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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_philosophers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Medieval philosophers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medieval_philosophers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medieval philosophers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medieval_philosophers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Madhyamaka_philosophers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madhyamaka_philosophers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Madhyamaka philosophers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madhyamaka_philosophers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vasubandhu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vasubandhu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vasubandhu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vasubandhu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Yogacara_philosophers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Yogacara_philosophers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Other Yogacara philosophers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Yogacara_philosophers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theravada_Buddhists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theravada_Buddhists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Theravada Buddhists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theravada_Buddhists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahayana_and_theism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahayana_and_theism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mahayana and theism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mahayana_and_theism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mahayana and theism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mahayana_and_theism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mahayana_buddhology_and_theism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahayana_buddhology_and_theism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mahayana buddhology and theism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahayana_buddhology_and_theism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asian_Buddhism_and_theism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asian_Buddhism_and_theism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>East Asian Buddhism and theism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asian_Buddhism_and_theism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tantric_Adi-Buddha_theory_and_theism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tantric_Adi-Buddha_theory_and_theism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tantric Adi-Buddha theory and theism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tantric_Adi-Buddha_theory_and_theism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adi-Buddha_as_non-theistic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adi-Buddha_as_non-theistic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Adi-Buddha as non-theistic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adi-Buddha_as_non-theistic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Buddhist_anti-theism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Buddhist_anti-theism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern Buddhist anti-theism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Buddhist_anti-theism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Creator in Buddhism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الخالق في البوذية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الخالق في البوذية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0" title="বৌদ্ধধর্মে ঈশ্বর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৌদ্ধধর্মে ঈশ্বর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dios_en_el_budismo" title="Dios en el budismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dios en el budismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="خالق در بودایی‌گرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خالق در بودایی‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notions_de_dieu_et_de_divinit%C3%A9_dans_le_bouddhisme" title="Notions de dieu et de divinité dans le bouddhisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Notions de dieu et de divinité dans le bouddhisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketuhanan_dalam_Buddhisme" title="Ketuhanan dalam Buddhisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ketuhanan dalam Buddhisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dievai_budizme" title="Dievai budizme – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dievai budizme" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isten_a_buddhizmusban" title="Isten a buddhizmusban – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Isten a buddhizmusban" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_(%E1%80%97%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%93%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC)" title="ဘုရား (ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘုရား (ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%85_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82" title="په بودېزم کې خالق – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په بودېزم کې خالق" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3g_w_buddyzmie" title="Bóg w buddyzmie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bóg w buddyzmie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_no_budismo" title="Deus no budismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Deus no budismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Создатель в буддизме – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Создатель в буддизме" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98" title="พระผู้สร้างในศาสนาพุทธ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระผู้สร้างในศาสนาพุทธ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizm%27de_yarat%C4%B1c%C4%B1" title="Budizm'de yaratıcı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Budizm'de yaratıcı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1" title="بودھ مت میں خالق کا تصور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بودھ مت میں خالق کا تصور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2337894#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> 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abidings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Aids to Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Lay life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvāṇa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Traditions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Generally speaking, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> is a religion that does not include the belief in a <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator deity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey,_Peter_2019_p._1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey,_Peter_2019_p._1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaliaferro201335_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaliaferro201335-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, it has often been described as either (non-<a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialistic</a>) <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> or as <a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">nontheism</a>. However, other scholars have challenged these descriptions since some forms of Buddhism do posit different kinds of <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anutpada" title="Anutpada">unborn</a>, and unconditioned <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">ultimate realities</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buddhist teachings state that there are divine beings called <i><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">devas</a></i> (sometimes translated as 'gods') and other <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_deities" title="Buddhist deities">Buddhist deities</a>, heavens, and rebirths in its doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">saṃsāra</a>, or cyclical rebirth. Buddhism teaches that none of these gods is a creator or an eternal being. However, they can live very long lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey,_Peter_2019_p._1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey,_Peter_2019_p._1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Buddhism, the devas are also trapped in the cycle of rebirth and are not necessarily virtuous. Thus, while Buddhism includes multiple "gods", its main focus is not on them. Peter Harvey calls this "trans-<a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey,_Peter_2019_p._1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey,_Peter_2019_p._1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a> also posit that mundane deities, such as <a href="/wiki/Mahabrahma" title="Mahabrahma">Mahabrahma</a>, are misconstrued to be creators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201336-8_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201336-8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist ontology</a> follows the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">dependent origination</a>, whereby all phenomena arise in dependence on other phenomena, hence no primal unmoved mover could be acknowledged or discerned. <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">early Buddhist texts</a>, is also shown as stating that he saw no single beginning to the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey,_Peter_2019_p._1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey,_Peter_2019_p._1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">medieval period</a>, Buddhist philosophers like <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a> developed extensive refutations of <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu theism</a>. Because of this, some modern scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kapstein" title="Matthew Kapstein">Matthew Kapstein</a>, have described this later stage of Buddhism as <a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">anti-theistic.