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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Google_QUIC_(gQUIC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Google_QUIC_(gQUIC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Google QUIC (gQUIC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Google_QUIC_(gQUIC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Adoption</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adoption-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adoption subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Browser_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Browser_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Browser support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Browser_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Client_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Client_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Client support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Client_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Server_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Server_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Server support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Server_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Source_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Source_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Source code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Source_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="QUIC" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="QUIC" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="QUIC" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="QUIC" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%84_%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="پروتکل کوییک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروتکل کوییک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="QUIC" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="QUIC" data-language-autonym="한국어" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="QUIC" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="QUIC" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="QUIC" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="QUIC" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="QUIC" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7265601#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Transport layer computer network protocol</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:26em;"><caption class="infobox-title summary">QUIC</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; width:25%;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">General purpose</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; width:25%;">Developer(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; width:25%;">Introduction</th><td class="infobox-data">October 12, 2012<span class="noprint">; 12 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2012-10-12</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; width:25%;">Based on</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a>, normally layered with <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; width:25%;"><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI layer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">Transport layer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; width:25%;"><a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9000">9000</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8999">8999</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9001">9001</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9002">9002</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; width:25%;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data url"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quicwg.org/">quicwg<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">Application layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">BGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</a> (<a href="/wiki/DHCPv6" title="DHCPv6">v6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> (<a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">LDAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Gateway_Control_Protocol" title="Media Gateway Control Protocol">MGCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MQTT" title="MQTT">MQTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol" title="Network News Transfer Protocol">NNTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol" title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Shortest_Path_First" title="Open Shortest Path First">OSPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">POP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol" title="Precision Time Protocol">PTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Network_Computing_Remote_Procedure_Call" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call">ONC/RPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-Time_Streaming_Protocol" title="Real-Time Streaming Protocol">RTSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routing_Information_Protocol" title="Routing Information Protocol">RIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocol" title="Simple Network Management Protocol">SNMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS/SSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Application_layer_protocols" title="Category:Application layer protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">Transport layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datagram_Congestion_Control_Protocol" title="Datagram Congestion Control Protocol">DCCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol" title="Stream Control Transmission Protocol">SCTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Reservation_Protocol" title="Resource Reservation Protocol">RSVP</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">QUIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_layer_protocols" title="Category:Transport layer protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Internet_layer" title="Internet layer">Internet layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">v4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">v6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol" title="Internet Control Message Protocol">ICMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/ICMPv6" title="ICMPv6">v6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol" title="Neighbor Discovery Protocol">NDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_Congestion_Notification" title="Explicit Congestion Notification">ECN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Group_Management_Protocol" title="Internet Group Management Protocol">IGMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec">IPsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_layer_protocols" title="Category:Internet layer protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Link_layer" title="Link layer">Link layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol">ARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunneling_protocol" title="Tunneling protocol">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Link_protocols" title="Category:Link protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_protocol_suite" title="Template:Internet protocol suite"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_protocol_suite" title="Template talk:Internet protocol suite"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_protocol_suite" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet protocol suite"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>QUIC</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a general-purpose <a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">transport