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meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Mafia+Berkeley" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Mafia+Berkeley" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Mafia+Berkeley" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Terminologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Terminologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anggota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anggota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Anggota</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anggota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asal_mula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asal_mula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Asal mula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asal_mula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pencapaian_dan_kontroversi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pencapaian_dan_kontroversi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pencapaian dan kontroversi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pencapaian_dan_kontroversi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mafia Berkeley</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Terdapat 3 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">3 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A" title="مافيا بيركلي – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مافيا بيركلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Mafia" title="Berkeley Mafia – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Berkeley Mafia" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeleyn_mafia" title="Berkeleyn mafia – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Berkeleyn mafia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4354584#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mafia_Berkeley" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Mafia_Berkeley" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mafia_Berkeley"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia_Berkeley&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia_Berkeley&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia_Berkeley&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. 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href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Mafia_Berkeley" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Mafia_Berkeley" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia_Berkeley&oldid=24132033" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia_Berkeley&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Mafia_Berkeley&id=24132033&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMafia_Berkeley"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMafia_Berkeley"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Mafia+Berkeley"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Mafia_Berkeley&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia_Berkeley&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4354584" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><p><b>Mafia Berkeley</b> adalah julukan yang diberikan kepada sekelompok menteri bidang ekonomi dan keuangan pada tahun 1973 yang menentukan kebijakan ekonomi <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> pada masa awal pemerintahan Presiden <a href="/wiki/Suharto" class="mw-redirect" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>. Mereka disebut mafia karena pemikiranya dianggap sebagai bagian dari rencana CIA untuk membuat Indonesia sebagai boneka Amerika oleh seorang penulis muda Amerika Serikat.<sup id="cite_ref-tempo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tempo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminologi">Terminologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia_Berkeley&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Terminologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia_Berkeley&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Terminologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Istilah "<i>Berkeley Mafia</i>" atau Mafia Berkeley pertama kali dicetuskan oleh seorang aktivis-penulis 'kiri' AS, David Ransom, dalam sebuah majalah bernama <i>Ramparts</i>, edisi 4 tahun 1970. Istilah ini merujuk pada ekonom-ekonom Indonesia lulusan <a href="/wiki/Universitas_California,_Berkeley" title="Universitas California, Berkeley">Universitas California, Berkeley</a> yang menjadi arsitek utama perekonomian Indonesia pada tahun 1960-an. <i>Ramparts</i> adalah sebuah majalah yang awalnya terbit sebagai media literatur kelompok Katolik, tetapi belakangan menjadi media kelompok 'kiri baru.' Majalah ini sudah berhenti terbit tahun <a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a>. Dalam artikel tersebut Ransom menghubungkan Mafia Berkeley dengan proyek AS (terutama CIA) untuk menggulingkan Soekarno, melenyapkan pengaruh <a href="/wiki/Komunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Komunis">komunis</a> di Indonesia, mendudukan Soeharto di kekuasaan untuk menjalankan kebijakan politik dan ekonomi yang berorientasi pada Barat, hingga mengaitkan Widjojo dkk. dengan pembantaian massal eks PKI pada akhir tahun 1960-an.