</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhist anti-theistic writings were also common during the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a>, in response to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Christian missionaries</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">critiques of Buddhism</a>. </p><p>Despite this, some writers, such as <a href="/wiki/B._Alan_Wallace" title="B. Alan Wallace">B. Alan Wallace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Duckworth" title="Douglas Duckworth">Douglas Duckworth</a>, have noted that certain doctrines in <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajrayana Buddhism">Vajrayana Buddhism</a> can be seen as being similar to certain theistic doctrines like <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonic</a> theology and <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various scholars have also compared <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhist</a> doctrines regarding the supreme and eternal Buddhas like <a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a> or Amitabha with certain forms of theism, such as pantheism and <a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">process theism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Buddhist_texts">Early Buddhist texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creator_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early Buddhist texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:042_Brahma_Sahampati_requests_the_Buddha_to_Teach_despite_his_Reluctance_(9270761017).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/042_Brahma_Sahampati_requests_the_Buddha_to_Teach_despite_his_Reluctance_%289270761017%29.jpg/200px-042_Brahma_Sahampati_requests_the_Buddha_to_Teach_despite_his_Reluctance_%289270761017%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/042_Brahma_Sahampati_requests_the_Buddha_to_Teach_despite_his_Reluctance_%289270761017%29.jpg/300px-042_Brahma_Sahampati_requests_the_Buddha_to_Teach_despite_his_Reluctance_%289270761017%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/042_Brahma_Sahampati_requests_the_Buddha_to_Teach_despite_his_Reluctance_%289270761017%29.jpg/400px-042_Brahma_Sahampati_requests_the_Buddha_to_Teach_despite_his_Reluctance_%289270761017%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">deva</a> Brahma Sahampati asks the Buddha to teach. Buddhism accepts the existence of devas (celestial beings, literally "shining ones"), but these beings are not creator gods, nor are they eternal (they suffer and die).</figcaption></figure> <p>Damien Keown notes that in the <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83yutta_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Saṃyutta Nikāya">Saṃyutta Nikāya</a>, the Buddha sees the cycle of rebirths as stretching back "many hundreds of thousands of aeons without discernible beginning."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saṃyutta Nikāya 15:1 and 15:2 states: "This samsara is without discoverable beginning. A first point is not discerned of beings roaming and wandering on hindered by ignorance and fettered by craving."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Buddhology" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhology">Buddhologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hayes_(professor)" title="Richard Hayes (professor)">Richard Hayes</a>, the early Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikaya">Nikaya</a> literature treats the question of the existence of a creator god "primarily from either an epistemological point of view or a moral point of view". In these texts, the Buddha is portrayed not as a creator-denying <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a> who claims to be able to prove such a god's nonexistence, but rather his focus is other teachers' claims that their teachings lead to the highest good.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Hayes, in the <i>Tevijja Sutta</i> (DN 13), there is an account of a dispute between two <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">brahmins</a> about how best to reach union with Brahma (<i>Brahmasahavyata</i>), who is seen as the highest god over whom no other being has mastery and who sees all. However, after being questioned by the Buddha, it is revealed that they do not have any direct experience of this Brahma. The Buddha calls their religious goal laughable, vain, and empty.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hayes also notes that in the early texts, the Buddha is not depicted as an atheist, but more as a <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism"> sceptic</a> who is against religious speculations, including speculations about a creator god. Citing the <i>Devadaha Sutta</i> (<a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Majjhima Nikāya">Majjhima Nikaya</a> 101), Hayes states, "while the reader is left to conclude that it is attachment rather than God, actions in past lives, fate, type of birth or efforts in this life that is responsible for our experiences of sorrow, no systematic argument is given in an attempt to disprove the existence of God."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Narada_Maha_Thera" title="Narada Maha Thera">Narada Thera</a> also notes that the Buddha specifically calls out the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creation by a supreme deity</a> (termed <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a>) for criticism in the <a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85guttara_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Aṅguttara Nikāya">Aṅguttara Nikāya</a>. This doctrine of creation by a supreme lord is defined as follows: "Whatever happiness or pain or neutral feeling this person experiences, all that is due to the creation of a supreme deity (<i>issaranimmāṇahetu</i>)."<sup id="cite_ref-Narada_Thera_2006_pp._268-269_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narada_Thera_2006_pp._268-269-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buddha criticized this view because he saw it as a fatalistic teaching that would lead to inaction or laziness: </p> <blockquote><p>" So, then, owing to the creation of a supreme deity, men will become murderers, thieves, unchaste, liars, slanderers, abusive, babblers, covetous, malicious and perverse in view. Thus for those who fall back on the creation of a god as the essential reason, there is neither desire nor effort nor necessity to do this deed or abstain from that deed."<sup id="cite_ref-Narada_Thera_2006_pp._268-269_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narada_Thera_2006_pp._268-269-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In another early sutta (<i>Devadahasutta</i>, <a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Majjhima Nikāya">Majjhima Nikāya</a> 101), the Buddha sees the pain and suffering that is experienced by certain individuals as indicating that if they were created by a god, then this is likely to be an evil god:<sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>" If the pleasure and pain that beings feel are caused by the creative act of a Supreme God, then the <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Nigaṇṭhas</a> surely must have been created by an evil Supreme God, since they now feel such painful, racking, piercing feelings."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_gods_who_are_mistaken_as_creator">High gods who are mistaken as creator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creator_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: High gods who are mistaken as creator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā (Buddhism)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erawan_Shrine_in_Bangkok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Erawan_Shrine_in_Bangkok.jpg/220px-Erawan_Shrine_in_Bangkok.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Erawan_Shrine_in_Bangkok.jpg/330px-Erawan_Shrine_in_Bangkok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Erawan_Shrine_in_Bangkok.jpg/440px-Erawan_Shrine_in_Bangkok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2757" data-file-height="4145" /></a><figcaption>The high god Brahma is often seen as an object of devotion in Buddhism, but he is not seen as a creator, nor does he have eternal life. This depiction of the deity is from the <a href="/wiki/Erawan_Shrine" title="Erawan Shrine">Erawan Shrine</a> in Bangkok, Thailand.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Peter Harvey, Buddhism assumes that the universe has no ultimate beginning to it and thus sees no need for a creator god. In the early texts, the nearest term to this concept is "Great Brahma" (<i>Maha Brahma</i>), such as in <i>Digha Nikaya</i> 1.18.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201336-8_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201336-8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, "[w]hile being kind and compassionate, none of the <i>brahmās</i> are world-creators."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201337_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201337-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a>, Buddhism includes the concept of reborn gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201336-37_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201336-37-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this theory, periodically, the physical world system ends and beings of that world system are reborn as <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">gods</a> in lower heavens. This too ends, according to Buddhist cosmology, and god <a href="/wiki/Mahabrahma" title="Mahabrahma">Mahabrahma</a> is then born, who is alone. He longs for the presence of others, and the other gods are reborn as his ministers and companions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201336-37_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201336-37-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Buddhist suttas, such as DN 1, Mahabrahma forgets his past lives and falsely believes himself to be the Creator, Maker, All-seeing, the Lord. This belief, state the Buddhist texts, is then shared by other gods. Eventually, however, one of the gods dies and is reborn as human, with the power to remember his previous life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201336-8_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201336-8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He teaches what he remembers from his previous life in lower heaven, that Mahabrahma is the Creator. It is this that leads to the human belief in a creator, according to the Pali Canon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201336-8_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201336-8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:077_The_Defeat_of_Baka_(9022028204).