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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Earl Hooker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earl_Hooker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elmore_James" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elmore_James"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Elmore James</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elmore_James-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muddy_Waters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muddy_Waters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Muddy Waters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muddy_Waters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_developments_in_rock_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_developments_in_rock_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early developments in rock music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_developments_in_rock_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Technique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resonator_guitars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resonator_guitars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Resonator guitars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resonator_guitars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lap_slide_guitar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lap_slide_guitar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lap slide guitar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lap_slide_guitar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lap_slide_guitar_pioneers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lap_slide_guitar_pioneers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Lap slide guitar pioneers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lap_slide_guitar_pioneers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slides_and_steels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slides_and_steels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Slides and steels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slides_and_steels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%82" title="جيتار منزلق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيتار منزلق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Слайд китара – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Слайд китара" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_(guitarra)" title="Slide (guitarra) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Slide (guitarra)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_guitar" title="Slide guitar – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slide guitar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide" title="Slide – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slide" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide-Gitarre" title="Slide-Gitarre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Slide-Gitarre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_(guitarra)" title="Slide (guitarra) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Slide (guitarra)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitogitaro" title="Glitogitaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Glitogitaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitare_slide" title="Guitare slide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guitare slide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%AC%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C_%EA%B8%B0%ED%83%80" title="슬라이드 기타 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="슬라이드 기타" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_guitar" title="Slide guitar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Slide guitar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93" title="גיטרת סלייד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גיטרת סלייד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slidegitaar" title="Slidegitaar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slidegitaar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%82%AE%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="スライドギター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スライドギター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slidegitar" title="Slidegitar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slidegitar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slidegitar" title="Slidegitar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slidegitar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_(technika_gry)" title="Slide (technika gry) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Slide (technika gry)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_guitar" title="Slide guitar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Slide guitar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4-%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Слайд-гитара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Слайд-гитара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottleneck" title="Bottleneck – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bottleneck" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottleneck" title="Bottleneck – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bottleneck" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide-kitara" title="Slide-kitara – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Slide-kitara" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slidegitarr" title="Slidegitarr – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slidegitarr" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_gitar" title="Slide gitar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Slide gitar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4-%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Слайд-гітара – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Слайд-гітара" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BB%91%E9%9F%B3%E7%AE%A1%E5%90%89%E4%BB%96" title="滑音管吉他 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="滑音管吉他" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q428152#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slide_(guitar_technique)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Slide (guitar technique)">Slide (guitar technique)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Guitar technique</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lap slide guitar" redirects here. For the steel guitar, see <a href="/wiki/Lap_steel_guitar" title="Lap steel guitar">Lap steel guitar</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fingandslide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fingandslide.jpg/250px-Fingandslide.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fingandslide.jpg/375px-Fingandslide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Fingandslide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>A musician playing slide guitar style. The slide is on their left ring finger. They are playing a <a href="/wiki/National_String_Instrument_Corporation" title="National String Instrument Corporation">National</a>-type metal-body <a href="/wiki/Resonator_guitar" title="Resonator guitar">resonator guitar</a> using <a href="/wiki/Fingerpick" title="Fingerpick">fingerpicks</a> on their right hand.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Slide guitar</b> is a technique for playing the <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> that is often used in <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> music. It involves playing a guitar while holding a hard object (a <b><a href="/wiki/Steel_bar" title="Steel bar">slide</a></b>) against the <a href="/wiki/String_(music)" title="String (music)">strings</a>, creating the opportunity for <a href="/wiki/Glissando" title="Glissando">glissando</a> effects and deep <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibratos</a> that reflect characteristics of the human singing voice. It typically involves playing the guitar in the traditional position (flat against the body) with the use of a slide fitted on one of the guitarist's fingers. The slide may be a metal or glass tube, such as the neck of a bottle, giving rise to the term <b>bottleneck guitar</b> to describe this type of playing. The strings are typically plucked (not <a href="/wiki/Strum" title="Strum">strummed</a>) while the slide is moved over the strings to change the <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>. The guitar may also be placed on the player's lap and played with a hand-held bar (<a href="/wiki/Lap_steel_guitar" title="Lap steel guitar">lap steel guitar</a>). </p><p>Creating music with a slide of some type has been traced back to African <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">stringed instruments</a> and also to the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Steel_guitar" title="Steel guitar">steel guitar</a> in Hawaii. Near the beginning of the twentieth century, blues musicians in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a> popularized the bottleneck slide guitar style, and the first recording of slide guitar was by <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Weaver_(musician)" title="Sylvester Weaver (musician)">Sylvester Weaver</a> in 1923. Since the 1930s, performers including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson" title="Robert Johnson">Robert Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nighthawk" title="Robert Nighthawk">Robert Nighthawk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Hooker" title="Earl Hooker">Earl Hooker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elmore_James" title="Elmore James">Elmore James</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muddy_Waters" title="Muddy Waters">Muddy Waters</a> popularized slide guitar in <a href="/wiki/Electric_blues" title="Electric blues">electric blues</a> and influenced later slide guitarists in <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling Stones">Rolling Stones</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duane_Allman" title="Duane Allman">Duane Allman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ry_Cooder" title="Ry Cooder">Ry Cooder</a>. Lap slide guitar pioneers include <a href="/wiki/Oscar_%22Buddy%22_Woods" title="Oscar "Buddy" Woods">Oscar "Buddy" Woods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Ace" title="Black Ace">"Black Ace" Turner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Roulette" title="Freddie Roulette">Freddie Roulette</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slide_guitar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Traveling_Riverside_Blues_sample.ogg" title="File:Traveling Riverside Blues sample.ogg">"Traveling Riverside Blues"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="29" data-mwtitle="Traveling_Riverside_Blues_sample.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2f/Traveling_Riverside_Blues_sample.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/2/2f/Traveling_Riverside_Blues_sample.ogg/Traveling_Riverside_Blues_sample.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">First 29 seconds of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson" title="Robert Johnson">Robert Johnson</a>'s "Traveling Riverside Blues"</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The technique of using a hard object against a plucked string goes back to the <a href="/wiki/Diddley_bow" title="Diddley bow">diddley bow</a> derived from a one-stringed African instrument. The diddley bow is believed to be one of the ancestors of the bottleneck style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracyEvans199965_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracyEvans199965-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When sailors from Europe introduced the <a href="/wiki/Classical_guitar" title="Classical guitar">Spanish guitar</a> to Hawaii in the latter nineteenth century, the Hawaiians slackened some of the strings from the standard <a href="/wiki/Guitar_tunings" title="Guitar tunings">guitar tuning</a> to make a <a href="/wiki/Guitar_chord" title="Guitar chord">chord</a> – this became known as <a href="/wiki/Slack-key_guitar" title="Slack-key guitar">"slack-key" guitar</a>, today referred to as an <a href="/wiki/Open_tuning" class="mw-redirect" title="Open tuning">open tuning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-premier-ross_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-premier-ross-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the "slack-key" the Hawaiians found it easy to play a three-chord song by moving a piece of metal along the <a href="/wiki/Fingerboard" title="Fingerboard">fretboard</a> and began to play the instrument across the lap. Near the end of the nineteenth century, a Hawaiian named <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kekuku" title="Joseph Kekuku">Joseph Kekuku</a> became proficient in playing this way using a steel bar against the guitar strings. The bar was called the "steel" and was the source of the name "steel guitar". Kekuku popularized the method and some sources claim he originated the technique.<sup id="cite_ref-ruymar_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruymar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first half of the twentieth century, this so-called "Hawaiian guitar" style of playing spread to the US.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuymar199648_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuymar199648-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sol_Ho%CA%BBopi%CA%BBi" title="Sol Hoʻopiʻi">Sol Hoʻopiʻi</a> was an influential Hawaiian guitarist who in 1919, at age 17, came to the US mainland from Hawaii as a stow-away on a ship heading for San Francisco. Hoʻopiʻi's playing became popular in the late 1920s and he recorded songs like "Hula Blues" and "Farewell Blues". According to author Pete Madsen, "[Hoʻopiʻi's playing] would influence a legion of players from rural Mississippi."