layer</a> <a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">network protocol</a> initially designed by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Roskind" title="Jim Roskind">Jim Roskind</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc9000_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LWN_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LWN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-QUIC_Design_Doc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QUIC_Design_Doc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first implemented and deployed in 2012<sup id="cite_ref-Chromium_Code_Merging_QUIC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chromium_Code_Merging_QUIC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was publicly announced in 2013 as experimentation broadened. It was also described at an <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-chromium_announcement_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chromium_announcement-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Google_Working_on_QUIC_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google_Working_on_QUIC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quic_youtube_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quic_youtube-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IETF_QUIC_Intro_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IETF_QUIC_Intro-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chrome_web_browser" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrome web browser">Chrome web browser</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-TechCrunch_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechCrunch-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ms-embracing_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ms-embracing-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-firefox-support_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firefox-support-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> all support it.<sup id="cite_ref-safari16_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safari16-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Chrome, QUIC is used by more than half of all connections to Google's servers.<sup id="cite_ref-TechCrunch_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechCrunch-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>QUIC improves performance of connection-oriented <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web applications</a> that before QUIC used <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> (TCP).<sup id="cite_ref-LWN_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LWN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TechCrunch_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechCrunch-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does this by establishing a number of <a href="/wiki/Multiplexed" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiplexed">multiplexed</a> connections between two endpoints using <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">User Datagram Protocol</a> (UDP), and is designed to obsolete TCP at the transport layer for many applications, thus earning the protocol the occasional nickname "TCP/2".<sup id="cite_ref-Call_it_TCP/2._One_More_Time._14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Call_it_TCP/2._One_More_Time.-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Needs evidence that the name is used in more than one place. (January 2025)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although its name was initially proposed as an acronym for <i>Quick UDP Internet Connections</i>, in IETF's use of the word, QUIC is not an acronym; it is simply the name of the protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-QUIC_Design_Doc_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QUIC_Design_Doc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IETF_QUIC_Intro_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IETF_QUIC_Intro-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rfc9000_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc9000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>QUIC works hand-in-hand with <a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a>'s multiplexed connections, allowing multiple streams of data to reach all the endpoints independently, and hence independent of <a href="/wiki/Packet_loss" title="Packet loss">packet losses</a> involving other streams. In contrast, HTTP/2 carried over TCP can suffer <a href="/wiki/Head-of-line_blocking" title="Head-of-line blocking">head-of-line-blocking</a> delays if multiple streams are multiplexed on a TCP connection and any of the TCP packets on that connection are delayed or lost. </p><p>QUIC's secondary goals include reduced connection and transport <a href="/wiki/Network_latency" class="mw-redirect" title="Network latency">latency</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Network_bandwidth" class="mw-redirect" title="Network bandwidth">bandwidth</a> estimation in each direction to avoid <a href="/wiki/Network_congestion" title="Network congestion">congestion</a>. It also moves <a href="/wiki/Congestion_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestion control">congestion control</a> algorithms into the <a href="/wiki/User_space" class="mw-redirect" title="User space">user space</a> at both endpoints, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Kernel_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernel space">kernel space</a>, which it is claimed<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> will allow these algorithms to improve more rapidly. Additionally, the protocol can be extended with <a href="/wiki/Forward_error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward error correction">forward error correction</a> (FEC) to further improve performance when errors are expected, and this is seen<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2025)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as the next step in the protocol's evolution. It is designed with the intention of avoiding <a href="/wiki/Protocol_ossification" title="Protocol ossification">protocol ossification</a>. </p><p>In June 2015, an <a href="/wiki/Internet_Draft" title="Internet Draft">Internet Draft</a> of a specification for QUIC was submitted to the <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> for standardization.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A QUIC working group was established in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2018, the IETF's HTTP and QUIC Working Groups jointly decided to call the HTTP mapping over QUIC "<a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a>" in advance of making it a worldwide standard.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2021, the IETF standardized QUIC in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9000">9000</a>, supported by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8999">8999</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9001">9001</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9002">9002</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/DNS-over-QUIC" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS-over-QUIC">DNS-over-QUIC</a> is another application. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=QUIC&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a>, or TCP, aims to provide an interface for sending streams of data between two endpoints. Data is handed to the TCP system, which ensures the data makes it to the other end in exactly the same form, or the connection will indicate that an error condition exists.