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/077_The_Defeat_of_Baka_%289022028204%29.jpg/220px-077_The_Defeat_of_Baka_%289022028204%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/077_The_Defeat_of_Baka_%289022028204%29.jpg/330px-077_The_Defeat_of_Baka_%289022028204%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/077_The_Defeat_of_Baka_%289022028204%29.jpg/440px-077_The_Defeat_of_Baka_%289022028204%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of the Buddha's defeat of Baka Brahma, a brahma god who mistakenly believed he was the all-powerful creator. Wat Olak Madu, <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, Malaysia.</figcaption></figure> <p>A similar story of a high god (brahma) who mistakes himself as the all-powerful creator can be seen in the <i>Brahma-nimantanika Sutta</i> (MN 49). In this sutta, the Buddha displays his superior knowledge by explaining how a high god named Baka Brahma, who believes himself to be supremely powerful, actually does not know of certain spiritual realms. The Buddha also demonstrates his superior psychic power by disappearing from Baka Brahma's sight, to a realm that he cannot reach, and then challenges him to do the same. Baka Brahma fails in this, demonstrating the Buddha's superiority.<sup id="cite_ref-Nichols,_Michael_D._2019_p._70_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nichols,_Michael_D._2019_p._70-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text also depicts <a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Mara</a>, an evil trickster figure, as attempting to support the Brahma's misconception of himself. As noted by Michael D. Nichols, MN 49 seems to show that "belief in an eternal creator figure is a devious ploy put forward by the Evil One to mislead humanity, and the implication is that Brahmins who believe in the power and permanence of Brahma have fallen for it."<sup id="cite_ref-Nichols,_Michael_D._2019_p._70_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nichols,_Michael_D._2019_p._70-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Problem_of_Evil_in_the_Jatakas">The Problem of Evil in the Jatakas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creator_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Problem of Evil in the Jatakas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some stories in the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jataka collections</a> outline a critique of a Creator deity that is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of Evil.</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One Jataka story (VI.208) states: </p> <blockquote><p>If Brahma is lord of the whole world and Creator of the multitude of beings, then why has he ordained misfortune in the world without making the whole world happy; or for what purpose has he made the world full of injustice, falsehood and conceit; or is the lord of beings evil in that he ordained injustice when there could have been justice?<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Pali Bhūridatta Jātaka (No. 543) has the bodhisattva (future Buddha) state: </p> <dl><dd>"He who has eyes can see the sickening sight,</dd> <dd>Why does not Brahmā set his creatures right?</dd> <dd>If his wide power no limit can restrain,</dd> <dd>Why is his hand so rarely spread to bless?</dd> <dd>Why are his creatures all condemned to pain?</dd> <dd>Why does he not to all give happiness?</dd> <dd>Why do fraud, lies, and ignorance prevail?</dd> <dd>Why triumphs falsehood—truth and justice fail?</dd> <dd>I count you Brahmā one th'unjust among,</dd> <dd>Who made a world in which to shelter wrong."<sup id="cite_ref-Narada_Thera_2006_pp._268-269_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narada_Thera_2006_pp._268-269-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>In the Pali Mahābodhi Jātaka (No. 528), the bodhisattva says: </p> <dl><dd>"If there exists some Lord all powerful to fulfil</dd> <dd>In every creature bliss or woe, and action good or ill;</dd> <dd>That Lord is stained with sin.</dd> <dd>Man does but work his will."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_philosophers">Medieval philosophers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creator_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval philosophers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> While <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhism</a> was not as concerned with critiquing concepts of God or Īśvara (since <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theism</a> was not as prominent in India until the medieval era),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> medieval Indian Buddhists engaged much more thoroughly with the emerging Hindu theisms (mainly by attempting to refute them). According to <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kapstein" title="Matthew Kapstein">Matthew Kapstein</a>, medieval Buddhist philosophers deployed a host of arguments, including the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">argument from evil</a> and others that "stressed formal problems in the conception of a supreme deity".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kapstein outlines this second line of argumentation as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>God, the theists affirm, must be eternal, and an eternal entity must be supposed to be altogether free from corruption and change. That same eternal being is held to be the creator, that is, the causal basis, of this world of corruption and change. The changing state, however, of a thing that is caused implies there to be change also in its causal basis, for a changeless cause cannot explain alteration in the result. The hypothesis of a creator god, therefore, either fails to explain our changing world, or else God himself must be subject to change and corruption, and hence cannot be eternal. Creation, in other words, entails the impermanence of the creator. Theism, the Buddhist philosophers concluded, could not as a system of thought be saved from such contradictions.</p></blockquote><p> Kapstein also notes that by this time, "Buddhism's earlier refusal of theism had indeed given way to a well-formed <a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">antitheism</a>." However, Kapstein notes that these criticisms remained mostly philosophical, since Buddhist antitheism "was conceived primarily in terms of the logical requirements of Buddhist philosophical systems, for which the concept of a personal god violated the rational demands of an impersonal, moral and causal order".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madhyamaka_philosophers">Madhyamaka philosophers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creator_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Madhyamaka philosophers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <i>Twelve Gate Treatise (</i>十二門論, <i>Shih-erh-men-lun)</i>, the Buddhist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a> (c. 1st–2nd century) works to refute the belief of certain Indian non-Buddhists in a god called Isvara, who is "the creator, ruler and destroyer of the world".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nagarjuna makes several arguments against a creator God, including the following:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"If all living beings are the sons of God, He should use happiness to cover suffering and should not give them suffering. And those who worship Him should not have suffering but should enjoy happiness. But this is not true in reality."</li> <li>"If God is self-existent, He should need nothing. If He needs something, He should not be called self-existent. If He does not need anything, why did He [cause] change, like a small boy who plays a game, to make all creatures?"</li> <li>"Again, if God created all living beings, who created Him? That God created Himself, cannot be true, for nothing can create itself. If He were created by another creator, He would not be self-existent."</li> <li>"Again, if all living beings come from God, they should respect and love Him just as sons love their father. But actually this is not the case; some hate God and some love Him."</li> <li>"Again, if God is the maker [of all things], why did He not create men all happy or all unhappy? Why did He make some happy and others unhappy? We would know that He acts out of hate and love, and hence is not self-existent. Since He is not self-existent, all things are not made by Him."</li></ul><p> In his <i>Hymn to the Inconceivable</i> (<i>Acintyastava</i>), Nagarjuna attacks this belief in two verses:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>33. Just as the work of a magician is empty of substance, all the rest of the world has been said by you to be empty of substance—including a creator deity. 34. If the creator is created by another, he cannot avoid being created and, consequently, is not permanent. Alternatively, if he creates himself, it implies that the creator is the agent of the activity affecting himself, which is absurd.</p></blockquote><p>Nagarjuna also argues against a Creator in his <i>Bodhicittavivaraṇa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, in his <i>Letter to a Friend</i>, he also rejects the idea of a creator deity:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p> The <a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">aggregates</a> (come) not from a triumph of wishing, not from (permanent) <abbr>time</abbr>, not from <abbr>primal matter</abbr>, not from an <abbr>essential nature</abbr>, not from the Powerful Creator Ishvara, and not from having no <abbr>cause</abbr>. Know that they <abbr>arise</abbr> from <abbr>unawareness</abbr>, karmic actions, and <abbr>craving</abbr>.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81viveka" title="Bhāviveka">Bhāviveka</a> (c. 500 – c. 578) also critiques the idea in his <i>Madhyamakahṛdaya</i> (Heart of the Middle Way, ch. III).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A later Madhyamaka philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Chandrakirti" title="Chandrakirti">Candrakīrti</a>, states in his <i>Introduction to the Middle Way</i> (6.114): "Because things (bhava) are not produced without a cause (hetu), from a creator god (isvara), from themselves, another or both, they are always produced in dependence [on conditions]."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shantideva" title="Shantideva">Shantideva</a> (c. 8th century), in the 9th chapter of his <i><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattvacary%C4%81vat%C4%81ra" title="Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra">Bodhicaryāvatāra</a></i>, states: </p> <blockquote><p>'God is the cause of the world.' Tell me, who is God? The elements? Then why all the trouble about a mere word? (119) Besides, the elements are manifold, impermanent, without intelligence or activity; without anything divine or venerable; impure. Also such elements as earth, etc., are not God.