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasden20056_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasden20056-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most players of blues slide guitar were from the southern US, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a>, and their music was likely from an African origin handed down to African-American sharecroppers who sang as they toiled in the fields.<sup id="cite_ref-history-blues_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-blues-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest <a href="/wiki/Delta_blues" title="Delta blues">Delta blues</a> musicians were largely solo singer-guitarists.<sup id="cite_ref-morrison-delta_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrison-delta-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/W._C._Handy" title="W. C. Handy">W. C. Handy</a> commented on the first time he heard slide guitar in 1903, when a blues player performed in a local train station: "As he played, he pressed a knife on the strings of the guitar in a manner popularised by Hawaiian guitarists who used steel bars. The effect was unforgettable."<sup id="cite_ref-handy-encounter_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handy-encounter-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blues historian Gérard Herzhaft notes that <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Red" title="Tampa Red">Tampa Red</a> was one of the first black musicians inspired by the Hawaiian guitarists of the beginning of the century, and he managed to adapt their sound to the blues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzhaft1992334_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzhaft1992334-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tampa Red, as well as <a href="/wiki/Kokomo_Arnold" title="Kokomo Arnold">Kokomo Arnold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casey_Bill_Weldon" title="Casey Bill Weldon">Casey Bill Weldon</a>, and Oscar Woods adopted the Hawaiian mode of playing longer <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melodies</a> with the slide instead of playing short <a href="/wiki/Riff" title="Riff">riffs</a> as they had done previously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2003eBook_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2003eBook-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early twentieth century, steel guitar playing was divided into two streams: bottleneck-style, performed on a traditional Spanish guitar held flat against the body; and lap-style, performed on an instrument specifically designed or modified for the purpose of being played on the performer's lap.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolk20039_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolk20039-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bottleneck-style was typically associated with blues music and was popularized by African-American blues artists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolk20039_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolk20039-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mississippi Delta was the home of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson" title="Robert Johnson">Robert Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Son_House" title="Son House">Son House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Patton" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlie Patton">Charlie Patton</a>, and other blues pioneers who prominently used the slide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESokolow19963_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESokolow19963-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErlewine1996372_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErlewine1996372-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known recording of the bottleneck style was in 1923 by <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Weaver_(musician)" title="Sylvester Weaver (musician)">Sylvester Weaver</a> who recorded two instrumentals, "Guitar Blues" and "Guitar Rag".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199712_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199712-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFetherhoff2014eBook_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFetherhoff2014eBook-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guitarist and author <a href="/wiki/Woody_Mann" title="Woody Mann">Woody Mann</a> identifies Tampa Red and <a href="/wiki/Blind_Willie_Johnson" title="Blind Willie Johnson">Blind Willie Johnson</a> as "developing the most distinctive styles in the recorded idom" of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann1979eBook_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann1979eBook-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He adds: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Johnson was the first such player to achieve a real balance between treble and bass melodic lines, which acted as complementary voices in his arrangements of Baptist spirituals<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Tampa Red's [playing was] innovative for the late 1920s<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Thanks to his distinctive approach and suave sound, the Chicago-based Red became the most influential bottleneck player of the blues age, his smooth-sound work echoing in the playing of <a href="/wiki/Blind_Boy_Fuller" title="Blind Boy Fuller">Blind Boy Fuller</a>, Robert Nighthawk, Elmore James, and Muddy Waters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann1979eBook_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann1979eBook-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influential_early_electric_slide_guitarists">Influential early electric slide guitarists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slide_guitar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Influential early electric slide guitarists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">guitar was electrified</a> in the 1930s, it allowed solos on the instrument to be more audible, and thus more prominently featured. In the 1940s, players like <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nighthawk" title="Robert Nighthawk">Robert Nighthawk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_Hooker" title="Earl Hooker">Earl Hooker</a> popularized electric slide guitar; but, unlike their predecessors, they used standard tuning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESokolow19963_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESokolow19963-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed them to switch between slide and fretted guitar playing readily, which was an advantage in rhythm accompaniment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robert_Nighthawk">Robert Nighthawk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slide_guitar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Robert Nighthawk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robert Nighthawk (born Robert Lee McCollum) recorded extensively in the 1930s as "Robert Lee McCoy" with bluesmen such as John Lee "Sonny Boy" Williamson (also known as <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Boy_Williamson_I" title="Sonny Boy Williamson I">Sonny Boy Williamson I</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldin19977–8_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldin19977–8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He performed on <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_guitar" title="Acoustic guitar">acoustic guitar</a> in a style influenced by Tampa Red.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzhaft1992272_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzhaft1992272-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometime around World War II, after changing his last name to "Nighthawk" (from the title of one of his songs), he became an early proponent of electric slide guitar and adopted a metal slide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldin19979_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldin19979-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nighthawk's sound was extremely clean and smooth, with a very light touch of the slide against the strings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzhaft1992272–273_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzhaft1992272–273-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He helped popularize Tampa Red's "<a href="/wiki/Black_Angel_Blues" title="Black Angel Blues">Black Angel Blues</a>" (later called "Sweet Little Angel"), "Crying Won't Help You", and "Anna Lou Blues" (as "Anna Lee") in his electric slide style-songs which later became part of the repertoire of Earl Hooker, <a href="/wiki/B.B._King" class="mw-redirect" title="B.B. King">B.B. King</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzhaft1992273_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzhaft1992273-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahl1996202_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahl1996202-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His style influenced both <a href="/wiki/Muddy_Waters" title="Muddy Waters">Muddy Waters</a> and Hooker. Nighthawk is credited as one who helped bring music from Mississippi into the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_blues" title="Chicago blues">Chicago blues</a> style of <a href="/wiki/Electric_blues" title="Electric blues">electric blues</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nighthawk_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nighthawk-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earl_Hooker">Earl Hooker</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slide_guitar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Earl Hooker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a teenager, Earl Hooker (a cousin of <a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Hooker" title="John Lee Hooker">John Lee Hooker</a>) sought out Nighthawk as his teacher<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanchin200116_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanchin200116-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the late 1940s the two toured <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">the South</a> extensively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanchin200124_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanchin200124-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nighthawk had a lasting impact on Hooker's playing; however, by the time of his 1953 recording of "Sweet Angel" (a tribute of sorts to Nighthawk's "Sweet Little Angel"), Hooker had developed an advanced style of his own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanchin200156_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanchin200156-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His solos had a resemblance to the human singing voice<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanchin2001131_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanchin2001131-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and music writer Andy Grigg commented: "He had the uncanny ability to make his guitar weep, moan and talk just like a person<span class="nowrap"> </span>... his slide playing was peerless, even exceeding his mentor, Robert Nighthawk."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigg19996_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigg19996-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vocal approach is heard in Hooker's instrumental, "Blue Guitar", which was later overdubbed with a unison vocal by Muddy Waters and became "<a href="/wiki/You_Shook_Me" title="You Shook Me">You Shook Me</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInaba2011191_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInaba2011191-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unusual for a blues player, Hooker explored using a <a href="/wiki/Wah-wah_pedal" title="Wah-wah pedal">wah-wah pedal</a> in the 1960s to further emulate the human voice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanchin200136_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanchin200136-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elmore_James">Elmore James</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slide_guitar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Elmore James"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Dust_My_Broom_sample.ogg" title="File:Dust My Broom sample.ogg">Elmore James' "Dust My Broom"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="23" data-mwtitle="Dust_My_Broom_sample.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/66/Dust_My_Broom_sample.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/6/66/Dust_My_Broom_sample.ogg/Dust_My_Broom_sample.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">21 second sample of James' repeating slide triplets figure</div></div></div></div> </div> <p>Possibly the most influential electric blues slide guitarist of his era was <a href="/wiki/Elmore_James" title="Elmore James">Elmore James</a>, who gained prominence with his 1951 song "<a href="/wiki/Dust_My_Broom#Elmore_James_renditions" title="Dust My Broom">Dust My Broom</a>", a remake of Robert Johnson's 1936 song, "I Believe I'll Dust My Broom".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliver1988109_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliver1988109-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It features James playing a series of triplets throughout the song which <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> magazine called "one immortal lick" and is heard in many blues songs to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-rolling-stone-mag_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rolling-stone-mag-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Johnson had used the figure on several songs,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWald2004139_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWald2004139-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James' overdriven electric sound made it "more insistent, firing out a machine-gun triplet beat that would become a defining sound of the early rockers", writes historian <a href="/wiki/Ted_Gioia" title="Ted Gioia">Ted Gioia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGioia2008313_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGioia2008313-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Nighthawk and Hooker, James used a full-chord glissando effect with an <a href="/wiki/Open_E_tuning" title="Open E tuning">open E tuning</a> and a bottleneck.