<sup id="cite_ref-ARSnext_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARSnext-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To do this, TCP breaks up the data into <a href="/wiki/Network_packet" title="Network packet">network packets</a> and adds small amounts of data to each packet. This additional data includes a sequence number that is used to detect packets that are lost or arrive out of order, and a <a href="/wiki/Checksum" title="Checksum">checksum</a> that allows the errors within packet data to be detected. When either problem occurs, TCP uses <a href="/wiki/Automatic_repeat_request" title="Automatic repeat request">automatic repeat request</a> (ARQ) to ask the sender to re-send the lost or damaged packet.<sup id="cite_ref-ARSnext_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARSnext-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most implementations, TCP will see any error on a connection as a blocking operation, stopping further transfers until the error is resolved or the connection is considered failed. If a single connection is being used to send multiple streams of data, as is the case in the <a href="/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2">HTTP/2</a> protocol, all of these streams are blocked although only one of them might have a problem. For instance, if a single error occurs while downloading a GIF image used for a <a href="/wiki/Favicon" title="Favicon">favicon</a>, the entire rest of the page will wait while that problem is resolved.<sup id="cite_ref-ARSnext_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARSnext-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This phenomenon is known as <a href="/wiki/Head-of-line_blocking" title="Head-of-line blocking">head-of-line blocking</a>. </p><p>As the TCP system is designed to look like a "data pipe", or stream, it deliberately has little information regarding the data it transmits. If that data has additional requirements, like <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a> using <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS</a>, this must be set up by systems running on top of TCP, using TCP to communicate with similar software on the other end of the connection. Each of these sorts of setup tasks requires its own <a href="/wiki/Handshake_(computing)" title="Handshake (computing)">handshake</a> process. This often requires several round-trips of requests and responses until the connection is established. Due to the inherent <a href="/wiki/Network_latency" class="mw-redirect" title="Network latency">latency</a> of long-distance communications, this can add significant delay to the overall transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-ARSnext_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARSnext-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TCP has suffered from <a href="/wiki/Protocol_ossification" title="Protocol ossification">protocol ossification</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomsonPauly2021A.5._TCP_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsonPauly2021A.5._TCP-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to its <a href="/wiki/Wire_image_(networking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire image (networking)">wire image</a> being in <a href="/wiki/Cleartext" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleartext">cleartext</a> and hence visible to and malleable by <a href="/wiki/Middlebox" title="Middlebox">middleboxes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairhurstPerkins20214._Encryption_and_Authentication_of_Transport_Headers_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairhurstPerkins20214._Encryption_and_Authentication_of_Transport_Headers-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One measurement found that a third of paths across the Internet encounter at least one intermediary that modifies TCP metadata, and 6.5% of paths encounter harmful ossifying effects from intermediaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelineDonnet2019175–176_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelineDonnet2019175–176-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extensions to TCP have been affected: the design of <a href="/wiki/Multipath_TCP" title="Multipath TCP">Multipath TCP</a> (MPTCP) was constrained by middlebox behaviour,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaiciuPaaschBarreFord20121_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaiciuPaaschBarreFord20121-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHesmansDuchenePaaschDetal20131_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHesmansDuchenePaaschDetal20131-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the deployment of <a href="/wiki/TCP_Fast_Open" title="TCP Fast Open">TCP Fast Open</a> has been likewise hindered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERybczyńska2020_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERybczyńska2020-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomsonPauly2021A.5._TCP_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsonPauly2021A.5._TCP-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=QUIC&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tcp-vs-quic-handshake.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tcp-vs-quic-handshake.svg/350px-Tcp-vs-quic-handshake.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tcp-vs-quic-handshake.svg/525px-Tcp-vs-quic-handshake.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tcp-vs-quic-handshake.svg/700px-Tcp-vs-quic-handshake.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption>Handshake of QUIC compared to TCP with TLS 1.2</figcaption></figure> <p>In the context of supporting <a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">encrypted</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> traffic, QUIC serves a similar role as TCP, but with reduced <a href="/wiki/Network_delay" title="Network delay">latency</a> during connection setup and more efficient loss recovery when multiple HTTP streams are multiplexed over a single connection. It does this primarily through two changes that rely on the understanding of the behaviour of HTTP traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-ARSnext_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARSnext-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first change is to greatly reduce overhead during connection setup. As most HTTP connections will demand <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS</a>, QUIC makes the exchange of setup keys and listing of supported protocols part of the initial <a href="/wiki/Handshake_(computing)" title="Handshake (computing)">handshake process</a>. When a client opens a connection, the response packet includes the data needed for future packets to use encryption. This eliminates the need to set up an unencrypted <i>pipe</i> and then negotiate the security protocol as separate steps. Other protocols can be serviced in the same way, combining multiple steps into a single request–response pair. This data can then be used both for following requests in the initial setup and future requests that would otherwise be negotiated as separate connections.<sup id="cite_ref-ARSnext_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARSnext-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second change is to use <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a> rather than TCP as its basis, which does not include <a href="/wiki/Packet_loss" title="Packet loss">loss</a> recovery. Instead, each QUIC stream is separately flow-controlled, and lost data is retransmitted at the level of QUIC, not UDP. This means that if an error occurs in one stream, like the favicon example above, the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_stack" title="Protocol stack">protocol stack</a> can continue servicing other streams independently. This can be very useful in improving performance on error-prone links, as in most cases considerable additional data may be received before TCP notices a packet is missing or broken, and all of this data is blocked or even flushed while the error is corrected. In QUIC, this data is free to be processed while the single multiplexed stream is repaired.