(120) Neither is space God; space lacks activity, nor is <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">atman</a>—that we have already excluded. Would you say that God is too great to conceive? An unthinkable creator is likewise unthinkable, so that nothing further can be said.<sup id="cite_ref-Dargyay,_Eva_K_1985_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dargyay,_Eva_K_1985-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creator_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vasubandhu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seshin_Vasubandhu_Kofukuji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Seshin_Vasubandhu_Kofukuji.jpg/220px-Seshin_Vasubandhu_Kofukuji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Seshin_Vasubandhu_Kofukuji.jpg/330px-Seshin_Vasubandhu_Kofukuji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Seshin_Vasubandhu_Kofukuji.jpg/440px-Seshin_Vasubandhu_Kofukuji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="1018" /></a><figcaption>Vasubandhu: Wood, 186 cm height, about 1208, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Kōfuku-ji">Kofukuji Temple</a>, Nara, Japan</figcaption></figure><p> The 5th-century Buddhist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a> argued that a creator's singular identity is incompatible with creating the world in his <i><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmakosha" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidharmakosha">Abhidharmakosha</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-unm.edu_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unm.edu-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He states (AKB, chapter 2):</p><blockquote><p> The universe does not originate from one single cause (<i>ekaṃ kāraṇam</i>) which may be called God/Supreme Lord (<a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Īśvara</a>), Self (<a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Puruṣa</a>), Primal Source (<a href="/wiki/Pradhana" title="Pradhana">Pradhāna</a>) or any other name.</p></blockquote><p> Vasubandhu then proceeds to outline various arguments for and against the existence of a creator deity or single cause. In the argument that follows, the Buddhist non-theist begins by stating that if the universe arose from a single cause, "things would arise all at the same time: but everyone sees that they arise successively".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theist responds that things arise in succession because of the power of God's wishes; he thus wills things to arise in succession. The Buddhist responds: "then things do not arise from a single cause, because the desires (of God) are multiple". Furthermore, these desires would have to be simultaneous, but since God is not multiple, things would all arise at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theist now responds that God's desires are not simultaneous, "because God, in order to produce his desires, takes into account other causes". The Buddhist replies that if this is the case, then God is not the single cause of everything, and furthermore, he then relies on causes that are also dependent on other causes (and so on).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Then the question of why God creates the world is taken up. The theist states that it is for God's own joy. The Buddhist responds that in this case, God is not lord over his own joy since he cannot create it without an external mean, and "if he is not Sovereign with respect to his own joy, how can he be Sovereign with respect to the world?"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the Buddhist also adds:</p><blockquote><p> Besides, do you say that God finds joy in seeing the creatures which he has created in the prey of all the distress of existence, including the tortures of the hells? Homage to this kind of God! The profane stanza expresses it well: "One calls him Rudra because he burns, because he is sharp, fierce, redoubtable, an eater of flesh, blood and marrow.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Furthermore, the Buddhist states that the followers of God as a single cause deny observable cause and effect. If they modify their position to accept observable causes and effects as auxiliaries to their God, "this is nothing more than a pious affirmation, because we do not see the activity of a (Divine) Cause next to the activity of the causes called <i>secondary</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Buddhist also argues that since God did not have a beginning, the creation of the world by God would also not have a beginning (contrary to the claims of the theists). Vasubandhu states: "the Theist might say that the work of God is the [first] creation [of the world] (<i>ādisarga</i>): but it would follow that creation, dependent only on God, would never have a beginning, like God himself. This is a consequence which the Theist rejects."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vasubandhu finishes this section of his commentary by stating that sentient beings wander from birth to birth doing various actions, experiencing the effects of their karma and "falsely thinking that God is the cause of this effect. We must explain the truth in order to put an end to this false conception."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Yogacara_philosophers">Other Yogacara philosophers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creator_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other Yogacara philosophers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chinese monk <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> (fl. c. 602–664) studied Buddhism in India during the seventh century, staying at <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>. There, he studied the <a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a> teachings passed down from <a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a> and Vasubandhu and taught to him by the abbot <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%ABlabhadra" title="Śīlabhadra">Śīlabhadra</a>. In his work <i><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Weishi_Lun" title="Cheng Weishi Lun">Cheng Weishi Lun</a></i> (Skt. <i>Vijñāptimātratāsiddhi śāstra</i>), Xuanzang refutes a "Great Lord" or Great Brahmā doctrine:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>According to one doctrine, there is a great, self-existent deity whose substance is real and who is all-pervading, eternal, and the producer of all phenomena. This doctrine is unreasonable. If something produces something, it is not eternal, the non-eternal is not all-pervading, and what is not all-pervading is not real. If the deity's substance is all-pervading and eternal, it must contain all powers and be able to produce all <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharmas</a> everywhere, at all times, and simultaneously. If he produces dharma when a desire arises, or according to conditions, this contradicts the doctrine of a single cause. Or else, desires and conditions would arise spontaneously since the cause is eternal. Other doctrines claim that there is a great Brahma, a Time, a Space, a Starting Point, a Nature, an Ether, a Self, etc., that is eternal and really exists, is endowed with all powers, and is able to produce all dharmas. We refute all these in the same way we did the concept of the Great Lord.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The 7th-century Buddhist scholar <a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakīrti</a> advances a number of arguments against the existence of a creator god in his <i>Pramāṇavārtika</i>, following in the footsteps of Vasubandhu.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Śāntarakṣita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamala%C5%9B%C4%ABla" title="Kamalaśīla">Kamalaśīla</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85karanandana" title="Śaṅkaranandana">Śaṅkaranandana</a> (fl. c. 9th or 10th century), and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1anasrimitra" title="Jñanasrimitra">Jñānaśrīmitra</a> (fl. 975–1025), also continued to write and develop the Buddhist anti-theistic arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 11th-century Buddhist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ratnak%C4%ABrti" title="Ratnakīrti">Ratnakīrti</a>, at the former university at Vikramashila (now Bhagalpur, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>), criticized the arguments for the existence of a God-like being called Isvara that emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Nyaya#On_God_and_salvation" title="Nyaya">Navya-Nyaya sub-school of Hinduism</a> in his "Refutation of Arguments Establishing Īśvara" (<i>Īśvara-sādhana-dūṣaṇa</i>). These arguments are similar to those used by other sub-schools of Hinduism and Jainism that questioned the Navya-Nyaya theory of a dualistic creator.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theravada_Buddhists">Theravada Buddhists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creator_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Theravada Buddhists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> commentator <a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a> also specifically denied the concept of a Creator. He wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>"For there is no god Brahma. The maker of the conditioned world of rebirths. Phenomena alone flow on. Conditioned by the coming together of causes." (<i><a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a></i> 603).<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey,_Peter_2019_p._1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey,_Peter_2019_p._1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mahayana_and_theism">Mahayana and theism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creator_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mahayana and theism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jin_Dynasty_Vairocana_(%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5,_D%C3%A0r%C3%AC_R%C3%BAl%C3%A1i;_%E6%AF%98%E7%9B%A7%E9%81%AE%E9%82%A3%E4%BD%9B,_P%C3%ADl%C3%BAzh%C4%93n%C3%A0_F%C3%B3),_one_of_Five_Tathagathas_(%E4%BA%94%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%9B_W%C7%94f%C4%81ngf%C3%B3)_or_Five_Wisdom_Buddhas_(%E4%BA%94%E6%99%BA%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5_W%C7%94zh%C3%AC_R%C3%BAl%C3%A1i)_at_Shanhua_Temple_(%E5%96%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AF%BA),_Shanxi,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jin_Dynasty_Vairocana_%28%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5%2C_D%C3%A0r%C3%AC_R%C3%BAl%C3%A1i%3B_%E6%AF%98%E7%9B%A7%E9%81%AE%E9%82%A3%E4%BD%9B%2C_P%C3%ADl%C3%BAzh%C4%93n%C3%A0_F%C3%B3%29%2C_one_of_Five_Tathagathas_%28%E4%BA%94%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%9B_W%C7%94f%C4%81ngf%C3%B3%29_or_Five_Wisdom_Buddhas_%28%E4%BA%94%E6%99%BA%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5_W%C7%94zh%C3%AC_R%C3%BAl%C3%A1i%29_at_Shanhua_Temple_%28%E5%96%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AF%BA%29%2C_Shanxi%2C_China.