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id="toc-Oppvekst_og_utdannelse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sammenfatning_av_virke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sammenfatning_av_virke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sammenfatning av virke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sammenfatning_av_virke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verk_og_oppdagelser_i_detaljer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verk_og_oppdagelser_i_detaljer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Verk og oppdagelser i detaljer</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Verk_og_oppdagelser_i_detaljer-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Verk og oppdagelser i detaljer</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Verk_og_oppdagelser_i_detaljer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kiralitet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kiralitet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Kiralitet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kiralitet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gjæring_og_pasteurisering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gjæring_og_pasteurisering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Gjæring og pasteurisering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gjæring_og_pasteurisering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sykdomsarbeid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sykdomsarbeid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Sykdomsarbeid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sykdomsarbeid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Silkeormer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silkeormer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Silkeormer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silkeormer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bakteriesykdommer_i_dyr_og_mennesker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakteriesykdommer_i_dyr_og_mennesker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Bakteriesykdommer i dyr og mennesker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakteriesykdommer_i_dyr_og_mennesker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rabies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rabies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Rabies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rabies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Død_og_etter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Død_og_etter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Død og etter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Død_og_etter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Priser_og_utmerkelser_(utvalg)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priser_og_utmerkelser_(utvalg)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Priser og utmerkelser (utvalg)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priser_og_utmerkelser_(utvalg)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Louis Pasteur</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 157 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-157" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">157 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – færøysk" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="færøysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – sveitsertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="sveitsertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%89%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8D%93%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B4" title="ሉዊ ፓስቴ – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሉዊ ፓስቴ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="لويس باستور – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويس باستور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – arpitansk" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="arpitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%27%E0%A7%B0" title="লুই পেষ্ট'ৰ – assamesisk" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লুই পেষ্ট'ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lui_Paster" title="Lui Paster – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lui Paster" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="لویی پاستور – søraserbajdsjansk" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لویی پاستور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="søraserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0" title="লুই পাস্তুর – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লুই পাস্তুর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луи Пастер – basjkirsk" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Луи Пастер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkirsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Луі Пастэр – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Луі Пастэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Люі Пастэр – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Люі Пастэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – sentralbikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="sentralbikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Луи Пастьор – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Луи Пастьор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луи Пастер – burjatisk" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Луи Пастер" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="burjatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луи Пастер – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Луи Пастер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="लुई पास्चर – doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="लुई पास्चर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81" title="Λουί Παστέρ – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λουί Παστέρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="لویی پاستور – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لویی پاستور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – fijiansk hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="fijiansk hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – skotsk-gælisk" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk-gælisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%88_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%B0" title="લૂઈ પાશ્ચર – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લૂઈ પાશ્ચર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – goansk konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="goansk konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4_%ED%8C%8C%EC%8A%A4%ED%87%B4%EB%A5%B4" title="루이 파스퇴르 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루이 파스퇴르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Լուի Պաստյոր – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուի Պաստյոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="लुई पास्चर – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लुई पास्चर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8" title="לואי פסטר – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לואי פסטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲೂಯಿಸ್ ಪಾಶ್ಚರ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲೂಯಿಸ್ ಪಾಶ್ಚರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ლუი პასტერი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუი პასტერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луи Пастер – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Луи Пастер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – kornisk" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луи Пастер – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Луи Пастер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovicus_Pasteur" title="Ludovicus Pasteur – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ludovicus Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luijs_Past%C4%93rs" title="Luijs Pastērs – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Luijs Pastērs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – luxemburgsk" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – livvisk" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="livvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lu%27is._pastyr." title="lu'is. pastyr. – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lu'is. pastyr." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – lombardisk" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="लुई पास्चर – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लुई पास्चर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луј Пастер – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Луј Пастер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – gassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="gassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%BC" title="ലൂയി പാസ്ചർ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലൂയി പാസ്ചർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – maltesisk" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="लुई पाश्चर – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लुई पाश्चर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ლუი პასტერი – mingrelsk" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლუი პასტერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="لوى باستور – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لوى باستور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="لویی پاستور – mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لویی پاستور" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – mirandesisk" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луи Пастер – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Луи Пастер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%85%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC" title="လူးဝစ် ပါစချာ – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူးဝစ် ပါစချာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="लुई पास्चर – nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लुई पास्चर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="लुई पास्चर – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लुई पास्चर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%82%B9%E3%83%84%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ルイ・パスツール – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイ・パスツール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Пастер, Луи – tsjetsjensk" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пастер, Луи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tsjetsjensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – nordfrisisk" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luuwii_Paaster" title="Luuwii Paaster – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Luuwii Paaster" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B0" title="ਲੁਈ ਪਾਸਚਰ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੁਈ ਪਾਸਚਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%86%D8%B1" title="لوئی پاسچر – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوئی پاسچر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BC%D8%B1" title="لوی پاسټر – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لوی پاسټر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – pikardisk" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="pikardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – piemontesisk" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – karakalpakisk" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луі Пастер – rusinsk" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Луі Пастер" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Пастер, Луи – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пастер, Луи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Пастер Луи – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пастер Луи" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D" title="लूयी पास्तग् – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लूयी पास्तग्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱥᱪᱚᱨ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱥᱪᱚᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lui_Past%C3%ABr" title="Lui Pastër – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lui Pastër" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="ලුවී පාස්චර් – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලුවී පාස්චර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – schlesisk" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="schlesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1" title="لوی پاستێر – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لوی پاستێر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луј Пастер – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Луј Пастер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – sundanesisk" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="இலூயி பாசுச்சர் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலூயி பாசுச்சர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwis_Pastur" title="Lwis Pastur – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lwis Pastur" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – kabylsk" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луи Пастер – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Луи Пастер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="లూయీ పాశ్చర్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లూయీ పాశ్చర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="หลุยส์ ปาสเตอร์ – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หลุยส์ ปาสเตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲೂಯಿ ಪ್ಯಾಶ್ಚರ್ – tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಲೂಯಿ ಪ್ಯಾಶ್ಚರ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%97_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луї Пастер – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Луї Пастер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%86%D8%B1" title="لوئیس پاسچر – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوئیس پاسچر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paster_Lui" title="Paster Lui – vepsisk" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Paster Lui" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepsisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – volapyk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteuri_Louis" title="Pasteuri Louis – sørestisk" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pasteuri Louis" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="sørestisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="巴斯特 – klassisk kinesisk" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="巴斯特" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="klassisk kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="路易·巴斯德 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="路易·巴斯德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="לואי פאסטער – jiddisk" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לואי פאסטער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%A3%AB%E5%BE%B7" title="路易·巴士德 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="路易·巴士德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loj%C4%97_Pasters" title="Lojė Pasters – samogitisk" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lojė Pasters" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="路易·巴斯德 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="路易·巴斯德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q529#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskusjon:Louis_Pasteur&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden (ikke skrevet ennå) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> 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td{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;background-color:#eee;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.geografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.biografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.transport tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bygning tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.infrastruktur tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.ekstrabred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad td{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24461009"><table class="infobox infoboks biografi fastbredde"><tbody><tr class="hode overskrift"><th colspan="4">Louis Pasteur</th></tr> <tr class="bilde" valign="top"><td colspan="4" class="sentrert"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Louis_Pasteur_(1822_-_1895),_microbiologist_and_chemist_Wellcome_V0026980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Louis_Pasteur_%281822_-_1895%29%2C_microbiologist_and_chemist_Wellcome_V0026980.jpg/250px-Louis_Pasteur_%281822_-_1895%29%2C_microbiologist_and_chemist_Wellcome_V0026980.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Louis_Pasteur_%281822_-_1895%29%2C_microbiologist_and_chemist_Wellcome_V0026980.jpg/375px-Louis_Pasteur_%281822_-_1895%29%2C_microbiologist_and_chemist_Wellcome_V0026980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Louis_Pasteur_%281822_-_1895%29%2C_microbiologist_and_chemist_Wellcome_V0026980.jpg/500px-Louis_Pasteur_%281822_-_1895%29%2C_microbiologist_and_chemist_Wellcome_V0026980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="3143" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr> <tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><span class="edit-props-marker edit-props-P1477 edit-props-P569 edit-props-P19">Født</span></th><td colspan="2"><span><a href="/wiki/27._desember" title="27. desember">27. des.</a> <a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-hash-57dd663014c8ecdcb298ef42b7982323241880fd_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-57dd663014c8ecdcb298ef42b7982323241880fd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-8c2a661bb7447a2b110455f104da2e591e0cccdf_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-8c2a661bb7447a2b110455f104da2e591e0cccdf-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-b2d14499b1e7c08c9432b53e9b1ec0268d2d751e_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-b2d14499b1e7c08c9432b53e9b1ec0268d2d751e-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-920abf293491a693d6fff7c47f1a46bf325c4e64_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-920abf293491a693d6fff7c47f1a46bf325c4e64-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="wb-edithandle" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529?uselang=nb#P569" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Dole_(Jura)" title="Dole (Jura)">Dole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Restaurasjonen_i_Frankrike" title="Restaurasjonen i Frankrike">Restaurasjonen i Frankrike</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-18874cd955fb5ee5b6cd23bb3bcbe7ec18126927_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-18874cd955fb5ee5b6cd23bb3bcbe7ec18126927-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><span class="edit-props-marker edit-props-P570 edit-props-P20 edit-props-P509">Død</span></th><td colspan="2"><span><a href="/wiki/28._september" title="28. september">28. sep.</a> <a href="/wiki/1895" title="1895">1895</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-hash-57dd663014c8ecdcb298ef42b7982323241880fd_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-57dd663014c8ecdcb298ef42b7982323241880fd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-8c2a661bb7447a2b110455f104da2e591e0cccdf_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-8c2a661bb7447a2b110455f104da2e591e0cccdf-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-920abf293491a693d6fff7c47f1a46bf325c4e64_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-920abf293491a693d6fff7c47f1a46bf325c4e64-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-fd0862da39959e2cb293624b2591ed130f59e05d_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-fd0862da39959e2cb293624b2591ed130f59e05d-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="wb-edithandle" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529?uselang=nb#P570" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> (72 år)<br />Château de Villeneuve-l'Étang<sup id="cite_ref-hash-25eb1a86c94fe440af726dd756d2f8c5483ff1af_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-25eb1a86c94fe440af726dd756d2f8c5483ff1af-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Marnes-la-Coquette" title="Marnes-la-Coquette">Marnes-la-Coquette</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike">Frankrike</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Beskjeftigelse</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mikrobiolog" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikrobiolog">Mikrobiolog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kjemiker" title="Kjemiker">kjemiker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universitetsl%C3%A6rer" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitetslærer">universitetslærer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biokjemiker" class="mw-redirect" title="Biokjemiker">biokjemiker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agronom" title="Agronom">agronom</a>, naturviter, <a href="/wiki/Biolog" class="mw-redirect" title="Biolog">biolog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Litograf" class="mw-redirect" title="Litograf">litograf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunstner" title="Kunstner">kunstner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botaniker" class="mw-redirect" title="Botaniker">botaniker</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529?uselang=nb#P106" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Embete</th><td colspan="2"><ul style="list-style:none none; padding:0px; margin:0px"><li>Fauteuil 17 de l'Académie française (1881–1895) <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529?uselang=nb#P39" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Akademisk grad</th><td colspan="2">Dr.med.