The Supreme Court Case of Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith: What, if Anything, Does it Mean to Artificial Intelligence?

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Goldsmith: What, if Anything, Does it Mean to Artificial Intelligence? </h1> <nav class="nav-article-meta nav-article-meta--single"> <ul class="nav-article-meta__list"> <li><span class="byline">By</span> <a href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/author/roykaufman/" title="Posts by Roy Kaufman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Roy Kaufman</a></li><li>Jun 6, 2023</li><li class="nav-article-meta__comments hidden-print"><a href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2023/06/06/the-supreme-court-case-of-andy-warhol-foundation-v-goldsmith-what-if-anything-does-it-mean-to-artificial-intelligence/#comments">2 Comments</a></li> </ul> </nav> <ul class="post-categories"> <li><a href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/category/controversial-topics/">Controversial Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/category/copyright/">Copyright</a></li><li><a href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/category/innovation-2/">Innovation</a></li><li><a href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/category/technology/">Technology</a></li> </ul> </div> </header> <style> .content .callout { border-color: #a61d3e} </style> <div class="site-columns"> <div class="container"> <div class="columns"> <main class="site-main col col-lg-8" role="main"> <article class="post-58014 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-controversial-topics category-copyright category-innovation-2 category-technology tag-andy-warhol tag-artificial-intelligence tag-copyright tag-court-case tag-infringement tag-innovation tag-lawsuit tag-prince tag-supreme-court tag-technology tag-warhol tsk-tax-term-academia tsk-tax-term-academic-literature tsk-tax-term-artificial-intelligence tsk-tax-term-copyright tsk-tax-term-education tsk-tax-term-fair-use tsk-tax-term-information-science tsk-tax-term-litigation tsk-tax-term-policy tsk-tax-term-publishing tsk-tax-term-research tsk-tax-term-scholarly-communications 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href="https://www.linkedin.com/cws/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlykitchen.sspnet.org%2F2023%2F06%2F06%2Fthe-supreme-court-case-of-andy-warhol-foundation-v-goldsmith-what-if-anything-does-it-mean-to-artificial-intelligence%2F" data-link="https://www.linkedin.com/cws/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlykitchen.sspnet.org%2F2023%2F06%2F06%2Fthe-supreme-court-case-of-andy-warhol-foundation-v-goldsmith-what-if-anything-does-it-mean-to-artificial-intelligence%2F"><span class="swp_count swp_hide"><span class="iconFiller"><span class="spaceManWilly"><i class="sw swp_linkedin_icon"></i><span class="swp_share">Share</span></span></span></span></a></div><div class="nc_tweetContainer swp_share_button total_shares total_sharesalt" ><span class="swp_count ">0 <span class="swp_label">Shares</span></span></div></div> <button type="button" class="share__print js-print hidden-print btn btn--link"><i class="bts bt-print"></i> Print this Page</button> </div> <div class="content"> <blockquote><p>“<em>If an original work and a secondary use share the same or highly similar purposes, and the secondary use is of a commercial nature, the first factor is likely to weigh against fair use, absent some other justification for copying</em>.”</p></blockquote> <p>The United States Supreme Court recently ruled in the much-watched-by-copyright-nerds infringement case of <em><a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/21-869_87ad.pdf">Andy Warhol Foundation v Goldsmith</a> </em>(hereafter “<u>Warhol v Goldsmith</u>”). To vastly summarize the facts, Andy Warhol licensed permission from photographer Lynn Goldsmith to allow him to adapt photographs she took of performance artist Prince and to allow Warhol to relicense those images in limited circumstances. Andy Warhol Foundation (AWF), as the heir to Andy Warhol’s rights, then subsequently relicensed the Andy Warhol works without consent of, or payment to, Goldsmith. AWF’s <a href="https://warholfoundation.org/about/">mission statement</a> includes the following: [t]he Foundation upholds Warhol’s unprecedented generosity toward his fellow and future artists as an inspiration and example to artists working today.” Apparently that generosity did not extend to Goldsmith, as AWF brought her to court for a declaratory judgement of non-infringement when she wrote a letter to complain. The District Court found fair use because of the “transformative” nature of the Warhol adaptations. The 2d Circuit reversed the finding of fair use, and the Supreme Court affirmed the infringement.</p> <figure id="attachment_58017" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-58017" style="width: 1024px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img decoding="async" class="size-large wp-image-58017" src="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/A5343-28A-1024x669.jpg" alt="" width="1024" height="669" srcset="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/A5343-28A-1024x669.jpg 1024w, https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/A5343-28A-300x196.jpg 300w, https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/A5343-28A-768x502.jpg 768w, https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/A5343-28A-1536x1003.jpg 1536w, https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/A5343-28A-2048x1337.