title="Harvey Milk High School">Harvey Milk High School</a>, have even been created for special social groups such as <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> students.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ABC15_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC15-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MLive_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLive-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most states operate special residential schools for the <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deafness" title="Deafness">deaf</a>, although a substantial number of such students are <a href="/wiki/Mainstreaming_(education)" title="Mainstreaming (education)">mainstreamed</a> into standard schools. Several operate residential high schools for highly gifted students in specialized areas such as science, mathematics, or the arts. A smaller number of high schools are <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Defense_Education_Activity" title="Department of Defense Education Activity">operated by the Department of Defense</a> on military bases for <a href="/wiki/Military_brat_(U.S._subculture)" title="Military brat (U.S. subculture)">children of military personnel</a>. </p><p>Most high schools have classes known as "honors" classes for motivated and gifted students, where the quality of education is higher and much more is expected from the enrolled student. Some high schools offer Regular Honors (<b>H</b>) (sometimes called Advanced), <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Placement" title="Advanced Placement">Advanced Placement</a> (<b>AP</b>) or <a href="/wiki/IB_Diploma_Programme" title="IB Diploma Programme">International Baccalaureate</a> (<b>IB</b>) courses, which are special forms of honors classes. <a href="/wiki/International_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="International schools">International schools</a> offering programs of study in line with foreign systems of Education, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the UK">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">France</a>, are also available. Some schools also offer dual-enrollment programs, in which select classes at a university may be taken for both university and high school credit. </p><p>Graduation from high school or senior high school leads to the awarding of the <a href="/wiki/High_school_diploma" title="High school diploma">high school diploma</a>. After this, secondary education is considered complete and students may pursue tertiary level study. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_schools">Types of schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Types of schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Orange-Stark_High_School_(front).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/West_Orange-Stark_High_School_%28front%29.jpg/240px-West_Orange-Stark_High_School_%28front%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/West_Orange-Stark_High_School_%28front%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="157" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/West_Orange-Stark_High_School" title="West Orange-Stark High School">West Orange-Stark High School</a>, a college preparatory high school in <a href="/wiki/West_Orange,_Texas" title="West Orange, Texas">West Orange, Texas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Secondary education can be provided within a number of different schools and settings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_schools">Public schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Public schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education in the United States</a></div> <p>The United States public education system is structured into three levels: elementary (also known as primary) education, middle and high school (which is <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary</a> together) education, and college or university level (also known as post-secondary) education. Schooling starts at age 5–6 and ends anywhere from 16 to 18 depending on the school system, state policy, and the student's progress. Pre-School or <a href="/wiki/Pre-kindergarten" title="Pre-kindergarten">Pre-Kindergarten</a> accept as young as age 3 and is not required. From there education models differ as elementary school can last anywhere from grade 5 (age 10–11) to grade 8 (age 13–14) depending on the structure. Some states have middle schools which is part of secondary education and between <a href="/wiki/Elementary_school_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary school (United States)">elementary school</a> and high school encompassing grades from 6 to 9, while others have no middle school and instead combined mixed high schools. </p><p>All children are guaranteed the right to a free public elementary and secondary education when living within the jurisdiction of the United States regardless of race, gender, ability, <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizen</a> status, religion or economic status. Public education in the United States is mainly the responsibility of State and local level administration levels. As of 2010–2011 around 13,588 school districts exist within which around 98,800 public schools exist in the United States. Only 8% of <a href="/wiki/Public_school_funding_in_the_United_States" title="Public school funding in the United States">funding for public schools</a> comes from federal sources, the other 92% comes mostly from state and local funding. <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">Curriculum</a> requirements vary state by state as it is up to these states and local school districts, in addition to national associations if applicable, to come up with and be approved by the federal government in order for them to receive funding. Most schools mark proficiency in a subject through the A-F grading scale accumulating throughout years creating a grade point average or G.P.A. Parent involvement is encouraged in the U.S. with many having <a href="/wiki/Parent-Teacher_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent-Teacher Association">parent-teacher associations</a> otherwise known as PTAs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_schools">Independent schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Independent schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Independent_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent school">Independent school</a></div> <p>Independent schools are schools that are not public and not run by any government, but rather function as an independent institution. Independent schools range from levels of kindergarten to undergraduate, various institution usually accommodating different levels.