<br />doktorgrad i naturvitenskap<br />honoris causa<br /><a href="/wiki/Filosofisk_doktorgrad" title="Filosofisk doktorgrad">ph.d.</a></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Utdannet ved</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure">École normale supérieure</a> (<span title="startdato: 1844">1844</span>–<span title="sluttdato: 1845">1845</span>) (akademisk grad: <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Saint-Louis" title="Lycée Saint-Louis">Lycée Saint-Louis</a><sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Universitetet_i_Paris" title="Universitetet i Paris">Universitetet i Paris, Sorbonne</a></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Doktorgrads-<br />veileder</th><td colspan="2">Antoine-Jérôme Balard<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Ektefelle</th><td colspan="2">Marie Pasteur (<span title="startdato: 29. mai 1849">1849</span>–)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Far</th><td colspan="2">Jean-Joseph Pasteur<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Barn</th><td colspan="2">Marie-Louise Pasteur<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Jean-Baptiste Pasteur</td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Nasjonalitet</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike">Frankrike</a><sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Gravlagt</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Institut_Pasteur" title="Institut Pasteur">Institut Pasteur</a> (<span title="startdato: 26. des. 1896">1896</span>–)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-9e348bd462bc1ab276612ab58e74c2451b952b0c_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-9e348bd462bc1ab276612ab58e74c2451b952b0c-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-3e56c05ad72f71c11d485fdeb42c9fe718e2d5f6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-3e56c05ad72f71c11d485fdeb42c9fe718e2d5f6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame" title="Notre-Dame">Notre-Dame de Paris</a> (–<span title="sluttdato: 26. des. 1896">1896</span>) (utsagn støttet av: Maxime Schwartz)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-9e348bd462bc1ab276612ab58e74c2451b952b0c_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-9e348bd462bc1ab276612ab58e74c2451b952b0c-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Medlem av</th><td colspan="2"> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sentrert">20 oppføringer</div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> (<span title="startdato: 29. apr. 1869">1869</span>–) (utenlandsk medlem av Royal Society)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-dd118ae22638aea0ada5fcc4b28474c1265901b5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-dd118ae22638aea0ada5fcc4b28474c1265901b5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Société philomathique de Paris<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Lille Academy of Sciences (<span title="startdato: 1854">1854</span>–)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie française">Académie française</a> (<span title="startdato: 8. des. 1881">1881</span>–<span title="sluttdato: 28. sep. 1895">1895</span>) (erstatter: Émile Littré, erstattet av: <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Paris" title="Gaston Paris">Gaston Paris</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-7e8640719adac2f57b5f17e55a7fac3e0d55ff07_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-7e8640719adac2f57b5f17e55a7fac3e0d55ff07-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Accademia_Nazionale_dei_Lincei" title="Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei">Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei</a><sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />American Philosophical Society<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (<span title="startdato: 1883">1883</span>–) (Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-757e4753c6072dfb329049414d9ad07e4b153b5d_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-757e4753c6072dfb329049414d9ad07e4b153b5d-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Vitenskapsakademiet i St. Petersburg<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Kungliga_Vetenskapsakademien" title="Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien">Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien</a><sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Det ungarske vitenskapsakademiet<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Det greske filologiske selskap i Konstantinopel grunnlagt 1861 (<span title="startdato: 1881">1881</span>–) (æresmedlem)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Det_franske_vitenskapsakademiet" title="Det franske vitenskapsakademiet">Det franske vitenskapsakademiet</a> (<span title="startdato: 1873">1873</span>–<span title="sluttdato: 1895">1895</span>) (erstattet av: Marcel Alexandre Bertrand)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-2ab4fdf09548cd7048578fa6c6ade9a204ffc797_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-2ab4fdf09548cd7048578fa6c6ade9a204ffc797-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />American Academy of Arts and Sciences<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Det_russiske_vitenskapsakademi" title="Det russiske vitenskapsakademi">Det russiske vitenskapsakademi</a><sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Serbias_vitenskaps-_og_kunstakademi" title="Serbias vitenskaps- og kunstakademi">Serbias vitenskaps- og kunstakademi</a><sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL (<span title="startdato: 1892">1892</span>–) (utanlandsk medlem)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-02db42058ee5c73b9cd759083f8a738bd511e08b_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-02db42058ee5c73b9cd759083f8a738bd511e08b-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Académie nationale de médecine<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Royal Academy of Medicine of Belgium<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </div> </td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Utmerkelser</th><td colspan="2"> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sentrert">20 oppføringer</div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content">Storkors av Æreslegionen (<span title="tidspunkt: 14. aug. 1868">1868</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-452c2c257911a1a95410900e6422290ce13d5405_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-452c2c257911a1a95410900e6422290ce13d5405-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Leeuwenhoek-medaljen (<span title="tidspunkt: 1895">1895</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Copleymedaljen" title="Copleymedaljen">Copleymedaljen</a> (<span title="tidspunkt: 1874">1874</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-51141e1514645682d6bef19e42d5903d35bb761e_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-51141e1514645682d6bef19e42d5903d35bb761e-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-df3e8274c84621aa5dd3feb76e163731f5cb6581_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-df3e8274c84621aa5dd3feb76e163731f5cb6581-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-12d3f196c4398b699302049b571fd978a4116960_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-12d3f196c4398b699302049b571fd978a4116960-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Rumfordmedaljen" title="Rumfordmedaljen">Rumfordmedaljen</a> (<span title="tidspunkt: 1856">1856</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Ridder av Ordenen for landbruksfortjenester (<span title="tidspunkt: 29. des. 1883">1883</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-c33f71fb3787a5e95bbcb9aaba8890830736e063_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-c33f71fb3787a5e95bbcb9aaba8890830736e063-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1. klasse av Sankta Annas orden<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a> (<span title="tidspunkt: 1978">1978</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6fbf483522ffec451917e71b051a1af77588f77a_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6fbf483522ffec451917e71b051a1af77588f77a-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Roseordenen" title="Roseordenen">Roseordenen</a> (<span title="tidspunkt: 1873">1873</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Jecker Prize (<span title="tidspunkt: 1861">1861</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Albert-medaljen (<span title="tidspunkt: 1882">1882</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Concours général<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Mecidi-ordenen" title="Mecidi-ordenen">Mecidi-ordenen</a> (<span title="tidspunkt: 8. jun. 1886">1886</span>)<br />1. klasse med briljanter av Sankta Annas orden<br />Utenlandsk medlem av Royal Society (<span title="tidspunkt: 29. apr. 1869">1869</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-dd118ae22638aea0ada5fcc4b28474c1265901b5_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-dd118ae22638aea0ada5fcc4b28474c1265901b5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Premio Bressa (<span title="tidspunkt: 1883">1883</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-d50c1ffafef7c1f41a3f1c640452703c855f1223_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-d50c1ffafef7c1f41a3f1c640452703c855f1223-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Cameron Prize of the University of Edinburgh<br /><a href="/wiki/Ridder_av_%C3%86reslegionen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridder av Æreslegionen">Ridder av Æreslegionen</a> (<span title="tidspunkt: 1853">1853</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-53fb40ef4f7ef09e437636501b38993acf0244c0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-53fb40ef4f7ef09e437636501b38993acf0244c0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Offiser_av_%C3%86reslegionen" class="mw-redirect" title="Offiser av Æreslegionen">Offiser av