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-58017" class="wp-caption-text">Andy Warhol photographs Jack Ford while Bianca Jagger looks on, following a tour of the White House for Jagger and Warhol. Image via the <a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7347182">US National Archives</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>So what does all of this “art stuff” mean to scholarly communications? Likely a lot, as long as everything is read in context. For years, it seemed that “transformative use” was the copyright exception that swallowed the rule, and infringers would use it to justify almost anything. While the truth was always more complicated, especially after the 2d Circuit ruled that a transformative use was still infringing in the <a href="https://copyrightalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Fox-News-v.-TVEyes-1.pdf">TVEyes</a> case, transformativeness was front and center. With the ruling in <u>Warhol v Goldsmith</u>, and because I cannot think of a better way to say it, “<a href="https://illusionofmore.com/new-guidance-on-transformative-use-in-awf-v-goldsmith/">the Supreme Court has now stuffed a substantial portion of the [transformative use] blob back in the bucket</a>.” The Court did so by focusing on the specific use — in this case, to illustrate a magazine article about Prince, rather than the “transformativeness” of the underlying work. And to that end, the Court was careful to say they are not opining on whether Warhol’s creation of the silkscreens or other uses of Goldsmith’s images would be infringing. Fair use is always extremely fact dependent.</p> <p>Given my <a href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2023/03/07/some-thoughts-on-five-pending-ai-litigations-avoiding-squirrels-and-other-ai-distractions/">recent <em>Scholarly Kitchen</em> post on AI-related lawsuits</a>, it should not be surprising that I am considering the implication of <u>Warhol v Goldsmith</u> to those cases. The most obvious impact will be on the image cases brought by artists and Getty images, respectively, against Stability AI. These are cases where the AI developers allegedly (1) used works of artists and photographers without consent and (2) enable the creation of works that compete directly with the infringed works. Leaving aside procedural issues and focusing on the copyright merits, attorneys in these cases are likely making happy noises. It would not take much effort to rewrite this language from the holding in <u>Warhol v Goldsmith</u> for the plaintiffs in question:</p> <blockquote><p>A photographer may also license her creative work to serve as a reference for an artist, like Goldsmith did in 1984 when <em>Vanity Fair</em> wanted an image of Prince created by Warhol to illustrate an article about Prince. As noted by the Court of Appeals, Goldsmith introduced “uncontroverted” evidence “that photographers generally license others to create stylized derivatives of their work in the vein of the Prince Series.” …. In fact, Warhol himself paid to license photographs for some of his artistic renditions. Such licenses, for photographs or derivatives of them, are how photographers like Goldsmith make a living. They provide an economic incentive to create original works, which is the goal of copyright.</p></blockquote> <p>The application of <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Warhol v Goldsmith</span> to the <a href="https://casetext.com/case/thomson-reuters-enter-ctr-gmbh-v-ross-intelligence-inc-1"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Thomson v. Ross</span></a> case may be more relevant to our sector, if less predictable. In that case, it is alleged that the Westlaw database was copied in order to create a competing product which notably does not itself display the copyrighted content. If the court was in the process of drafting an opinion on summary judgement, it will need to be rewritten regardless of the court’s initial conclusions. The alleged infringement in <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Thomson v Ross</span> more closely resembles the common uses of scholarly materials in AI. The output isn’t necessarily infringing, but although the rightsholder makes the content available for AI licensing (or wishes to be able to do so in the future), the AI developer ignores licensing and strip-mines the value of the copyrighted work for its commercial purposes without consent.</p> <p>Here, the court will need to consider licensing of training input under the rubrics set forth in <u>Warhol v Goldsmith</u>, but I believe will ultimately reach the same conclusion as to infringement given the highly commercial and competitive nature of defendant’s use. As the Court noted in <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Warhol v Goldsmith</span>:</p> <blockquote><p>“It will not impoverish our world to require AWF to pay Goldsmith a fraction of the proceeds from its reuse of her copyrighted work. Recall, payments like these are incentives for artists to create original works in the first place. Nor will the Court’s decision, which is consistent with longstanding principles of fair use, snuff out the light of Western civilization, returning us to the Dark Ages of a world without Titian, Shakespeare, or Richard Rodgers.”</p></blockquote> <p>Well said.