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most independent schools have a tuition cost of attendance <sup id="cite_ref-:4_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2013–2014 there were 33,619 independent schools in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most independent schools in the United States are associated with religious orientations making up 68.7% of all private schools as of 2013–2014.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a number had an increasing trend in the period of 1989–2005 <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, it dropped by about 9% in 2006–2007,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but seems to be increasing again. </p><p>All independent schools must comply with federal laws of non-discrimination and health privacy & financial security laws.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include: </p><p>- <a href="/wiki/Age_Discrimination_in_Employment_Act_of_1967" title="Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967">Age Discrimination in Employment Act</a> (for employees or applicants over the age of 40) </p><p>- <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">Americans with Disabilities Act</a> </p><p>- <a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963" title="Equal Pay Act of 1963">Equal Pay Act</a> </p><p>- <a href="/wiki/Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">42 U.S.C. § 1986</a> (discrimination based on race) </p><p>- <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_Discrimination_Act" title="Pregnancy Discrimination Act">Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1979</a> </p><p>- Title VII of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> (discrimination based on race, color, sex, religion, and/or national origin) </p><p>- <a href="/wiki/Uniformed_Services_Employment_and_Reemployment_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act">Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act</a> (employment or reemployment discrimination based on military service) </p><p>- Revenue Procedure 75-50 (independent schools can not discriminate on the basis of race in any programs or financial assistance) </p><p>More specific legal restrictions apply to private schools on the state level and vary based on the state.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Independent schools can accept money from the federal government otherwise called "Federal financial assistance" which can come as funds in the form of grants or loans, donations, assets and property or interest in property, services by federal employees or contract of intent to receive federal assistance, involvement in federal programs. Schools receiving funding must comply with additional federal regulations included in many of the above acts. However, a policy can also have exceptions to these regulations based on the private school characteristics, such as religious beliefs that the law would be defying or being involved in military development.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charter_schools">Charter schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Charter schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Charter_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Charter schools in the United States">Charter schools in the United States</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charter_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Charter schools in the United States">Charter schools</a> are subject to fewer rules, regulations, and statutes than traditional state schools, receive less public funding than <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public schools</a>, typically a fixed amount per pupil and are often over-subscribed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="College-preparatory_schools">College-preparatory schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: College-preparatory schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College-preparatory school</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College-preparatory schools</a>, commonly referred to as 'prep schools', can be either publicly funded, charter schools or private <a href="/wiki/Independent_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent school">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary schools</a> funded by tuition fees and philanthropic donations, and governed by independent boards of trustees. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Fewer than 1% of students enrolled in school in the United States attend an independent private preparatory school, a small fraction compared with the 9% who attend <a href="/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">parochial schools</a> and 88% who attend <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government funded)">public schools</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While these schools are not subject to government oversight or regulation, they are <a href="/wiki/Educational_accreditation" title="Educational accreditation">accredited</a> by one of the six <a href="/wiki/Regional_accreditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional accreditation">regional accreditation agencies</a> for educational institutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Homeschooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_in_the_United_States" title="Homeschooling in the United States">Homeschooling in the United States</a></div> <p>It is estimated that some 2 million or 2.9% of U.S. children are home educated.<sup id="cite_ref-ies2007_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ies2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Home schooling is lawful in all 50 states, and although the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> has never ruled on homeschooling specifically, in <i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_v._Yoder" title="Wisconsin v. Yoder">Wisconsin v. Yoder</a></i>, 406 U.S. 205 (1972) it supported the rights of <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> parents to keep their children out of public schools for religious reasons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_scheduling">Types of scheduling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Types of scheduling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the secondary level, students transition from the American primary education system of remaining with one class in one classroom with one teacher for the entire school day to taking multiple courses taught by different teachers in different classrooms. This system is also used by American colleges and universities at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. It requires students to develop time management and navigation skills in order to efficiently race from one classroom to the next during each school day, and to develop interpersonal communication skills in order to interact with many more teachers and classmates than before. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_scheduling">Traditional scheduling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Traditional scheduling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Students take six, seven, eight, or sometimes nine classes per day all year long. Six classes are around 50–60 minutes in length. Seven classes are around 45–52 minutes in length. Eight classes are around 40–48 minutes in length. Nine classes are around 42 minutes or less in length.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Block_scheduling">Block scheduling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Block scheduling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternate_day_block_scheduling">Alternate day block scheduling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Alternate day block scheduling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also referred to as A/B (day) scheduling, Odd/Even (day) scheduling, or (day) 1/2 block scheduling. Students take three to four courses, around 90–120 minutes in length, per day all year long on alternating days resulting in a full six or eight courses per year.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example table of a possible schedule is provided below. </p> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">A/B Block Scheduling </th></tr> <tr> <td>Time </td> <td>A Day </td> <td>B Day </td></tr> <tr> <td>8:30-10:00 </td> <td>Mathematics </td> <td>English </td></tr> <tr> <td>10:15-11:45 </td> <td>Spanish </td> <td>Computer science </td></tr> <tr> <td>12:00-1:00 </td> <td colspan="2">Lunch </td></tr> <tr> <td>1:15-2:45 </td> <td>History </td> <td>Biology </td></tr> <tr> <td>3:00-4:30 </td> <td>Physical Education </td> <td>Political science </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="4x4_Block_Scheduling">4x4 Block Scheduling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 4x4 Block Scheduling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Students take four courses, around 90 minutes in length, every day for the first semester and take four different courses every day for the second semester. This results in a full eight courses taken per year.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example table of a possible schedule is provided below. </p> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">4x4 Block Scheduling </th></tr> <tr> <td>Time </td> <td>Semester 1 </td> <td>Semester 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7:30-9:00 </td> <td>Math </td> <td>English </td></tr> <tr> <td>9:05-10:35 </td> <td>Spanish </td> <td>Computers </td></tr> <tr> <td>10:40-11:25 </td> <td colspan="2">Lunch </td></tr> <tr> <td>11:30-1:00 </td> <td>History </td> <td>Science </td></tr> <tr> <td>1:05-2:35 </td> <td>Physical Education </td> <td>Health </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teacher_certification">Teacher certification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Teacher certification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teachers are certified in one of two areas for high school (and in some states, certification can be to teach grades 6–12). These certifications can overlap. In <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, for example, middle school certification covers grades 6–8, elementary school certification covers <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> to grade 5, and high school certification covers grades 9–12. This reflects the wide range of grade combinations of middle schools, junior high schools, and elementary schools. Alternatively, some states certify teachers in various curricular areas (such as math or history) to teach secondary education.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compulsory_education">Compulsory education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Compulsory education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a></div> <p>Compulsory education laws refer to "legislative mandates that school-aged children [shall] attend public, nonpublic, or homeschools until reaching specified ages."<sup id="cite_ref-:00_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:00-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most cases, local school attendance officers enforce compulsory education laws, and all jurisdictions hold parents/legal guardians responsible to ensure their child/children attend school.<sup id="cite_ref-:00_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:00-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compulsory education first became required in Massachusetts upon the passing of the Compulsory Attendance Act of 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-:01_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:01-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law required that all children eight to fourteen to attend school for three months out of the year, and of these twelve weeks, six of them had to be consecutive. The only exceptions to this law was if the child already attended another school for the same amount of time, proof the child had already learned the material, if they lived in poverty, or the child had a physical or mental disability preventing them from learning the material.<sup id="cite_ref-:01_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:01-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, in 1873, the law was revised. The age limit was reduced from 14 to 12, but the annual attendance requirement was increased to 20 weeks a year. By 1918, all U.S. states had some sort of mandatory attendance law for school.<sup id="cite_ref-:01_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:01-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/42px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/56px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of schools in the United States">Lists of schools in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_high_school" title="Comprehensive high school">Comprehensive high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">History of education in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Normal schools in the United States">Normal schools in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_education_in_the_United_States" title="Primary education in the United States">Primary education in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall_high_school" title="Shopping mall high school">Shopping mall high school</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_J._Cook2007" class="citation web cs1">Philip J. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanford.duke.edu/research/papers/SAN07-01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 12, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Should+sixth+grade+be+in+elementary+school+or+middle+school&rft.pub=sanford.duke.edu&rft.date=2007-02-09&rft.au=Philip+J.