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanchin2001168_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanchin2001168-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicaire199999–103_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicaire199999–103-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other popular songs by James, such as "<a href="/wiki/It_Hurts_Me_Too" title="It Hurts Me Too">It Hurts Me Too</a>" (first recorded by Tampa Red), "<a href="/wiki/The_Sky_Is_Crying_(song)" title="The Sky Is Crying (song)">The Sky Is Crying</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Shake_Your_Moneymaker_(song)" title="Shake Your Moneymaker (song)">Shake Your Moneymaker</a>", feature his slide playing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muddy_Waters">Muddy Waters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slide_guitar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Muddy Waters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Muddy_Waters" title="Muddy Waters">Muddy Waters</a>, born McKinley Morganfield, made his earliest recordings using an acoustic slide guitar,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon200238_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200238-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a guitarist, he was best known for his electric slide playing.<sup id="cite_ref-Droz_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Droz-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muddy Waters helped bring the Delta blues to Chicago and was instrumental in defining the city's electric blues style.<sup id="cite_ref-waters-bio_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waters-bio-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also one of the pioneers of electric slide guitar.<sup id="cite_ref-morrison_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrison-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with "I Can't Be Satisfied" (1948), many of his hit songs featured slide, including "<a href="/wiki/Rollin%27_and_Tumblin%27" title="Rollin' and Tumblin'">Rollin' and Tumblin'</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Rollin%27_Stone_(Muddy_Waters_song)" title="Rollin' Stone (Muddy Waters song)">Rollin' Stone</a>" (whose name was adopted by the well-known rock band and the magazine), "Louisiana Blues", and "Still a Fool".<sup id="cite_ref-Droz_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Droz-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitburn1988435_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitburn1988435-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waters used an <a href="/wiki/Open_G_tuning" title="Open G tuning">open G tuning</a> for several of his earlier songs, but later switched to a standard tuning and often used a <a href="/wiki/Capo_(musical_device)" title="Capo (musical device)">capo</a> to change <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">keys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin200744,_46_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin200744,_46-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He usually played single notes with a small metal slide on his little finger and dampened the strings combined with varying the volume to control the amount of <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">distortion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Droz_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Droz-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to writer Ted Drozdowski, "One last factor to consider is slide vibrato that is achieved by shaking a slide back and forth. Muddy’s slide vibrato was insane, both manic and controlled. That added to the excitement of his playing."<sup id="cite_ref-Droz_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Droz-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_developments_in_rock_music">Early developments in rock music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slide_guitar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early developments in rock music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rock musicians began exploring electric slide guitar in the early 1960s. In the UK, groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling Stones">Rolling Stones</a>, who were fans of Chicago blues and <a href="/wiki/Chess_Records" title="Chess Records">Chess Records</a> artists in particular, began recording songs by Muddy Waters, <a href="/wiki/Howlin%27_Wolf" title="Howlin' Wolf">Howlin' Wolf</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESokolow19963_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESokolow19963-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Stones' second single, "<a href="/wiki/I_Wanna_Be_Your_Man" title="I Wanna Be Your Man">I Wanna Be Your Man</a>" (1963), featured a slide guitar break by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Jones" title="Brian Jones">Brian Jones</a>, which may be the first appearance of a slide on a rock record.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrownNewquist199729_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrownNewquist199729-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critic <a href="/wiki/Richie_Unterberger" title="Richie Unterberger">Richie Unterberger</a> commented, "Particularly outstanding was Brian Jones's slide guitar, whose wailing howl gave the tune a raunchy bluesiness missing in the Beatles' more straightforward rock 'n' roll arrangement."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnterberger2008351_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnterberger2008351-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jones also played slide on their 1964 single "<a href="/wiki/Little_Red_Rooster#Rolling_Stones_version" title="Little Red Rooster">Little Red Rooster</a>", which reached number one on the British charts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgan2013eBook_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgan2013eBook-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rooster-charts_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rooster-charts-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWyman1991337_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyman1991337-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his last contributions to a Stones recording was his acoustic guitar slide playing on "<a href="/wiki/No_Expectations" title="No Expectations">No Expectations</a>", which biographer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Trynka" title="Paul Trynka">Paul Trynka</a> describes as "subtle, totally without bombast or overemphasis<span class="nowrap"> </span>... the perfect embodiment of the journey he'd embarked on in 1961."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrynka2014276_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrynka2014276-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Chicago, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Bloomfield" title="Mike Bloomfield">Mike Bloomfield</a> frequented blues clubs as early as the late 1950s – by the early 1960s Muddy Waters and <a href="/wiki/Harmonica" title="Harmonica">harmonica</a> virtuoso <a href="/wiki/Little_Walter" title="Little Walter">Little Walter</a> encouraged him and occasionally allowed him to sit in on jam sessions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolkin199623_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolkin199623-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waters recalled: "Mike was a great guitar player. He learned a lot of slide from me. Plus I guess he picked up a little lick or two from me, but he learned how to play a lot of slide and pick a lot of guitar."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard2016eBook_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard2016eBook-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bloomfield's slide playing attracted <a href="/wiki/Paul_Butterfield" title="Paul Butterfield">Paul Butterfield</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard2016eBook_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard2016eBook-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, together with guitarist <a href="/wiki/Elvin_Bishop" title="Elvin Bishop">Elvin Bishop</a>, they formed the classic lineup of the Paul Butterfield Blues Band.<sup id="cite_ref-pareles_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pareles-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErlewine199641_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErlewine199641-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their first album, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Paul_Butterfield_Blues_Band_(album)" title="The Paul Butterfield Blues Band (album)">The Paul Butterfield Blues Band</a></i> (1965), features Bloomfield's slide guitar work on the band's adaptations of two Elmore James songs. "<a href="/wiki/Shake_Your_Moneymaker_(song)" title="Shake Your Moneymaker (song)">Shake Your Moneymaker</a>" shows his well-developed slide style<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrownNewquist199738_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrownNewquist199738-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "<a href="/wiki/Look_Over_Yonders_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Look Over Yonders Wall">Look Over Yonders Wall</a>" is ranked at number 27 on <i>Rolling Stone</i> magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, he recorded with <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> for the <i><a href="/wiki/Highway_61_Revisited" title="Highway 61 Revisited">Highway 61 Revisited</a></i> album<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolkin199623_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolkin199623-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contributed the distinctive slide guitar to the <a href="/wiki/Highway_61_Revisited_(song)" title="Highway 61 Revisited (song)">title track</a>. On the second Butterfield album, <i><a href="/wiki/East-West_(The_Butterfield_Blues_Band_album)" title="East-West (The Butterfield Blues Band album)">East-West</a></i> (1966), songs such as "<a href="/wiki/Walkin%27_Blues" title="Walkin' Blues">Walkin' Blues</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Rollin%27_Stone_(Muddy_Waters_song)#Still_a_Fool" title="Rollin' Stone (Muddy Waters song)">Two Trains Running</a>" include slide playing that brought him to the audience's attention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrownNewquist199738_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrownNewquist199738-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ry_Cooder_playing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ry Cooder playing slide guitar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ry_Cooder_playing.jpg/160px-Ry_Cooder_playing.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ry_Cooder_playing.jpg/240px-Ry_Cooder_playing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ry_Cooder_playing.jpg/320px-Ry_Cooder_playing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ry_Cooder" title="Ry Cooder">Ry Cooder</a> using a glass slide in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ry_Cooder" title="Ry Cooder">Ry Cooder</a> was a child music prodigy and at age 15 began working on bottleneck guitar techniques and learned Robert Johnson songs.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fricke_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fricke-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964, Cooder, along with <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal_(musician)" title="Taj Mahal (musician)">Taj Mahal</a>, formed the <a href="/wiki/Rising_Sons" title="Rising Sons">Rising Sons</a>, one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">blues rock</a> bands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkeby19921–2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkeby19921–2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His early guitar work appears on <a href="/wiki/Captain_Beefheart" title="Captain Beefheart">Captain Beefheart</a>'s debut <i><a href="/wiki/Safe_as_Milk" title="Safe as Milk">Safe as Milk</a></i> album (1967) and several songs on Taj Mahal's <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal_(album)" title="Taj Mahal (album)">self-titled 1968 debut album</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuey199657–58_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuey199657–58-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1968, he collaborated with the Rolling Stones on recording sessions, which resulted in Cooder playing slide on "<a href="/wiki/Memo_from_Turner" title="Memo from Turner">Memo from Turner</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Jagger/Richards" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagger/Richards">Jagger/Richards</a> song was later included on the soundtrack to the 1970 film <i><a href="/wiki/Performance_(film)" title="Performance (film)">Performance</a></i>; <i>Rolling Stone</i> included it at number 92 on its "100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time" list.