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id="toc-Low_relief_or_bas-relief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_relief_or_bas-relief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Low relief or bas-relief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_relief_or_bas-relief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-relief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-relief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mid-relief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-relief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_relief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_relief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>High relief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_relief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sunk_relief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunk_relief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Sunk relief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunk_relief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counter-relief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counter-relief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Counter-relief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counter-relief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Small objects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reliefs_by_modern_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliefs_by_modern_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reliefs by modern artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reliefs_by_modern_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_reliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_reliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable reliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_reliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Relief</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="نقش بارز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقش بارز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA" title="কারুশিল্প – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কারুশিল্প" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%84_(%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Рэльеф (скульптура) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэльеф (скульптура)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%84_(%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Рэльеф (скульптура) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэльеф (скульптура)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84_(%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Релеф (скулптура) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Релеф (скулптура)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relleu_(escultura)" title="Relleu (escultura) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Relleu (escultura)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reli%C3%A9f_(socha%C5%99stv%C3%AD)" title="Reliéf (sochařství) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Reliéf (sochařství)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief" title="Relief – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Relief" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief" title="Relief – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Relief" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reljeef_(kunst)" title="Reljeef (kunst) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Reljeef (kunst)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%86%CE%BF" title="Ανάγλυφο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανάγλυφο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relieve_(arte)" title="Relieve (arte) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Relieve (arte)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliefo_(arto)" title="Reliefo (arto) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reliefo (arto)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erliebe_(eskultura)" title="Erliebe (eskultura) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erliebe (eskultura)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87" title="نقش‌برجسته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقش‌برجسته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_(sculpture)" title="Relief (sculpture) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Relief (sculpture)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealbh%C3%B3ireacht_ril%C3%ADfe" title="Dealbhóireacht rilífe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dealbhóireacht rilífe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevo_(escultura)" title="Relevo (escultura) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Relevo (escultura)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EC%A1%B0" title="부조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A5%D6%86_(%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Ռելիեֆ (քանդակագործություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռելիեֆ (քանդակագործություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="उद्भृति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उद्भृति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reljef_(umjetnost)" title="Reljef (umjetnost) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Reljef (umjetnost)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief" title="Relief – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Relief" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilievo_(scultura)" title="Rilievo (scultura) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rilievo (scultura)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98" title="תבליט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תבליט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief" title="Relief – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Relief" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90)" title="რელიეფი (სკულპტურა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რელიეფი (სკულპტურა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%84" title="Барельеф – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Барельеф" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolyef" title="Rolyef – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rolyef" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toreuma" title="Toreuma – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Toreuma" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilnis" title="Cilnis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cilnis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reljefas_(skulpt%C5%ABra)" title="Reljefas (skulptūra) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Reljefas (skulptūra)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domborm%C5%B1" title="Dombormű – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dombormű" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%84_(%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Релјеф (вајарство) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Релјеф (вајарство)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reli%C3%ABf_(beeldhouwkunst)" title="Reliëf (beeldhouwkunst) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Reliëf (beeldhouwkunst)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95" title="レリーフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レリーフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relieff" title="Relieff – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Relieff" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relieff" title="Relieff – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Relieff" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relyef_(haykaltaroshlik)" title="Relyef (haykaltaroshlik) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Relyef (haykaltaroshlik)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief" title="Relief – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Relief" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevo_(escultura)" title="Relevo (escultura) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Relevo (escultura)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_(art%C4%83)" title="Relief (artă) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Relief (artă)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%84_(%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Рельеф (скульптура) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рельеф (скульптура)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reli%C3%A4f" title="Reliäf – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Reliäf" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief" title="Relief – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Relief" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reli%C3%A9f_(soch%C3%A1rske_dielo)" title="Reliéf (sochárske dielo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Reliéf (sochárske dielo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_(umetnost)" title="Relief (umetnost) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Relief (umetnost)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B5%D1%84" title="Вајарски рељеф – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вајарски рељеф" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reljef_(skulptura)" title="Reljef (skulptura) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Reljef (skulptura)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohokuva" title="Kohokuva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kohokuva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief" title="Relief – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Relief" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="புடைப்புச் சிற்பம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புடைப்புச் சிற்பம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D_(%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B3)" title="రిలీఫ్ (శిల్పకళ) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రిలీఫ్ (శిల్పకళ)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabartma" title="Kabartma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kabartma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%94%D1%84_(%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Рельєф (скульптура) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рельєф (скульптура)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B9_%C4%91i%C3%AAu" title="Phù điêu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phù điêu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the sculptural method. For emotion, see <a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief (emotion)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Relief_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Relief (disambiguation)">Relief (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_(Gates_of_Paradise)_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Abraham_%28Gates_of_Paradise%29_01.JPG/220px-Abraham_%28Gates_of_Paradise%29_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Abraham_%28Gates_of_Paradise%29_01.JPG/330px-Abraham_%28Gates_of_Paradise%29_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Abraham_%28Gates_of_Paradise%29_01.JPG/440px-Abraham_%28Gates_of_Paradise%29_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Side view of <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti">Lorenzo Ghiberti</a>'s cast <a href="/wiki/Gilt-bronze" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilt-bronze">gilt-bronze</a> <i>Gates of Paradise</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Florence_Baptistery" title="Florence Baptistery">Florence Baptistery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy, combining high-relief main figures with backgrounds mostly in low relief</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Relief</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculptural</a> method in which the sculpted pieces remain attached to a solid background of the same material. The term <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/relief" class="extiw" title="wikt:relief">relief</a></i> is from the Latin verb <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">relevare</i></span>, to raise (lit. to lift back). To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that the sculpted material has been raised above the background <a href="/wiki/Plane_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (geometry)">plane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a relief is carved into a flat surface of stone (relief sculpture) or wood (<a href="/wiki/Relief_carving" title="Relief carving">relief carving</a>), the field is actually lowered, leaving the unsculpted areas seeming higher. The approach requires a lot of chiselling away of the background, which takes a long time. On the other hand, a relief saves forming the rear of a subject, and is less fragile and more securely fixed than a sculpture in the round, especially one of a standing figure where the ankles are a potential weak point, particularly in stone. In other materials such as metal, clay, plaster <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a>, ceramics or <a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">papier-mâché</a> the form can be simply added to or raised up from the background. Monumental <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> reliefs are made by <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">casting</a>. </p><p>There are different degrees of relief depending on the degree of projection of the sculpted form from the field, for which the Italian and French terms are still sometimes used in English. The full range includes <b>high relief</b> (Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">alto-rilievo</i></span>, French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">haut-relief</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where more than 50% of the depth is shown and there may be undercut areas, <b>mid-relief</b> (Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">mezzo-rilievo</i></span>), <b>low relief</b> (Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">basso-rilievo</i></span>, French: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bas-relief</i></span>), and shallow-relief (Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">rilievo schiacciato</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the plane is only very slightly lower than the sculpted elements. There is also <b>sunk relief</b>, which was mainly restricted to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> (<i>see below</i>). However, the distinction between high relief and low relief is the clearest and most important, and these two are generally the only terms used to discuss most work. </p><p>The definition of these terms is somewhat variable, and many works combine areas in more than one of them, rarely sliding between them in a single figure; accordingly some writers prefer to avoid all distinctions.