+Cook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsanford.duke.edu%2Fresearch%2Fpapers%2FSAN07-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+education+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov//pubs2005/2005021.pdf">"Comparative Indicators of Education in the United States and Other G8 Countries: 2004"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics" title="National Center for Education Statistics">National Center for Education Statistics</a></i>. 2005. p. 85. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050220195949/http://nces.ed.gov//pubs2005/2005021.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2005-02-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Center+for+Education+Statistics&rft.atitle=Comparative+Indicators+of+Education+in+the+United+States+and+Other+G8+Countries%3A+2004&rft.pages=85&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2F%2Fpubs2005%2F2005021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+education+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofamhers00tyle#page/34/mode/2up">History of Amherst College during its first half century 1821–1871</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111175204/https://archive.org/stream/historyofamhers00tyle#page/34/mode/2up">Archived</a> January 11, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Archive.org. Retrieved on August 2, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams1853-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams1853_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Adams1853" class="citation book cs1">George Adams (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MScDAAAAYAAJ">"Education in Massachusetts: Incorporated Academies"</a>. <i>Massachusetts Register</i>. Boston: Printed by Damrell and Moore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222111529/https://books.google.com/books?id=MScDAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Education+in+Massachusetts%3A+Incorporated+Academies&rft.btitle=Massachusetts+Register&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Printed+by+Damrell+and+Moore&rft.date=1853&rft.au=George+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMScDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+education+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLombardo1997" class="citation book cs1">Lombardo, Daniel (1997). <i>Images of America: Amherst and Hadley, Massachusetts</i>. Arcadia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-0483-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-0483-0"><bdi>0-7524-0483-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+America%3A+Amherst+and+Hadley%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Arcadia&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7524-0483-0&rft.aulast=Lombardo&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+education+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Burke, <i>American collegiate populations: A test of the traditional view</i> (NYU Press, 1982) table 1.20 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Lawrence A. Cremin, <i>American education, the colonial experience 1607-1783</i> (1970) pp 327-328, 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldin2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Goldin, Claudia</a> (2008). <i>The Race between Education and Technology</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press. p. 195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Race+between+Education+and+Technology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Goldin&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+education+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Burke (1982), table 1.20. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wenr.wes.org/2018/06/education-in-the-united-states-of-america">"Education in the United States of America"</a>. <i>WENR</i>. 2018-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WENR&rft.atitle=Education+in+the+United+States+of+America&rft.date=2018-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwenr.wes.org%2F2018%2F06%2Feducation-in-the-united-states-of-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+education+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Education_Association_of_the_United_States._Committee_of_Ten_on_Secondary_School_Studies.1894" class="citation book cs1">National Education Association of the United States. Committee of Ten on Secondary School Studies. 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"Effects of a High School Block Scheduling Program on Students: A Four-Year Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Block Scheduling on Student Outcome Variables". <i>American Secondary Education</i>. <b>31</b>: 54 – via EBSCOhost.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Secondary+Education&rft.atitle=Effects+of+a+High+School+Block+Scheduling+Program+on+Students%3A+A+Four-Year+Longitudinal+Study+of+the+Effects+of+Block+Scheduling+on+Student+Outcome+Variables&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=54&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Trenta&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.au=Newman%2C+Isadore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+education+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisDuganWinokurCobb2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Chance W.; Dugan, James J.; Winokur, Marc A.; Cobb, R. Brian (December 2005). "The Effects of Block Scheduling on High School Academic Achievement". <i>NASSP Bulletin</i>. <b>98</b> (645): 72–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F019263650508964506">10.1177/019263650508964506</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59575924">59575924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASSP+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+Block+Scheduling+on+High+School+Academic+Achievement&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=645&rft.pages=72-87&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F019263650508964506&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59575924%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Chance+W.&rft.au=Dugan%2C+James+J.&rft.au=Winokur%2C+Marc+A.&rft.au=Cobb%2C+R.+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+education+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:00-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:00_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:00_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usedulaw.com/228-compulsory-attendance.html">"Compulsory Attendance"</a>. <i>Education Law</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+Law&rft.atitle=Compulsory+Attendance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusedulaw.com%2F228-compulsory-attendance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+education+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:01-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:01_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:01_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:01_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrocke" class="citation web cs1">Grocke, Vicky. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.nd.edu/~rbarger/www7/compulso.html">"Compulsory Education"</a>. <i>University of Notre Dame</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Notre+Dame&rft.atitle=Compulsory+Education&rft.aulast=Grocke&rft.aufirst=Vicky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.nd.edu%2F~rbarger%2Fwww7%2Fcompulso.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+education+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Burke, Colin. (1982) <i>American collegiate populations: A test of the traditional view</i> (NYU Press, 1982) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americancollegia0000burk/page/n6/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCubberley1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ellwood_Patterson_Cubberley" title="Ellwood Patterson Cubberley">Cubberley, Ellwood Patterson</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1xd15h17?urlappend=%3Bseq=616">"Certification of Teachers: United States"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Paul_Monroe" title="Paul Monroe">Paul Monroe</a> (ed.). <i>Cyclopedia of Education</i>. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft1xd15h17?urlappend=%3Bseq=616">2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1xd15h17</a> – via HathiTrust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Certification+of+Teachers%3A+United+States&rft.btitle=Cyclopedia+of+Education&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft1xd15h17%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D616&rft.aulast=Cubberley&rft.aufirst=Ellwood+Patterson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft1xd15h17%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+education+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCubberley1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ellwood_Patterson_Cubberley" title="Ellwood Patterson Cubberley">Cubberley, Ellwood Patterson</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t78s50q5v?urlappend=%3Bseq=295">"High Schools in the United States"</a>. In Paul Monroe (ed.). <i>Cyclopedia of Education</i>. Vol. 3. New York: Macmillan. pp. 263–275. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft78s50q5v?urlappend=%3Bseq=295">2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t78s50q5v</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=High+Schools+in+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Cyclopedia+of+Education&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=263-275&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft78s50q5v%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D295&rft.aulast=Cubberley&rft.aufirst=Ellwood+Patterson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft78s50q5v%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+education+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuwer2002" class="citation book cs1">Huwer, Hank (2002). "United States". In Marlow-Ferguson, Rebecca (ed.). <i>World Education Encyclopedia: A Survey of Educational Systems Worldwide</i>. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Gale_(publisher)" title="Gale (publisher)">Gale</a>. pp. 1491–1519. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5578-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-5578-5"><bdi>978-0-7876-5578-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=United+States&rft.btitle=World+Education+Encyclopedia%3A+A+Survey+of+Educational+Systems+Worldwide&rft.pages=1491-1519&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-5578-5&rft.aulast=Huwer&rft.aufirst=Hank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+education+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Labaree, David F. <i>The making of an American high school : the credentials market and the Central High School of Philadelphia, 1838-1939</i> (1988) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofamerican0000laba">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>McWhirter, Jenny, Nick Boddington, Jenny Barksfield. <i>Understanding Personal, Social, Health and Economic Education in Secondary Schools</i> (SAGE Publications, 2017)</li></ul> <ul><li>Monroe, Paul, ed. <i>Principles of secondary education</i> (1915), major comprehensive overview; 830pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlessecon02monrgoog">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Opal, J. M. “Exciting Emulation: Academies and the Transformation of the Rural North, 1780s-1820s.” <i>Journal of American History</i> 91#2 (2004), pp. 445–70. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/3660707">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Park, Alain, ed. <i>Requirements for Certification of Teachers, Counselors, Librarians, Administrators for Elementary and Secondary Schools, Eighty-Seventh Edition, 2022-2023</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2022)</li></ul> <ul><li>Trollinger, Danielle N. "Identity, mission, and markets: A multiple-case study on select Catholic high schools in the United States" (PhD. Diss. University of Portland, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/232743911.pdf">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Williams, P. John, and David Barlex, eds. <i>Pedagogy for Technology Education in Secondary Schools: Research Informed Perspectives for Classroom Teachers</i> (Springer International, 2020)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elite_schools">Elite schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Elite schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cookson, Peter W., Jr., and Caroline Hodges Persell. <i>Preparing for Power: America's Elite Boarding Schools</i> (Basic Books, 1985) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LMo1jbNuUMoC">online</a></li> <li>McLachlan, James. <i>American Boarding Schools: A Historical Study</i> (1970) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanboarding0000mcla">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Normal_schools_and_teachers">Normal schools and teachers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Normal schools and teachers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burks, Benjamin D. <i>What was normal about Virginia's normal schools: A history of Virginia's state normal schools, 1882–1930</i> (PhD dissertation, University of Virginia; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2002. 3035340).