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970, he recorded his own <a href="/wiki/Ry_Cooder_(album)" title="Ry Cooder (album)">self titled debut album</a>, which included the Blind Willie Johnson classic slide instrumental "<a href="/wiki/Dark_Was_the_Night,_Cold_Was_the_Ground" title="Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground">Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground</a>" (re-recorded in 1984 for the soundtrack to <i><a href="/wiki/Paris,_Texas_(film)" title="Paris, Texas (film)">Paris, Texas</a></i>). Recognized as a master of slide guitar by 1967,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrownNewquist1997142_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrownNewquist1997142-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Rolling Stone</i> magazine ranked him at number eight on their list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-Fricke_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fricke-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Duane_Allman" title="Duane Allman">Duane Allman</a>’s slide-playing with the <a href="/wiki/Allman_Brothers_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Allman Brothers Band">Allman Brothers Band</a> was one of the formative influences in the creation of <a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a>. He also added memorable slide guitar to <a href="/wiki/Derek_and_the_Dominos" title="Derek and the Dominos">Derek and the Dominos</a>’ <i><a href="/wiki/Layla_and_Other_Assorted_Love_Songs" title="Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs">Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs</a></i> album, notably its title track,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESokolow19963_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESokolow19963-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was ranked at number 13 on <i>Rolling Stone's</i> "100 Greatest Guitar Songs".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allman, who died in a motorcycle accident at age 24, was hailed by <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>'s Nick Morrison as "the most inventive slide guitarist of his era".<sup id="cite_ref-morrison_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrison-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He extended the role of the slide guitar by mimicking the harmonica effects of <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Boy_Williamson_II" title="Sonny Boy Williamson II">Sonny Boy Williamson II</a>, most clearly in the Allman Brothers' rendition of Williamson's <a href="/wiki/One_Way_Out_(song)" title="One Way Out (song)">"One Way Out"</a>, recorded live at the <a href="/wiki/Fillmore_East" title="Fillmore East">Fillmore East</a> and heard on their album <i><a href="/wiki/Eat_a_Peach" title="Eat a Peach">Eat a Peach</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicaire199999–103_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicaire199999–103-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technique">Technique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slide_guitar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The slide guitar, according to music educator Keith Wyatt, can be thought of as a "one-finger fretless guitar".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWyatt1997eBook_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt1997eBook-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The placement of a slide on a string determines the <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>, functioning in the manner of a steel guitar. The slide is pressed lightly against the treble strings to avoid hitting against the <a href="/wiki/Fret" title="Fret">frets</a>. The frets are used here only as a visual reference, and playing without their pitch-constraint enables the smooth expressive glissandos that typify blues music. This playing technique creates a hybrid of the attributes of a steel guitar and a traditional guitar in that the player's remaining (non-slide) fingers and thumb still have access to the frets, and may be used for playing rhythmic accompaniment or reaching additional notes.<sup id="cite_ref-acoustic-magazine_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acoustic-magazine-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guitar itself may be tuned in the traditional tuning or an open tuning. Most early blues players used open tunings, but most modern slide players use both.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESokolow19963_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESokolow19963-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major limitation of open tuning is that usually only one <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chord</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voicing_(music)" title="Voicing (music)">voicing</a> is easily available and is dictated by how the guitar is originally tuned.<sup id="cite_ref-cundellthesis_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cundellthesis-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 131">: 131 </span></sup> Two-note intervals can be played by slanting the slide on certain notes.<sup id="cite_ref-slide-lesson_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slide-lesson-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the sixteenth century, the notes of A–D–G–B–E were adopted as a tuning for guitar-like instruments, and the low E was added later to make E–A–D–G–B–E as the <a href="/wiki/Standard_tuning" title="Standard tuning">standard guitar tuning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-standard-tuning_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standard-tuning-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In open tuning the strings are tuned to sound a <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chord</a> when not fretted, and is most often major.<sup id="cite_ref-dummies_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dummies-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open tunings commonly used with slide guitar include <a href="/wiki/Open_D_tuning" title="Open D tuning">open D</a> or Vestapol<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tuning: D–A–D–F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>–A–D; and <a href="/wiki/Open_G" class="mw-redirect" title="Open G">open G</a> or Spanish tuning: D–G–D–G–B–D. <a href="/wiki/Open_E_tuning" title="Open E tuning">Open E</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_A_tuning" class="mw-redirect" title="Open A tuning">open A</a>, formed by raising each of those tunings a whole tone, are also common. Other tunings are also used, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Drop_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Drop D">drop D</a> tuning (low E string tuned down to D) is used by many slide players. This tuning allows for <a href="/wiki/Power_chord" title="Power chord">power chords</a>, which contain root, fifth and eighth (octave) notes in the bass strings and conventional tuning for the rest of the strings.<sup id="cite_ref-guitar-glossary_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guitar-glossary-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Johnson, whose playing has been cited by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Richards" title="Keith Richards">Keith Richards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Winter" title="Johnny Winter">Johnny Winter</a> as being a powerful influence on them, used tunings of standard, open G, open D, and drop D.<sup id="cite_ref-delta-tuning_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delta-tuning-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resonator_guitars">Resonator guitars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slide_guitar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Resonator guitars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_String_Instrument_Corporation" title="National String Instrument Corporation">National String Instrument Corporation</a> produced the first metal-body <a href="/wiki/Resonator_guitar" title="Resonator guitar">resonator guitars</a> in the late 1920s (<i>see image at beginning of article</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruhnCarver2010526_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruhnCarver2010526-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular with early slide players, these featured a large aluminum cone, resembling an inverted loudspeaker, attached under the instrument's <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(instrument)" title="Bridge (instrument)">bridge</a> to increase its volume.<sup id="cite_ref-resonator-cool_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resonator-cool-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was patented in the late 1920s by the Dopyera brothers and became widely used on many types of guitars, and was adapted to the <a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukulele" title="Ukulele">ukulele</a>. </p><p>Tampa Red played a gold-plated National Tricone style 4, and was one of the first black musicians to record with it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBatey200375_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatey200375-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delta blues pioneer, Son House, played this type of guitar on many songs including the classic, "<a href="/wiki/Death_Letter" title="Death Letter">Death Letter</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-resonator-cool_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resonator-cool-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A resonator guitar with a metal body was played by <a href="/wiki/Bukka_White" title="Bukka White">Bukka White</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Parchman_Farm_Blues" class="mw-redirect" title="Parchman Farm Blues">Parchman Farm Blues</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Fixin%27_to_Die_Blues" title="Fixin' to Die Blues">Fixin' to Die Blues</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lap_slide_guitar">Lap slide guitar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slide_guitar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lap slide guitar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lapstyle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Lapstyle.jpg/250px-Lapstyle.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Lapstyle.jpg/375px-Lapstyle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Lapstyle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>Wooden resonator guitar played with a steel, angled to form a chord unavailable from straight open tuning.</figcaption></figure> <p>"Lap slide guitar" does not refer to a specific instrument, rather a style of playing blues or rock music with the guitar placed horizontally, a position historically known as Hawaiian style. This is a lap-steel guitar, but musicians in these genres prefer the term slide instead of steel; they sometimes play the style with a flat pick or with fingers instead of finger picks. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzhaft199220_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzhaft199220-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are various instruments specifically made (or adapted) to play in the horizontal position, including the following: </p> <ul><li>a traditional guitar that has been adapted for lap slide playing by raising the bridge and/or the <a href="/wiki/Nut_(string_instrument)" title="Nut (string instrument)">nut</a> to make the strings higher off the fretboard;<sup id="cite_ref-perezcompl_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perezcompl-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_guitar" title="Steel guitar">steel guitars</a>, (electrified) including <a href="/wiki/Lap_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lap steel">lap steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Console_steel_guitar" title="Console steel guitar">console steel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pedal_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedal steel">pedal steel</a>, in which a solid metal bar, typically referred to as a "steel", is pressed against the strings and is the source of the name steel guitar;</li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/National_guitar" class="mw-redirect" title="National guitar">National</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dobro" title="Dobro">Dobro</a>-type guitar. These are typically acoustic steel guitars with a <a href="/wiki/Resonator_guitar" title="Resonator guitar">resonator</a>. Each manufacturer made wood and steel-bodied versions, but National is most associated with the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-sallissgmag_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sallissgmag-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup> The types do not sound the same — the Nationals are brassier and are usually preferred by blues players.<sup id="cite_ref-sallissgmag_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sallissgmag-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup> Nationals can be played either in the traditional position or horizontally.</li> <li>a Hawaiian-style guitar modified by adding drone and sympathetic strings used in Indian classical music known as a <a href="/wiki/Mohan_veena" title="Mohan veena">mohan veena</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lap_slide_guitar_pioneers">Lap slide guitar pioneers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slide_guitar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lap slide guitar pioneers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oscar_%22Buddy%22_Woods" title="Oscar "Buddy" Woods">Buddy Woods</a> was a Louisiana street performer who recorded in the 1930s. He was called "The Lone Wolf" after the title of his most successful song, "Lone Wolf Blues". Between 1936 and 1938, he recorded ten songs that are today considered classics, including "Don't Sell It, Don't Give It Away".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzhaft1992387–388_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzhaft1992387–388-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woods recorded five songs for the US <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> in 1940 in Shreveport, Louisiana, including "Boll Weevil Blues" and "Sometimes I Get a Thinkin'".