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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Canebrake_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Canebrake (disambiguation)">Canebrake (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canebrake_in_Kentucky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Canebrake_in_Kentucky.jpg/220px-Canebrake_in_Kentucky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Canebrake_in_Kentucky.jpg/330px-Canebrake_in_Kentucky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Canebrake_in_Kentucky.jpg/440px-Canebrake_in_Kentucky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Arundinaria_gigantea" title="Arundinaria gigantea">Arundinaria gigantea</a></i> in a canebrake in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>canebrake</b> or <b>canebreak</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Thicket" title="Thicket">thicket</a> of any of a variety of <i><a href="/wiki/Arundinaria" title="Arundinaria">Arundinaria</a></i> grasses: <i><a href="/wiki/Arundinaria_gigantea" title="Arundinaria gigantea">A. gigantea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Arundinaria_tecta" title="Arundinaria tecta">A. tecta</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Arundinaria_appalachiana" title="Arundinaria appalachiana">A. appalachiana</a></i>. As a <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, these giant <a href="/wiki/Grasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasses">grasses</a> grow in thickets up to 24 feet (7.3 m) tall. <i>A. gigantea</i> is generally found in stream valleys and ravines throughout the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">southeastern United States</a>. <i>A. tecta</i> is a smaller stature species found on the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. Finally, <i>A. appalachiana</i> is found in more upland areas at the southern end of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cane does not do well on sites that meet <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a> classification. Instead, canebrakes are characteristic of moist lowland, floodplain areas that are not as saturated as true wetlands.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canebrake&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canebrakes were formerly widespread in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, potentially covering 10,000,000 acres (4,000,000 ha),<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of canebrakes signaled to Native Americans and to early European settlers that an area was fertile and ecologically rich.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The canebrakes were a striking feature of the landscape to the earliest European explorers, who remarked upon how densely the cane grew and how difficult it was to travel through. For example, in 1728 William Byrd described hacking through a "forest" of cane "more than a furlong [220 yards] in depth" as he blazed a trail along the border of Virginia and Carolina. Likewise, William Bartram described "the most extensive Canebreak that is to be seen on the face of the whole earth," writing that the canes grew 10-12 feet tall and so close together they were completely impassable without hacking a trail through them.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, as European settlers came, the cane gradually disappeared as it was used as high-quality forage for livestock that was available all year round. Pigs in particular destroyed canebrakes rapidly by rooting up their underground rhizomes, and the settlers intentionally used pigs to clear out canebrakes so they could be converted to agricultural land. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The absence of the <a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">controlled burns</a> used by Native Americans to maintain the canebrakes, conversion to agricultural land, and <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> by livestock has almost eliminated the canebrakes.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Destruction of habitat for development and construction is also implicated as a cause of the decline by the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma">Choctaw Nation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canebrake&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This destruction has impacted a number of species. The survival of the <a href="/wiki/Florida_panther" title="Florida panther">Florida panther</a> (<i>Puma concolor couguar</i>) has been challenged, and <a href="/wiki/Bachman%27s_warbler" title="Bachman's warbler">Bachman's warbler</a> (<i>Vermivora bachmanii</i>) has probably become <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a>. The extinct <a href="/wiki/Carolina_parakeet" title="Carolina parakeet">Carolina parakeet</a> (<i>Conuropsis carolinensis)</i> also depended on canebrakes, and their demise may have been hastened by the canebrakes' decline.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other species considered canebrake specialists include as many as seven <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moth</a> species<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and five known <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterfly</a> species dependent on <i>Arundinaria</i> bamboos as a host plant, and <a href="/wiki/Swainson%27s_warbler" title="Swainson's warbler">Swainson's warbler</a> (<i>Limnothlypis swainsonii</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swainson's warbler has recently been found to use pine plantations (widespread across the Southeastern United States) of a particular age, as they may provide the structural features and prey base that the species seeks.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to the characterization of canebrakes as homogenous, they host a great diversity of species, including globally rare species. A survey of canebrakes in the Carolinas found 330 taxa living in the canebrake habitat, a number that would likely increase with more study.