Æreslegionen</a> (<span title="tidspunkt: 1863">1863</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-53fb40ef4f7ef09e437636501b38993acf0244c0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-53fb40ef4f7ef09e437636501b38993acf0244c0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Kommand%C3%B8r_av_%C3%86reslegionen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kommandør av Æreslegionen">Kommandør av Æreslegionen</a> (<span title="tidspunkt: 1868">1868</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-53fb40ef4f7ef09e437636501b38993acf0244c0_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-53fb40ef4f7ef09e437636501b38993acf0244c0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Storoffiser_av_%C3%86reslegionen" class="mw-redirect" title="Storoffiser av Æreslegionen">Storoffiser av Æreslegionen</a> (<span title="tidspunkt: 1878">1878</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-53fb40ef4f7ef09e437636501b38993acf0244c0_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-53fb40ef4f7ef09e437636501b38993acf0244c0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </div> </td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Arbeidssted</th><td colspan="2"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sentrert">7 oppføringer</div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Universitetet_i_Strasbourg" title="Universitetet i Strasbourg">Université de Strasbourg</a> (<span title="startdato: 1848">1848</span>–)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Universitetet Lille (<span title="startdato: 1854">1854</span>–<span title="sluttdato: 1857">1857</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-c40bcf063e69768d781671775944f046a902a5e3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-c40bcf063e69768d781671775944f046a902a5e3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure">École normale supérieure</a> (<span title="startdato: 1857">1857</span>–)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lille" title="École centrale de Lille">École centrale de Lille</a><sup id="cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Universitet Lille Frankrike<br /><a href="/wiki/Institut_Pasteur" title="Institut Pasteur">Institut Pasteur</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Universitetet_Lille_I" title="Universitetet Lille I">Université Lille-I</a></div> </div></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Fagfelt</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kjemi" title="Kjemi">Kjemi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-v2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-v2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi">mikrobiologi</a><sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-v2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-v2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Doktorgrads-<br />studenter</th><td colspan="2">Victor Babeș<br />Émile Roux<br />Albert Calmette<br /><a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Gamaleja" title="Nikolaj Gamaleja">Nikolaj Gamaleja</a><br />Étienne Wasserzug</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Kjent for</th><td colspan="2">Rabiesvaksine (<span title="tidspunkt: 1885">1885</span>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Institut_Pasteur" title="Institut Pasteur">Institut Pasteur</a> (<span title="tidspunkt: 1888">1888</span>)</td></tr> <tr class="overskrift" valign="top"><td colspan="4">Signatur</td></tr> <tr class="bilde" valign="top"><td colspan="4" class="sentrert"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Louis_Pasteur_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Louis Pasteurs signatur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Louis_Pasteur_Signature.svg/250px-Louis_Pasteur_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Louis_Pasteur_Signature.svg/375px-Louis_Pasteur_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Louis_Pasteur_Signature.svg/500px-Louis_Pasteur_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr> <tr class="rad"><td colspan="4"><hr /><div class="sentrert"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Louis_Pasteur" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur på Commons</a></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Tableau_Louis_Pasteur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tableau_Louis_Pasteur.jpg/250px-Tableau_Louis_Pasteur.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tableau_Louis_Pasteur.jpg/375px-Tableau_Louis_Pasteur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Tableau_Louis_Pasteur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Louis Pasteur.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Louis Pasteur</b> (født <a href="/wiki/27._desember" title="27. desember">27. desember</a> <a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> i <a href="/wiki/Dole_(Jura)" title="Dole (Jura)">Dole</a>, død <a href="/wiki/28._september" title="28. september">28. september</a> <a href="/wiki/1895" title="1895">1895</a> i <a href="/wiki/Marnes-la-Coquette" title="Marnes-la-Coquette">Marnes-la-Coquette</a>) var en <a href="/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike">fransk</a> <a href="/wiki/Kjemiker" title="Kjemiker">kjemiker</a> og bakteriolog. Han har hatt stor betydning for dagens <a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi">mikrobiologi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fein_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fein-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-van_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det finnes en statue av han ved <a href="/wiki/San_Rafael_High_School" title="San Rafael High School">San Rafael High School</a> i <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oppvekst_og_utdannelse">Oppvekst og utdannelse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Oppvekst og utdannelse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Oppvekst og utdannelse"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pasteur ble født i familehuset i Dole og vokste opp i den nærliggende byen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbois (ikke skrevet ennå)">Arbois</a>. Han var den eneste sønnen av Jean Pasteur. På grunnskolen var Louis ikke noen lysende elev. Han foretrakk å fiske og å tegne framfor andre akademisk arbeid. </p><p>Hans malerier kan tyde på at han kunne ha blitt en framstående kunstner. Hans far, derimot, så ham ikke som en fremtidig kunstner, og Louis selv viste en økende interesse for <a href="/wiki/Kjemi" title="Kjemi">kjemi</a> og andre naturvitenskapelige emner. Det høyeste ønske faren Pasteur hadde for sin sønn var at han skulle fullføre sin utdannelse på den lokale skolen og bli lærer i Arbois. Men rektoren der så at Louis kunne egne seg til vitenskapelig arbeid og overbeviste far og sønn til å begynne på <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure">École normale supérieure</a> i <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, et særlig fremstående universitet. Der ble Pasteur utdannet i <a href="/wiki/Fysikk" title="Fysikk">fysikk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kjemi" title="Kjemi">kjemi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sammenfatning_av_virke">Sammenfatning av virke</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Sammenfatning av virke" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Sammenfatning av virke"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ved hjelp av enkle eksperimenter kunne Pasteur avvise <a href="/wiki/Spontan_generasjon" title="Spontan generasjon">Spontan generasjon</a> og avsluttet dette med en lang debatt om hvorvidt mikroorganismer kunne oppstå av seg selv. </p><p>Han var en av de første til å få <a href="/wiki/Sykehus" title="Sykehus">sykehusene</a> til å skifte sin praksis når det gjelder <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a> for å minimere spredningen av mikrobiologiske <a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">organismer</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Trenger_referanse" title="Hjelp:Trenger referanse"><span title="Foregående påstand trenger referanse">trenger referanse</span></a></i>]</sup> En annen ting han fant ut var at svake former for <a href="/wiki/Mikrobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikrobe">mikrober</a> kunne brukes for å gjøre kroppen <a href="/wiki/Resistens" title="Resistens">resistent</a> mot sterkere former for de samme mikrobene. Ved å gi <a href="/wiki/Kroppen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kroppen">kroppen</a> en liten dose av enkelte svake <a href="/wiki/Variant" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Variant">varianter</a> av sykdomsfrembringende mikroorganismer vil <a href="/wiki/Immunforsvar" title="Immunforsvar">immunforsvaret</a> utvikle <a href="/wiki/Antistoff" title="Antistoff">antistoffer</a> mot den spesifikke sykdommen. Dette arbeidet videreutviklet forståelsen av immunologi og <a href="/wiki/Vaksine" title="Vaksine">vaksinering</a>, en teknikk som har blitt viktig for å forebygge sykdommer som <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8de_hunder" title="Røde hunder">røde hunder</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kopper_(sykdom)" title="Kopper (sykdom)">kopper</a>. I tillegg oppdaget han <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruset</a> da han studerte <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>, en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundesykdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hundesykdom (ikke skrevet ennå)">hundesykdom</a> som kan overføres til mennesker ved bitt. <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> er små ikke-levende mikroorganismer som går inn i kroppen og overtar kontrollen av <a href="/wiki/Celle" title="Celle">celler</a>, det alt i kroppen er bygd opp av. Et eksempel på en virussykdom er <a href="/wiki/Covid-19" title="Covid-19">covid-19</a>. </p><p>Det Pasteur kanskje er mest kjent for er <i><a href="/wiki/Pasteurisering" title="Pasteurisering">pasteuriseringen</a></i>, en teknikk som blant annet er viktig i produksjon av <a href="/wiki/Melk" title="Melk">melk</a>. Pasteurisering er en teknikk for å drepe mikroorganismer uten å samtidig ødelegge selve maten. Det var <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> som ba Pasteur om å finne ut av sykdommene som var et stort problem i spesielt <a href="/wiki/Vin" title="Vin">vinindustrien</a>. Vin er jo som kjent en viktig vare for Frankrike. Han fant ut at vinsykdommene kom av mikroorganismer. Men ved å varme opp vinen til 55 °C i noen <a href="/wiki/Minutt" title="Minutt">minutter</a> døde organismene. Denne teknikken er i dag også mye brukt i <a href="/wiki/%C3%98l" title="Øl">øl</a> og