<sup id="cite_ref-congress-woods_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress-woods-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lone-wolf_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lone-wolf-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Black_Ace" title="Black Ace">"Black Ace" Turner</a> (born Babe Karo Turner), a blues artist from Texas, was befriended and mentored by Buddy Woods. Historian Gérard Herzhaft said, "Black Ace is one of the few blues guitarists to have played in the purest Hawaiian style, that is, with the guitar flat on the knees." <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzhaft199220_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzhaft199220-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turner played a square-neck National "style 2" Tri-cone metal body guitar and used a glass medicine bottle as a slide. Turner was also a good storyteller, which enabled him to host a radio program in Fort Worth called <i>The Black Ace</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-black-ace_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-black-ace-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His career effectively ended when he entered military service in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzhaft199220_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzhaft199220-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His album, <i>I Am the Boss Card in Your Hand</i>, contained Turner's original 1930s recordings as well as new songs recorded in 1960. Turner was featured in a 1962 documentary film entitled <i>The Blues</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-black-ace_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-black-ace-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Roulette" title="Freddie Roulette">Freddie Roulette</a> (born Frederick Martin Roulette) is a San Francisco-based lap steel blues artist who became interested in the lap steel guitar at an early age and became proficient enough to play in Chicago blues clubs with prominent players.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolk2003149_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolk2003149-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He played an A7 tuning with a slant-bar style and never used finger picks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolk2003152_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolk2003152-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He earned a spot in Earl Hooker's band and recorded with Hooker in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanchin2001230_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanchin2001230-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roulette had played lap steel in other genres before focusing on blues – he stated this helped him add more complex chords to the basic blues played by Hooker and said, "it worked".<sup id="cite_ref-roulette-oral_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roulette-oral-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roulette was recruited to San Francisco in the mid-1970s by <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Musselwhite" title="Charlie Musselwhite">Charlie Musselwhite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-all-about-blues-music_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-all-about-blues-music-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, he recorded a solo album, <i>Back in Chicago: Jammin' with Willie Kent and the Gents</i>, which won Best Blues Album of 1997 by <i>Living Blues Magazine</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-blues-blast_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blues-blast-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roulette's contribution to the lap slide guitar was to prove that a lap-played instrument was capable of holding its own in Chicago blues style.<sup id="cite_ref-slide-lesson_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slide-lesson-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slides_and_steels">Slides and steels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slide_guitar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Slides and steels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:239px;max-width:239px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coricidinslides.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coricidinslides.jpg/237px-Coricidinslides.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coricidinslides.jpg/356px-Coricidinslides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coricidinslides.jpg/474px-Coricidinslides.jpg 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="527" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_guitar_slide_on_the_ring_finger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Glass_guitar_slide_on_the_ring_finger.jpg/197px-Glass_guitar_slide_on_the_ring_finger.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Glass_guitar_slide_on_the_ring_finger.jpg/296px-Glass_guitar_slide_on_the_ring_finger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Glass_guitar_slide_on_the_ring_finger.jpg/394px-Glass_guitar_slide_on_the_ring_finger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">(Left): A collection of guitar slides. On the left is a "steel" used in lap playing. The next two are Coricidin medicine bottles from the late 1960s; followed by a <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">polycarbonate</a> tube and three metal tubes; (right): a glass slide on the ring finger</div></div></div></div> <p>A slide used around a player's finger can be made with any type of smooth hard material that allows tones to resonate. Different materials cause subtle differences in <a href="/wiki/Sustain" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustain">sustain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">loudness</a>; glass or metal are the most common choices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelley200311_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelley200311-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Longer slides are used to bridge across all six guitar strings at once, but take away the fretting ability of that finger entirely. A shorter slide allows the fingertip to protrude from the slide and allow that finger to be used to fret.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissman201082_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissman201082-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Improvised slides are common, including pipes, rings, knives, spoons, and glass bottlenecks. Early blues players sometimes used a knife, such as Blind Willie Johnson (<a href="/wiki/Pocketknife" title="Pocketknife">pocket</a>- or <a href="/wiki/Penknife" title="Penknife">penknife</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharters199317_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharters199317-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForte201041_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForte201041-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/CeDell_Davis" title="CeDell Davis">CeDell Davis</a> (butterknife).<sup id="cite_ref-butterknife_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butterknife-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duane Allman used a glass <a href="/wiki/Coricidin" title="Coricidin">Coricidin</a> medicine bottle. <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Syd_Barrett" title="Syd Barrett">Syd Barrett</a> was fond of using a <a href="/wiki/Zippo" title="Zippo">Zippo</a> lighter as a slide, but this was largely for special effects.<sup id="cite_ref-barrett_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barrett-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a> also used a cigarette lighter for part of his solo on "<a href="/wiki/All_Along_the_Watchtower#The_Jimi_Hendrix_Experience_version" title="All Along the Watchtower">All Along the Watchtower</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapiroGlebbeek1991531_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapiroGlebbeek1991531-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the few recordings with Hendrix on slide, and biographer <a href="/wiki/Harry_Shapiro_(author)" title="Harry Shapiro (author)">Harry Shapiro</a> notes he performed it with the guitar on his lap.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapiroGlebbeek1991531_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapiroGlebbeek1991531-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For guitars designed to be played on the lap, the performer uses a solid piece of steel rather than a hollow tube. The choice of shape and size is a matter of personal preference.<sup id="cite_ref-slide-lesson_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slide-lesson-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common steel is a solid metal cylinder with one end rounded into a dome shape. Some lap slide guitar players choose a steel with a deep indentation or groove on each side so it can be held firmly, and may have squared-off ends. The better grip may facilitate playing the rapid vibratos in blues music. This design facilitates <a href="/wiki/Hammer-on" title="Hammer-on">hammer-on</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pull-off" title="Pull-off">pull-off</a> notes.<sup id="cite_ref-slide-lesson_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slide-lesson-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slide_guitar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slide_guitarists" title="List of slide guitarists">List of slide guitarists</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slide_guitar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sylvester Weaver's 1923 "Guitar Rag" was adapted by <a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a> pioneers <a href="/wiki/Bob_Wills" title="Bob Wills">Bob Wills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leon_McAuliffe" title="Leon McAuliffe">Leon McAuliffe</a> in 1935 for the influential instrumental "<a href="/wiki/Steel_Guitar_Rag" title="Steel Guitar Rag">Steel Guitar Rag</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann1979eBook_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann1979eBook-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Vestapol" was the name of a song written in open D tuning for parlor guitar in the 1850s. The name of the song became associated with that tuning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrossman1992100_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman1992100-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The song "Fixin' to Die Blues", recorded by Bukka White in 1940 in Chicago, was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Hall_of_Fame" title="Grammy Hall of Fame">Grammy Hall of Fame</a> in 2012<sup id="cite_ref-white-fame_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-white-fame-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slide_guitar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETracyEvans199965-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracyEvans199965_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTracyEvans1999">Tracy & Evans 1999</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-premier-ross-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-premier-ross_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoss2015" class="citation web cs1">Ross, Michael (February 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.premierguitar.com/articles/22152-pedal-to-the-metal-a-short-history-of-the-pedal-steel-guitar">"Pedal to the Metal: A Short History of the Pedal Steel Guitar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Premier_Guitar" title="Premier Guitar">premierguitar</a>.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=premierguitar.com&rft.atitle=Pedal+to+the+Metal%3A+A+Short+History+of+the+Pedal+Steel+Guitar&rft.date=2015-02-17&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premierguitar.com%2Farticles%2F22152-pedal-to-the-metal-a-short-history-of-the-pedal-steel-guitar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruymar-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ruymar_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuymar" class="citation web cs1">Ruymar, Lorene. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180316204058/http://www.hsga.org/history.htm">"The History of the Hawaiian Steel Guitar"</a>. <i>hgsa.com</i>. Hawaiian Steel Guitar Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsga.org/history.htm#">the original</a> on March 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hgsa.com&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Hawaiian+Steel+Guitar&rft.aulast=Ruymar&rft.aufirst=Lorene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsga.org%2Fhistory.htm%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuymar199648-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuymar199648_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuymar1996">Ruymar 1996</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasden20056-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasden20056_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasden2005">Masden 2005</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-blues-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history-blues_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopp2005" class="citation web cs1">Kopp, Ed (August 16, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allaboutjazz.com/a-brief-history-of-the-blues-by-ed-kopp.php">"A Brief History of the Blues"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Allaboutjazz.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Allaboutjazz.com">allaboutjazz.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guitarplayer.com&rft.atitle=Syd+Barrett+1946%E2%80%932006&rft.date=2006-09-20&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Darrin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guitarplayer.com%2Fartists%2F1013%2Fsyd-barrett-1946-2006%2F20823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapiroGlebbeek1991531-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapiroGlebbeek1991531_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapiroGlebbeek1991531_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShapiroGlebbeek1991">Shapiro & Glebbeek 1991</a>, p. 531.