<sup id="cite_ref-ransom_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ransom-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anggota">Anggota</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia_Berkeley&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Anggota" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia_Berkeley&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Anggota"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sebagian besar dari menteri-menteri yang dituduh sebagai Mafia Berkeley adalah lulusan doktor atau master dari <a href="/wiki/Universitas_California,_Berkeley" title="Universitas California, Berkeley">University of California at Berkeley</a> pada tahun 1960-an atas bantuan <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a>. Para menteri tersebut sekembalinya dari Amerika Serikat mengajar di <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Indonesia" title="Universitas Indonesia">Universitas Indonesia</a>. Pemimpin tidak resmi dari kelompok ini ialah <a href="/wiki/Soemitro_Djojohadikoesoemo" title="Soemitro Djojohadikoesoemo">Soemitro Djojohadikoesoemo</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Widjojo_Nitisastro" title="Widjojo Nitisastro">Widjojo Nitisastro</a>. Para anggotanya antara lain <a href="/wiki/Emil_Salim" title="Emil Salim">Emil Salim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Sadli" title="Mohammad Sadli">Mohammad Sadli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Wardhana" title="Ali Wardhana">Ali Wardhana</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/J.B._Soemarlin" class="mw-redirect" title="J.B. Soemarlin">J.B. Soemarlin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dorodjatun_Koentjoro-Jakti" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorodjatun Koentjoro-Jakti">Dorodjatun Koentjoro-Jakti</a> yang lulus belakangan dari Berkeley kadang-kadang juga dimasukkan sebagai anggota kelompok ini. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asal_mula">Asal mula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia_Berkeley&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Asal mula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia_Berkeley&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Asal mula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada pertengahan tahun 1950-an, sebagian besar ekonom yang nantinya disebut sebagai Mafia Berkeley adalah mahasiswa <a href="/wiki/Fakultas_Ekonomi_Universitas_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia">Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia</a> (FEUI). Saat itu fakultas dipimpin oleh <a href="/wiki/Sumitro_Djojohadikusumo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumitro Djojohadikusumo">Sumitro Djojohadikusumo</a>, seorang ekonom yang menjabat sebagai Menteri Perdagangan dan Industri serta Menteri Keuangan. Sumitro ketika itu adalah satu-satunya dosen yang memiliki gelar doktor ekonomi. Karenanya ia meminta bantuan kawan-kawan dosen dari <a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a> dan dari fakultas lainnya untuk membantu pendidikan mahasiswa FEUI.<sup id="cite_ref-ford_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saat tensi antara pemerintah Indonesia dan Belanda sedang tinggi akibat perebutan Irian Barat (sekarang disebut sebagai <a href="/wiki/Papua_Barat" title="Papua Barat">Papua Barat</a>), para pengajar dari Belanda itu mulai meninggalkan Indonesia. Sumitro meminta bantuan <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a>, yang kemudian memutuskan untuk mengadakan program beasiswa di mana beberapa mahasiswa FEUI dipilih untuk dikirim ke luar negeri dan belajar di <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. Program ini dimulai pada tahun 1957 dan beberapa tahun kemudian, pada tahun 1960-an, seluruh mahasiswa yang dikirim telah kembali pulang ke Indonesia. Mereka kemudian ditugaskan mengajar di Sekolah Staf dan Komando Angkatan Darat (SESKOAD).<sup id="cite_ref-elson149_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elson149-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1966, Jenderal <a href="/wiki/Soeharto" title="Soeharto">Soeharto</a> mengambil alih kekuasaan di Indonesia dari Presiden <a href="/wiki/Soekarno" title="Soekarno">Soekarno</a> melalui <a href="/wiki/Supersemar" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersemar">Supersemar</a>. Meskipun belum menjadi presiden hingga dua tahun berikutnya, Soeharto mulai membangun dasar-dasar pemerintahan yang nantinya akan disebut sebagai rezim <a href="/wiki/Orde_Baru" title="Orde Baru">Orde Baru</a>. Pada akhir Agustus 1966, Soeharto mengadakan seminar di SESKOAD untuk mendiskusikan masalah ekonomi dan politik serta bagaimana Orde Baru akan mengatasi permasalahan itu. Ekonom-ekonom FEUI, yang diketuai oleh <a href="/wiki/Widjojo_Nitisastro" title="Widjojo Nitisastro">Widjojo Nitisastro</a>, mengikuti seminar itu. </p><p>Dalam seminar, para ekonom mempresentasikan ide mereka serta rekomendasi kebijakan kepada Soeharto. Soeharto kagum akan ide mereka dan dengan cepat meminta mereka untuk bekerja sebagai Tim Ahli di bidang Ekonomi dan Keuangan.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pencapaian_dan_kontroversi">Pencapaian dan kontroversi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia_Berkeley&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Pencapaian dan kontroversi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia_Berkeley&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pencapaian dan kontroversi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada 3 Oktober 1966, atas saran dari para ekonom ini, Soeharto mengumumkan program untuk menstabilisasi dan merehabilitasi ekonomi Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-elson149_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elson149-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada akhir masa kepemimpinan Soekarno, inflasi di Indonesia secara tak terkendali telah mencapai empat digit dan tumpukan hutang yang besar.