melk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verk_og_oppdagelser_i_detaljer">Verk og oppdagelser i detaljer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Verk og oppdagelser i detaljer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Verk og oppdagelser i detaljer"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pasteur gjorde flere vitenskapelige oppdagelser. I et tidlig arbeid demonstrerte han <a href="/wiki/Kiralitet" title="Kiralitet">kiralitet</a> i molekyler, det vil si at disse finnes i en «venstrehendt» og en «høyrehendt» utgave. Han oppdaget <a href="/wiki/Anaerob" title="Anaerob">anaerobiose</a>, at noen organismer kan utvikle seg og leve uten oksygen. Gjennom forsøk bidro han også til å avvise teorien om <a href="/wiki/Spontan_generasjon" title="Spontan generasjon">spontan generasjon</a> av liv, og banet veien for den moderne teorien om <a href="/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier">bakterier</a> som grunnlag for sykdom. Pasteur hjalp fransk landbruk og industrier, som ølbrygging, vinmaking og silkeproduksjon, og lette etter kurer for sykdommer hos dyr og mennesker. Han arbeidet mye med <a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%A6ring" class="mw-disambig" title="Gjæring">gjæring</a> og <a href="/wiki/Parasitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitt">parasitter</a>, og laget tidlige <a href="/wiki/Vaksine" title="Vaksine">vaksiner</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kiralitet">Kiralitet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Kiralitet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Kiralitet"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Pcrystals.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pcrystals.svg/250px-Pcrystals.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pcrystals.svg/375px-Pcrystals.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pcrystals.svg/500px-Pcrystals.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Tegning av vinsyrekrystall med samme kjemiske sammensetning, men ulik oppbygging i rommet.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tidlig i karrieren, i 1848, undersøkte Pasteur hvorfor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinsyre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vinsyre (ikke skrevet ennå)">vinsyre</a> av organisk opphav var <a href="/w/index.php?title=Optisk_aktiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optisk aktiv (ikke skrevet ennå)">optisk aktiv</a>, men <a href="/wiki/Syntetisk" class="mw-disambig" title="Syntetisk">syntetisk</a> laget vinsyre ikke var det, selv om stoffene hadde nøyaktig samme sammensetning. Ved å studere krystall av syren under mikroskop, kunne han se at de fra syntetisk vinsyre fantes som speilbilde av hverandre. Ved å håndsortere de to ulike formene fikk han fram én optisk aktiv løsning som roterte <a href="/wiki/Polarisert_lys" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarisert lys">polarisert lys</a> med klokken, og én som roterte mot klokken. Med dette arbeidet grunnla Pasteur vitenskapsgrenen <a href="/wiki/Stereokjemi" title="Stereokjemi">stereokjemi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gjæring_og_pasteurisering"><span id="Gj.C3.A6ring_og_pasteurisering"></span>Gjæring og pasteurisering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Gjæring og pasteurisering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Gjæring og pasteurisering"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I tiden da Pasteur begynte sitt virke var det uklart hvorledes prosesser som gjæring og <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A5tning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Råtning (ikke skrevet ennå)">råtning</a> foregikk. Noen mente at gjær var en slags <a href="/wiki/Katalysator" title="Katalysator">katalysator</a>, andre at gjæren var et biprodukt av gjæringen. Én teori sa at slike organismer oppstod <a href="/wiki/Spontan_generasjon" title="Spontan generasjon">av seg selv</a>, en annen at mikroorganismer måtte tilføres fra noe annet. </p><p>I 1849 gjorde <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Biot" title="Jean-Baptiste Biot">Jean-Baptiste Biot</a> Pasteur oppmerksom på at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amylalkohol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amylalkohol (ikke skrevet ennå)">amylalkoholer</a> var optisk aktive. Pasteur mente det var lite sannsynlig at dette kom av at alkoholmolekylene «arvet» egenskapene til sukker de ble laget av, og at det mer trolig var levende celler som laget asymmetriske molekyl. </p><p>I 1856 fikk Pasteur i oppdrag av bryggeren Bigot i Lille å finne ut hvorfor <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8dbeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rødbeter">rødbeter</a> som gjæret av og til produserte <a href="/wiki/Melkesyre" title="Melkesyre">melkesyre</a> i stedet for den ønskede alkoholen. Undersøkelser med mikroskop viste at alkoholen bare inneholdt runde gjærceller, mens de surnede produktene også hadde små stavformede celler. Ut ifra dette kunne Pasteur slutte at det var gjær som omdannet sukker til alkohol, mens andre mikroorganismer – her <a href="/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier">bakterier</a> – kunne gjøre brygget surt. Etter å ha funnet fram til at mikroorganismer gjorde at ulike typer drikke ble dårlige, kunne Pasteur finne fram til motmiddel. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Experiment_Pasteur.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Experiment_Pasteur.png/250px-Experiment_Pasteur.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Experiment_Pasteur.png/375px-Experiment_Pasteur.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Experiment_Pasteur.png/500px-Experiment_Pasteur.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Illustrasjon av et Pasteur-eksperiment. Væske som er vernet av et langt glasrør blir ikke utsatt for mikroorganismar, men væske som står åpen blir det.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fremdeles visste man ikke hvor mikoorganismene kom fra. For å teste teorien om <a href="/wiki/Spontan_generasjon" title="Spontan generasjon">spontan generasjon</a> gjorde Pasteur forsøk der han kokte næringsrik <a href="/wiki/Buljong" title="Buljong">buljong</a> og lot den være åpen mot luft, men hindret andre stoff i å komme inn i flasken, ved hjelp av filter eller et langt bøyd rør. Forsøket viste at ingenting tok til å vokse av seg selv i den steriliserte buljongen. Sporer til liv måtte tilføres utenfra, for eksempel fra luften. Pasteur ble med dette en av grunnleggerne av <a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi">mikrobiologi</a>. </p><p>Pasteur fant nå fram til praktiske måter å bruke den nye kunnskapen på. I <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a> studerte han prosessen som gjorde vin til <a href="/wiki/Eddik" title="Eddik">eddik</a>, og fant fram til at det var visse bakterier som dannet eddiksyre. Om en brukte rene kulturer av disse kunne en raskt produsere eddik av god kvalitet. Under forsøkene fant Pasteur også ut at bakteriene ville dø dersom de ble utsatt for temperaturen 65° C. </p><p>I 1864 fikk han i oppdrag av <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> å hjelpe vindyrkerne mot at vinen ble sur under leggingen. Pasteur viste at en kunne drepe bakterier ved å varme vinen til 57° C. Etter at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinsmaking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vinsmaking (ikke skrevet ennå)">vinsmakere</a> hadde slått fast at smaken ikke var blitt forringet, kunne en ta i bruk framgangsmåten <a href="/wiki/Pasteurisering" title="Pasteurisering">pasteurisering</a> for å sikre vin mot å bli dårlig. Pasteur tenkte aldri på å pasteurisere melk, men dette er i dag en svært vanlig prosess. </p><p>En annen ting Pasteur studerte var virkningen av oksygen på gjærceller. Han demonstrerte også noe en hadde hatt mistanke om, at det fantes bakterier som kunne leve uten oksygen. Han kalte disse <i>anaerobe</i>, «uten luft», og kalte de som trengte luft <i>aerobe</i>. Han oppdaget også <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasteureffekten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasteureffekten (ikke skrevet ennå)">Pasteureffekten</a>, der gjæring blir forhindret av oksygentilførsel fordi gjær vokser på ulike måter med og uten luft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sykdomsarbeid">Sykdomsarbeid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Sykdomsarbeid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Sykdomsarbeid"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Meyers_b14_s0826a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Meyers_b14_s0826a.jpg/250px-Meyers_b14_s0826a.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Meyers_b14_s0826a.jpg/375px-Meyers_b14_s0826a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Meyers_b14_s0826a.jpg/500px-Meyers_b14_s0826a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1230" /></a><figcaption>Pasteur studerte livssyklusen til <a href="/wiki/Silkeorm" title="Silkeorm">silkeormer</a> for å hjelpe europeisk silkeindustri mot sykdom.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Silkeormer">Silkeormer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Silkeormer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Silkeormer"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fra 1865 til 1869 arbeidet Pasteur med sykdommer hos <a href="/wiki/Silkeormer" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkeormer">silkeormer</a>. Alle silkeproduserende land bortsett fra Japan opplevde på denne tiden at silkeormer døde eller ikke spann <a href="/wiki/Kokong" title="Kokong">kokonger</a>, og hadde store tap. Gjennom flere opphold i <a href="/wiki/Al%C3%A8s" title="Alès">Alès</a> sør i Frankrike studerte han den nye sykdommen <i>pébrine</i> og den tidligere kjente <i>flacherie</i>. Selv om Pasteur gjorde flere feilslutninger i arbeidet – han regnet de to sykdommene for å være den samme, og avviste at den kunne være forårsaket av <a href="/wiki/Parasitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitt">parasitter</a> slik andre forskere hadde foreslått – klarte han å finne løsninger mot begge. Pasteur skilte etterhvert mellom den <a href="/wiki/Dysenteri" title="Dysenteri">dysenterilignende</a> flacherien og andre infeksjoner. Han fant også ut at denne sykdommen kunne ha ulike årsaker – mikrobe eller ikke-mikrobe. Den førstnevnte formen er blitt kjent som «flacherie de Pasteur» eller «ekte flacherie».