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opposite of relief sculpture is <b>counter-relief</b>, <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(sculpture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intaglio (sculpture)">intaglio</a></span></span>, or <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">cavo-rilievo</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the form is cut into the field or background rather than rising from it; this is very rare in <a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">monumental sculpture</a>. Hyphens may or may not be used in all these terms, though they are rarely seen in "sunk relief" and are usual in "<span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr">bas-relief</span></span>" and "counter-relief". Works in the technique are described as "in relief", and, especially in <a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">monumental sculpture</a>, the work itself is "a relief". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Memorial_Friese_Facing_South_-_May_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Albert_Memorial_Friese_Facing_South_-_May_2008.jpg/300px-Albert_Memorial_Friese_Facing_South_-_May_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Albert_Memorial_Friese_Facing_South_-_May_2008.jpg/450px-Albert_Memorial_Friese_Facing_South_-_May_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Albert_Memorial_Friese_Facing_South_-_May_2008.jpg/600px-Albert_Memorial_Friese_Facing_South_-_May_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4101" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>A face of the high-relief <i><a href="/wiki/Frieze_of_Parnassus" title="Frieze of Parnassus">Frieze of Parnassus</a></i> round the base of the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Memorial" title="Albert Memorial">Albert Memorial</a> in London. Most of the heads and many feet are completely undercut, but the torsos are "engaged" with the surface behind.</figcaption></figure> <p>Reliefs are common throughout the world on the walls of buildings and a variety of smaller settings, and a sequence of several panels or sections of relief may represent an extended narrative. Relief is more suitable for depicting complicated subjects with many figures and very active poses, such as battles, than free-standing "sculpture in the round". Most ancient architectural reliefs were originally painted, which helped to define forms in low relief. The subject of reliefs is for convenient reference assumed in this article to be usually figures, but sculpture in relief often depicts decorative geometrical or foliage patterns, as in the <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Islamic_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (Islamic art)">arabesques</a> of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a>, and may be of any subject. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panel_of_Tellus,_Ara_Pacis,_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Panel_of_Tellus%2C_Ara_Pacis%2C_Rome.jpg/290px-Panel_of_Tellus%2C_Ara_Pacis%2C_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Panel_of_Tellus%2C_Ara_Pacis%2C_Rome.jpg/435px-Panel_of_Tellus%2C_Ara_Pacis%2C_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Panel_of_Tellus%2C_Ara_Pacis%2C_Rome.jpg/580px-Panel_of_Tellus%2C_Ara_Pacis%2C_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>A common mixture of high and low relief, in the Roman <a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a>, placed to be seen from below. Low relief background.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rock_relief" title="Rock relief">Rock reliefs</a> are those carved into solid rock in the open air (if inside caves, whether natural or human-made, they are more likely to be called "rock-cut"). This type is found in many cultures, in particular those of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> and Buddhist countries. A <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> is a single standing stone; many of these carry reliefs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distinction between high and low relief is somewhat subjective, and the two are very often combined in a single work. In particular, most later "high reliefs" contain sections in low relief, usually in the background. From the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon_Frieze" title="Parthenon Frieze">Parthenon Frieze</a> onwards, many single figures in large <a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">monumental sculpture</a> have heads in high relief, but their lower legs are in low relief. The slightly projecting figures created in this way work well in reliefs that are seen from below, and reflect that the heads of figures are usually of more interest to both artist and viewer than the legs or feet. As unfinished examples from various periods show, raised reliefs, whether high or low, were normally "blocked out" by marking the outline of the figure and reducing the background areas to the new background level, work no doubt performed by apprentices (see gallery). </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Bas-relief_or_low_relief"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low_relief_or_bas-relief">Low relief or bas-relief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Low relief or bas-relief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PupienusSest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/PupienusSest.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="165" /></a><figcaption>Low-relief on Roman <a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius">sestertius</a>, 238 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>A low relief is a projecting image with a shallow overall depth, for example used on coins, on which all images are in low relief. In the lowest reliefs the relative depth of the elements shown is completely distorted, and if seen from the side the image makes no sense, but from the front the small variations in depth register as a three-dimensional image. Other versions distort depth much less. The term comes from the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">basso rilievo</i></span> via the French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bas-relief</i></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[baʁəljɛf]</a></span>), both meaning "low relief". The former is now a very old-fashioned term in English, and the latter term is becoming so. </p><p>Low relief is a technique which requires less work, and is therefore cheaper to produce, as less of the background needs to be removed in a carving, or less modelling is required. In the <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Ancient_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Ancient Egypt">art of Ancient Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_palace_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian palace relief">Assyrian palace reliefs</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near Eastern</a> and Asian cultures, a consistent very low relief was commonly used for the whole composition. These images would usually be painted after carving, which helped define the forms; today the paint has worn off in the great majority of surviving examples, but minute, invisible remains of paint can usually be discovered through chemical means. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_Relief_of_Iddin-Sin,_King_of_Simurrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Rock_Relief_of_Iddin-Sin%2C_King_of_Simurrum.jpg/170px-Rock_Relief_of_Iddin-Sin%2C_King_of_Simurrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Rock_Relief_of_Iddin-Sin%2C_King_of_Simurrum.jpg/255px-Rock_Relief_of_Iddin-Sin%2C_King_of_Simurrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Rock_Relief_of_Iddin-Sin%2C_King_of_Simurrum.jpg/340px-Rock_Relief_of_Iddin-Sin%2C_King_of_Simurrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1825" data-file-height="2699" /></a><figcaption>A low-relief dating to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span>, from the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Gate" title="Ishtar Gate">Ishtar Gate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, now in Berlin, has low reliefs of large animals formed from moulded bricks, glazed in colour. Plaster, which made the technique far easier, was widely used in Egypt and the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> from antiquity into Islamic times (latterly for architectural decoration, as at the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a>), Rome, and Europe from at least the Renaissance, as well as probably elsewhere. However, it needs very good conditions to survive long in unmaintained buildings – Roman decorative plasterwork is mainly known from <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and other sites buried by ash from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a>. Low relief was relatively rare in Western <a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">medieval art</a>, but may be found, for example in wooden figures or scenes on the insides of the folding wings of multi-panel <a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">altarpieces</a>. </p><p>The revival of low relief, which was seen as a classical style, begins early in the Renaissance; the <a href="/wiki/Tempio_Malatestiano" title="Tempio Malatestiano">Tempio Malatestiano</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a>, a pioneering classicist building, designed by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a> around 1450, uses low reliefs by <a href="/wiki/Agostino_di_Duccio" title="Agostino di Duccio">Agostino di Duccio</a> inside and on the external walls. Since the Renaissance plaster has been very widely used for indoor <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">ornamental</a> work such as <a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">cornices</a> and ceilings, but in the 16th century it was used for large figures (many also using high relief) at the <a href="/wiki/Chateau_of_Fontainebleau" class="mw-redirect" title="Chateau of Fontainebleau">Chateau of Fontainebleau</a>, which were imitated more crudely elsewhere, for example in the Elizabethan <a href="/wiki/Hardwick_Hall" title="Hardwick Hall">Hardwick Hall</a>. </p><p>Shallow-relief, in Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">rilievo <a href="/wiki/Stiacciato" title="Stiacciato">stiacciato</a></i></span> or <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">rilievo schicciato</i></span> ("squashed relief"), is a very shallow relief, which merges into engraving in places, and can be hard to read in photographs. It is often used for the background areas of compositions with the main elements in low-relief, but its use over a whole (usually rather small) piece was effectively invented and perfected by the Italian Renaissance sculptor <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In later Western art, until a 20th-century revival, low relief was used mostly for smaller works or combined with higher relief to convey a sense of distance, or to give depth to the composition, especially for scenes with many figures and a landscape or architectural background, in the same way that lighter colours are used for the same purpose in painting. Thus figures in the foreground are sculpted in high-relief, those in the background in low-relief. Low relief may use any medium or technique of sculpture, <a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">stone carving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">metal casting</a> being most common. Large architectural compositions all in low relief saw a revival in the 20th century, being popular on buildings in <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> and related styles, which borrowed from the ancient low reliefs now available in museums.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sculptors, including <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gill" title="Eric Gill">Eric Gill</a>, have adopted the "squashed" depth of low relief in works that are actually free-standing. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amarna_Neues_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title=""Blocked-out" unfinished low relief of Ahkenaten and Nefertiti; unfinished Greek and Persian high-reliefs show the same method of beginning a work."