<sup id="cite_ref-businessweek_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-businessweek-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hal ini terjadi karena pemerintahan di bawah Soekarno menghabiskan uang besar-besaran untuk membangun monumen, menasionalisasi industri, dan membiayai defisit anggaran dengan pinjaman luar negeri.<sup id="cite_ref-businessweek_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-businessweek-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mafia Berkeley memperbaikinya dengan melakukan deregulasi dan berusaha menurunkan inflasi serta menyeimbangkan anggaran.<sup id="cite_ref-businessweek_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-businessweek-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efek dari program tersebut berlangsung cepat dengan turunnya tingkat inflasi dari 650% pada tahun 1966 menjadi hanya 13% pada tahun 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rencana itu juga menekankan rehabilitasi infrastruktur dan juga pengembangan di bidang pertanian. Ketika Soeharto akhirnya menjadi presiden pada tahun 1968, Mafia Berkeley segera diberi berbagai jabatan menteri di kabinet Soeharto. Dengan posisi ini, Mafia Berkeley memiliki pengaruh kuat dalam kebijakan ekonomi dan membawa perekonomian Indonesia ke tingkat pertumbuhan yang sangat tinggi. Pertumbuhan ekonomi terus meningkat dengan rata-rata pertumbuhan 6,5 persen per tahun antara tahun 1965 hingga 1997, ketika Asia Tenggara dilanda krisis moneter.<sup id="cite_ref-businessweek_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-businessweek-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Namun, tidak semua orang menyukai pendekatan liberal yang dijalankan Mafia Berkeley. Dari dalam Order Baru sendiri, mereka menghadapi perlawanan dari para Jenderal seperti <a href="/wiki/Ali_Murtopo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Murtopo">Ali Murtopo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibnu_Sutowo" title="Ibnu Sutowo">Ibnu Sutowo</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Ali_Sadikin" title="Ali Sadikin">Ali Sadikin</a> yang mengharapkan pendekatan ekonomi yang lebih nasionalistik.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa pihak, seperti Hizbut-Tahrir Indonesia, menganggap Mafia Berkeley sebagai pengkhianat karena langkah privatisasi yang mereka lakukan dinilai sebagai bentuk penjualan aset-aset bangsa.<sup id="cite_ref-HTI_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTI-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada masa kenaikan harga minyak pada tahun 1970-an, Indonesia yang kaya akan cadangan minyak meraup banyak keuntungan. Soeharto mulai berpaling ke kelompok ekonomi nasionalis dan kekuatan Mafia Berkeley pun dikurangi. </p><p>Soeharto kembali ke Mafia Berkeley saat pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia mulai terhambat karena turunnya harga minyak di pertengahan tahun 1980-an. Mafia Berkeley sekali lagi melakukan liberalisasi dan deregulasi, sebagai hasilnya, pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia kembali meningkat.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun sekali lagi, saat perekonomian Indonesia tumbuh, Mafia Berekley menghadapi oposisi politik. Kali ini lawan mereka adalah <a href="/wiki/Sudharmono" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudharmono">Sudharmono</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ginandjar_Kartasasmita" title="Ginandjar Kartasasmita">Ginandjar Kartasasmita</a> yang menginginkan nasionalisme ekonomi serta dari <a href="/wiki/BJ_Habibie" class="mw-redirect" title="BJ Habibie">BJ Habibie</a> yang menginginkan pengembangan ekonomi berbasis teknologi. Dan seperti yang sebelumnya telah terjadi, Soeharto kembali berpihak pada nasionalis ekonomi dan memperlemah posisi Mafia Berkeley. </p><p>Pada masa kehancuran perekonomian Indonesia akibat krisis finansial Asia Tenggara pada tahun 1997, Mafia Berkeley turut dipersalahkan dan dianggap sebagai bagian dari rezim Orde Baru. Pada masa reformasi, hanya Widjojo yang masih dipertahankan di pemerintahan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia_Berkeley&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia_Berkeley&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tempo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tempo_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/politik/2010/01/14/brk,20100114-219179,id.html">Boediono Bela Widjojo Nitisastro Soal Tuduhan Mafia Berkeley</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110619111830/http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/politik/2010/01/14/brk,20100114-219179,id.