<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pebrin gav seg ofte utslag i svarte flekker og frie celler. Pasteur sporet desse cellene til alle livsstadine til silkeormen. I et forsøk gav han også slike celler til ein frisk silkeorm, som så utviklet sykdom. Han merket seg også at levekår, som temperatur, luft- og fôrkvalitet, renhet og adskillelse av larvene hadde noe å si for graden av sykdomsutvikling, og begynte dermed å se sammenhengen mellom <a href="/wiki/Milj%C3%B8" class="mw-disambig" title="Miljø">miljø</a> og sykdom. </p><p>Ved å undersøke silkeormene i mikroskop og bare bruke egg fra de som ikke hadde slike tegn, fikk han fram sykdomsfrie insekt. Flacherie har ikke ytre tegn, men gjør silkeormene sløve slik at de ikke spinner kokonger, som gir silken. Pasteur fant rammede larver ved å ta ut de som var trege til å klatre på løv før de skulle spinne kokonger. Ved å lære silkeormdyrkerne hvordan de kunne eliminere syke dyr hjalp han den europeiske silkeindustrien på beina igjen. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Louis_Pasteur_in_Pouilly-le-Fort_(Illustration_-_1881).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Louis_Pasteur_in_Pouilly-le-Fort_%28Illustration_-_1881%29.jpg/250px-Louis_Pasteur_in_Pouilly-le-Fort_%28Illustration_-_1881%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Louis_Pasteur_in_Pouilly-le-Fort_%28Illustration_-_1881%29.jpg/375px-Louis_Pasteur_in_Pouilly-le-Fort_%28Illustration_-_1881%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Louis_Pasteur_in_Pouilly-le-Fort_%28Illustration_-_1881%29.jpg/500px-Louis_Pasteur_in_Pouilly-le-Fort_%28Illustration_-_1881%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1377" /></a><figcaption>Pasteur vaksinerer sauer i Pouilly-le-Fort. Illustrasjon fra 1881.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bakteriesykdommer_i_dyr_og_mennesker">Bakteriesykdommer i dyr og mennesker</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Bakteriesykdommer i dyr og mennesker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Bakteriesykdommer i dyr og mennesker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I 1877 tok Pasteur fatt på videre studium av sykdommer i husdyr og mennesker. Han studerte <a href="/wiki/Miltbrann" title="Miltbrann">miltbrann</a> (anthrax), i husdyr, og gjorde forsøk som viste at denne ble forårsaket av bakterier. Så rettet Pasteur en tid arbeidet mot <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B8nsekolera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hønsekolera (ikke skrevet ennå)">hønsekolera</a>. I et forsøk der hønene skulle infiseres med kolerabakterier ble det ved en feil gitt svekkede bakterier (assistenten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Chamberland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Chamberland (ikke skrevet ennå)">Charles Chamberland</a> hadde tatt ferie og gav hønene en måned gamle bakteriekulturer). I stedet for å dø av sykdommen ble hønene bare litt syke, og frisknet så til. Pasteur gjettet at de ville ha utviklet <a href="/wiki/Immunitet" class="mw-disambig" title="Immunitet">immunitet</a>, slik dyr som hadde overlevde miltbrann gjorde det, og dette viste seg å være rett. Pasteur utviklet nå også en miltbrannsvaksine på samme vis. Her benyttet han egentlig en metode utviklet av sin rival, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Joseph-Henri_Toussaint&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Joseph-Henri Toussaint (ikke skrevet ennå)">Jean-Joseph-Henri Toussaint</a>, men hevdet offentlig at han hadde svekket miltbrann-bakterien ved å utsette den for oksygen. Først etter å ha fått patent på vaksinen klarte Pasteur å framstille den på denne måten. Påstanden om en kur ble først møtt med skepsis, men et forsøk med vaksinerte og uvaksinerte dyr viste nytten av vaksinen. Denne metoden å vaksinere på, der en selv laget svekkede bakterier, var ny. Tidligere hadde en brukt naturlig forekommende svakere smittestoff til dette, som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kukopper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kukopper (ikke skrevet ennå)">kukopper</a> mot <a href="/wiki/Kopper_(sykdom)" title="Kopper (sykdom)">kopper</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg/250px-Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg/375px-Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg/500px-Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Streptococcus pyogenes">Streptococcus pyogenes</a></i>-bakterier, som blant annet kan føre til <a href="/wiki/Barselfeber" title="Barselfeber">barselfeber</a>, under et <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">mikroskop</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pasteurs forsking på mikroorganismer som sykdomsårsaker hadde også innvirkning på hvorledes en forstod infeksjoner av mennesker. Han studerte <a href="/wiki/Barselfeber" title="Barselfeber">barselfeber</a>, som var svært dødelig på denne tiden, og identifiserte <a href="/wiki/Streptokokker" title="Streptokokker">streptokokk-bakterien</a> som forårsaket sykdommen. Han oppdaget også <a href="/wiki/Stafylokokker" title="Stafylokokker">stafylokokker</a>. Pasteur mente en kunne eliminere bakterier gjennom oppvarming, bruk av filter og kjemiske midler. Han oppfordret også leger til å vaske hendene hyppig og bare bruke utstyr som var blitt sterilisert, for eksempel gjennom oppvarming, og ikke bruke samme utstyr på forskjellige pasienter. Den britiske kirurgen <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a> ble inspirert av Pasteur til å bruke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiseptika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiseptika (ikke skrevet ennå)">antiseptiske middel</a> til å vaske sår og kirurgisk utstyr, noe som kraftig reduserte infeksjoner ved inngrep. Mens hygiene innen medisinen var blitt foreslått tidligere, for eksempel av <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Semmelweis" title="Ignaz Semmelweis">Ignaz Semmelweis</a>, hadde Pasteur nok faglig tyngde til at man lyttet til ham. Som kjemiker ble han likevel ikke helt godtatt av legestanden. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Louis_Pasteur_und_Metschnikow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Louis_Pasteur_und_Metschnikow.jpg/250px-Louis_Pasteur_und_Metschnikow.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Louis_Pasteur_und_Metschnikow.jpg/375px-Louis_Pasteur_und_Metschnikow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Louis_Pasteur_und_Metschnikow.jpg/500px-Louis_Pasteur_und_Metschnikow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Pasteur og <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Metsjnikov" title="Ilja Metsjnikov">Ilja Metsjnikov</a> sammen med barn behandlet for rabies.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rabies">Rabies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Rediger avsnitt: Rabies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&action=edit&section=9" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Rabies"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pasteur begynte deretter arbeid med <a href="/wiki/Hundegalskap" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundegalskap">hundegalskap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>. Denne sykdommen blir forårsaket av et <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a>, som er mye mindre enn bakterier, og som ingen til da hadde sett. En visste dermed ikke engang hvor smittestoffet satt. Pasteurs forskning slo fast at mikroorganismene som forårsaket sykdommen hovedsakelig satt i <a href="/wiki/Sentralnervesystemet" title="Sentralnervesystemet">sentralnervesystemet</a>. I 1885 fikk han utviklet en svak form av viruset ved å infisere kaniner og deretter tørke det rammede nervevevet deres med <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux (ikke skrevet ennå)">Émile Roux</a>. Samme år utførte han de første forsøkene på mennesker som var blitt bragt til sykehus med mistanke om rabies. Pasteur publiserte ingenting om de to første forsøkene, der han vaksinerte en mann ved navn Girard, som ikke utviklet rabies, men som kanskje heller aldri var smittet, og ei jente, Julie-Antoinette Poughon, som døde dagen etter, trolig på grunn av tidligere utviklet rabies. En måned senere, i juli, kom niårige Joseph Meister til sykehuset etter å ha blitt skambitt av en hund. Etter overveielse valgte Pasteur å prøve vaksinen på ham. Meister ble frisk, og Pasteur ble hyllet som redningsmannen fra den fryktede sykdommen. </p><p>Det er ikke helt sikkert at Pasteur reddet Meister fra rabies. Det finnes ikke bevis for at hunden hadde sykdommen, og bittene trengte heller ikke å ha smittet om den hadde hatt det. Vaksinen hadde likevel virket – da Pasteur injiserte Meister med rabiessmitte som ville vært dødelig, utviklet han heller ikke rabies. Rabiesvaksinen ble internasjonalt utbredt, brukt av russere og briter, og noe senere av mer skeptiske tyskere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Død_og_etter"><span id="D.C3.B8d_og_etter"></span>Død og etter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Rediger avsnitt: Død og etter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&action=edit&section=10" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Død og etter"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Louis Pasteur døde den 28. september 1895 i <a href="/wiki/Marnes-la-Coquette" title="Marnes-la-Coquette">Marnes-la-Coquette</a>, han ble derfor 72 år. Flere monumenter og museer ble laget til ære for Pasteur, deriblant et museum og en skulptur som ble laget i hans hjemby Arbois. </p><p>Museet i Arbois ble laget i Pasteur-familiens hus, og er derfor kalt <i>La maison de Louis Pasteur</i>, hvilket betyr «huset til Louis Pasteur». Flere andre monumenter ble bygget, deriblant i Paris, (hvor han gjorde store deler av sin karriere) og i Dole (hans fødeby). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Priser_og_utmerkelser_(utvalg)"><span id="Priser_og_utmerkelser_.28utvalg.29"></span>Priser og utmerkelser (utvalg)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Rediger avsnitt: Priser og utmerkelser (utvalg)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&action=edit&section=11" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Priser og utmerkelser (utvalg)"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1874" title="Vitenskapsåret 1874">1874</a> – <a href="/wiki/Copleymedaljen" title="Copleymedaljen">Copleymedaljen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&action=edit&section=12" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hash-57dd663014c8ecdcb298ef42b7982323241880fd-1"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-57dd663014c8ecdcb298ef42b7982323241880fd_1-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-57dd663014c8ecdcb298ef42b7982323241880fd_1-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>annuaire prosopographique: la France savante</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cths.fr/an/prosopo.php?id=613">«<span><span><span lang="fr">Louis Pasteur</span></span></span>»</a>, CTHS person-ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cths.fr/an/savant.php?id=613">613</a></span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-8c2a661bb7447a2b110455f104da2e591e0cccdf-2"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-8c2a661bb7447a2b110455f104da2e591e0cccdf_2-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-8c2a661bb7447a2b110455f104da2e591e0cccdf_2-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span><a href="/wiki/Brockhaus_Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Brockhaus Enzyklopädie">Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</a></span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/pasteur-louis">brockhaus.de</a>, besøkt 9. oktober 2017<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-b2d14499b1e7c08c9432b53e9b1ec0268d2d751e-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-b2d14499b1e7c08c9432b53e9b1ec0268d2d751e_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Léonore database</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/leonore_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_1=COTE&VALUE_1=LH/2064/18">«<span><span><span lang="fr">Louis Pasteur</span></span></span>»</a>, Léonore <span><span>LH//2064/18</span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-920abf293491a693d6fff7c47f1a46bf325c4e64-4"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-920abf293491a693d6fff7c47f1a46bf325c4e64_4-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-920abf293491a693d6fff7c47f1a46bf325c4e64_4-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Base biographique</span></span>, BIU Santé person ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histoire/biographies/index.php?cle=2319">2319</a></span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-5"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-5"><sup>f</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-6"><sup>g</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-7"><sup>h</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-8"><sup>i</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-9"><sup>j</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-10"><sup>k</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-11"><sup>l</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-12"><sup>m</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-13"><sup>n</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-14"><sup>o</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-15"><sup>p</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-16"><sup>q</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-17"><sup>r</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-18"><sup>s</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-19"><sup>t</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-20"><sup>u</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-21"><sup>v</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-22"><sup>w</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-23"><sup>x</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-24"><sup>y</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-25"><sup>z</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-26"><sup>æ</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-27"><sup>ø</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-28"><sup>å</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-29"><sup>aa</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-30"><sup>ab</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-31"><sup>ac</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-32"><sup>ad</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-33"><sup>ae</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-34"><sup>af</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-35"><sup>ag</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-36"><sup>ah</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-37"><sup>ai</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-38"><sup>aj</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-39"><sup>ak</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-40"><sup>al</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-41"><sup>am</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77_5-42"><sup>an</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biography.com/people/louis-pasteur-9434402">www.biography.com</a>, besøkt 26. august 2018<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-18874cd955fb5ee5b6cd23bb3bcbe7ec18126927-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-18874cd955fb5ee5b6cd23bb3bcbe7ec18126927_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Store sovjetiske encyklopedi (1969–1978)</span></span>, «<span><span><span lang="ru">Пастер Луи</span></span></span>», besøkt 28. september 2015<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-fd0862da39959e2cb293624b2591ed130f59e05d-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-fd0862da39959e2cb293624b2591ed130f59e05d_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>www.academie-medecine.fr</span></span>, oppført som <span><span>Louis PASTEUR</span></span>, National Academy of Medicine (France) member ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academie-medecine.fr/composition/membres/fiche-membre/?id=2788">2788</a></span></span>, besøkt 9. oktober 2017<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-25eb1a86c94fe440af726dd756d2f8c5483ff1af-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-25eb1a86c94fe440af726dd756d2f8c5483ff1af_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academie-sciences.fr/archivage_site/fondations/lp_pdf/Pasteur_eloge.pdf">«<span><span><span lang="fr">Annonce de la mort de Louis Pasteur à l'Académie des sciences</span></span></span>»</a>, verkets språk <span><span><a href="/wiki/Fransk" title="Fransk">fransk</a></span></span>, utgitt 30. september 1895, besøkt 19. juni 2017, «<span><span><span lang="fr">M. le Secrétaire perpétuel donne lecture d'une lettre de M. J.B. Pasteur, annonçant à l'Académie la mort de son père, Louis Pasteur, décédé à Villeneuve-l'Étang (Garches), le 28 septembre 1895.</span></span></span>»<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-9e348bd462bc1ab276612ab58e74c2451b952b0c-9"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-9e348bd462bc1ab276612ab58e74c2451b952b0c_9-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-9e348bd462bc1ab276612ab58e74c2451b952b0c_9-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/archeo-paleo/patrimoine/hommage-a-pasteur-pour-cette-123e-annee-la-ceremonie-ne-s-est-pas-faite-en-presentiel-a-l-institut_147735">www.sciencesetavenir.fr</a>, besøkt 28. september 2020<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-3e56c05ad72f71c11d485fdeb42c9fe718e2d5f6-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-3e56c05ad72f71c11d485fdeb42c9fe718e2d5f6_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biography.com/people/louis-pasteur-9434402">www.biography.com</a>, besøkt 16. april 2019<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-dd118ae22638aea0ada5fcc4b28474c1265901b5-11"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-dd118ae22638aea0ada5fcc4b28474c1265901b5_11-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-dd118ae22638aea0ada5fcc4b28474c1265901b5_11-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=NA6990&pos=1">catalogues.royalsociety.org</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-7e8640719adac2f57b5f17e55a7fac3e0d55ff07-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-7e8640719adac2f57b5f17e55a7fac3e0d55ff07_12-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie française">Académie française</a></span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academie-francaise.fr/les-immortels/louis-pasteur?fauteuil=17&election=08-12-1881">www.academie-francaise.fr</a>, Académie française member ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academie-francaise.fr/les-immortels/louis-pasteur">louis-pasteur</a></span></span>, besøkt 2. juni 2022<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-757e4753c6072dfb329049414d9ad07e4b153b5d-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-757e4753c6072dfb329049414d9ad07e4b153b5d_13-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Notable Names Database</span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-2ab4fdf09548cd7048578fa6c6ade9a204ffc797-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-2ab4fdf09548cd7048578fa6c6ade9a204ffc797_14-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academie-sciences.fr/archivage_site/fondations/lp_bio.htm">www.academie-sciences.fr</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-02db42058ee5c73b9cd759083f8a738bd511e08b-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-02db42058ee5c73b9cd759083f8a738bd511e08b_15-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accademiaxl.it/accademia/elenco-cronologico-soci-stranieri/">«<span><span><span lang="it">Elenco cronologico Soci Stranieri</span></span></span>»</a>, verkets språk <span><span><a href="/wiki/Italiensk" title="Italiensk">italiensk</a></span></span>, besøkt 3. mars 2018<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-452c2c257911a1a95410900e6422290ce13d5405-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-452c2c257911a1a95410900e6422290ce13d5405_16-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leonore.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/ui/notice/286589#show">www.leonore.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-51141e1514645682d6bef19e42d5903d35bb761e-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-51141e1514645682d6bef19e42d5903d35bb761e_17-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1dsunM9ukGLgaW3HdG9cvJ_QKd7pWjGI0qi_fCb1ROD4/pubhtml?gid=1336391689&single=true">«<span><span><span lang="en">Award winners : Copley Medal</span></span></span>»</a>, verkets språk <span><span><a href="/wiki/Engelsk" title="Engelsk">engelsk</a></span></span>, besøkt 30. desember 2018<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-df3e8274c84621aa5dd3feb76e163731f5cb6581-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-df3e8274c84621aa5dd3feb76e163731f5cb6581_18-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/u/1/d/1dsunM9ukGLgaW3HdG9cvJ_QKd7pWjGI0qi_fCb1ROD4/pubhtml?gid=1336391689&single=true">docs.google.com</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-12d3f196c4398b699302049b571fd978a4116960-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-12d3f196c4398b699302049b571fd978a4116960_19-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> «<span><span><span lang="en">For his researches on fermentation and on pelerine.