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jin_Dynasty_Vairocana_%28%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5%2C_D%C3%A0r%C3%AC_R%C3%BAl%C3%A1i%3B_%E6%AF%98%E7%9B%A7%E9%81%AE%E9%82%A3%E4%BD%9B%2C_P%C3%ADl%C3%BAzh%C4%93n%C3%A0_F%C3%B3%29%2C_one_of_Five_Tathagathas_%28%E4%BA%94%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%9B_W%C7%94f%C4%81ngf%C3%B3%29_or_Five_Wisdom_Buddhas_%28%E4%BA%94%E6%99%BA%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5_W%C7%94zh%C3%AC_R%C3%BAl%C3%A1i%29_at_Shanhua_Temple_%28%E5%96%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AF%BA%29%2C_Shanxi%2C_China.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jin_Dynasty_Vairocana_%28%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5%2C_D%C3%A0r%C3%AC_R%C3%BAl%C3%A1i%3B_%E6%AF%98%E7%9B%A7%E9%81%AE%E9%82%A3%E4%BD%9B%2C_P%C3%ADl%C3%BAzh%C4%93n%C3%A0_F%C3%B3%29%2C_one_of_Five_Tathagathas_%28%E4%BA%94%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%9B_W%C7%94f%C4%81ngf%C3%B3%29_or_Five_Wisdom_Buddhas_%28%E4%BA%94%E6%99%BA%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5_W%C7%94zh%C3%AC_R%C3%BAl%C3%A1i%29_at_Shanhua_Temple_%28%E5%96%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AF%BA%29%2C_Shanxi%2C_China.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1361" /></a><figcaption>Statue of the cosmic Buddha <a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a>, Shanhua Temple, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <p>Mahayana Buddhist traditions have more complex Buddhologies, which often contain a figure variously termed the <a href="/wiki/Eternal_Buddha" title="Eternal Buddha">Eternal Buddha</a>, "Supreme Buddha", the One Original Buddha, or <a href="/wiki/Adi-Buddha" title="Adi-Buddha">Adi-Buddha</a> (primordial Buddha or first Buddha).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahayana_buddhology_and_theism">Mahayana buddhology and theism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creator_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mahayana buddhology and theism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ming_Bronze_Vairocana_Buddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ming_Bronze_Vairocana_Buddha.jpg/220px-Ming_Bronze_Vairocana_Buddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ming_Bronze_Vairocana_Buddha.jpg/330px-Ming_Bronze_Vairocana_Buddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ming_Bronze_Vairocana_Buddha.jpg/440px-Ming_Bronze_Vairocana_Buddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A Ming bronze of the Buddha <a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Mahāvairocana</a>, which depicts his body as being composed of numerous other Buddhas.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mahayana Buddhist interpretations of the Buddha as a <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">supreme being</a>, which is eternal, all-compassionate, and existing on a cosmic scale, have been compared to <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theism</a> by various scholars. For example, Guang Xing describes the Mahayana Buddha as an <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotent</a> and almighty divinity "endowed with numerous supernatural attributes and qualities".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Mahayana, a fully awakened Buddha (such as <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a>) is held to be <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscient</a> as well as having other qualities, such as infinite wisdom, an immeasurable life, and boundless compassion.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhism</a>, Buddhas are often seen as also having eternal life.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Paul Williams, in Mahayana, a Buddha is often seen as "a spiritual king, relating to and caring for the world".<sup id="cite_ref-:822_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:822-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various authors, such as F. Sueki, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Duckworth" title="Douglas Duckworth">Douglas Duckworth</a>, and Fabio Rambelli, have described Mahayana Buddhist views using the term "<a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>" (the belief that God and the universe are identical).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Samuel" title="Geoffrey Samuel">Geoffrey Samuel</a> has compared Tibetan Buddhist Buddhology with the related view of <a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">panentheism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Duckworth draws on positive Mahayana conceptions of <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">buddha-nature</a>, which he explains as a "positive foundation" and "a pure essence residing in temporarily obscured sentient beings".<sup id="cite_ref-:6_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He compares various Mahayana interpretations of Buddha-nature (Tibetan and East Asian) with a pantheist view that sees all things as divine and that "undoes the duality between the divine and the world".<sup id="cite_ref-:6_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar fashion, Eva K. Neumaier compares Mahayana Buddha-nature teachings that point to a source of all things with the theology of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a> (1401–1464), who described God as an essence and the world as a manifestation of God.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>José Ignacio Cabezón notes that while Mahayana sources reject a universal creator God that stands apart from the world, as well as any single creation event for the entire universe, Mahayanists do accept "localized" creation of specific worlds by the Buddhas and bodhisattvas as well as the idea that any world is jointly created by the collective karmic forces of all the beings who reside in them.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddha-created worlds are termed "<a href="/wiki/Pure_land" title="Pure land">Buddha-fields</a>" (or "pure lands"), and their creation is seen as a key activity of the Buddhas and bodhisattvas.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much comparative work has also been done on Mahayana Buddhist thought and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Whiteheadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">process theology</a>. Scholars who have worked in this include <a href="/wiki/Jay_McDaniel" title="Jay McDaniel">Jay B. McDaniel</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_B._Cobb" title="John B. Cobb">John B. Cobb, Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Ray_Griffin" title="David Ray Griffin">David R. Griffin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Shen" title="Vincent Shen">Vincent Shen</a>, John S. Yokota, Steve Odin, and Linyin Gu.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these figures have also been involved in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Buddhist–Christian</a> dialogue.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cobb sees many affinities with the Buddhist ideas of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">emptiness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">not-self</a> and Whitehead's view of God. He has incorporated these into his own process theology.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar fashion, some Buddhist thinkers, like <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hirota" title="Dennis Hirota">Dennis Hirota</a> and John S. Yokota, have developed Buddhist theologies that draw on process theology.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asian_Buddhism_and_theism">East Asian Buddhism and theism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creator_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: East Asian Buddhism and theism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Womb_World_from_Mandala_of_the_Two_Worlds_(Kong%C5%8Dkai_Taiz%C5%8Dkai_mandara)_(CBL_J_1216.2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Womb_World_from_Mandala_of_the_Two_Worlds_%28Kong%C5%8Dkai_Taiz%C5%8Dkai_mandara%29_%28CBL_J_1216.2%29.jpg/220px-Womb_World_from_Mandala_of_the_Two_Worlds_%28Kong%C5%8Dkai_Taiz%C5%8Dkai_mandara%29_%28CBL_J_1216.2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Womb_World_from_Mandala_of_the_Two_Worlds_%28Kong%C5%8Dkai_Taiz%C5%8Dkai_mandara%29_%28CBL_J_1216.2%29.jpg/330px-Womb_World_from_Mandala_of_the_Two_Worlds_%28Kong%C5%8Dkai_Taiz%C5%8Dkai_mandara%29_%28CBL_J_1216.2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Womb_World_from_Mandala_of_the_Two_Worlds_%28Kong%C5%8Dkai_Taiz%C5%8Dkai_mandara%29_%28CBL_J_1216.2%29.jpg/440px-Womb_World_from_Mandala_of_the_Two_Worlds_%28Kong%C5%8Dkai_Taiz%C5%8Dkai_mandara%29_%28CBL_J_1216.2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7237" data-file-height="10748" /></a><figcaption>Womb World Mandala (<i>Kongōkai Taizōkai mandara</i>) with Mahāvairocana Buddha at the center, hanging scroll, Japan, 15th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a> Buddhism, the supreme Buddha <a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a> is seen as the "cosmic Buddha", with an infinite body that comprises the entire universe and whose light penetrates every particle in the <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a religious pamphlet from <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Tōdai-ji</a> temple in Japan (the headquarters of Japanese Huayan), "Vairocana Buddha exists everywhere and every time in the Universe, and the Universe itself is his body. At the same time, the songs of birds, the colors of flowers, the currents of streams, the figures of clouds—all these are the sermon of Buddha".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Francis Cook argues that Vairocana is not a god, nor has the functions of a monotheistic god, since he is not a creator of the universe, nor a judge or father who governs the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a>, meanwhile, has written that the idea of the Buddha's "cosmic body", who is both the cosmos and its creator, "is very close to the idea of God in the theistic religions".