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>QUIC includes a number of other changes that improve overall latency and throughput. For instance, the packets are encrypted individually, so that they do not result in the encrypted data waiting for partial packets. This is not generally possible under TCP, where the encryption records are in a <a href="/wiki/Bytestream" class="mw-redirect" title="Bytestream">bytestream</a> and the protocol stack is unaware of higher-layer boundaries within this stream. These can be negotiated by the layers running on top, but QUIC aims to do all of this in a single handshake process.<sup id="cite_ref-IETF_QUIC_Intro_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IETF_QUIC_Intro-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another goal of the QUIC system was to improve performance during network-switching events, like what happens when a user of a mobile device moves from a local <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotspot_(Wi%E2%80%91Fi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hotspot (Wi‑Fi) (page does not exist)">Wi‑Fi hotspot</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">mobile network</a>. When this occurs on TCP, a lengthy process starts where every existing connection times out one-by-one and is then re-established on demand. To solve this problem, QUIC includes a connection identifier to uniquely identify the connection to the server regardless of source. This allows the connection to be re-established simply by sending a packet, which always contains this ID, as the original connection ID will still be valid even if the user's <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> changes.<sup id="cite_ref-QUICoverview_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QUICoverview-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/HTTP-1.1_vs._HTTP-2_vs._HTTP-3_Protocol_Stack.svg/336px-HTTP-1.1_vs._HTTP-2_vs._HTTP-3_Protocol_Stack.svg.png" decoding="async" width="336" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/HTTP-1.1_vs._HTTP-2_vs._HTTP-3_Protocol_Stack.svg/504px-HTTP-1.1_vs._HTTP-2_vs._HTTP-3_Protocol_Stack.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/HTTP-1.1_vs._HTTP-2_vs._HTTP-3_Protocol_Stack.svg/672px-HTTP-1.1_vs._HTTP-2_vs._HTTP-3_Protocol_Stack.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="231" usemap="#ImageMap_c026b672c01baf55" resource="/wiki/File:HTTP-1.1_vs._HTTP-2_vs._HTTP-3_Protocol_Stack.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_c026b672c01baf55"><area href="/wiki/HTTP/1" shape="rect" coords="0,44,85,94" alt="HTTP/1" title="HTTP/1" /><area href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" shape="rect" coords="0,95,85,137" alt="Transport Layer Security" title="Transport Layer Security" /><area href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" shape="rect" coords="0,138,85,189" alt="Transmission Control Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol" /><area href="/wiki/HTTP/2" shape="rect" coords="126,44,210,94" alt="HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2" /><area href="/wiki/TLS_1.2" shape="rect" coords="126,95,210,137" alt="TLS 1.2" title="TLS 1.2" /><area href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" shape="rect" coords="126,138,210,189" alt="Transmission Control Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol" /><area href="/wiki/HTTP/3" shape="rect" coords="251,44,336,74" alt="HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3" /><area href="/wiki/TLS_1.3" shape="rect" coords="255,90,328,121" alt="TLS 1.3" title="TLS 1.3" /><area href="/wiki/QUIC" shape="rect" coords="251,125,336,158" alt="QUIC" title="QUIC" /><area href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" shape="rect" coords="251,159,336,189" alt="User Datagram Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol" /><area href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" shape="rect" coords="0,189,336,231" alt="Internet Protocol" title="Internet Protocol" /></map><figcaption>Protocol stack of HTTP/3 compared to HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2</figcaption></figure> <p>QUIC can be implemented in the application space, as opposed to being in the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system_kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating system kernel">operating system kernel</a>. This generally invokes additional overhead due to <a href="/wiki/Context_switch" title="Context switch">context switches</a> as data is moved between applications. However, in the case of QUIC, the protocol stack is intended to be used by a single application, with each application using QUIC having its own connections hosted on UDP. Ultimately the difference could be very small because much of the overall HTTP/2 stack is already in the applications (or their libraries, more commonly). Placing the remaining parts in those libraries, essentially the error correction, has little effect on the HTTP/2 stack's size or overall complexity.<sup id="cite_ref-IETF_QUIC_Intro_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IETF_QUIC_Intro-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This organization allows future changes to be made more easily as it does not require changes to the <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a> for updates. One of QUIC's longer-term goals is to add new systems for <a href="/wiki/Forward_error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward error correction">forward error correction</a> (FEC) and improved congestion control.<sup id="cite_ref-QUICoverview_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QUICoverview-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One concern about the move from TCP to UDP is that TCP is widely adopted and many of the "middleboxes" in the Internet infrastructure are tuned for TCP and rate-limit or even block UDP. Google carried out a number of exploratory experiments to characterize this and found that only a small number of connections were blocked in this manner.<sup id="cite_ref-QUIC_Design_Doc_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QUIC_Design_Doc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the use of a system for rapid fallback to TCP; <a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a>'s network stack starts both a QUIC and a conventional TCP connection at the same time, which allows it to fall back with negligible latency.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>QUIC has been specifically designed to be deployable and evolvable and to have anti-ossification properties;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbet2018_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbet2018-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is the first <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> transport protocol to deliberately minimise its wire image for these ends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrammellKuehlewind20192_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrammellKuehlewind20192-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond encrypted headers, it is 'greased'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomsonPauly20213.3._Falsifying_Active_Use_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsonPauly20213.3._Falsifying_Active_Use-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it has protocol invariants explicitly specified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson20212._Fixed_Properties_of_All_QUIC_Versions_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson20212._Fixed_Properties_of_All_QUIC_Versions-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Google_QUIC_(gQUIC)"><span id="Google_QUIC_.28gQUIC.29"></span>Google QUIC (gQUIC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=QUIC&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Google QUIC (gQUIC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/QUIC" title="Special:EditPage/QUIC">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22GQUIC%22">"GQUIC"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22GQUIC%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22GQUIC%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22GQUIC%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22GQUIC%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22GQUIC%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The protocol that was created by Google and taken to the IETF under the name QUIC (already in 2012 around QUIC version 20) is quite different from the QUIC that has continued to evolve and be refined within the IETF. The original Google QUIC was designed to be a general purpose protocol, though it was initially deployed as a protocol to support HTTP(S) in Chromium. The current evolution of the IETF QUIC protocol is a general purpose transport protocol. Chromium developers continued to track the evolution of IETF QUIC's standardization efforts to adopt and fully comply with the most recent internet standards for QUIC in Chromium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=QUIC&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>QUIC was developed with HTTP in mind, and HTTP/3 was its first application.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IETFNews20210603_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IETFNews20210603-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/DNS-over-QUIC" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS-over-QUIC">DNS-over-QUIC</a> is an application of QUIC to name resolution, providing security for data transferred between resolvers similar to <a href="/wiki/DNS-over-TLS" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS-over-TLS">DNS-over-TLS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IETF is developing applications of QUIC for secure <a href="/wiki/Tunnelling_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunnelling protocol">network tunnelling</a><sup id="cite_ref-IETFNews20210603_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IETFNews20210603-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming media</a> delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a> has experimentally been adapted to use QUIC.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another application is <a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">SMB</a> over QUIC, which, according to Microsoft, can offer an "SMB VPN" without affecting the user experience.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SMB clients use TCP by default and will attempt QUIC if the TCP attempt fails or if intentionally requiring QUIC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=QUIC&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Browser_support">Browser support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=QUIC&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Browser support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The QUIC code was experimentally developed in <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a> starting in 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-Chromium_Code_Merging_QUIC_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chromium_Code_Merging_QUIC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was announced as part of Chromium version 29 (released on August 20, 2013).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is currently enabled by default in Chromium and Chrome.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Support in <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> arrived in May 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-firefox-support_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firefox-support-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Inc">Apple</a> added experimental support in the <a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit engine</a> through the Safari Technology Preview 104 in April 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Official support was added in <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> 14, included in <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">macOS Big Sur</a> and <a href="/wiki/IOS_14" title="IOS 14">iOS 14</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-safari14_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safari14-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the feature needed to be turned on manually.<sup id="cite_ref-Bram_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bram-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later enabled by default in Safari 16.<sup id="cite_ref-safari16_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safari16-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Client_support">Client support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=QUIC&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Client support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cronet library for QUIC and other protocols is available to Android applications as a module loadable via <a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Services" title="Google Play Services">Google Play Services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/CURL" title="CURL">cURL</a> 7.66, released 11 September 2019, supports HTTP/3 (and thus QUIC).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2020, Facebook announced<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that it has successfully migrated its apps, including <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, and server infrastructure to QUIC, with already 75% of its Internet traffic using QUIC. All mobile apps from Google support QUIC, including <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NordVPN_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NordVPN-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a>'s mobile app also uses QUIC.<sup id="cite_ref-NordVPN_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NordVPN-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Server_support">Server support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=QUIC&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Server support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=QUIC&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there are several actively maintained implementations. Google servers support QUIC and Google has published a prototype server.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Akamai_Technologies" title="Akamai Technologies">Akamai Technologies</a> has been supporting QUIC since July 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a> implementation called quic-go<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is also available, and powers experimental QUIC support in the <a href="/wiki/Caddy_(web_server)" title="Caddy (web server)">Caddy server</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 11, 2017, LiteSpeed Technologies officially began supporting QUIC in their load balancer (WebADC)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/LiteSpeed_Web_Server" title="LiteSpeed Web Server">LiteSpeed Web Server</a> products.