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slide_guitar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldin1997" class="citation AV-media-notes cs1">Aldin, Mary Katherine (1997). <i>Robert Lee McCoy: The Bluebird Recordings 1937–1938</i> (CD booklet). <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lee_McCoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Lee McCoy">Robert Lee McCoy</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/RCA_Records" title="RCA Records">RCA Records</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38226223">38226223</a>. 07863 67416-2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Lee+McCoy%3A+The+Bluebird+Recordings+1937%E2%80%931938&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=RCA+Records&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38226223&rft.aulast=Aldin&rft.aufirst=Mary+Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatey2003" class="citation book cs1">Batey, Rick (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=10PtO6eF12UC&q=tampa+red+%2B+National+guitar&pg=PA75"><i>The American Blues Guitar: An Illustrated History</i></a> (1st ed.). Milwaukee, Wisconsin: <a href="/wiki/Hal_Leonard" title="Hal Leonard">Hal Leonard</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-634-02759-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-634-02759-X"><bdi>0-634-02759-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Blues+Guitar%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=Milwaukee%2C+Wisconsin&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-634-02759-X&rft.aulast=Batey&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D10PtO6eF12UC%26q%3Dtampa%2Bred%2B%252B%2BNational%2Bguitar%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharters1993" class="citation AV-media-notes cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Charters" title="Samuel Charters">Charters, Samuel</a> (1993). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Blind_Willie_Johnson_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Complete Blind Willie Johnson (album)">The Complete Blind Willie Johnson</a></i> (CD booklet). <a href="/wiki/Blind_Willie_Johnson" title="Blind Willie Johnson">Blind Willie Johnson</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a>/<a href="/wiki/Legacy_Recordings" title="Legacy Recordings">Legacy Recordings</a>. C2K 52835.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Blind+Willie+Johnson&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Columbia+Records%2FLegacy+Recordings&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Charters&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahl1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dahl, Bill (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allmusicguidetob00erle">"Robert Nighthawk"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Erlewine" title="Michael Erlewine">Erlewine, Michael</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/All_Music_Guide_to_the_Blues:_The_Definitive_Guide_to_the_Blues" class="mw-redirect" title="All Music Guide to the Blues: The Definitive Guide to the Blues">All Music Guide to the Blues</a></i>. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Miller_Freeman,_Inc." title="Miller Freeman, Inc.">Miller Freeman Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-424-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-424-3"><bdi>0-87930-424-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Robert+Nighthawk&rft.btitle=All+Music+Guide+to+the+Blues&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Miller+Freeman+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-87930-424-3&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallmusicguidetob00erle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanchin2001" class="citation book cs1">Danchin, Sebastian (2001). <i>Earl Hooker: Blues Master</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57806-306-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57806-306-X"><bdi>1-57806-306-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earl+Hooker%3A+Blues+Master&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-57806-306-X&rft.aulast=Danchin&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDicaire1999" class="citation book cs1">Dicaire, David (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rWMsAAAAQBAJ&q=allman+brothers"><i>Blues Singers: Biographies of 50 Legendary Artists of the Early 20th Century</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">Mc Farland</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0606-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0606-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-0606-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blues+Singers%3A+Biographies+of+50+Legendary+Artists+of+the+Early+20th+Century&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Mc+Farland&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0606-7&rft.aulast=Dicaire&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrWMsAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dallman%2Bbrothers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgan2013" class="citation book cs1">Egan, Sean (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1djABAAAQBAJ&q=title+page"><i>The Mammoth Book of the Rolling Stones</i></a>. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/Running_Press" title="Running Press">Running Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-4814-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-4814-2"><bdi>978-0-7624-4814-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mammoth+Book+of+the+Rolling+Stones&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7624-4814-2&rft.aulast=Egan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1djABAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtitle%2Bpage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlewine1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Erlewine" title="Michael Erlewine">Erlewine, Michael</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allmusicguidetob00erle">"Encyclopedia articles"</a></span>. <i>All Music Guide to the Blues</i>. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Miller_Freeman,_Inc." title="Miller Freeman, Inc.">Miller Freeman Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-424-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-424-3"><bdi>0-87930-424-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+articles&rft.btitle=All+Music+Guide+to+the+Blues&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Miller+Freeman+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-87930-424-3&rft.aulast=Erlewine&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallmusicguidetob00erle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFetherhoff2014" class="citation book cs1">Fetherhoff, Bob (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gxtXDQAAQBAJ&q=sylvester+weaver"><i>The Guitar Story: From Ancient to Modern Times</i></a>. BookBaby. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4835-1683-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4835-1683-7"><bdi>978-1-4835-1683-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guitar+Story%3A+From+Ancient+to+Modern+Times&rft.pub=BookBaby&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4835-1683-7&rft.aulast=Fetherhoff&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgxtXDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsylvester%2Bweaver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForte2010" class="citation book cs1">Forte, Dan (2010) [From an interview in <i><a href="/wiki/Guitar_Player" title="Guitar Player">Guitar Player</a></i> in August 1988]. "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"I Don't Feel I Have Anything to Prove, and I Still Enjoy the Work"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Molenda, Mike (ed.). <i>Clapton, Beck, Page</i>. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: <a href="/wiki/Backbeat_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbeat Books">Backbeat Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0879309756" title="Special:BookSources/978-0879309756"><bdi>978-0879309756</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22I+Don%27t+Feel+I+Have+Anything+to+Prove%2C+and+I+Still+Enjoy+the+Work%22&rft.btitle=Clapton%2C+Beck%2C+Page&rft.place=Milwaukee%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0879309756&rft.aulast=Forte&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGioia2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Gioia" title="Ted Gioia">Gioia, Ted</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deltablueslifeti00gioi"><i>Delta Blues</i></a> (Norton Paperback 2009 ed.). New York City: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33750-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33750-1"><bdi>978-0-393-33750-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delta+Blues&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.edition=Norton+Paperback+2009&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-393-33750-1&rft.aulast=Gioia&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeltablueslifeti00gioi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2002" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Robert (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cantbesatisfied00robe_0"><i>Can't Be Satisfied: The Life and Times of Muddy Waters</i></a></span>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-32849-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-32849-9"><bdi>0-316-32849-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can%27t+Be+Satisfied%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Muddy+Waters&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-316-32849-9&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcantbesatisfied00robe_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrigg1999" class="citation AV-media-notes cs1">Grigg, Andy (1999). <i>Earl Hooker: Simply the Best</i> (CD notes). <a href="/wiki/Earl_Hooker" title="Earl Hooker">Earl Hooker</a>. Universal City, California: <a href="/wiki/MCA_Records" title="MCA Records">MCA Records</a>. MCAD-11811.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earl+Hooker%3A+Simply+the+Best&rft.place=Universal+City%2C+California&rft.pub=MCA+Records&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Grigg&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Grossman" title="Stefan Grossman">Grossman, Stefan</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2xwxDwAAQBAJ&q=Vestapol&pg=PA100"><i>Complete Country Blues Guitar Book</i></a>. Pacific, Missouri: <a href="/wiki/Mel_Bay" title="Mel Bay">Mel Bay</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61065-873-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61065-873-7"><bdi>978-1-61065-873-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Country+Blues+Guitar+Book&rft.place=Pacific%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Mel+Bay&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-61065-873-7&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2xwxDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DVestapol%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruhnCarver2010" class="citation book cs1">Gruhn, George; Carver, Walter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M-3HoVgxFBIC&q=dopyera+brothers+%2B+resonator&pg=PA526"><i>Gruhn's Guide to Vintage Guitars: An Identification Guide for American Fretted Instruments</i></a> (3rd ed.). New York City: <a href="/wiki/Hal_Leonard" title="Hal Leonard">Hal Leonard</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-944-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-944-2"><bdi>978-0-87930-944-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gruhn%27s+Guide+to+Vintage+Guitars%3A+An+Identification+Guide+for+American+Fretted+Instruments&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-87930-944-2&rft.aulast=Gruhn&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Carver%2C+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM-3HoVgxFBIC%26q%3Ddopyera%2Bbrothers%2B%252B%2Bresonator%26pg%3DPA526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzhaft1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herzhaft, Gérard (1992). "Encyclopedia articles". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofbl00herzh"><i>Encyclopedia of the Blues</i></a></span>. Fayetteville, Arkansas: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas_Press" title="University of Arkansas Press">University of Arkansas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55728-252-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55728-252-8"><bdi>1-55728-252-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+articles&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Blues&rft.place=Fayetteville%2C+Arkansas&rft.pub=University+of+Arkansas+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-55728-252-8&rft.aulast=Herzhaft&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofbl00herzh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuey1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Huey, Steve (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allmusicguidetob00erle">"Ry Cooder"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Erlewine" title="Michael Erlewine">Erlewine, Michael</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/All_Music_Guide_to_the_Blues:_The_Definitive_Guide_to_the_Blues" class="mw-redirect" title="All Music Guide to the Blues: The Definitive Guide to the Blues">All Music Guide to the Blues</a></i>. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Miller_Freeman,_Inc." title="Miller Freeman, Inc.">Miller Freeman Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-424-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-424-3"><bdi>0-87930-424-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ry+Cooder&rft.btitle=All+Music+Guide+to+the+Blues&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Miller+Freeman+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-87930-424-3&rft.aulast=Huey&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallmusicguidetob00erle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInaba2011" class="citation book cs1">Inaba, Mitsutoshi (2011). <i>Willie Dixon: Preacher of the Blues</i>. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6993-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6993-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-6993-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Willie+Dixon%3A+Preacher+of+the+Blues&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6993-6&rft.aulast=Inaba&rft.aufirst=Mitsutoshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley2003" class="citation book cs1">Kelley, Kirby (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fXbXm-lDuigC&q=choice+of+slides+for+slide+guitar&pg=PA11"><i>Beginning Electric Slide Guitar: An Introduction to Slide Techniques and Styles</i></a>. Van Nuys, California: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Publishing">Alfred Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7390-3142-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7390-3142-2"><bdi>0-7390-3142-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beginning+Electric+Slide+Guitar%3A+An+Introduction+to+Slide+Techniques+and+Styles&rft.place=Van+Nuys%2C+California&rft.pub=Alfred+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7390-3142-2&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Kirby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfXbXm-lDuigC%26q%3Dchoice%2Bof%2Bslides%2Bfor%2Bslide%2Bguitar%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkeby1992" class="citation AV-media-notes cs1">Kirkeby, Marc (1992). <i>Rising Sons Featuring Taj Mahal and Ry Cooder</i> (Album notes). <a href="/wiki/Rising_Sons" title="Rising Sons">Rising Sons</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Legacy_Recordings" title="Legacy Recordings">Legacy Recordings</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/990269418">990269418</a>. CK 52828.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rising+Sons+Featuring+Taj+Mahal+and+Ry+Cooder&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Legacy+Recordings&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F990269418&rft.aulast=Kirkeby&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Woody_Mann" title="Woody Mann">Mann, Woody</a> (1979). <i>Bottleneck Blues Guitar</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Oak_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak Publications">Oak Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783235261" title="Special:BookSources/978-1783235261"><bdi>978-1783235261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bottleneck+Blues+Guitar&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oak+Publications&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-1783235261&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Woody&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasden2005" class="citation book cs1">Masden, Pete (2005). <i>Slide Guitar</i>. <a href="/wiki/Backbeat_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbeat Books">Backbeat Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-852-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-852-4"><bdi>0-87930-852-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slide+Guitar&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-87930-852-4&rft.aulast=Masden&rft.aufirst=Pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2003" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Allan (2003). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Blues and Gospel Music</i>. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-49453-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-49453-4"><bdi>978-1-107-49453-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Blues+and+Gospel+Music&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-107-49453-4&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Oliver" title="Paul Oliver">Oliver, Paul</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bluesoffrecordth00oliv"><i>Blues Off the Record : Thirty Years of Blues Commentary</i></a> (Repr. ed.). New York City: <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80321-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80321-5"><bdi>978-0-306-80321-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blues+Off+the+Record+%3A+Thirty+Years+of+Blues+Commentary&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80321-5&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbluesoffrecordth00oliv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrownNewquist1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pete_Prown" title="Pete Prown">Prown, Pete</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harvey_P._Newquist" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey P. Newquist">Newquist, Harvey P.</a> (1997). <i>Legends of Rock Guitar: The Essential Reference of Rock's Greatest Guitarists</i>. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: <a href="/wiki/Hal_Leonard" title="Hal Leonard">Hal Leonard</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7935-4042-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7935-4042-6"><bdi>978-0-7935-4042-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legends+of+Rock+Guitar%3A+The+Essential+Reference+of+Rock%27s+Greatest+Guitarists&rft.place=Milwaukee%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7935-4042-6&rft.aulast=Prown&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft.au=Newquist%2C+Harvey+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2007" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Dave (2007). <i>Inside the Blues: 1942 to 1982</i>. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: <a href="/wiki/Hal_Leonard" title="Hal Leonard">Hal Leonard</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4234-1666-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4234-1666-1"><bdi>978-1-4234-1666-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Blues%3A+1942+to+1982&rft.place=Milwaukee%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4234-1666-1&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1997" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Tony (1997). <i>The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray</i>. Dubai: <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlton Books">Carlton Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85868-255-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85868-255-X"><bdi>1-85868-255-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blues%3A+From+Robert+Johnson+to+Robert+Cray&rft.place=Dubai&rft.pub=Carlton+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-85868-255-X&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuymar1996" class="citation book cs1">Ruymar, Lorene (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WlDSDopg3HoC&q=America"><i>The Hawaiian Steel Guitar and Its Great Hawaiian Musicians</i></a>. Anaheim, California: Centerstream Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57424-021-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57424-021-8"><bdi>1-57424-021-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hawaiian+Steel+Guitar+and+Its+Great+Hawaiian+Musicians&rft.place=Anaheim%2C+California&rft.pub=Centerstream+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-57424-021-8&rft.aulast=Ruymar&rft.aufirst=Lorene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWlDSDopg3HoC%26q%3DAmerica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiroGlebbeek1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Shapiro_(author)" title="Harry Shapiro (author)">Shapiro, Harry</a>; Glebbeek, Cesar (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jimihendrixelec000shap"><i>Jimi Hendrix: Electric Gypsy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-05861-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-05861-6"><bdi>0-312-05861-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jimi+Hendrix%3A+Electric+Gypsy&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-312-05861-6&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=Glebbeek%2C+Cesar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjimihendrixelec000shap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSokolow1996" class="citation book cs1">Sokolow, Fred (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bnMyBFsw45sC&q=title+page"><i>Slide Guitar for the Rock Guitarist</i></a>. Pacific, Missouri: <a href="/wiki/Mel_Bay" title="Mel Bay">Mel Bay</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61065-563-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61065-563-7"><bdi>978-1-61065-563-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slide+Guitar+for+the+Rock+Guitarist&rft.place=Pacific%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Mel+Bay&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-61065-563-7&rft.aulast=Sokolow&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbnMyBFsw45sC%26q%3Dtitle%2Bpage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2010" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Robert L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=isPbiH_Qh8IC&q=tone+bar+%2B+steel+guitar&pg=PA53"><i>Sacred Steel: Inside an African American Steel Guitar Tradition</i></a>. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07743-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07743-2"><bdi>978-0-252-07743-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Steel%3A+Inside+an+African+American+Steel+Guitar+Tradition&rft.place=Urbana%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-252-07743-2&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DisPbiH_Qh8IC%26q%3Dtone%2Bbar%2B%252B%2Bsteel%2Bguitar%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTipaldi2002" class="citation book cs1">Tipaldi, Art (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oFleFn79Ao0C&q=Tipaldi+%2B+lap+slide+guitar&pg=PA279"><i>Children of the Blues: 49 Musicians Shaping a New Blues Tradition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hal_Leonard" title="Hal Leonard">Hal Leonard</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781617749933" title="Special:BookSources/9781617749933"><bdi>9781617749933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children+of+the+Blues%3A+49+Musicians+Shaping+a+New+Blues+Tradition&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781617749933&rft.aulast=Tipaldi&rft.aufirst=Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoFleFn79Ao0C%26q%3DTipaldi%2B%252B%2Blap%2Bslide%2Bguitar%26pg%3DPA279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracyEvans1999" class="citation book cs1">Tracy, Steven C.; Evans, David (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6DRpU7pU5mIC&q=diddley+bow&pg=PA63"><i>Write Me a Few of Your Lines: A Blues Reader</i></a>. Amherst, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55849-205-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55849-205-4"><bdi>1-55849-205-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Write+Me+a+Few+of+Your+Lines%3A+A+Blues+Reader&rft.place=Amherst%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-55849-205-4&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=Steven+C.&rft.au=Evans%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6DRpU7pU5mIC%26q%3Ddiddley%2Bbow%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrynka2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Trynka" title="Paul Trynka">Trynka, Paul</a> (2014). <i>Brian Jones: The Making of the Rolling Stones</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Plume_(publisher)" title="Plume (publisher)">Plume</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0147516459" title="Special:BookSources/978-0147516459"><bdi>978-0147516459</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brian+Jones%3A+The+Making+of+the+Rolling+Stones&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Plume&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0147516459&rft.aulast=Trynka&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnterbergerKoda1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richie_Unterberger" title="Richie Unterberger">Unterberger, Richie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cub_Koda" title="Cub Koda">Koda, Cub</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allmusicguidetob00erle">"Blues Slide Guitar"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Erlewine" title="Michael Erlewine">Erlewine, Michael</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/All_Music_Guide_to_the_Blues:_The_Definitive_Guide_to_the_Blues" class="mw-redirect" title="All Music Guide to the Blues: The Definitive Guide to the Blues">All Music Guide to the Blues</a></i>. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Miller_Freeman,_Inc." title="Miller Freeman, Inc.">Miller Freeman Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-424-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-424-3"><bdi>0-87930-424-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blues+Slide+Guitar&rft.btitle=All+Music+Guide+to+the+Blues&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Miller+Freeman+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-87930-424-3&rft.aulast=Unterberger&rft.aufirst=Richie&rft.au=Koda%2C+Cub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallmusicguidetob00erle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnterberger2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richie_Unterberger" title="Richie Unterberger">Unterberger, Richie</a> (2008). <i>The Unreleased Beatles: Music & Film</i>. San Francisco, California: <a href="/wiki/Backbeat_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbeat Books">Backbeat Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-892-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-892-6"><bdi>978-0-87930-892-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unreleased+Beatles%3A+Music+%26+Film&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-87930-892-6&rft.aulast=Unterberger&rft.aufirst=Richie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolk2003" class="citation book cs1">Volk, Andy (2003). <i>Lap Steel Guitar</i>. Anaheim, California: Centerstream Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57424-134-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57424-134-6"><bdi>1-57424-134-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lap+Steel+Guitar&rft.place=Anaheim%2C+California&rft.pub=Centerstream+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57424-134-6&rft.aulast=Volk&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWald2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Wald" title="Elijah Wald">Wald, Elijah</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/escapingdeltarob00walde"><i>Escaping the Delta: Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues</i></a></span>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Amistad_(publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amistad (publishing)">Amistad</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-052427-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-052427-2"><bdi>978-0-06-052427-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Escaping+the+Delta%3A+Robert+Johnson+and+the+Invention+of+the+Blues&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Amistad&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-06-052427-2&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=Elijah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fescapingdeltarob00walde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Ward_(writer)" title="Ed Ward (writer)">Ward, Ed</a> (2016). <i>Michael Bloomfield: The Rise and Fall of an American Guitar Hero</i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Review_Press" title="Chicago Review Press">Chicago Review Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61373-331-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61373-331-8"><bdi>978-1-61373-331-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michael+Bloomfield%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+an+American+Guitar+Hero&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61373-331-8&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Ed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeissman2010" class="citation book cs1">Weissman, Dick (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zAGb-AEyKrYC&q=slide+guitar+improvised+slides&pg=PA82"><i>A Guide to Non-Jazz Improvisation: Guitar Edition</i></a>. Pacific, Missouri: <a href="/wiki/Mel_Bay" title="Mel Bay">Mel Bay</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610652407" title="Special:BookSources/9781610652407"><bdi>9781610652407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Non-Jazz+Improvisation%3A+Guitar+Edition&rft.place=Pacific%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Mel+Bay&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781610652407&rft.aulast=Weissman&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzAGb-AEyKrYC%26q%3Dslide%2Bguitar%2Bimprovised%2Bslides%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitburn1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Whitburn" title="Joel Whitburn">Whitburn, Joel</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstop00whit"><i>Top R&B Singles 1942–1988</i></a>. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: <a href="/wiki/Record_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Record Research">Record Research</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89820-068-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89820-068-7"><bdi>0-89820-068-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Top+R%26B+Singles+1942%E2%80%931988&rft.place=Menomonee+Falls%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=Record+Research&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-89820-068-7&rft.aulast=Whitburn&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjoelwhitburnstop00whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolkin1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wolkin, Jan Mark (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allmusicguidetob00erle">"Michael Bloomfield"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Erlewine" title="Michael Erlewine">Erlewine, Michael</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/All_Music_Guide_to_the_Blues:_The_Definitive_Guide_to_the_Blues" class="mw-redirect" title="All Music Guide to the Blues: The Definitive Guide to the Blues">All Music Guide to the Blues</a></i>. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Miller_Freeman,_Inc." title="Miller Freeman, Inc.">Miller Freeman Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-424-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-424-3"><bdi>0-87930-424-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Michael+Bloomfield&rft.btitle=All+Music+Guide+to+the+Blues&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Miller+Freeman+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-87930-424-3&rft.aulast=Wolkin&rft.aufirst=Jan+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallmusicguidetob00erle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyatt1997" class="citation book cs1">Wyatt, Keith (1997). Stang, Aaron (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hpflo-hN84sC&q=title+page"><i>Electric Slide Guitar: Beyond Basics</i></a>. Miami, Florida: <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Publications_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Bros. Publications Inc.">Warner Bros.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7692-0036-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7692-0036-1"><bdi>978-0-7692-0036-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electric+Slide+Guitar%3A+Beyond+Basics&rft.place=Miami%2C+Florida&rft.pub=Warner+Bros.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7692-0036-1&rft.aulast=Wyatt&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHpflo-hN84sC%26q%3Dtitle%2Bpage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyman1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wyman" title="Bill Wyman">Wyman, Bill</a> (1991). <i>Stone Alone: The Story of a Rock 'n' Roll Band</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stone+Alone%3A+The+Story+of+a+Rock+%27n%27+Roll+Band&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Wyman&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlide+guitar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slide_guitar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumofmakingmusic.org/slide">The Magic and Mystery of Slide Guitar</a> – an exhibit curated by the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Making_Music" title="Museum of Making Music">Museum of Making Music</a> (<a href="/wiki/NAMM_Show" title="NAMM Show">NAMM Foundation</a>) detailing the history and evolution of slide guitar technique</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Guitar_tunings" title="Template:Guitar tunings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Guitar_tunings" title="Template talk:Guitar tunings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Guitar_tunings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Guitar tunings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Guitar_tunings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Guitar_tunings" title="Guitar tunings">Guitar tunings</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_tunings#Standard" title="Guitar tunings">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DADGAD" title="DADGAD">DADGAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_tuning_(high_strung)" title="Nashville tuning (high strung)">Nashville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Open_(Slide_and_slack-key_guitar)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Guitar_tunings#Open" title="Guitar tunings">Open</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slack-key_guitar" title="Slack-key guitar">slack-key guitar</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Tuning</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Repetitive_tuning" title="Repetitive tuning">Repetitive</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Overtones_tuning" title="Overtones tuning">Overtones</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Other<br />(often most popular)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_guitar_tunings#Open_A" title="List of guitar tunings">Open <b>A</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_B_tuning" title="Open B tuning">Open <b>B</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_C_tuning" title="Open C tuning">Open <b>C</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_D_tuning" title="Open D tuning">Open <b>D</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_E_tuning" title="Open E tuning">Open <b>E</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_guitar_tunings#Open_F" title="List of guitar tunings">Open <b>F</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_G_tuning" title="Open G tuning">Open <b>G</b></a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b>A</b>-C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>-E-A-C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>-E</li> <li><b>B</b>-D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>-F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>-B-D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>-F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_C_tuning#C-E-G-C-E-G" title="Open C tuning"><b>C</b>-E-G-C-E-G</a></li> <li><b>D</b>-F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>-A-D-F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>-A</li> <li><b>E</b>-G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>-B-E-G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>-B</li> <li><b>F</b>-A-C-F-A-C</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_G_tuning#Repetitive_variants_for_special_instruments" title="Open G tuning"><b>G</b>-B-D-G-B-D</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b>A</b>-A-E-A-C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>-E</li> <li><b>B</b>-B-F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>-B-D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>-F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_C_tuning#C-C-G-C-E-G" title="Open C tuning"><b>C</b>-C-G-C-E-G</a></li> <li><b>D</b>-D-A-D-F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>-A</li> <li><b>E</b>-E-B-E-G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>-B</li> <li><b>F</b>-F-C-F-A-C</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_G_tuning#Overtones_of_the_fundamental_note_G" title="Open G tuning"><b>G</b>-G-D-G-B-D</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_guitar_tunings#Open_A" title="List of guitar tunings">E-<b>A</b>-C♯-E-A-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_guitar_tunings#Open_B" title="List of guitar tunings"><b>B</b>-F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>-B-F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>-B-D<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_C_tuning#C-G-C-G-C-E" title="Open C tuning"><b>C</b>-G-C-G-C-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_D_tuning" title="Open D tuning"><b>D</b>-A-D-F♯-A-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_guitar_tunings#Open_E" title="List of guitar tunings"><b>E</b>-B-E-G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span>-B-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_guitar_tunings#Open_F" title="List of guitar tunings">C-<b>F</b>-C-F-A-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_G_tuning" title="Open G tuning">D-<b>G</b>-D-G-B-D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Regular_(semitones)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regular_tuning" title="Regular tuning">Regular</a> (<a href="/wiki/Semitone" title="Semitone">semitones</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich_guitar" title="Ostrich guitar">Unison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unison" title="Unison">0</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_tunings#Minor_thirds" title="Guitar tunings">Minor thirds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minor_third" title="Minor third">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_thirds_tuning" title="Major thirds tuning">Major thirds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Major_third" title="Major third">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_fourths_tuning" title="All fourths tuning">All fourths</a> (<a href="/wiki/Perfect_fourth" title="Perfect fourth">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented-fourths_tuning" title="Augmented-fourths tuning">Augmented fourths</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tritone" title="Tritone">6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_standard_tuning" title="New standard tuning">New standard</a> (7<sup>4</sup>, 3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_fifths_tuning" title="All fifths tuning">All fifths</a> (<a href="/wiki/Perfect_fifth" title="Perfect fifth">7</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Repetitive_(open_pitches)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Repetitive_tuning" title="Repetitive tuning">Repetitive</a> (<a href="/wiki/Open_string_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open string (music)">open</a> <a href="/wiki/Pitch_class" title="Pitch class">pitches</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich_guitar" title="Ostrich guitar">Trivial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Repetitive_tuning#One" title="Repetitive tuning">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented-fourths_tuning" title="Augmented-fourths tuning">Augmented fourths</a> (<a href="/wiki/Repetitive_tuning#Two" title="Repetitive tuning">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_thirds_tuning" title="Major thirds tuning">Major thirds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Repetitive_tuning#Three" title="Repetitive tuning">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_guitar#Tuning" title="English guitar">English open-C</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_guitar#Tuning" title="Russian guitar">Russian open-G</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_tuning#Minor_thirds" title="Regular tuning">Minor thirds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Repetitive_tuning#Four" title="Repetitive tuning">4</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list 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