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Lin Weiyu writes that the Huayan school interprets Vairocana as "omnipresent, omnipotent and identical to the universe itself".<sup id="cite_ref-:03_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Lin, the Huayan commentator <a href="/wiki/Fazang" title="Fazang">Fazang</a>'s conception of Vairocana contains "elements that approach Vairocana to the monotheistic God".<sup id="cite_ref-:03_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Lin also notes that this Buddha is contained within a broader Buddhist metaphysics of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">emptiness</a>, which tempers the reification of this Buddha as a monotheistic creator god.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a> Buddhist view of the Supreme Buddha <a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Mahāvairocana</a>, whose body is seen as being the whole universe, has also been called "<a href="/wiki/Cosmotheism" title="Cosmotheism">cosmotheism</a>" (the idea that the cosmos is God) by scholars like Charles Eliot, <a href="/wiki/Hajime_Nakamura" title="Hajime Nakamura">Hajime Nakamura</a>, and Masaharu Anesaki.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fabio Rambelli terms it a kind of pantheism, the main doctrine of which is that Mahāvairocana's <a href="/wiki/Dharmak%C4%81ya" title="Dharmakāya">Dharma body</a> is co-substantial with the universe and is the very substance that the universe consists of. Furthermore, this cosmic Buddha is seen as making use of all the sounds, thoughts, and forms in the universe to preach the Buddha's teaching to others. Thus, all forms, thoughts, and sounds in the universe are seen as manifestations and teachings of the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tantric_Adi-Buddha_theory_and_theism">Tantric Adi-Buddha theory and theism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creator_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tantric Adi-Buddha theory and theism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adi_Buddha_Samantabhadra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Adi_Buddha_Samantabhadra.jpg/220px-Adi_Buddha_Samantabhadra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Adi_Buddha_Samantabhadra.jpg/330px-Adi_Buddha_Samantabhadra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Adi_Buddha_Samantabhadra.jpg/440px-Adi_Buddha_Samantabhadra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="2644" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adi-Buddha" title="Adi-Buddha">Adi-Buddha</a> Samantabhadra, a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Ground_(Dzogchen)" title="Ground (Dzogchen)">ground</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> thought</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/B._Alan_Wallace" title="B. Alan Wallace">B. Alan Wallace</a> writes on how the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> concept of the primordial Buddha (<a href="/wiki/Adi-Buddha" title="Adi-Buddha">Adi-Buddha</a>) is sometimes seen as forming the foundation of both <i><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">saṃsāra</a></i> (the world of suffering) and <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">nirvana</a> (liberation). This view, according to Wallace, holds that "the entire universe consists of nothing other than displays of this infinite, radiant, empty awareness."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, Wallace notes similarities between these Vajrayana doctrines and notions of a divine creative "<a href="/wiki/Ground_(Dzogchen)" title="Ground (Dzogchen)">ground of being</a>". He writes: "a careful analysis of Vajrayana Buddhist cosmogony, specifically as presented in the Atiyoga (Dzogchen) tradition of Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, which presents itself as the culmination of all Buddhist teachings, reveals a theory of a transcendent ground of being and a process of creation that bear remarkable similarities with views presented in <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonic</a> Western Christian theories of creation."<sup id="cite_ref-shambhala.com_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shambhala.com-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further comments that the three views "have so much in common that they could almost be regarded as varying interpretations of a single theory".<sup id="cite_ref-shambhala.com_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shambhala.com-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Douglas Duckworth sees Tibetan tantric Buddhism as "pantheist to the core", since "in its most profound expressions (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">highest Yoga tantra</a>), all dualities between the divine and the world are radically undone". According to Duckworth, in Vajrayana, "the divine is seen within the world, and the infinite within the finite."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eva K. Neumaier-Dargyay notes that the Dzogchen tantra called the <i><a href="/wiki/Kulayar%C4%81ja_Tantra" title="Kulayarāja Tantra">Kunjed Gyalpo</a></i> ("all-creating king") uses symbolic language for the Adi-Buddha Samantabhadra, which is reminiscent of theism.<sup id="cite_ref-Dargyay,_Eva_K_1985_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dargyay,_Eva_K_1985-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neumaier-Dargyay considers the <i>Kunjed Gyalpo</i> to contain theistic-sounding language, such as positing a single "cause of all that exists" (including all Buddhas). However, she also writes that this language is symbolic and points to an impersonal "ground of all existence", or primordial basis, which is "the mind of perfect purity" that underlies all that exists.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander Studholme also points to how the <i><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Davy%C5%ABhas%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra">Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra</a></i> presents the great <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> as a kind of supreme lord of the cosmos and as the progenitor of various heavenly bodies and divinities (such as the Sun and Moon, the deities Shiva and Vishnu, etc.)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avalokiteśvara himself is seen, in the versified version of the sutra, to be an emanation of the first Buddha, the Adi-Buddha, who is called <i>svayambhu</i> (self-existent, not born from anything or anyone) and the "primordial lord" (<i>Adinatha</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adi-Buddha_as_non-theistic">Adi-Buddha as non-theistic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creator_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Adi-Buddha as non-theistic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandala_Depicting_Kalachakra_and_Vishvamata,_Tibet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mandala_Depicting_Kalachakra_and_Vishvamata%2C_Tibet.jpg/220px-Mandala_Depicting_Kalachakra_and_Vishvamata%2C_Tibet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mandala_Depicting_Kalachakra_and_Vishvamata%2C_Tibet.jpg/330px-Mandala_Depicting_Kalachakra_and_Vishvamata%2C_Tibet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mandala_Depicting_Kalachakra_and_Vishvamata%2C_Tibet.jpg/440px-Mandala_Depicting_Kalachakra_and_Vishvamata%2C_Tibet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a> mandala, which symbolically depicts the entire universe as a divine field of Buddha activity.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> sees this deity (called Samantabhadra) as a symbol for ultimate reality, "the realm of the Dharmakaya – the space of emptiness".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also quite clear that "the theory that God is the creator, is almighty, and permanent is in contradiction to Buddhist teachings... For Buddhists the universe has no first cause, and hence no creator, nor can there be such a thing as a permanent, primordially pure being."<sup id="cite_ref-:11_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further discussing the doctrine of the Adi-Buddha, the Dalai Lama writes that the tantric Buddhist tradition explains ultimate reality in terms of "<a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">inherent clear light</a>, the essential nature of the mind" and that this seems to imply "that all phenomena, samsara and nirvana, arise from this clear and luminous source".<sup id="cite_ref-:11_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This doctrine of an "ultimate source", says the Dalai Lama, seems close to the notion of a Creator, since all phenomena, whether they belong to samsara or nirvana, originate therein".<sup id="cite_ref-:11_52-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he warns that we not think of this as a Creator God, since the clear light is not "a sort of collective clear light, analogous to the non-Buddhist concept of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> as a substratum. We must not be inclined to deify this luminous space. We must understand that when we speak of ultimate or inherent clear light, we are speaking on an individual level. When, in the tantric context, we say that all worlds appear out of clear light, we do not visualize this source as a unique entity, but as the ultimate clear light of each being... It would be a grave error to conceive of it as an independent and autonomous existence from beginningless time."<sup id="cite_ref-:11_52-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The Dzogchen master <a href="/wiki/Namkhai_Norbu" title="Namkhai Norbu">Namkhai Norbu</a> also argued that this figure is not a Creator God but is a symbol for a state of consciousness and a personification of the <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen#Gzhi_(basis)" title="Dzogchen">ground or basis (<i>ghzi</i>)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> thought.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norbu explains that the Dzogchen idea of the Adi-Buddha Samantabhadra "should be mainly understood as a metaphor to enable us to discover our real condition".