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of October 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=QUIC&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 88.6% of QUIC websites used LiteSpeed and 10.8% used <a href="/wiki/Nginx" title="Nginx">Nginx</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although at first only Google servers supported HTTP-over-QUIC connections, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> also launched the technology in 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cloudflare" title="Cloudflare">Cloudflare</a> has been offering QUIC support on a beta basis since 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/HAProxy" title="HAProxy">HAProxy</a> load balancer added experimental support for QUIC in March 2022<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and declared it production-ready in March 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of April 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=QUIC&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 8.9% of all websites use QUIC,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up from 5% in March 2021. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_Server_2022" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Windows Server 2022">Microsoft Windows Server 2022</a> supports both HTTP/3<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and SMB over QUIC<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ms-embracing_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ms-embracing-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> protocols via <a href="/wiki/MsQuic" title="MsQuic">MsQuic</a>. The Application Delivery Controller of <a href="/wiki/Citrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrix">Citrix</a> (Citrix ADC, NetScaler) can function as a QUIC proxy since version 13.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, there are several stale community projects: libquic<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was created by extracting the Chromium implementation of QUIC and modifying it to minimize dependency requirements, and goquic<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a> bindings of libquic. Finally, quic-reverse-proxy<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Docker_(software)" title="Docker (software)">Docker image</a> that acts as a <a href="/wiki/Reverse_proxy" title="Reverse proxy">reverse proxy</a> server, translating QUIC requests into plain HTTP that can be understood by the origin server. </p><p><a href="/wiki/.NET_5" class="mw-redirect" title=".NET 5">.NET 5</a> introduces experimental support for QUIC using the <a href="/wiki/MsQuic" title="MsQuic">MsQuic</a> library.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Source_code">Source code</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=QUIC&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Source code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>QUIC or gQUIC implementations available in source form </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Implementation </th> <th>License </th> <th>Language </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/BSD-3-Clause_License" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD-3-Clause License">BSD-3-Clause License</a> </td> <td>C++ </td> <td>This is the source code of the <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Chrome web browser</a> and the reference gQUIC implementation. It contains a standalone gQUIC and QUIC client and server programs that can be used for testing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/net/+/master/quic">Browsable source code</a>. This version is also the basis of <a href="/wiki/Line_(software)" title="Line (software)">LINE</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/line/stellite">stellite</a> and Google's cronet. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MsQuic" title="MsQuic">MsQuic</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a> </td> <td>C </td> <td>A cross platform QUIC implementation from <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> designed to be a general purpose QUIC library. Used in Windows and cross platform by .NET. Rust and C# interop layers available are available, as well as convenience C++ wrapper classes. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/facebookincubator/mvfst">QUIC Library (mvfst)</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a> </td> <td>C++ </td> <td>mvfst (Pronounced move fast) is a client and server implementation of IETF QUIC protocol in C++ by Facebook. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/litespeedtech/lsquic">LiteSpeed QUIC Library (lsquic)</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a> </td> <td>C </td> <td>This is the QUIC and <a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a> implementation used by <a href="/wiki/LiteSpeed_Web_Server" title="LiteSpeed Web Server">LiteSpeed Web Server</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openlitespeed.org/">OpenLiteSpeed</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ngtcp2/ngtcp2">ngtcp2</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a> </td> <td>C </td> <td>This is a QUIC library that's crypto library agnostic and works with OpenSSL or GnuTLS. For HTTP/3, it needs a separate library like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ngtcp2/nghttp3">nghttp3</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/cloudflare/quiche">Quiche</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/BSD-2-Clause_License" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD-2-Clause License">BSD-2-Clause License</a> </td> <td>Rust </td> <td>Socket-agnostic and exposes a C API for use in C/C++ applications. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/h2o/quicly">quicly</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a> </td> <td>C </td> <td>This library is the QUIC implementation for the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://h2o.examp1e.net/">H2O web server</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/quic-go/quic-go">quic-go</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a> </td> <td>Go </td> <td>This library provides QUIC support for <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/quinn-rs/quinn">Quinn</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache License 2.0</a> <a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a> </td> <td>Rust </td> <td>An async-friendly QUIC implementation in Rust </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/mozilla/neqo">Neqo</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache License 2.0</a> <a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a> </td> <td>Rust </td> <td>This implementation from <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a> is planned to be integrated in Necko, a network library used in the Firefox web browser </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/aiortc/aioquic">aioquic</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/BSD-3-Clause_License" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD-3-Clause License">BSD-3-Clause License</a> </td> <td>Python </td> <td>This library features an I/O-free API suitable for embedding in both clients and servers. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/private-octopus/picoquic">picoquic</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a> </td> <td>C </td> <td>A minimal implementation of QUIC aligned with the IETF specifications </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pquic.org">pquic</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a> </td> <td>C </td> <td>An extensible QUIC implementation that includes an <a href="/wiki/EBPF" title="EBPF">eBPF</a> virtual machine that is able to dynamically load extensions as plugins </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/kazu-yamamoto/quic">quic</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/BSD-3-Clause_License" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD-3-Clause License">BSD-3-Clause License</a> </td> <td>Haskell </td> <td>This package implements QUIC based on Haskell lightweight threads. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/netty/netty-incubator-codec-quic">netty-incubator-codec-quic</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache License 2.0</a> </td> <td>Java </td> <td>This package implements QUIC in netty based on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/cloudflare/quiche">Quiche</a> implementation. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/nodejs/quic/blob/master/doc/api/quic.md">nodejs-quic</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a> </td> <td>NodeJs </td> <td>This experimental package implements QUIC for Nodejs. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/aws/s2n-quic">s2n-quic</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache License 2.0</a> </td> <td>Rust </td> <td>Open-source Rust implementation from <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/swift-quic/swift-quic">swift-quic</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache License 2.0</a> </td> <td>Swift </td> <td>Swift implementation pitched for incubation at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swift.org/sswg/">Swift Server Workgroup</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/tencent/tquic">TQUIC</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache License 2.0</a> </td> <td>Rust </td> <td>A high-performance, lightweight, and cross-platform QUIC library </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nginx" title="Nginx">nginx</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/BSD-2-Clause_License" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD-2-Clause License">BSD-2-Clause License</a> </td> <td>C </td> <td>Open-source QUIC server implementation </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HAProxy" title="HAProxy">HAProxy</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> version 2 </td> <td>C </td> <td>Open-source QUIC server implementation </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitbucket.org/pjtr/kwik/">kwik</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a> version 3 </td> <td>Java </td> <td>Client and server implementations of the QUIC protocol (RFC 9000) in 100% Java. Supports HTTP3 (RFC 9114) with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitbucket.org/pjtr/flupke">"Flupke"</a> add-on. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/OpenSSL" title="OpenSSL">OpenSSL</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a> </td> <td>C </td> <td>OpenSSL has added QUIC support since version 3.2.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GnuTLS" title="GnuTLS">GnuTLS</a> </td> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free"><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a> version 2.1 </td> <td>C </td> <td>GnuTLS has added QUIC support since version 3.7.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=QUIC&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constrained_Application_Protocol" title="Constrained Application Protocol">Constrained Application Protocol</a> (CoAP) – a UDP-based protocol utilizing REST model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datagram_Congestion_Control_Protocol" title="Datagram Congestion Control Protocol">Datagram Congestion Control Protocol</a> (DCCP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datagram_Transport_Layer_Security" title="Datagram Transport Layer Security">Datagram Transport Layer Security</a> (DTLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_and_Secure_Protocol" title="Fast and Secure Protocol">Fast and Secure Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEDBAT" title="LEDBAT">LEDBAT</a> (Low Extra Delay Background Transport)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_Transport_Protocol" title="Micro Transport Protocol">Micro Transport Protocol</a> (μTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multipurpose_Transaction_Protocol" title="Multipurpose Transaction Protocol">Multipurpose Transaction Protocol</a> (MTP/IP) – an alternative to QUIC from Data Expedition, Inc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-Time_Media_Flow_Protocol" title="Real-Time Media Flow Protocol">Real-Time Media Flow Protocol</a> (RTMFP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliable_User_Datagram_Protocol" title="Reliable User Datagram Protocol">Reliable User Datagram Protocol</a> (RUDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPDY" title="SPDY">SPDY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol" title="Stream Control Transmission Protocol">Stream Control Transmission Protocol</a> (SCTP UDP Encapsulation; RFC 6951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_Stream_Transport" title="Structured Stream Transport">Structured Stream Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UDP-based_Data_Transfer_Protocol" title="UDP-based Data Transfer Protocol">UDP-based Data Transfer Protocol</a> (UDT) – a UDP-based transport protocol</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=QUIC&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rfc9000-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc9000_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc9000_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9000"><i>RFC 9000 – QUIC: A UDP-Based Multiplexed and Secure Transport</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC9000">10.17487/RFC9000</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9000">9000</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RFC+9000+%E2%80%93+QUIC%3A+A+UDP-Based+Multiplexed+and+Secure+Transport&rft.pub=IETF&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC9000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc9000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQUIC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LWN-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LWN_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LWN_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan_Willis" class="citation web cs1">Nathan Willis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/558826/">"Connecting on the QUIC"</a>. Linux Weekly News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Connecting+on+the+QUIC&rft.pub=Linux+Weekly+News&rft.au=Nathan+Willis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F558826%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQUIC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QUIC_Design_Doc-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-QUIC_Design_Doc_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QUIC_Design_Doc_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QUIC_Design_Doc_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RNHkx_VvKWyWg6Lr8SZ-saqsQx7rFV-ev2jRFUoVD34/edit">"QUIC: Design Document and Specification Rationale"</a>. Jim Roskind, Chromium Contributor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QUIC%3A+Design+Document+and+Specification+Rationale&rft.pub=Jim+Roskind%2C+Chromium+Contributor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fdocument%2Fd%2F1RNHkx_VvKWyWg6Lr8SZ-saqsQx7rFV-ev2jRFUoVD34%2Fedit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQUIC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chromium_Code_Merging_QUIC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chromium_Code_Merging_QUIC_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chromium_Code_Merging_QUIC_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chromiumcodereview.appspot.com/11125002">"First Chromium Code Landing: CL 11125002: Add QuicFramer and friends"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Aug 7,</span> 2020</span> – via GitHub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=devsisters%2Fgoquic&rft.date=2020-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fdevsisters%2Fgoquic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQUIC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.docker.com/r/devsisters/quic-reverse-proxy/">"Docker Hub"</a>. <i>hub.docker.