><img alt=""Blocked-out" unfinished low relief of Ahkenaten and Nefertiti; unfinished Greek and Persian high-reliefs show the same method of beginning a work." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Amarna_Neues_05.JPG/145px-Amarna_Neues_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="145" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Amarna_Neues_05.JPG/217px-Amarna_Neues_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Amarna_Neues_05.JPG/289px-Amarna_Neues_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4778" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Blocked-out" unfinished low relief of <a href="/wiki/Ahkenaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahkenaten">Ahkenaten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a>; unfinished Greek and Persian high-reliefs show the same method of beginning a work.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nowruz_Zoroastrian.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Persian low or bas-relief in Persepolis – a symbol of Zoroastrian Nowruz – at the spring equinox the power of the bull (personifying Earth) and lion (personifying the Sun) are equal."><img alt="Persian low or bas-relief in Persepolis – a symbol of Zoroastrian Nowruz – at the spring equinox the power of the bull (personifying Earth) and lion (personifying the Sun) are equal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nowruz_Zoroastrian.jpg/200px-Nowruz_Zoroastrian.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nowruz_Zoroastrian.jpg/300px-Nowruz_Zoroastrian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nowruz_Zoroastrian.jpg/400px-Nowruz_Zoroastrian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1523" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Persian low or <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-relief</a> in <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> – a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrism">Zoroastrian</a> Nowruz – at the spring <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinox</a> the power of the bull (personifying <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>) and lion (personifying the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>) are equal.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal,_the_last_great_Assyrian_king,_hunting_lions,_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_(Irak),_c._645-635_BC,_British_Museum_(16722131531).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Assyrian low relief, Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal, North Palace, Nineveh"><img alt="Assyrian low relief, Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal, North Palace, Nineveh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal%2C_the_last_great_Assyrian_king%2C_hunting_lions%2C_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_%28Irak%29%2C_c._645-635_BC%2C_British_Museum_%2816722131531%29.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal%2C_the_last_great_Assyrian_king%2C_hunting_lions%2C_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_%28Irak%29%2C_c._645-635_BC%2C_British_Museum_%2816722131531%29.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal%2C_the_last_great_Assyrian_king%2C_hunting_lions%2C_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_%28Irak%29%2C_c._645-635_BC%2C_British_Museum_%2816722131531%29.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_palace_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian palace relief">Assyrian low relief</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal">Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal</a></i>, North Palace, <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atropos.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atropos cutting the thread of life. Modern Greek low relief."><img alt="Atropos cutting the thread of life. Modern Greek low relief." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Atropos.jpg/150px-Atropos.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Atropos.jpg/225px-Atropos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Atropos.jpg/300px-Atropos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Atropos" title="Atropos">Atropos</a> cutting the thread of life. Modern Greek low relief.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Assunzione_della_verginje,_donatello.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Donatello's rilievo stiacciato or shallow relief of the "Assumption of the Virgin" on a tomb, 1420s"><img alt="Donatello's rilievo stiacciato or shallow relief of the "Assumption of the Virgin" on a tomb, 1420s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Assunzione_della_verginje%2C_donatello.jpg/200px-Assunzione_della_verginje%2C_donatello.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Assunzione_della_verginje%2C_donatello.jpg/300px-Assunzione_della_verginje%2C_donatello.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Assunzione_della_verginje%2C_donatello.jpg/400px-Assunzione_della_verginje%2C_donatello.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="482" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Rilievo_stiacciato" class="mw-redirect" title="Rilievo stiacciato">rilievo stiacciato</a></i> or shallow relief of the "Assumption of the Virgin" on <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Cardinal_Rainaldo_Brancacci" title="Tomb of Cardinal Rainaldo Brancacci">a tomb</a>, 1420s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_Lebrand_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French 20th-century low relief"><img alt="French 20th-century low relief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Henri_Lebrand_2.jpg/151px-Henri_Lebrand_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Henri_Lebrand_2.jpg/226px-Henri_Lebrand_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Henri_Lebrand_2.jpg/302px-Henri_Lebrand_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="3728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">French 20th-century low relief</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-relief">Mid-relief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mid-relief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banteay_Srei_in_Angkor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Banteay_Srei_in_Angkor.jpg/220px-Banteay_Srei_in_Angkor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Banteay_Srei_in_Angkor.jpg/330px-Banteay_Srei_in_Angkor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Banteay_Srei_in_Angkor.jpg/440px-Banteay_Srei_in_Angkor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Low relief, <a href="/wiki/Banteay_Srei" title="Banteay Srei">Banteay Srei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a> shaking Mount <a href="/wiki/Kailasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailasa">Kailasa</a>, the Abode of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Siva</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mid-relief, "half-relief" or <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">mezzo-rilievo</i></span> is somewhat imprecisely defined, and the term is not often used in English, the works usually being described as low relief instead. The typical traditional definition is that only up to half of the subject projects, and no elements are undercut or fully disengaged from the background field. The depth of the elements shown is normally somewhat distorted. </p><p>Mid-relief is probably the most common type of relief found in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. The low to mid-reliefs of 2nd-century BCE to 6th-century CE <a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta Caves</a> and 5th- to 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a> in India are rock reliefs. Most of these reliefs are used to narrate sacred scriptures, such as the 1,460 panels of the 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, narrating the <a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jataka tales</a> or lives of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>. Other examples are low reliefs narrating the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> Hindu epic in <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> temple, also in Java, in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, the temples of <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a>, with scenes including the <a href="/wiki/Samudra_manthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samudra manthan">Samudra manthan</a> or "Churning the Ocean of Milk" at the 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>, and reliefs of <a href="/wiki/Apsaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Apsaras">apsaras</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Bayon</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Thom" title="Angkor Thom">Angkor Thom</a> there are scenes of daily life in the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_relief">High relief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: High relief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Parthenon_sculptures,_British_Museum_(14063376069)_(2)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Parthenon_sculptures%2C_British_Museum_%2814063376069%29_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-The_Parthenon_sculptures%2C_British_Museum_%2814063376069%29_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Parthenon_sculptures%2C_British_Museum_%2814063376069%29_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-The_Parthenon_sculptures%2C_British_Museum_%2814063376069%29_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Parthenon_sculptures%2C_British_Museum_%2814063376069%29_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-The_Parthenon_sculptures%2C_British_Museum_%2814063376069%29_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3148" data-file-height="3143" /></a><figcaption>High relief <a href="/wiki/Metope_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metope (architecture)">metope</a> from the Classical Greek <a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Parthenon Marbles</a>. Some front limbs are actually detached from the background completely, while the <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">centaur</a>'s left rear leg is in low relief.</figcaption></figure> <p>High relief (or <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">altorilievo</i></span>, from <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>) is where in general more than half the mass of the sculpted figure projects from the background. Indeed, the most prominent elements of the composition, especially heads and limbs, are often completely undercut, detaching them from the field. The parts of the subject that are seen are normally depicted at their full depth, unlike low relief where the elements seen are "squashed" flatter. High relief thus uses essentially the same style and techniques as free-standing sculpture, and in the case of a single figure gives largely the same view as a person standing directly in front of a free-standing statue would have. All cultures and periods in which large sculptures were created used this technique in <a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">monumental sculpture</a> and architecture. </p><p>Most of the many grand figure reliefs in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Ancient Greek sculpture</a> used a very "high" version of high relief, with elements often fully free of the background, and parts of figures crossing over each other to indicate depth. The <a href="/wiki/Metopes_of_the_Parthenon" title="Metopes of the Parthenon">metopes of the Parthenon</a> have largely lost their fully rounded elements, except for heads, showing the advantages of relief in terms of durability. High relief has remained the dominant form for reliefs with figures in Western sculpture, also being common in Indian temple sculpture. Smaller Greek sculptures such as private tombs, and smaller decorative areas such as friezes on large buildings, more often used low relief. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Group_of_Temples,_Khajuraho_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Western_Group_of_Temples%2C_Khajuraho_20.jpg/220px-Western_Group_of_Temples%2C_Khajuraho_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Western_Group_of_Temples%2C_Khajuraho_20.jpg/330px-Western_Group_of_Temples%2C_Khajuraho_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Western_Group_of_Temples%2C_Khajuraho_20.jpg/440px-Western_Group_of_Temples%2C_Khajuraho_20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>High-relief deities at <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olhares_sobre_o_Museu_do_Ipiranga_2017_021_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Olhares_sobre_o_Museu_do_Ipiranga_2017_021_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Olhares_sobre_o_Museu_do_Ipiranga_2017_021_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Olhares_sobre_o_Museu_do_Ipiranga_2017_021_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Olhares_sobre_o_Museu_do_Ipiranga_2017_021_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Olhares_sobre_o_Museu_do_Ipiranga_2017_021_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Olhares_sobre_o_Museu_do_Ipiranga_2017_021_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4946" data-file-height="1776" /></a><figcaption>Very high relief at the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Independence_of_Brazil" title="Monument to the Independence of Brazil">Monument to the Independence of Brazil</a> in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>; derivative representation of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico" title="Pedro Américo">Pedro Américo</a>'s 1888 painting <i><a href="/wiki/Independence_or_Death_(painting)" title="Independence or Death (painting)">Independence or Death</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> and Roman <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> reliefs were cut with a drill rather than <a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">chisels</a>, enabling and encouraging compositions extremely crowded with figures, like the <a href="/wiki/Ludovisi_Battle_sarcophagus" title="Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus">Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus</a> (250–260 CE). These are also seen in the enormous strips of reliefs that wound around Roman <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumphal column">triumphal columns</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagi</a> in particular exerted a huge influence on later Western sculpture. The European Middle Ages tended to use high relief for all purposes in stone, though like <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman sculpture">Ancient Roman sculpture</a>, their reliefs were typically not as high as in Ancient Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very high relief re-emerged in the Renaissance, and was especially used in wall-mounted <a href="/wiki/Funerary_art" title="Funerary art">funerary art</a> and later on <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediments</a> and public monuments. </p><p>In the Buddhist and Hindu art of India and Southeast Asia, high relief can also be found, although it is not as common as low to mid-reliefs. Famous examples of Indian high reliefs can be found at the <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a> temples, with voluptuous, twisting figures that often illustrate the erotic <a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a> positions. In the 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> temple, Central <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, high reliefs of <a href="/wiki/Lokapala" title="Lokapala">Lokapala</a> <a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">devatas</a>, the guardians of deities of the directions, are found. </p><p>The largest high relief sculpture in the world is the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Mountain#Confederate_Memorial_Carving" title="Stone Mountain">Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial</a> in the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, which was cut 42 feet deep into the mountain,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and measures 90 feet in height, 190 feet in width,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lies 400 feet above the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunk_relief">Sunk relief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sunk relief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhenaten,_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3994" data-file-height="3303" /></a><figcaption>A sunk-relief depiction of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> with his wife <a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a> and daughters. The main background has not been removed, merely that in the immediate vicinity of the sculpted form. Note how strong shadows are needed to define the image.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sunk or sunken relief is largely restricted to the <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Ancient_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Ancient Egypt">art of Ancient Egypt</a> where it is very common, becoming after the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarna period">Amarna period</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ahkenaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahkenaten">Ahkenaten</a> the dominant type used, as opposed to low relief. It had been used earlier, but mainly for large reliefs on external walls, and for <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">hieroglyphs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">cartouches</a>. The image is made by cutting the relief sculpture itself into a flat surface to enhance the impression of three-dimensionality.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a simpler form, the images are usually mostly linear in nature, like hieroglyphs, but in most cases the figure itself is in low relief, but set within a sunken area shaped round the image, so that the relief never rises beyond the original flat surface. In some cases the figures and other elements are in a very low relief that does not rise to the original surface, but others are modeled more fully, with some areas rising to the original surface. This method minimizes the work removing the background, while allowing normal relief modelling. </p><p>The technique is most successful with strong sunlight to emphasise the outlines and forms by shadow, as no attempt was made to soften the edge of the sunk area, leaving a face at a right-angle to the surface all around it. Some reliefs, especially funerary monuments with heads or busts from ancient Rome and later Western art, leave a "frame" at the original level around the edge of the relief, or place a head in a hemispherical recess in the block (see Roman example in gallery). Though essentially very similar to Egyptian sunk relief, but with a background space at the lower level around the figure, the term would not normally be used of such works. </p><p>It is also used for carving letters (typically <i><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">om mani padme hum</a></i>) in the <a href="/wiki/Mani_stone" title="Mani stone">mani stones</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counter-relief">Counter-relief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Counter-relief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sunk relief technique is not to be confused with "counter-relief" or intaglio as seen on <a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">engraved gem</a> <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seals</a> – where an image is fully modeled in a "negative" manner. The image goes into the surface, so that when impressed on wax it gives an impression in normal relief. However many engraved gems were carved in <a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">cameo</a> or normal relief. </p><p>A few very late <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> monumental carvings in Egypt use full "negative" modelling as though on a gem seal, perhaps as sculptors trained in the Greek tradition attempted to use traditional Egyptian conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_objects">Small objects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Small objects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_-_Diptych_with_Scenes_from_the_Passion_of_Christ_-_Walters_71179_-_Open.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/French_-_Diptych_with_Scenes_from_the_Passion_of_Christ_-_Walters_71179_-_Open.jpg/220px-French_-_Diptych_with_Scenes_from_the_Passion_of_Christ_-_Walters_71179_-_Open.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/French_-_Diptych_with_Scenes_from_the_Passion_of_Christ_-_Walters_71179_-_Open.jpg/330px-French_-_Diptych_with_Scenes_from_the_Passion_of_Christ_-_Walters_71179_-_Open.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/French_-_Diptych_with_Scenes_from_the_Passion_of_Christ_-_Walters_71179_-_Open.jpg/440px-French_-_Diptych_with_Scenes_from_the_Passion_of_Christ_-_Walters_71179_-_Open.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="1357" /></a><figcaption>French Gothic <a href="/wiki/Diptych" title="Diptych">diptych</a>, 25 cm (9.8 in) high, with crowded scenes from the <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ</a></i>, c. 1350–1365</figcaption></figure> <p>Small-scale reliefs have been carved in various materials, notably <a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving" title="Ivory carving">ivory</a>, wood, and wax. Reliefs are often found in <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decorative arts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">ceramics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metalwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalwork">metalwork</a>; these are less often described as "reliefs" than as "in relief". Small bronze reliefs are often in the form of "plaques" or <a href="/wiki/Plaquette" title="Plaquette">plaquettes</a>, which may be set in furniture or framed, or just kept as they are, a popular form for European collectors, especially in the Renaissance. </p><p>Various modelling techniques are used, such <a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Repoussé">repoussé</a> ("pushed-back") in metalwork, where a thin metal plate is shaped from behind using various metal or wood punches, producing a relief image. <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">Casting</a> has also been widely used in <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> and other metals. Casting and repoussé are often used in concert in to speed up production and add greater detail to the final relief. In stone, as well as engraved gems, larger <a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">hardstone carvings</a> in semi-precious stones have been highly prestigious since ancient times in many Eurasian cultures. Reliefs in <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a> were produced at least from the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving" title="Ivory carving">Carved ivory</a> reliefs have been used since ancient times, and because the material, though expensive, cannot usually be reused, they have a relatively high survival rate, and for example <a href="/wiki/Consular_diptych" title="Consular diptych">consular diptychs</a> represent a large proportion of the survivals of portable secular art from <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic period</a> the carving of ivory reliefs became a considerable <a href="/wiki/Luxury_goods" title="Luxury goods">luxury</a> industry in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and other centres. As well as small <a href="/wiki/Diptych" title="Diptych">diptychs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triptych" title="Triptych">triptychs</a> with densely packed religious scenes, usually from the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, secular objects, usually in a lower relief, were also produced. </p><p>These were often round mirror-cases, combs, handles, and other small items, but included a few larger caskets like the <a href="/wiki/Casket_with_Scenes_of_Romances_(Walters_71264)" title="Casket with Scenes of Romances (Walters 71264)">Casket with Scenes of Romances (Walters 71264)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, in the United States. Originally they were very often painted in bright colours. Reliefs can be impressed by stamps onto clay, or the clay pressed into a mould bearing the design, as was usual with the mass-produced <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Terra_sigillata" title="Terra sigillata">terra sigillata</a></i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_pottery" title="Ancient Roman pottery">Ancient Roman pottery</a>. Decorative reliefs in <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> may be much larger; this form of architectural decoration is found in many styles of interiors in the post-Renaissance West, and in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reliefs_of_animals,_G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe_Layer_III,_circa_9000_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Low relief from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic archaeological site of Göbekli Tepe, believed to represent a bull, a fox, and a crane, c. 9,000 BC"><img alt="Low relief from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic archaeological site of Göbekli Tepe, believed to represent a bull, a fox, and a crane, c. 9,000 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Reliefs_of_animals%2C_G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe_Layer_III%2C_circa_9000_BCE.jpg/126px-Reliefs_of_animals%2C_G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe_Layer_III%2C_circa_9000_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Reliefs_of_animals%2C_G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe_Layer_III%2C_circa_9000_BCE.jpg/189px-Reliefs_of_animals%2C_G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe_Layer_III%2C_circa_9000_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Reliefs_of_animals%2C_G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe_Layer_III%2C_circa_9000_BCE.jpg/251px-Reliefs_of_animals%2C_G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe_Layer_III%2C_circa_9000_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1948" data-file-height="3097" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Low relief from the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a> archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a>, believed to represent a <a href="/wiki/Bull" title="Bull">bull</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">fox</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">crane</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 9,000 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warka_vase_(background_retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Warka Vase of Sumer, a very early survival works of narrative relief, c. 3200–3000 BC. Alabaster. National Museum of Iraq.