<sup id="cite_ref-:7_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further adds that:</p><blockquote><p>If we deem Samantabhadra an individual being, we are far from the true meaning. In reality, he denotes our potentiality that, even though at the present moment we are in samsara, has never been conditioned by dualism. From the beginning, the state of the individual has been pure and always remains pure: this is what Samantabhadra represents. But when we fall into conditioning, it is as if we are no longer Samantabhadra because we are ignorant of our true nature. So what is called the primordial Buddha, or Adibuddha, is only a metaphor for our true condition.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Regarding the term Adi-Buddha as used in the tantric <a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a> tradition, Vesna Wallace notes:</p><blockquote><p>when the <a href="/wiki/Kalacakra" title="Kalacakra">Kalacakra</a> tradition speaks of the Adibuddha in the sense of a beginningless and endless Buddha, it is referring to the innate gnosis that pervades the minds of all sentient beings and stands as the basis of both samsara and nirvana. Whereas, when it speaks of the Adibuddha as the one who first attained perfect enlightenment by means of imperishable bliss, and when it asserts the necessity of acquiring merit and knowledge in order to attain perfect Buddhahood, it is referring to the actual realization of one's own innate gnosis. Thus, one could say that in the Kalacakra tradition, Adibuddha refers to the ultimate nature of one's own mind and to the one who has realized the innate nature of one's own mind by means of purificatory practices.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Jim Valby notes that the "All-Creating King" (<i>Kunjed Gyalpo</i>, i.e., the primordial Buddha) of Dzogchen thought and its companion deities "are not gods, but are symbols for different aspects of our primordial enlightenment. Kunjed Gyalpo is our timeless Pure Perfect Presence beyond cause and effect. Sattvavajra is our ordinary, analytical, judgmental presence inside time that depends upon cause and effect."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Buddhist_anti-theism">Modern Buddhist anti-theism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creator_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern Buddhist anti-theism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OuyiZhixu4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/OuyiZhixu4.jpg/220px-OuyiZhixu4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/OuyiZhixu4.jpg/330px-OuyiZhixu4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/OuyiZhixu4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ouyi_Zhixu" title="Ouyi Zhixu">Ouyi Zhixu</a>, a Chinese Buddhist figure of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The modern era brought Buddhists into contact with the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Attempts to convert Buddhist nations to Christianity through missionary work were countered by Buddhist attempts at refutations of Christian doctrine and led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist Modernism</a>. The earliest Christian attempts to refute Buddhism and criticize its teachings were those of Jesuits like <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Valignano" title="Alessandro Valignano">Alessandro Valignano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michele_Ruggieri" title="Michele Ruggieri">Michele Ruggieri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These attacks were answered by Asian Buddhists, who wrote critiques of Christianity, often centered on refuting Christian theism. Perhaps the earliest such attempt was that of the Chinese monk <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Hong" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu Hong">Zhu Hong</a> (祩宏, 1535–1615), who authored <i>Four Essays on Heaven</i> (天說四端). Another influential Chinese Buddhist critic of Christian theism was Xu Dashou (許大受), who wrote a long and systematic refutation of Christianity, titled <i>Zuopi</i> (<i>佐闢</i>, "help to the refutation"), which attempts to refute Christianity from the point of view of three Chinese traditions (Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monk <a href="/wiki/Ouyi_Zhixu" title="Ouyi Zhixu">Ouyi Zhixu</a> (蕅益智旭, 1599–1655) later wrote the <i>Bixie ji</i> ("Collected Essays Refuting Heterodoxy"), which specifically attacks Christianity on the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a> as well as relying on classical <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> ethics. According to Beverley Foulks, in his essays, Zhixu "objects to the way Jesuits invest God with qualities of love, hatred, and the power to punish. He criticizes the notion that God would create humans to be both good and evil, and finally he questions why God would allow Lucifer to tempt humans towards evil."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japanese Buddhists</a> also wrote their own works to refute Christian theism. <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Fucan" title="Fabian Fucan">Fukansai Habian</a> (1565–1621) is perhaps one of the best-known of these critics, especially because he was a convert to Christianity who then became an <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostate</a> and wrote an anti-Christian polemic, titled <i>Deus Destroyed</i> (<i>Ha Daiusu</i>), in 1620.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zen monk Sessō Sōsai also wrote an important anti-Christian work, the <i>Argument for the Extinction of Heresy</i> (<i>Taiji Jashū Ron</i>), in which he argued that the Christian God is just the Vedic Brahma and that Christianity was a heretical form of Buddhism. His critiques were particularly influential on the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later Japanese Buddhists continued to write anti-theist critiques, focusing on Christianity. These figures include Kiyū Dōjin (a.k.a. Ugai Tetsujō 1814–91, who was a head of <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo-shū</a>), who wrote <i>Laughing at Christianity</i> (1869), and <a href="/wiki/Inoue_Enry%C5%8D" title="Inoue Enryō">Inoue Enryō</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kiri Paramore, the 19th-century Japanese attacks on Christianity tended to rely on more rationalistic and philosophical critiques than the Tokugawa-era critiques (which tended to be more driven by <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern Theravada Buddhists have also written various critiques of a Creator God, which reference Christian and modern theories of God. These works include A.L. De Silva's <i>Beyond Belief,</i> <a href="/wiki/Nyanaponika_Thera" title="Nyanaponika Thera">Nyanaponika Thera</a>'s <i>Buddhism and the God Idea</i> (1985), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunapala_Dharmasiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunapala Dharmasiri (page does not exist)">Gunapala Dharmasiri</a>'s <i>A Buddhist critique of the Christian concept of God</i> (1988). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creator_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism and Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Theosophy" title="Christianity and Theosophy">Christianity and Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_non-creationism" title="Jainism and non-creationism">Jainism and non-creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheistic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Nontheistic religions">Nontheistic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_the_creator_of_God" title="Problem of the creator of God">Problem of the creator of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghyang_Adi_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanghyang Adi Buddha">Sanghyang Adi Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheism in Buddhism">Polytheism in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creator_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Harvey,_Peter_2019_p._1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey,_Peter_2019_p._1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey,_Peter_2019_p._1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey,_Peter_2019_p._1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey,_Peter_2019_p._1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey,_Peter_2019_p._1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey, Peter (2019). <i>"Buddhism and Monotheism",</i> p. 1. Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaliaferro201335-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaliaferro201335_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaliaferro2013">Taliaferro 2013</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlackburnSamuels2003" class="citation book cs1">Blackburn, Anne M.; Samuels, Jeffrey (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ktWAQAk7XPkC&pg=PA128DQ">"II. Denial of God in Buddhism and the Reasons Behind It"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ktWAQAk7XPkC"><i>Approaching the Dhamma: Buddhist Texts and Practices in South and Southeast Asia</i></a>. Pariyatti. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ktWAQAk7XPkC&pg=PA128dq=god">128–146</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-928706-19-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-928706-19-9"><bdi>978-1-928706-19-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II.+Denial+of+God+in+Buddhism+and+the+Reasons+Behind+It&rft.btitle=Approaching+the+Dhamma%3A+Buddhist+Texts+and+Practices+in+South+and+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=128-146&rft.pub=Pariyatti&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-928706-19-9&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Anne+M.&rft.au=Samuels%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DktWAQAk7XPkC%26pg%3DPA128DQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt-Leukel (2006), pp. 1-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kapstein, Matthew T. <i>The Buddhist Refusal of Theism,</i> Diogenes 2005; 52; 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201336-8-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201336-8_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201336-8_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201336-8_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201336-8_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2013">Harvey 2013</a>, p. 36-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt-Leukel (2006), p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Alan Wallace, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shambhala.com/snowlion_articles/is-buddhism-really-nontheistic">Is Buddhism Really Non-Theistic?</a>". Snow Lion Newsletter, Volume 15, Number 1, Winter 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1059-3691">1059-3691</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zappulli, Davide Andrea (2022). <i>Towards a Buddhist theism.