</li></ul> <ul><li>Cochran-Smith, Marilyn et al., eds. <i>Handbook of research on teacher education</i> (Routledge, 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.umpwr.ac.id:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/3711/Handbooks%20of%20Research%20%20on%20Teacher%20Education.pdf?sequence=1">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Harper, Charles A. <i>A century of public teacher education; the story of the State teachers colleges as they evolved from the normal schools</i> (1939) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centuryofpublict0000harp/page/n3/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li>Herbst, Jurgen. "Nineteenth‐century normal schools in the United States: A fresh look." <i>History of Education</i> 9.3 (1980): 219-227. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0046760800090303">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Labaree, David F. "An uneasy relationship: The history of teacher education in the university" in Marilyn Cochran-Smith, et al., eds. <i>Handbook of research on teacher education</i> (Routledge, 2008) pp. 290-306.</li></ul> <ul><li>Lucas, Christopher J. <i>Teacher Education in America: Reform Agendas for the Twenty-First Century</i> (Palgrave Macmillan US, 1999) pp. 3– 94 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wMbIDAAAQBAJ&dq=Lucas+%22teacher+education+in+America%22&pg=PP1">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Mattingly, Paul H. <i>The classless profession: American schoolmen in the nineteenth century</i> (NYU Press, 1975) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp4UCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Classless+profession%22&pg=PR7">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Ogren, Christine A. <i>The American State Normal School: An Instrument of Great Good</i> ( Palgrave Macmillan. 2005)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Boyer, Ernest L. <i>High school: A report on secondary education in America</i> (1983) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/highschoolreport00boye">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Perrone, Vito. <i>Portraits of high schools : a supplement to High school : a report on secondary education in America</i> (1985) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portraitsofhighs00perr">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Sizer, Theodore R. ed. <i>The Age of the Academies: Classics in Education</i> (Teachers College, Columbia University, 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-of-education-quarterly/article/abs/age-of-the-academies-classics-in-education-edited-by-theodore-r-sizer-new-york-bureau-of-publications-teachers-college-columbia-university-1964/9C7D5916BF1F6164FB535E8365C76767">online book review</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d04/">Digest of Education Statistics, 2004</a>, U.S. Department of Education</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d04/tables/dt04_107.asp">Percent of high school dropouts</a>, U.S. Department of Education</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ed.gov/pubs/OR/ConsumerGuides/dropout.html">Consumer Guide: High School Dropout Rates</a>, U.S. Department of Education</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gocek.org/fame/">American High School Hall of Fame Listing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160208164709/http://www.bls.gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/high-school-teachers.htm">Occupational Outlook for High School Teachers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElmer_Ellsworth_Brown1920" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ellsworth_Brown" title="Elmer Ellsworth Brown">Elmer Ellsworth Brown</a> (1920). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Education, Secondary, in America"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Education,_Secondary,_in_America">"Education, Secondary, in America" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Education%2C+Secondary%2C+in+America&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Elmer+Ellsworth+Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecondary+education+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="School_types" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Schools" title="Template:Schools"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Schools" title="Template talk:Schools"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Schools" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Schools"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="School_types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/School" title="School">School</a> types</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Educational_stage" title="Educational stage">educational stage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-kindergarten" title="Pre-kindergarten">Pre-kindergarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_school" class="mw-redirect" title="First school">First school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_school" title="Infant school">Infant school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_infant_schools_outside_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Spread of infant schools outside Britain and Ireland">Global influence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_school" title="Junior school">Junior school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary school</a> / Elementary school</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_high_school" title="Adult high school">Adult high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_college" title="Cadet college">Cadet college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College-preparatory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_institute" title="Collegiate institute">Collegiate institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_high_school" title="Comprehensive high school">Comprehensive high school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_high_school" title="Continuation high school">Continuation high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">Grammar school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum" title="Lyceum">Lyceum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maths_school" title="Maths school">Maths school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_seminary" title="Minor seminary">Minor seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">Secondary school</a> / High school</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauptschule" title="Hauptschule">Hauptschule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_form_college" title="Sixth form college">Sixth form college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_school" title="Studio school">Studio school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_technical_college" title="University technical college">University technical