[14]"><img alt="The Warka Vase of Sumer, a very early survival works of narrative relief, c. 3200–3000 BC. Alabaster. National Museum of Iraq.[14]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Warka_vase_%28background_retouched%29.jpg/85px-Warka_vase_%28background_retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Warka_vase_%28background_retouched%29.jpg/127px-Warka_vase_%28background_retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Warka_vase_%28background_retouched%29.jpg/170px-Warka_vase_%28background_retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="6632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Warka_Vase" title="Warka Vase">Warka Vase</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, a very early survival works of narrative relief, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3200</span>–3000 BC. <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">Alabaster</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Iraq">National Museum of Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gardner_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gardner-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luxor_temple_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sunk relief as low relief within a sunk outline, from the Luxor Temple in Egypt, carved in very hard granite"><img alt="Sunk relief as low relief within a sunk outline, from the Luxor Temple in Egypt, carved in very hard granite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Luxor_temple_15.jpg/150px-Luxor_temple_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Luxor_temple_15.jpg/225px-Luxor_temple_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Luxor_temple_15.jpg/300px-Luxor_temple_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sunk relief as low relief within a sunk outline, from the <a href="/wiki/Luxor_Temple" title="Luxor Temple">Luxor Temple</a> in Egypt, carved in very hard <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luxor_Temple_9544.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Low relief within a sunk outline, linear sunk relief in the hieroglyphs, and high relief (right), from Luxor"><img alt="Low relief within a sunk outline, linear sunk relief in the hieroglyphs, and high relief (right), from Luxor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Luxor_Temple_9544.JPG/200px-Luxor_Temple_9544.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Luxor_Temple_9544.JPG/300px-Luxor_Temple_9544.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Luxor_Temple_9544.JPG/400px-Luxor_Temple_9544.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2915" data-file-height="2541" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Low relief within a sunk outline, linear sunk relief in the <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">hieroglyphs</a>, and high relief (right), from Luxor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Borobudur_Relief_Panel_I.b119,_0972.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Low to mid-relief, 9th century, Borobudur. The temple has 1,460 panels of reliefs narrating Buddhist scriptures."><img alt="Low to mid-relief, 9th century, Borobudur. The temple has 1,460 panels of reliefs narrating Buddhist scriptures." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Borobudur_Relief_Panel_I.b119%2C_0972.jpg/200px-Borobudur_Relief_Panel_I.b119%2C_0972.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Borobudur_Relief_Panel_I.b119%2C_0972.jpg/300px-Borobudur_Relief_Panel_I.b119%2C_0972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Borobudur_Relief_Panel_I.b119%2C_0972.jpg/400px-Borobudur_Relief_Panel_I.b119%2C_0972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3039" data-file-height="1402" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Low to mid-relief, 9th century, <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a>. The temple has 1,460 panels of reliefs narrating Buddhist scriptures.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qajari_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Persian mid-relief (mezzo-rilievo) from the Qajar era, at Tangeh Savashi in Iran, which might also be described as two stages of low relief. This is a rock relief carved into a cliff."><img alt="A Persian mid-relief (mezzo-rilievo) from the Qajar era, at Tangeh Savashi in Iran, which might also be described as two stages of low relief. This is a rock relief carved into a cliff." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Qajari_relief.jpg/200px-Qajari_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Qajari_relief.jpg/300px-Qajari_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Qajari_relief.jpg/400px-Qajari_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian</a> mid-relief (<i>mezzo-rilievo</i>) from the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar</a> era, at <a href="/wiki/Tangeh_Savashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangeh Savashi">Tangeh Savashi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, which might also be described as two stages of low relief. This is a <a href="/wiki/Rock_relief" title="Rock relief">rock relief</a> carved into a cliff.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rilievo_funerario_dei_vibii,_fine_del_I_secolo_ac..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman funerary relief with frame at original level, but not sunk relief"><img alt="Roman funerary relief with frame at original level, but not sunk relief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Rilievo_funerario_dei_vibii%2C_fine_del_I_secolo_ac..JPG/200px-Rilievo_funerario_dei_vibii%2C_fine_del_I_secolo_ac..JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Rilievo_funerario_dei_vibii%2C_fine_del_I_secolo_ac..JPG/300px-Rilievo_funerario_dei_vibii%2C_fine_del_I_secolo_ac..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Rilievo_funerario_dei_vibii%2C_fine_del_I_secolo_ac..JPG/400px-Rilievo_funerario_dei_vibii%2C_fine_del_I_secolo_ac..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman funerary relief with frame at original level, but not sunk relief</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warren_Cup_BM_GR_1999.4-26.1_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Roman Warren Cup, silver repoussé work"><img alt="The Roman Warren Cup, silver repoussé work" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Warren_Cup_BM_GR_1999.4-26.1_n2.jpg/200px-Warren_Cup_BM_GR_1999.4-26.1_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Warren_Cup_BM_GR_1999.4-26.1_n2.jpg/300px-Warren_Cup_BM_GR_1999.4-26.1_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Warren_Cup_BM_GR_1999.4-26.1_n2.jpg/400px-Warren_Cup_BM_GR_1999.4-26.1_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2497" data-file-height="2248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Roman <a href="/wiki/Warren_Cup" title="Warren Cup">Warren Cup</a>, silver <a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Repoussé">repoussé</a> work</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaxchilan_Lintel_24.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lintel 24 from the Maya site of Yaxchilan. It depicts a bloodletting ritual performed by Lady Xoc."><img alt="Lintel 24 from the Maya site of Yaxchilan. It depicts a bloodletting ritual performed by Lady Xoc." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Yaxchilan_Lintel_24.jpg/147px-Yaxchilan_Lintel_24.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Yaxchilan_Lintel_24.jpg/221px-Yaxchilan_Lintel_24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Yaxchilan_Lintel_24.jpg/294px-Yaxchilan_Lintel_24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2313" data-file-height="3141" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Yaxchilan_Lintel_24" title="Yaxchilan Lintel 24">Lintel 24</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Maya_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya art">Maya</a> site of <a href="/wiki/Yaxchilan" title="Yaxchilan">Yaxchilan</a>. It depicts a <a href="/wiki/Bloodletting_in_Mesoamerica" title="Bloodletting in Mesoamerica">bloodletting</a> ritual performed by <a href="/wiki/Lady_Xoc" title="Lady Xoc">Lady Xoc</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naghsh-e_rostam,_Ir%C3%A1n,_2016-09-24,_DD_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rock relief at Naqsh-e Rustam; the Persian Sassanian emperor Shapur I (on horseback) with Roman emperors submitting to him"><img alt="Rock relief at Naqsh-e Rustam; the Persian Sassanian emperor Shapur I (on horseback) with Roman emperors submitting to him" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_12.jpg/200px-Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_12.jpg/300px-Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_12.jpg/400px-Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7727" data-file-height="4421" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rock_relief" title="Rock relief">Rock relief</a> at <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a>; the Persian <a href="/wiki/Sassanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian">Sassanian</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> (on horseback) with Roman emperors submitting to him</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abadia_de_Saint-Pierre_de_Moissac_-_Portalada_Sud_de_Moissac.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The 12th century Romanesque portal of Christ in Majesty at Moissac Abbey moves between low and high relief in a single figure."><img alt="The 12th century Romanesque portal of Christ in Majesty at Moissac Abbey moves between low and high relief in a single figure." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Abadia_de_Saint-Pierre_de_Moissac_-_Portalada_Sud_de_Moissac.JPG/200px-Abadia_de_Saint-Pierre_de_Moissac_-_Portalada_Sud_de_Moissac.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Abadia_de_Saint-Pierre_de_Moissac_-_Portalada_Sud_de_Moissac.JPG/300px-Abadia_de_Saint-Pierre_de_Moissac_-_Portalada_Sud_de_Moissac.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Abadia_de_Saint-Pierre_de_Moissac_-_Portalada_Sud_de_Moissac.JPG/400px-Abadia_de_Saint-Pierre_de_Moissac_-_Portalada_Sud_de_Moissac.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 12th century <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> portal of <i><a href="/wiki/Christ_in_Majesty" title="Christ in Majesty">Christ in Majesty</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Moissac" title="Moissac">Moissac</a> Abbey moves between low and high relief in a single figure.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triptych_Harbaville_Louvre_OA3247_recto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harbaville Triptych, Byzantine ivory"><img alt="Harbaville Triptych, Byzantine ivory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Triptych_Harbaville_Louvre_OA3247_recto.jpg/200px-Triptych_Harbaville_Louvre_OA3247_recto.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Triptych_Harbaville_Louvre_OA3247_recto.jpg/300px-Triptych_Harbaville_Louvre_OA3247_recto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Triptych_Harbaville_Louvre_OA3247_recto.jpg/400px-Triptych_Harbaville_Louvre_OA3247_recto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2610" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Harbaville_Triptych" title="Harbaville Triptych">Harbaville Triptych</a>, Byzantine ivory</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief-side_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Side view of mid-relief: Madonna and Child, marble of c. 1500/1510 by an unknown north Italian sculptor"><img alt="Side view of mid-relief: Madonna and Child, marble of c. 1500/1510 by an unknown north Italian sculptor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Relief-side_view.jpg/93px-Relief-side_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Relief-side_view.jpg/140px-Relief-side_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Relief-side_view.jpg/186px-Relief-side_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="2598" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Side view of mid-relief: <i>Madonna and Child</i>, marble of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span>/1510 by an unknown north Italian sculptor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fontainebleau_escalier_roi5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The elaborate stucco (plaster) reliefs decorating the Chateau de Fontainebleau were hugely influential. Low-relief decorative frieze above."><img alt="The elaborate stucco (plaster) reliefs decorating the Chateau de Fontainebleau were hugely influential. Low-relief decorative frieze above." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fontainebleau_escalier_roi5.jpg/200px-Fontainebleau_escalier_roi5.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fontainebleau_escalier_roi5.jpg/300px-Fontainebleau_escalier_roi5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fontainebleau_escalier_roi5.jpg/400px-Fontainebleau_escalier_roi5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The elaborate <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> (plaster) reliefs decorating the <a href="/wiki/Chateau_de_Fontainebleau" class="mw-redirect" title="Chateau de Fontainebleau">Chateau de Fontainebleau</a> were hugely influential. Low-relief decorative <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> above.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adorazione_dei_pastori_-_Francesco_Grassia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque marble high-relief by Francesco Grassia, 1670, Rome"><img alt="Baroque marble high-relief by Francesco Grassia, 1670, Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Adorazione_dei_pastori_-_Francesco_Grassia.jpg/176px-Adorazione_dei_pastori_-_Francesco_Grassia.