</i> Religious Studies, First View, pp. 1 – 13. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0034412522000725">10.1017/S0034412522000725</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keown, Damien (2013). <i>"Encyclopedia of Buddhism."</i> p. 162. Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhikkhu Bodhi (2005). <i>"In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon."</i> p. 37. Simon and Schuster.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayes, Richard P., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unm.edu/~rhayes/atheism.pdf">"Principled Atheism in the Buddhist Scholastic Tradition"</a>, <i>Journal of Indian Philosophy</i>, 16:1 (1988:Mar) pgs 5-6, 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayes, Richard P., "Principled Atheism in the Buddhist Scholastic Tradition", <i>Journal of Indian Philosophy</i>, 16:1 (1988:Mar) p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayes, Richard P., "Principled Atheism in the Buddhist Scholastic Tradition", <i>Journal of Indian Philosophy</i>, 16:1 (1988:Mar) pp. 9-10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Narada_Thera_2006_pp._268-269-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Narada_Thera_2006_pp._268-269_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narada_Thera_2006_pp._268-269_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narada_Thera_2006_pp._268-269_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Narada Thera (2006) <i>"The Buddha and His Teachings,"</i> pp. 268-269, Jaico Publishing House.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Westerhoff, Jan. “Creation in Buddhism” in Oliver, Simon. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Creation</i>, Oxford University Press, Oxford, forthcoming</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201337-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201337_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2013">Harvey 2013</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201336-37-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201336-37_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201336-37_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2013">Harvey 2013</a>, p. 36-37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nichols,_Michael_D._2019_p._70-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nichols,_Michael_D._2019_p._70_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nichols,_Michael_D._2019_p._70_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nichols, Michael D. (2019). <i>"Malleable Mara: Transformations of a Buddhist Symbol of Evil,"</i> p. 70. SUNY Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold Netland, Keith Yandell (2009). <i>"Buddhism: A Christian Exploration and Appraisal"</i>, pp. 184 - 186. InterVarsity Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold Netland, Keith Yandell (2009). <i>"Buddhism: A Christian Exploration and Appraisal"</i>, pp. 185 - 186. InterVarsity Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Narada Thera (2006) <i>"The Buddha and His Teachings,"</i> p. 271, Jaico Publishing House.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hsueh-Li Cheng. "Nāgārjuna's Approach to the Problem of the Existence of God" in Religious Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Jun. 1976), pp. 207-216 (10 pages), Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hsueh-li Cheng (1982). <i>Nagarjuna's Twelve Gate Treatise</i>, pp. 93-99. D. 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Routledge</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fenner, Peter (2012). <i>The Ontology of the Middle Way</i>, p. 85. Springer Science & Business Media</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dargyay,_Eva_K_1985-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dargyay,_Eva_K_1985_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dargyay,_Eva_K_1985_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dargyay, Eva K. "The Concept of a 'Creator God' in Tantric Buddhism". 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Lecture given at the National Conference of the American Academy of Religion, Boston, Mass., Nov. 1999, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shambhala.com-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shambhala.com_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shambhala.com_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Alan Wallace, "Is Buddhism Really Non-Theistic?" in Snow Lion Newsletter, Winter 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1059-3691">1059-3691</a>, Volume 15, Number 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.shambhala.com/snowlion_articles/is-buddhism-really-nontheistic/">https://www.shambhala.com/snowlion_articles/is-buddhism-really-nontheistic/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duckworth, Douglas. "Tibetan Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna", In Emmanuel, Steven M. (ed). (2013) <i>A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy</i>. Wiley-Blackwell, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Studholme, <i>The Origins of Om Manipadme Hum: A Study of the Karandavyuha Sutra</i>, SUNY, 2002, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Studholme, <i>The Origins of Om Manipadme Hum: A Study of the Karandavyuha Sutra</i>, SUNY, 2002, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Dalai Lama (2020). <i>Dzogchen: Heart Essence of the Great Perfection</i>. p. 188. Shambhala Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norbu & Clemente, 1999, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Norbu & Clemente, 1999, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace, Vesna (2001). <i>The Inner Kalacakratantra: A Buddhist Tantric View of the Individual,</i> p. 18. Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Valby, Jim (2016). <i>Ornament of the State of Samantabhadra – Commentary on the All-Creating King – Pure Perfect Presence – Great Perfection of All Phenomena</i>. Volume One, 2nd Edition, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meynard, Thierry (2017). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/jjs/4/3/article-p415_415.xml?language=en">Beyond Religious Exclusivism: The Jesuit Attacks against Buddhism and Xu Dashou’s Refutation of 1623.</a></i> Journal of Jesuit Studies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foulks, Beverley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinesebuddhiststudies.org/previous_issues/chbj2104-New_Foulks_CHBJ_V21.pdf"><i>Duplicitous Thieves: Ouyi Zhixu’s Criticism of Jesuit Missionaries in Late Imperial China.</i> Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127192916/https://chinesebuddhiststudies.org/previous_issues/chbj2104-New_Foulks_CHBJ_V21.pdf">Archived</a> 27 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2008, 21:55-75) Taipei: Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies 中華佛學學報第二十一期　頁55-75 (民國九十七年)，臺北：中華佛學研究所 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1017-7132">1017-7132</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elison, George (1988). <i>Deus Destroyed</i>. Cambridge: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. pp. 154–155. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-19962-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-19962-6">0-674-19962-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ananda, Jason; Storm, Josephson (2012). <i>The Invention of Religion in Japan</i>, p. 50. University of Chicago Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paramore. Kiri (2010). <i>Ideology and Christianity in Japan</i>, p. 8. Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paramore, Kiri. <i>Anti-Christian Ideas and National Ideology: Inoue Enryō and Inoue Tetsujirō’s Mobilization of Sectarian History in Meiji Japan.</i> Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies. Vol.9, No.1.  2009 Academy of East Asian Studies. pp.107-144</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creator_in_Buddhism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2013" class="citation cs2">Harvey, Peter (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC&q=buddhism%20introduction&pg=PA5"><i>An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices</i></a> (2nd ed.), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67674-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67674-8"><bdi>978-0-521-67674-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhism%3A+Teachings%2C+History+and+Practices&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-67674-8&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du0sg9LV_rEgC%26q%3Dbuddhism%2520introduction%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaliaferro2013" class="citation cs2">Taliaferro, Charles, ed. (2013), <i>The Routledge Companion to Theism</i>, New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-88164-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-88164-7"><bdi>978-0-415-88164-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Theism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-88164-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreator+in+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>de La Vallee Poussin, Louis (fr. trans.); Sangpo, Gelong Lodro (eng. trans.) (2012) <i>Abhidharmakośa-Bhāṣya of Vasubandhu Volume I.</i> Motilal Banarsidass Pubs. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3608-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3608-2">978-81-208-3608-2</a></li> <li>Norbu, Namkhai; Clemente, Adriano (1999). <i>The Supreme Source: The Kunjed Gyalpo, the Fundamental Tantra of Dzogchen Semde.</i> Snow Lion Publications.</li> <li>Schmidt-Leukel, Perry (Editor) (2006). <i>Buddhism, Christianity and the question of creation, karmic or divine</i>. Ashgate Publishing Limited.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theology" title="Template:Theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theology" title="Template talk:Theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conceptions_of_God" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> <i>and gods</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Singular god</a><br />theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_religion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_definition_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo%27s_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_faith" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By faith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Christian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" 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