</span></span></span>»<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-c33f71fb3787a5e95bbcb9aaba8890830736e063-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-c33f71fb3787a5e95bbcb9aaba8890830736e063_20-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agriculture.gouv.fr/histoire/3_merite_agr/chrono_1.htm">agriculture.gouv.fr</a>, besøkt 26. august 2018<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-6fbf483522ffec451917e71b051a1af77588f77a-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-6fbf483522ffec451917e71b051a1af77588f77a_21-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invent.org/inductees/louis-pasteur">www.invent.org</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-d50c1ffafef7c1f41a3f1c640452703c855f1223-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-d50c1ffafef7c1f41a3f1c640452703c855f1223_22-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Premio Bressa</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accademiadellescienze.it/attivita/premi-e-borse/premi-del-passato/premio-bressa">www.accademiadellescienze.it</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-53fb40ef4f7ef09e437636501b38993acf0244c0-23"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-53fb40ef4f7ef09e437636501b38993acf0244c0_23-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-53fb40ef4f7ef09e437636501b38993acf0244c0_23-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-53fb40ef4f7ef09e437636501b38993acf0244c0_23-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-53fb40ef4f7ef09e437636501b38993acf0244c0_23-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legiondhonneur.fr/fr/decores/louis-pasteur/131">«<span><span><span lang="fr">Louis Pasteur</span></span></span>»</a>, besøkt 13. mars 2024<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-c40bcf063e69768d781671775944f046a902a5e3-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-c40bcf063e69768d781671775944f046a902a5e3_24-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span><a href="/wiki/Wikikilden" title="Wikikilden">Wikikilden</a></span></span>, «<span><span><span lang="fr">Mémoire sur la fermentation appelée lactique, in Mémoires de la Société des sciences, de l'agriculture et des arts de Lille, séance du 8 août 1857, 2e sér., V, 1858, p. 13-26</span></span></span>»<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-v2-25"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-v2_25-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-6143c7c873d36ecb02cce5ce7d129af4e7e2bb77-v2_25-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.biography.com/people/louis-pasteur-9434402">https://www.biography.com/people/louis-pasteur-9434402</a>; besøksdato: 26. august 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fein-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fein_26-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Feinstein, S (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0mwwzIdiuhkC&printsec"><i>Louis Pasteur: The Father of Microbiology</i></a>. Enslow Publishers, Inc. s. 1–128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-1-59845-078-1" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-1-59845-078-1">978-1-59845-078-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur&rft.au=Feinstein%2C+S&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur%3A+The+Father+of+Microbiology&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-59845-078-1&rft.pages=1-128&rft.pub=Enslow+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0mwwzIdiuhkC%26printsec&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-van-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-van_27-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hook, Sue Vander (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D74c6On7eUoC&printsec"><i>Louis Pasteur: Groundbreaking Chemist & Biologist</i></a>. Minnesota, US: <a href="/w/index.php?title=ABDO_Publishing_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABDO Publishing Company (ikke skrevet ennå)">ABDO Publishing Company</a>. s. 8–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-1-61758-941-6" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-1-61758-941-6">978-1-61758-941-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Pasteur&rft.aufirst=Sue+Vander&rft.aulast=Hook&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur%3A+Groundbreaking+Chemist+%26+Biologist&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-61758-941-6&rft.pages=8-112&rft.place=Minnesota%2C+US&rft.pub=ABDO+Publishing+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD74c6On7eUoC%26printsec&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=99YwOQnsgGUC&pg=PA306&lpg=PA306&dq=Flacherie+pasteur&source=bl&ots=sCZ6l28TFO&sig=HUO0whDP0Y-qGWvXAGwPp8A7EiI&hl=en&ei=mIojTNiIOtSC_QbehdmWBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Flacherie%20pasteur&f=false">Flacherie Virus</a> i Harvard / Tanada / Kaya, 1993</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&action=edit&section=13" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="bjeller languageicon" 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aria-labelledby="Mottakere_av_copleymedaljen_for_1851–1900" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24561741">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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4em">Mottakere av <a href="/wiki/Copleymedaljen" title="Copleymedaljen">copleymedaljen</a> for 1851–1900</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Dove (ikke skrevet ennå)">Heinrich Wilhelm Dove</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Peter Müller (ikke skrevet ennå)">Johannes Peter Müller</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bernard_L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Jean Bernard Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a> (1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Milne-Edwards" title="Henri Milne-Edwards">Henri Milne-Edwards</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul (ikke skrevet ennå)">Michel Eugène Chevreul</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilhelm_Bunsen" title="Robert Wilhelm Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham">Thomas Graham</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Chasles" title="Michel Chasles">Michel Chasles</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker" title="Julius Plücker">Julius Plücker</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_von_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius von Mayer (ikke skrevet ennå)">Julius Robert von Mayer</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> (1873)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis Pasteur</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Bernard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Bernard (ikke skrevet ennå)">Claude Bernard</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana" title="James Dwight Dana">James Dwight Dana</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Boussingault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Baptiste Boussingault (ikke skrevet ennå)">Jean-Baptiste Boussingault</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Joseph_Sylvester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Joseph Sylvester (ikke skrevet ennå)">James Joseph Sylvester</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles-Adolphe_Wurtz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles-Adolphe Wurtz (ikke skrevet ennå)">Charles-Adolphe Wurtz</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Cayley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Cayley (ikke skrevet ennå)">Arthur Cayley</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomson_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson Kelvin">William Thomson</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ludwig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Ludwig (ikke skrevet ennå)">Carl Ludwig</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_Kekul%C3%A9_von_Stradonitz" title="Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz">Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Ernst_Neumann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Ernst Neumann (ikke skrevet ennå)">Franz Ernst Neumann</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huxley" title="Thomas Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Salmon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Salmon (ikke skrevet ennå)">George Salmon</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanislao_Cannizzaro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanislao Cannizzaro (ikke skrevet ennå)">Stanislao Cannizzaro</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes">George Gabriel Stokes</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Gegenbaur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Gegenbaur (ikke skrevet ennå)">Karl Gegenbaur</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert von Kölliker (ikke skrevet ennå)">Albert von Kölliker</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" title="John William Strutt">John William Strutt</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Marcellin Berthelot</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Mal:Copleymedaljen_1731%E2%80%931750" title="Mal:Copleymedaljen 1731–1750">1731–1750</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Mal:Copleymedaljen_1751%E2%80%931800" title="Mal:Copleymedaljen 1751–1800">1751–1800</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Mal:Copleymedaljen_1801%E2%80%931850" title="Mal:Copleymedaljen 1801–1850">1801–1850</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Mal:Copleymedaljen_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Mal:Copleymedaljen 1851–1900">1851–1900</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Mal:Copleymedaljen_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Mal:Copleymedaljen 1901–1950">1901–1950</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Mal:Copleymedaljen_1951%E2%80%932000" title="Mal:Copleymedaljen 1951–2000">1951–2000</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Mal:Copleymedaljen_2001%E2%80%932050" title="Mal:Copleymedaljen 2001–2050">2001–d.d.</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561737"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oppslagsverk/autoritetsdata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Oppslagsverk/autoritetsdata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Autoritetsdata" title="Hjelp:Autoritetsdata">Oppslagsverk/autoritetsdata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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