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Adorazione_dei_pastori_-_Francesco_Grassia.jpg/264px-Adorazione_dei_pastori_-_Francesco_Grassia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Adorazione_dei_pastori_-_Francesco_Grassia.jpg/353px-Adorazione_dei_pastori_-_Francesco_Grassia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1959" data-file-height="2222" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baroque marble high-relief by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Grassia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Grassia (page does not exist)">Francesco Grassia</a>, 1670, Rome</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Gould_Shaw_Memorial_(36053).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Gould Shaw Memorial, 1897, Boston, combining free-standing elements with high and low relief"><img alt="Robert Gould Shaw Memorial, 1897, Boston, combining free-standing elements with high and low relief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Robert_Gould_Shaw_Memorial_%2836053%29.jpg/200px-Robert_Gould_Shaw_Memorial_%2836053%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Robert_Gould_Shaw_Memorial_%2836053%29.jpg/300px-Robert_Gould_Shaw_Memorial_%2836053%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Robert_Gould_Shaw_Memorial_%2836053%29.jpg/400px-Robert_Gould_Shaw_Memorial_%2836053%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3852" data-file-height="2869" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Robert Gould Shaw Memorial, 1897, Boston, combining free-standing elements with high and low relief</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_on_building_in_Bishopsgate,_London_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A relatively modern high relief (depicting shipbuilding) in Bishopsgate, London. Some elements jut out of the frame of the image."><img alt="A relatively modern high relief (depicting shipbuilding) in Bishopsgate, London. Some elements jut out of the frame of the image." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Relief_on_building_in_Bishopsgate%2C_London_2.JPG/200px-Relief_on_building_in_Bishopsgate%2C_London_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Relief_on_building_in_Bishopsgate%2C_London_2.JPG/300px-Relief_on_building_in_Bishopsgate%2C_London_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Relief_on_building_in_Bishopsgate%2C_London_2.JPG/400px-Relief_on_building_in_Bishopsgate%2C_London_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A relatively modern high relief (depicting shipbuilding) in <a href="/wiki/Bishopsgate" title="Bishopsgate">Bishopsgate</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Some elements jut out of the frame of the image.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bas_relief_at_Ryerson_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elizabeth Wyn Wood's Bas-relief at Toronto Metropolitan University in Toronto"><img alt="Elizabeth Wyn Wood's Bas-relief at Toronto Metropolitan University in Toronto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bas_relief_at_Ryerson_University.jpg/149px-Bas_relief_at_Ryerson_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bas_relief_at_Ryerson_University.jpg/224px-Bas_relief_at_Ryerson_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bas_relief_at_Ryerson_University.jpg/299px-Bas_relief_at_Ryerson_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="3096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Wyn_Wood" title="Elizabeth Wyn Wood">Elizabeth Wyn Wood</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">Bas-relief</a> at <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Metropolitan_University" title="Toronto Metropolitan University">Toronto Metropolitan University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unakoti_group_of_bas-relief_sculptures,_Tripura,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colossal Hindu rock reliefs at Unakoti, Tripura, India"><img alt="Colossal Hindu rock reliefs at Unakoti, Tripura, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Unakoti_group_of_bas-relief_sculptures%2C_Tripura%2C_India.jpg/200px-Unakoti_group_of_bas-relief_sculptures%2C_Tripura%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Unakoti_group_of_bas-relief_sculptures%2C_Tripura%2C_India.jpg/300px-Unakoti_group_of_bas-relief_sculptures%2C_Tripura%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Unakoti_group_of_bas-relief_sculptures%2C_Tripura%2C_India.jpg/400px-Unakoti_group_of_bas-relief_sculptures%2C_Tripura%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colossal Hindu <a href="/wiki/Rock_relief" title="Rock relief">rock reliefs</a> at <a href="/wiki/Unakoti" title="Unakoti">Unakoti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_relief_of_Demetria_and_Pamphile_(Ca._325-310_BC)_(4454381607).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="High relief of Demetria and Pamphile. Many details are detached entirely."><img alt="High relief of Demetria and Pamphile. Many details are detached entirely." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Grave_relief_of_Demetria_and_Pamphile_%28Ca._325-310_BC%29_%284454381607%29.jpg/142px-Grave_relief_of_Demetria_and_Pamphile_%28Ca._325-310_BC%29_%284454381607%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Grave_relief_of_Demetria_and_Pamphile_%28Ca._325-310_BC%29_%284454381607%29.jpg/213px-Grave_relief_of_Demetria_and_Pamphile_%28Ca._325-310_BC%29_%284454381607%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Grave_relief_of_Demetria_and_Pamphile_%28Ca._325-310_BC%29_%284454381607%29.jpg/284px-Grave_relief_of_Demetria_and_Pamphile_%28Ca._325-310_BC%29_%284454381607%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2703" data-file-height="3804" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">High relief of <a href="/wiki/Funerary_naiskos_of_Demetria_and_Pamphile" title="Funerary naiskos of Demetria and Pamphile">Demetria and Pamphile</a>. Many details are detached entirely.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reliefs_by_modern_artists">Reliefs by modern artists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reliefs by modern artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_story_of_Adam_and_Eve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_story_of_Adam_and_Eve.jpg/440px-The_story_of_Adam_and_Eve.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_story_of_Adam_and_Eve.jpg/660px-The_story_of_Adam_and_Eve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_story_of_Adam_and_Eve.jpg/880px-The_story_of_Adam_and_Eve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>Mohsen Semnani, <i>The Creation story</i>, 2000, the entrance room of amphitheatre, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many modern and contemporary artists such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Barlach" title="Ernst Barlach">Ernst Barlach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Ernst Ludwig Kirchner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gill" title="Eric Gill">Eric Gill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Epstein" title="Jacob Epstein">Jacob Epstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Henry Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Cobizev" title="Claudia Cobizev">Claudia Cobizev</a>, up to <a href="/wiki/Ewald_Matare" class="mw-redirect" title="Ewald Matare">Ewald Matare</a> have created reliefs. </p><p>In particular low reliefs were often used in the 20th century on the outsides of buildings, where they are relatively easy to incorporate into the architecture as decorative highlights. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Danemark,_Copenhague,_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek,_Femme_avec_des_mangues,_par_Paul_Gauguin_en_1889_(33150754946).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paul Gauguin, Woman with Mango Fruits, 1889, painted oak, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Kopenhagen"><img alt="Paul Gauguin, Woman with Mango Fruits, 1889, painted oak, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Kopenhagen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Danemark%2C_Copenhague%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Femme_avec_des_mangues%2C_par_Paul_Gauguin_en_1889_%2833150754946%29.jpg/200px-Danemark%2C_Copenhague%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Femme_avec_des_mangues%2C_par_Paul_Gauguin_en_1889_%2833150754946%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Danemark%2C_Copenhague%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Femme_avec_des_mangues%2C_par_Paul_Gauguin_en_1889_%2833150754946%29.jpg/300px-Danemark%2C_Copenhague%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Femme_avec_des_mangues%2C_par_Paul_Gauguin_en_1889_%2833150754946%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Danemark%2C_Copenhague%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Femme_avec_des_mangues%2C_par_Paul_Gauguin_en_1889_%2833150754946%29.jpg/400px-Danemark%2C_Copenhague%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Femme_avec_des_mangues%2C_par_Paul_Gauguin_en_1889_%2833150754946%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2072" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Paul Gauguin, <i>Woman with Mango Fruits</i>, 1889, painted oak, <a href="/wiki/Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek" title="Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek">Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek</a>, Kopenhagen</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Refugees_medal_DSCF9937.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ludwig Gies, cast iron plaquette, 8 x 9.8 cm, inscribed "1914·VERTRIEBEN·1915" = "Refugees 1914–1915""><img alt="Ludwig Gies, cast iron plaquette, 8 x 9.8 cm, inscribed "1914·VERTRIEBEN·1915" = "Refugees 1914–1915"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Refugees_medal_DSCF9937.JPG/200px-Refugees_medal_DSCF9937.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Refugees_medal_DSCF9937.JPG/300px-Refugees_medal_DSCF9937.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Refugees_medal_DSCF9937.JPG/400px-Refugees_medal_DSCF9937.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="1858" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Gies" title="Ludwig Gies">Ludwig Gies</a>, cast iron <a href="/wiki/Plaquette" title="Plaquette">plaquette</a>, 8 x 9.8 cm, inscribed "1914·VERTRIEBEN·1915" = "Refugees 1914–1915"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%BCstrow_Marienkirche_-_Barlach_Engel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ernst Barlach, Angel of Hope, 1933, Saint Mary parish church in Güstrow"><img alt="Ernst Barlach, Angel of Hope, 1933, Saint Mary parish church in Güstrow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/G%C3%BCstrow_Marienkirche_-_Barlach_Engel.jpg/200px-G%C3%BCstrow_Marienkirche_-_Barlach_Engel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/G%C3%BCstrow_Marienkirche_-_Barlach_Engel.jpg/300px-G%C3%BCstrow_Marienkirche_-_Barlach_Engel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/G%C3%BCstrow_Marienkirche_-_Barlach_Engel.jpg/400px-G%C3%BCstrow_Marienkirche_-_Barlach_Engel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3116" data-file-height="2916" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Barlach" title="Ernst Barlach">Ernst Barlach</a>, <i>Angel of Hope</i>, 1933, Saint Mary parish church in Güstrow</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_moore_relife_1_1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry Moore, Relief No. 1, 1959, Bronze, at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem"><img alt="Henry Moore, Relief No. 1, 1959, Bronze, at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Henry_moore_relife_1_1959.jpg/150px-Henry_moore_relife_1_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Henry_moore_relife_1_1959.jpg/225px-Henry_moore_relife_1_1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Henry_moore_relife_1_1959.jpg/300px-Henry_moore_relife_1_1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Henry Moore</a>, <i>Relief No. 1</i>, 1959, Bronze, at the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a>, Jerusalem</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WH_Hudson_memorial,_Hyde_Park,_London_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Henry Hudson memorial, Hyde Park, London, Jacob Epstein"><img alt="William Henry Hudson memorial, Hyde Park, London, Jacob Epstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WH_Hudson_memorial%2C_Hyde_Park%2C_London_03.jpg/200px-WH_Hudson_memorial%2C_Hyde_Park%2C_London_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WH_Hudson_memorial%2C_Hyde_Park%2C_London_03.jpg/300px-WH_Hudson_memorial%2C_Hyde_Park%2C_London_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WH_Hudson_memorial%2C_Hyde_Park%2C_London_03.jpg/400px-WH_Hudson_memorial%2C_Hyde_Park%2C_London_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1695" data-file-height="1302" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Hudson" title="William Henry Hudson">William Henry Hudson</a> memorial, <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park, London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Epstein" title="Jacob Epstein">Jacob Epstein</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%BCsseldorf_St_Lambertus_Portal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ewald Matare, main portal with bronze door, 1958–1960, St Lambertus, Düsseldorf"><img alt="Ewald Matare, main portal with bronze door, 1958–1960, St Lambertus, Düsseldorf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/D%C3%BCsseldorf_St_Lambertus_Portal.jpg/150px-D%C3%BCsseldorf_St_Lambertus_Portal.