</p> <div class="swp-hidden-panel-wrap" style="display: none; visibility: collapse; opacity: 0"><div class="swp_social_panel swp_horizontal_panel swp_flat_fresh swp_default_full_color swp_individual_full_color swp_other_full_color scale-100 scale-" data-min-width="1100" data-float-color="#ffffff" data-float="none" data-float-mobile="none" data-transition="slide" data-post-id="58014" ><div class="nc_tweetContainer swp_share_button swp_twitter" data-network="twitter"><a class="nc_tweet swp_share_link" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" 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Center (CCC). Prior to CCC, Kaufman served as Legal Director, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. He is a member of, among other things, the Bar of the State of New York, the Author’s Guild, and the editorial board of UKSG Insights. Kaufman also advises the US Government on international trade matters through membership in International Trade Advisory Committee (ITAC) 13 – Intellectual Property and the Library of Congress’s Copyright Public Modernization Committee in addition to serving on the Board of the United States Intellectual Property Alliance (USIPA).</p> <div> <a href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/author/roykaufman/" class="cta-link hidden-print">View All Posts by Roy Kaufman</a> </div> </div> </article> <div class="ad ad--leaderboard ad--article-comments">  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1481750508871-0'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1481750508871-0'); }); </script> </div> </div> <section class="container-comments" id="comments"> <header class="comments-header"> <h2 class="comments-header__title">Discussion</h2> <p class="comments-header__subhead"> 2 Thoughts on "The Supreme Court Case of Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith: What, if Anything, Does it Mean to Artificial Intelligence?" </p> </header> <div class="comments"> <div class="comments__thread"> <article class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-115743"> <div class="comment__avatar"> <img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/26907125d8fcdd27931d5df96212034d?s=96&d=mm&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/26907125d8fcdd27931d5df96212034d?s=192&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-96 photo' height='96' width='96' decoding='async'/> </div> <div class="comment__body"> <div class="comment__content"> <p>The third paragraph ends with “for the plaintiffs in question:” – is a block quote missing there?</p> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <ul class="comment__meta"> <li class="comment__meta__author"><span class="byline">By</span> Anna Sawicka</li><li class="comment__meta__date"><a href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2023/06/06/the-supreme-court-case-of-andy-warhol-foundation-v-goldsmith-what-if-anything-does-it-mean-to-artificial-intelligence/#comment-115743">Jun 26, 2023, 4:05 PM</a></li><li class="comment__meta__cta hidden-print"> </li> </ul> </div> </article> <div class="comments__thread"> <article class="comment byuser comment-author-dacrotty odd alt depth-2 comment--reply" id="comment-115750"> <div class="comment__avatar"> <a href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/author/dacrotty/"> <img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/49194f0d60398e09cdbbf70da83dadd9?s=96&d=mm&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/49194f0d60398e09cdbbf70da83dadd9?s=192&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-96 photo' height='96' width='96' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> </a> </div> <div class="comment__body"> <div class="comment__content"> <p>Thanks for catching this. We had a formatting error that’s now been corrected, and the paragraph following that line is indeed the block quote.</p> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <ul class="comment__meta"> <li class="comment__meta__author"><span class="byline">By</span> David Crotty</li><li class="comment__meta__date"><a href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2023/06/06/the-supreme-court-case-of-andy-warhol-foundation-v-goldsmith-what-if-anything-does-it-mean-to-artificial-intelligence/#comment-115750">Jun 27, 2023, 10:23 AM</a></li><li class="comment__meta__cta hidden-print"> </li> </ul> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="comment-form hidden-print"> <p class="comment-form--closed">Comments are closed.</p> </div> </section> </article> </main> <aside class="sidebar col col-lg-4" role="complementary"> <div class="sidebox sidebox--authors"> <h4 class="sidebox--authors__logo-heading">Official Blog of:</h4> <a href="https://www.sspnet.org/" rel="external"> <img class="ssp-logo" src="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/wp-content/themes/bedstone/images/ssp-logo-sidebar.png" alt="Society for Scholarly Publishing (SSP)"> </a> <h3 class="sidebox--authors__heading">The Chefs</h3> <ul class="chef-list"> <li> <a href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/author/planxty/" title="Rick Anderson"> <img src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5a5be2e85a4d89ae4c64a45bd7d82846?s=96&d=mm&r=g" alt="Rick Anderson" class="avatar"> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/author/toddacarpenter/" title="Todd A Carpenter"> <img src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/75ee010c853d5de2a14dd94f996d18f9?s=96&d=mm&r=g" alt="Todd A Carpenter" class="avatar"> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/author/acochran881/" title="Angela Cochran"> <img src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/90640ab40f3437ab7802d8f55b653ecf?s=96&d=mm&r=g" alt="Angela Cochran" class="avatar"> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/author/lettiephd/" title="Lettie Y. 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The Supreme Court Case of Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith: What, if Anything, Does it Mean to Artificial Intelligence? - The Scholarly Kitchen