college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_school" title="Upper school">Upper school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional school">Professional school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical school">Technical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College" title="College">College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">Community college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Graduate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">Institute of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_college" title="Junior college">Junior college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">Liberal arts college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">Research university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_college" title="Residential college">Residential college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_university" title="Collegiate university">Collegiate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_division_college" title="Upper division college">Upper division college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">Vocational university</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Combined</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-through_school" title="All-through school">All-through school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">Middle school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">One-room school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch_school" title="Ranch school">Ranch school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By funding / eligibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">Academy <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">Charter school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_day_school" title="Community day school">Community day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_education" title="For-profit education">For-profit education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_(England)" title="Free school (England)">Free school <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute" title="Institute">Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">Private school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">UK private school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public</a></li></ul></li> <li>University <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_university" title="International university">international</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_school" title="Separate school">Separate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink_school" title="Sink school">Sink school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Specialist schools in the United Kingdom">Specialist school <small>(United Kingdom)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">State or public school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-integrated_school" title="State-integrated school">State-integrated school <small>(New Zealand)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style / purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_school" title="Alternative school">Alternative school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchistic_free_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchistic free school">Anarchistic free school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_school" title="Sudbury school">Sudbury school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">International school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_school" title="Magnet school">Magnet school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sex_education" title="Single-sex education">Single-sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_school" title="Specialist school">Specialist school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_school" title="Vocal school">Vocal school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_movement" title="Free school movement">Free school movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_high_school" title="Folk high school">Folk high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_school" title="Laboratory school">Laboratory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_school" title="Religious school">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_college" title="Bible college">Bible college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_school" title="Christian school">Christian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_seminary" title="Female seminary">Female seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">Gurukula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">Parochial school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">Boarding school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_school" title="Day school">Day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">Distance education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_education" title="Prison education">Prison education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual school">Virtual school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By scope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_education" title="Compensatory education">Compensatory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive education">Inclusive education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remedial_education" title="Remedial education">Remedial education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_higher-learning_institutions" title="Ancient higher-learning institutions">Ancient higher-learning institutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_(classical)" title="Lyceum (classical)">Lyceum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_school" title="Monastic school">Monastic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">Cathedral school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Medieval university</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Schools imposed on<br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_schools" title="Native schools">in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Informal or illegal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_school" title="Hedge school">in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krifo_scholio" title="Krifo scholio">in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakombenschule" title="Katakombenschule">in South Tyrol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312" title="K–12">K–12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_institution" title="Educational institution">Educational institution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span 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