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/D%C3%BCsseldorf_St_Lambertus_Portal.jpg/224px-D%C3%BCsseldorf_St_Lambertus_Portal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/D%C3%BCsseldorf_St_Lambertus_Portal.jpg/299px-D%C3%BCsseldorf_St_Lambertus_Portal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="3180" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ewald_Matare" class="mw-redirect" title="Ewald Matare">Ewald Matare</a>, main portal with bronze door, 1958–1960, <a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Lambertus,_D%C3%BCsseldorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Lambertus, Düsseldorf (page does not exist)">St Lambertus, Düsseldorf</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Tisch_am_Kliff%22_zum_Thema_%225000_Jahre_Sylter_Geschichte%22_2019_aufgestellt_am_Sylt_Museum_in_Keitum_auf_Sylt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Table at the Cliff, Keitum, Sylt, 2019"><img alt="Table at the Cliff, Keitum, Sylt, 2019" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%22Tisch_am_Kliff%22_zum_Thema_%225000_Jahre_Sylter_Geschichte%22_2019_aufgestellt_am_Sylt_Museum_in_Keitum_auf_Sylt.jpg/200px-%22Tisch_am_Kliff%22_zum_Thema_%225000_Jahre_Sylter_Geschichte%22_2019_aufgestellt_am_Sylt_Museum_in_Keitum_auf_Sylt.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%22Tisch_am_Kliff%22_zum_Thema_%225000_Jahre_Sylter_Geschichte%22_2019_aufgestellt_am_Sylt_Museum_in_Keitum_auf_Sylt.jpg/300px-%22Tisch_am_Kliff%22_zum_Thema_%225000_Jahre_Sylter_Geschichte%22_2019_aufgestellt_am_Sylt_Museum_in_Keitum_auf_Sylt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%22Tisch_am_Kliff%22_zum_Thema_%225000_Jahre_Sylter_Geschichte%22_2019_aufgestellt_am_Sylt_Museum_in_Keitum_auf_Sylt.jpg/400px-%22Tisch_am_Kliff%22_zum_Thema_%225000_Jahre_Sylter_Geschichte%22_2019_aufgestellt_am_Sylt_Museum_in_Keitum_auf_Sylt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3975" data-file-height="2234" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Table at the Cliff</i>, <a href="/wiki/Keitum" title="Keitum">Keitum</a>, Sylt, 2019</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Boot_in_bewegter_See%22_Bronzerelief_von_Ingo_K%C3%BChl.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boat in moving sea, bronze relief by Ingo Kühl, 2019"><img alt="Boat in moving sea, bronze relief by Ingo Kühl, 2019" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%22Boot_in_bewegter_See%22_Bronzerelief_von_Ingo_K%C3%BChl.jpg/200px-%22Boot_in_bewegter_See%22_Bronzerelief_von_Ingo_K%C3%BChl.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%22Boot_in_bewegter_See%22_Bronzerelief_von_Ingo_K%C3%BChl.jpg/300px-%22Boot_in_bewegter_See%22_Bronzerelief_von_Ingo_K%C3%BChl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%22Boot_in_bewegter_See%22_Bronzerelief_von_Ingo_K%C3%BChl.jpg/400px-%22Boot_in_bewegter_See%22_Bronzerelief_von_Ingo_K%C3%BChl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="2512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Boat in moving sea</i>, bronze relief by <a href="/wiki/Ingo_K%C3%BChl" title="Ingo Kühl">Ingo Kühl</a>, 2019</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_reliefs">Notable reliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable reliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable examples of monumental reliefs include: </p> <ul><li>Ancient Egypt: Most <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">Egyptian temples</a>, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Karnak" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Karnak">Temple of Karnak</a></li> <li>Assyria: A famous collection is in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Obelisk_of_Shalmaneser_III" title="Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III">Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Persia">Ancient Persia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, and rock-face reliefs at <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rajab" title="Naqsh-e Rajab">Naqsh-e Rajab</a></li> <li>Ancient Greece: The <a href="/wiki/Parthenon_Marbles" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthenon Marbles">Parthenon Marbles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bassae_Frieze" title="Bassae Frieze">Bassae Frieze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Altar_of_Pergamon" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Altar of Pergamon">Great Altar of Pergamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludovisi_Throne" title="Ludovisi Throne">Ludovisi Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Gate" title="Ishtar Gate">Ishtar Gate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></li> <li>Ancient Rome: <a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a>, <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Column of Marcus Aurelius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portonaccio_sarcophagus" title="Portonaccio sarcophagus">Portonaccio sarcophagus</a></li> <li>Medieval Europe: Many cathedrals and other churches, such as <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bourges_Cathedral" title="Bourges Cathedral">Bourges Cathedral</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a>, base of the <a href="/wiki/Lion_Capital_of_Asoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion Capital of Asoka">Lion Capital of Asoka</a>, the rock-cut <a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Caves" title="Elephanta Caves">Elephanta Caves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho_Group_of_Monuments" title="Khajuraho Group of Monuments">Khajuraho temples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahabalipuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabalipuram">Mahabalipuram</a> with the <i><a href="/wiki/Descent_of_the_Ganges_(Mahabalipuram)" title="Descent of the Ganges (Mahabalipuram)">Descent of the Ganges</a></i>, and many South Indian temples, Unakoti group of sculptures (bas-relief) at Kailashahar, Unakoti District, Tripura, India</li> <li>South-East Asia: <a href="/wiki/Borobodur" class="mw-redirect" title="Borobodur">Borobodur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> in Cambodia,</li> <li>Glyphs, <a href="/wiki/Mayan_stelae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayan stelae">Mayan stelae</a> and other reliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya art">Maya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> civilizations</li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Stone_Mountain" title="Stone Mountain">Stone Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw" title="Robert Gould Shaw">Robert Gould Shaw</a> Memorial, Boston, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_National_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Rushmore National Memorial">Mount Rushmore National Memorial</a></li> <li>UK: Base panels of <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frieze_of_Parnassus" title="Frieze of Parnassus">Frieze of Parnassus</a></li></ul> <p>Smaller-scale reliefs: </p> <ul><li>Ivory: <a href="/wiki/Nimrud_ivories" title="Nimrud ivories">Nimrud ivories</a> from much of the Near East, <a href="/wiki/Late_Antique" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique">Late Antique</a> <a href="/wiki/Consular_diptych" title="Consular diptych">Consular diptychs</a>, the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Harbaville_Triptych" title="Harbaville Triptych">Harbaville Triptych</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veroli_Casket" title="Veroli Casket">Veroli Casket</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloisters_Cross" title="Cloisters Cross">Cloisters Cross</a>.</li> <li>Silver: <a href="/wiki/Warren_Cup" title="Warren Cup">Warren Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gundestrup_cauldron" title="Gundestrup cauldron">Gundestrup cauldron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mildenhall_Treasure" title="Mildenhall Treasure">Mildenhall Treasure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berthouville_Treasure" title="Berthouville Treasure">Berthouville Treasure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missorium_of_Theodosius_I" title="Missorium of Theodosius I">Missorium of Theodosius I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lomellini_Ewer_and_Basin" title="Lomellini Ewer and Basin">Lomellini Ewer and Basin</a>.</li> <li>Gold: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Gold_Hat" title="Berlin Gold Hat">Berlin Gold Hat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bimaran_casket" title="Bimaran casket">Bimaran casket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panagyurishte_Treasure" title="Panagyurishte Treasure">Panagyurishte Treasure</a></li> <li>Glass: <a href="/wiki/Portland_Vase" title="Portland Vase">Portland Vase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_Cup" title="Lycurgus Cup">Lycurgus Cup</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballerina-icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/16px-Ballerina-icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/24px-Ballerina-icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/32px-Ballerina-icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Art">Art</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_relief" title="Rock relief">Rock relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_art" title="Multidimensional art">Multidimensional art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargetting" class="mw-redirect" title="Pargetting">Pargetting</a> – English exterior plaster reliefs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_printing" title="Relief printing">Relief printing</a> – a different concept</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Repoussé and chasing</a> – a metalworking technique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongyang_wood_carving" title="Dongyang wood carving">Dongyang wood carving</a> – A Chinese example</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraic_Reliefs_of_Jort" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithraic Reliefs of Jort">Mithraic Reliefs of Jort</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/relief">"Relief"</a>. Merriam-Webster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531162703/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/relief">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Relief&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Frelief&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelief" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In modern English, just "high relief"; <i>alto-rilievo</i> was used in the 18th century and a little beyond, while <i>haut-relief</i> surprisingly found a niche, restricted to archaeological writing, in recent decades after it was used in under-translated French texts about prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Cave_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave art">cave art</a>, and copied even by English writers. Its use is to be deprecated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, Peter & Linda, Penguin <i>Dictionary of Art & Artists</i>, London, 1989. p. 348, Relief; <i>bas-relief</i> remained common in English until the mid 20th century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example Avery in <a href="/wiki/Grove_Art_Online" title="Grove Art Online">Grove Art Online</a>, whose long article on "Relief sculpture" barely mentions or defines them, except for sunk relief.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, 1989, op.cit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avery, vi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avery, vii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avery, ii and iii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoissoneault,_Lorraine2017" class="citation web cs1">Boissoneault, Lorraine (August 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822212142/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/what-will-happen-stone-mountain-americas-largest-confederate-memorial-180964588/">"What Will Happen to Stone Mountain, America's Largest Confederate Memorial?