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=.NET+Blog&rft.atitle=.NET+5+Networking+Improvements&rft.date=2021-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevblogs.microsoft.com%2Fdotnet%2Fnet-5-new-networking-improvements%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQUIC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://docs.openssl.org/master/man7/openssl-quic/">https://docs.openssl.org/master/man7/openssl-quic/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://blogs.gnome.org/dueno/whats-new-in-gnutls-3-7-0/">https://blogs.gnome.org/dueno/whats-new-in-gnutls-3-7-0/</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=QUIC&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrammellKuehlewind2019" class="citation cs1">Trammell, Brian; Kuehlewind, Mirja (April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8546"><i>The Wire Image of a Network Protocol</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC8546">10.17487/RFC8546</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8546">8546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wire+Image+of+a+Network+Protocol&rft.date=2019-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC8546&rft.aulast=Trammell&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Kuehlewind%2C+Mirja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc8546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQUIC" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2021" class="citation cs1">Thomson, Martin (May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8999"><i>Version-Independent Properties of QUIC</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC8999">10.17487/RFC8999</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8999">8999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Version-Independent+Properties+of+QUIC&rft.date=2021-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC8999&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc8999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQUIC" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairhurstPerkins2021" class="citation cs1">Fairhurst, Gorry; Perkins, Colin (July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9065"><i>Considerations around Transport Header Confidentiality, Network Operations, and the Evolution of Internet Transport Protocols</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC9065">10.17487/RFC9065</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9065">9065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Considerations+around+Transport+Header+Confidentiality%2C+Network+Operations%2C+and+the+Evolution+of+Internet+Transport+Protocols&rft.date=2021-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC9065&rft.aulast=Fairhurst&rft.aufirst=Gorry&rft.au=Perkins%2C+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc9065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQUIC" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomsonPauly2021" class="citation cs1">Thomson, Martin; 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title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LWN.net&rft.atitle=QUIC+as+a+solution+to+protocol+ossification&rft.date=2018-01-29&rft.aulast=Corbet&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F745590%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQUIC" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelineDonnet2019" class="citation conference cs1">Edeline, Korian; Donnet, Benoit (2019). <i>A Bottom-Up Investigation of the Transport-Layer Ossification</i>. 2019 Network Traffic Measurement and Analysis Conference (TMA). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23919%2FTMA.2019.8784690">10.23919/TMA.2019.8784690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=A+Bottom-Up+Investigation+of+the+Transport-Layer+Ossification&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23919%2FTMA.2019.8784690&rft.aulast=Edeline&rft.aufirst=Korian&rft.au=Donnet%2C+Benoit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQUIC" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRybczyńska2020" class="citation web cs1">Rybczyńska, Marta (13 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/814522/">"A QUIC look at HTTP/3"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LWN.net&rft.atitle=A+QUIC+look+at+HTTP%2F3&rft.date=2020-03-13&rft.aulast=Rybczy%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F814522%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQUIC" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=QUIC&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quicwg.org/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7265601#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/quicwg">IETF QUIC Working Group</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8999">8999</a> – Version-Independent Properties of QUIC</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9000">9000</a> – QUIC: A UDP-Based Multiplexed and Secure Transport</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9001">9001</a> – Using TLS to Secure QUIC</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9002">9002</a> – QUIC Loss Detection and Congestion Control</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chromium.org/quic">QUIC, a multiplexed stream transport over UDP</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1RNHkx_VvKWyWg6Lr8SZ-saqsQx7rFV-ev2jRFUoVD34/edit">QUIC: Design Document and Specification Rationale</a>, Jim Roskind's original document (2012/2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Stenberg" title="Daniel Stenberg">Daniel Stenberg</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://http3-explained.haxx.se/en/">HTTP/3 explained</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_weekly_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux weekly news">Linux Weekly News</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/558826/">Connecting on the QUIC</a> (2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/88/slides/slides-88-tsvarea-10.pdf">QUIC:</a>, IETF-88 TSV Area Presentation (2013-11-07)</li> <li>Chromium Blog: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.chromium.org/2013/06/experimenting-with-quic.html">Experimenting with QUIC</a> (2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQZ-0mXFmk8">QUIC: next generation multiplexed transport over UDP</a> (Google Developers, 2014)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://c3lab.poliba.it/images/3/3b/QUIC_SAC15.pdf">HTTP over UDP: an Experimental Investigation of QUIC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://multipath-quic.org/">Multipath QUIC</a> (extension to QUIC)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7867726">Innovating Transport with QUIC: Design Approaches and Research Challenges</a> (2017)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8lYHNzoPS2o">EPIQ 2018 Keynote</a> – <i>Facebook's IETF QUIC deployment</i>, Subodh Iyengar on YouTube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W8I3bjYn4_0&list=PL3tsOU35YefaaSOxccfi17WXmGDS4GB5L">EPIQ 2021 Keynote</a> – <i>QUIC at Microsoft</i>, Nick Bankson on YouTube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQ5AND4DPyU"><span class="plainlinks">QUIC at Google (2020) – David Schinazi</span></a> on YouTube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nP1yzxHcgeM"><span class="plainlinks">QUIC at Apple (2021) – Tommy Pauly</span></a> on YouTube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qvis.quictools.info">qvis: QUIC and HTTP/3 visualization suite.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quic.xargs.org/">The Illustrated QUIC Connection</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=QUIC&oldid=1276002014">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=QUIC&oldid=1276002014</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_properties_established_in_2012" title="Category:Internet properties established in 2012">Internet properties established in 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_layer_protocols" title="Category:Transport layer protocols">Transport layer protocols</a></li><li><a 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