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2011-06-19 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Tempo Interaktif. Diakses 4 Februari 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ransom-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ransom_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ransom, David. "The Berkeley Mafia and the Indonesian Massacre". <i>Ramparts</i>, Oktober 1970. Hal. 27-28, 40-49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ford-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ford_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070125064125/http://www.fordfound.org/elibrary/documents/5002/057.cfm#5002-div2-d0e2149">"Salinan arsip"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordfound.org/elibrary/documents/5002/057.cfm#5002-div2-d0e2149">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2006-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salinan+arsip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordfound.org%2Felibrary%2Fdocuments%2F5002%2F057.cfm%235002-div2-d0e2149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMafia+Berkeley" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elson149-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elson149_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elson149_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFElson2001">Elson 2001</a>, hlm. 149)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dick, Howard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emergencenationa00dick_633"><i>The Emergence of a National Economy: An Economic History of Indonesia 1800-2000</i></a>. Crow's Nest, NSW, Australia: Allen and Unwin. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emergencenationa00dick_633/page/n214">196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+a+National+Economy%3A+An+Economic+History+of+Indonesia+1800-2000&rft.place=Crow%27s+Nest%2C+NSW%2C+Australia&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Allen+and+Unwin&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Dick&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femergencenationa00dick_633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMafia+Berkeley" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-businessweek-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-businessweek_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-businessweek_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-businessweek_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-businessweek_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-03-07/-berkeley-mafia-now-has-514-billion-at-stake-william-pesek.html">‘Berkeley Mafia’ Now Has $514 Billion at Stake: William Pesek</a>. BusinessWeek. Diakses 4 Februari.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205021805/http://www.soehartocenter.com/opini/kesaksian/emil_salim.shtml">"Emil Salim: Pak Harto Selamatkan Bangsa dari Kehancuran | Soeharto Media Center - Soeharto Review"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soehartocenter.com/opini/kesaksian/emil_salim.shtml">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2011-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emil+Salim%3A+Pak+Harto+Selamatkan+Bangsa+dari+Kehancuran+%7C+Soeharto+Media+Center+-+Soeharto+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soehartocenter.com%2Fopini%2Fkesaksian%2Femil_salim.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AMafia+Berkeley" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFElson2001">Elson 2001</a>, hlm. 217)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HTI-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HTI_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hizbut-tahrir.or.id/2008/07/08/mafia-berkeley-pengkhianat/">Mafia Berkeley: Pengkhianat!</a>. Hizbut-Tahrir Indonesia. Diakses 4 Februari 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFElson2001">Elson 2001</a>, hlm. 247)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia_Berkeley&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafia_Berkeley&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Boys" title="Chicago Boys">Chicago Boys</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mafia_Berkeley&oldid=24132033">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mafia_Berkeley&oldid=24132033</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Ekonomi_Indonesia" title="Kategori:Ekonomi Indonesia">Ekonomi Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Orde_Baru" title="Kategori:Orde Baru">Orde Baru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Ekonom" title="Kategori:Ekonom">Ekonom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Perserikatan_Orde_Baru" title="Kategori:Perserikatan Orde Baru">Perserikatan Orde Baru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Universitas_Indonesia" title="Kategori:Universitas Indonesia">Universitas Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sejarah_Indonesia" title="Kategori:Sejarah Indonesia">Sejarah Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sejarah_ekonomi_Indonesia" title="Kategori:Sejarah ekonomi Indonesia">Sejarah ekonomi Indonesia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Templat_webarchive_tautan_wayback" title="Kategori:Templat webarchive tautan wayback">Templat webarchive tautan wayback</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_menggunakan_parameter_yang_tidak_didukung" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung">Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:AC_dengan_0_elemen" title="Kategori:AC dengan 0 elemen">AC dengan 0 elemen</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 4 September 2023, pukul 11.29.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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