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Magazine">Smithsonian Magazine</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/what-will-happen-stone-mountain-americas-largest-confederate-memorial-180964588/">the original</a> on August 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=What+Will+Happen+to+Stone+Mountain%2C+America%27s+Largest+Confederate+Memorial%3F&rft.date=2017-08-22&rft.au=Boissoneault%2C+Lorraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fwhat-will-happen-stone-mountain-americas-largest-confederate-memorial-180964588%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelief" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111190336/https://www.ajc.com/entertainment/celebrity-news/things-you-might-not-know-about-stone-mountain-park/bdffmFbsNskCuHX2mgEHpO/">"50 things you might not know about Stone Mountain Park"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution" title="The Atlanta Journal-Constitution">The Atlanta Journal-Constitution</a></i>. July 10, 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajc.com/entertainment/celebrity-news/things-you-might-not-know-about-stone-mountain-park/bdffmFbsNskCuHX2mgEHpO/">the original</a> on November 11, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlanta+Journal-Constitution&rft.atitle=50+things+you+might+not+know+about+Stone+Mountain+Park&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.com%2Fentertainment%2Fcelebrity-news%2Fthings-you-might-not-know-about-stone-mountain-park%2FbdffmFbsNskCuHX2mgEHpO%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelief" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay,_Rich2020" class="citation web cs1">McKay, Rich (July 3, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200703135728/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-race-usa-stone-mountain/the-worlds-largest-confederate-monument-faces-renewed-calls-for-removal-idUSKBN2441C7">"The world's largest Confederate Monument faces renewed calls for removal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-race-usa-stone-mountain/the-worlds-largest-confederate-monument-faces-renewed-calls-for-removal-idUSKBN2441C7">the original</a> on July 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+world%27s+largest+Confederate+Monument+faces+renewed+calls+for+removal&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2020-07-03&rft.au=McKay%2C+Rich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-global-race-usa-stone-mountain%2Fthe-worlds-largest-confederate-monument-faces-renewed-calls-for-removal-idUSKBN2441C7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelief" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangChangKerberZhang2012" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Meili; Chang, Jian; Kerber, Jens; Zhang, Jian J. (2012-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00371-011-0663-y">"A framework for digital sunken relief generation based on 3D geometric models"</a>. <i>The Visual Computer</i>. <b>28</b> (11): 1127–1137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00371-011-0663-y">10.1007/s00371-011-0663-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-2315">1432-2315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Visual+Computer&rft.atitle=A+framework+for+digital+sunken+relief+generation+based+on+3D+geometric+models&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1127-1137&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00371-011-0663-y&rft.issn=1432-2315&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Meili&rft.au=Chang%2C+Jian&rft.au=Kerber%2C+Jens&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00371-011-0663-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelief" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barasch, Moshe, <i>Visual Syncretism: A Case Study</i>, pp. 39–43 in Budick, Stanford & Iser, Wolfgang, eds., <i>The Translatability of cultures: figurations of the space between</i>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2561-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2561-6">0-8047-2561-6</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2561-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2561-3">978-0-8047-2561-3</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gardner-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gardner_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinerMamiya,_Christin_J.2006" class="citation book cs1">Kleiner, Fred S.; Mamiya, Christin J. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gardnersartthrou00fred"><i>Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective – Volume 1</i></a></span> (12th ed.). Belmont, California, US: Thomson Wadsworth. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gardnersartthrou00fred/page/20">20–21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-495-00479-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-495-00479-0"><bdi>0-495-00479-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+Through+the+Ages%3A+The+Western+Perspective+%E2%80%93+Volume+1&rft.place=Belmont%2C+California%2C+US&rft.pages=20-21&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=Thomson+Wadsworth&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-495-00479-0&rft.aulast=Kleiner&rft.aufirst=Fred+S.&rft.au=Mamiya%2C+Christin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgardnersartthrou00fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelief" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Avery, Charles, in "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000071316">Relief sculpture</a>". <a href="/wiki/Grove_Art_Online" title="Grove Art Online">Grove Art Online</a>. Retrieved April 7, 2011.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Alto-Relievo" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alto-Relievo">Alto-Relievo</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Basso-Relievo" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Basso-Relievo">Basso-Relievo</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/amrs/hd_amrs.htm">"American Relief Sculpture"</a>, Metropolitan Museum of Art, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-left plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reliefs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Reliefs"><br />Reliefs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_the_visual_arts" title="Template:Branches of the visual arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_the_visual_arts" title="Template talk:Branches of the visual arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_the_visual_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of the visual arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visual_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_art" title="Body art">Body art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_art" title="Computer art">Computer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">Craft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">pallet crafts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">Decorative arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_art" title="Light art">Light art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">Printmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artistic_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artistic media">List of artistic media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sculpture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sculptures" title="Template:Sculptures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sculptures" title="Template talk:Sculptures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sculptures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sculptures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sculpture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_sculpture" title="Architectural sculpture">Architectural sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">Assemblage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas relief">Bas relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">Bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">Effigy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_sculpture" title="Gas sculpture">Gas sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Earth art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">Environmental sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurine" title="Figurine">Figurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinetic sculpture">Kinetic sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_(sculpture)" title="Mobile (sculpture)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">Monumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedimental_sculpture" title="Pedimental sculpture">Pedimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_sculpture" title="Soft sculpture">Soft sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">Statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">Stele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles of sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_sculpture" title="Baroque sculpture">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_sculpture" title="Classical sculpture">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detonography" title="Detonography">Detonography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_sculpture" title="Jain sculpture">Jain sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_sculpture" title="Renaissance sculpture">Renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements in sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_space" title="Negative space">Negative space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">Volume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_sculpture" title="Marble sculpture">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">Terracotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_sculpture" title="Ice sculpture">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesmonite" title="Jesmonite">Jesmonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrylic glass">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">Fiberglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabric">Fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">Found object</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable sculptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Great Sphinx of Giza</a> (c. 2558–2532 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel" title="Abu Simbel">Abu Simbel temples</a> (c. 1264 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> (438 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Rhodes" title="Colossus of Rhodes">Colossus of Rhodes</a> (c. 292 BCE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winged_Victory_of_Samothrace" title="Winged Victory of Samothrace">Winged Victory of Samothrace</a></i> (c. 2nd century BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a> (246–210 BCE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a></i> (c. 200 BCE – 70 CE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_de_Milo" title="Venus de Milo">Venus de Milo</a></i> (130–100 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Statue_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius">Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius</a> (175 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a> (507–554 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral#Portals" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartes Cathedral</a> (c. 1194–1250 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple" title="Konark Sun Temple">Konark Sun Temple</a> (1250 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">Moai</a>, Easter Islands (1250–1500 CE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></i> (1498–1499)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a></i> (1501–1504)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veiled_Christ" title="Veiled Christ">Veiled Christ</a></i> (1753)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamagaya_Great_Buddha" title="Kamagaya Great Buddha">Kamagaya Great Buddha</a> (1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a> (1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Belfort" title="Lion of Belfort">Lion of Belfort</a></i> (1880)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kiss_(Rodin_sculpture)" title="The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)">The Kiss</a></i> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty"><i>Liberty Enlightening the World</i>, Statue of Liberty</a> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gates_of_Hell" title="The Gates of Hell">The Gates of Hell</a></i> (1890–1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Thinker" title="The Thinker">The Thinker</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne%27s_tomb" title="Jules Verne's tomb">Jules Verne's tomb</a> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln_Memorial)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)">Abraham Lincoln</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore <i>Shrine of Democracy</i></a> (1927–1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_the_Redeemer_(statue)" title="Christ the Redeemer (statue)">Christ the Redeemer</a></i> (1927–1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Motherland_Calls" title="The Motherland Calls">The Motherland Calls</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Ukraine" title="Mother Ukraine">Mother Ukraine</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Genghis_Khan" title="Equestrian statue of Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan Equestrian Statue</a> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Unity" title="Statue of Unity">Statue of Unity</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sculpture" title="Category:Sculpture">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sculpture" title="Outline of sculpture">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245117#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4049373-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Relief (Sculpture)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85112527">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="reliéfy (sochařství)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125116&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX544649">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000341886&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529432905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/043198">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relief&oldid=1252940437">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relief&oldid=1252940437</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sculpture_techniques" title="Category:Sculpture techniques">Sculpture techniques</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sculpture_terms" title="Category:Sculpture terms">Sculpture terms</a></li><li><a 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