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canebrakes provide habitat for the critically endangered <a href="/wiki/Sarracenia_alabamensis" title="Sarracenia alabamensis">Alabama canebrake pitcher plant</a> (<i>Sarracenia alabamensis)</i>, which is only found in 11 sites in just two counties of the state of <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cane can propagate itself rapidly through asexual reproduction, allowing it to persist quietly in the shade of a forest for years and rapidly take advantage of disturbance such as wildfire. Historically, canebrakes were maintained by Native Americans using <a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">controlled burns</a>. The fire would burn the aboveground part of the plant but leave the underground rhizomes unharmed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canebrakes have been identified as important ecosystems for supporting over 70 wildlife species, possibly ideal candidates for mitigating nitrate pollution in groundwater, and crucial to the material cultures of Southeastern Native American nations, but relatively little study has been devoted to them, partially because virtually all canebrakes that still exist are isolated and fragmentary.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canebrakes are unlikely to be reestablished significantly under current methods of land management, but there is interest in finding out how to restore them.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rare_plant_species">Rare plant species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canebrake&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rare plant species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canebrakes have been found to provide habitat for the following rare plants:<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lysimachia_asperulifolia" title="Lysimachia asperulifolia">Lysimachia asperulifolia</a></i>, rough-leaved loosestrife</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lilium_pyrophilum" title="Lilium pyrophilum">Lilium pyrophilum</a></i>, sandhills lily</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eupatorium_resinosum" title="Eupatorium resinosum">Eupatorium resinosum</a></i>, pine barrens thoroughwort</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dionaea_muscipula" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionaea muscipula">Dionaea muscipula</a></i>, Venus flytrap</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarracenia_alabamensis" title="Sarracenia alabamensis">Sarracenia alabamensis</a></i>, Alabama canebrake pitcher plant<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carex" title="Carex"><i>Carex austrodeflexa</i></a>, canebrake sedge<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canebrake&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canebrakes are considered a critically endangered ecosystem by many biologists, but they have been studied very little. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University" title="Southern Illinois University">Southern Illinois University</a> conducts some ongoing research on restoring canebrakes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a great interest among the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians">Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians</a> and other regional tribal nations to restore canebrakes, to preserve the crucial roles the plant plays in Cherokee culture and to stop the art of river cane basket weaving from dying out.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The various insect species that are <i>Arundinaria</i> specialists are at risk due to their sensitivity to habitat fragmentation.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major obstacle to restoring canebrakes is the reproductive habits of <i>Arundinaria</i> bamboos; <i>Arundinaria</i> typically <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">reproduces asexually</a> using rhizomes, forming <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">clonal colonies</a> that spread outward. The plant only flowers every few decades, and usually dies after flowering; additionally, seeds are often not viable. Therefore, propagating the plant must usually be done by dividing existing colonies or growing rhizome cuttings.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conducting studies has been challenging; experimental plantings of cane in a study conducted by researchers at Mississippi State University to test the erosion mitigation potential of canebrakes yielded no results because only 1.2% of seedlings survived the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southern Illinois University researchers have located 140 patches of giant cane and collaborate with many conservation organizations and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service in the effort to replant 15 acres of cane per year.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In South Carolina, the Chattooga Conservancy has formed a collaboration with the Eastern Band of the Cherokee and the USDA Forest Service to restore 29 acres of canebrake.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revitalization of Traditional Cherokee Artisan Resources (RTCAR) has also coordinated the restoration of river cane on a 109-acre site in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>. This restoration area will include educational signage in the Cherokee and English languages.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/United_Keetoowah_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians">United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians</a> in Oklahoma co-hosted the first Rivercane Gathering in <a href="/wiki/Tahlequah,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlequah, Oklahoma">Tahlequah, Oklahoma</a> with the U.S. Forestry Service, an educational event to unite traditional tribal experts and artisans with various researchers and landholders for the continued preservation of canebrakes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canebrake&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508202144/http://www.lmvjv.org/library/Mgt_Board_June_2007/Tab7/MAV_Desired_Forest_Conditions_Final_Report_2007.pdf">"Restoration, Management, and Monitoring of Forest Resources in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley: Recommendations for Enhancing Wildlife Habitat"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lmvjv.org/library/Mgt_Board_June_2007/Tab7/MAV_Desired_Forest_Conditions_Final_Report_2007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Restoration%2C+Management%2C+and+Monitoring+of+Forest+Resources+in+the+Mississippi+Alluvial+Valley%3A+Recommendations+for+Enhancing+Wildlife+Habitat&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lmvjv.org%2Flibrary%2FMgt_Board_June_2007%2FTab7%2FMAV_Desired_Forest_Conditions_Final_Report_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanebrake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarretGrabowskiWilliams" class="citation web cs1">Barret, Richard; Grabowski, Janet; Williams, M.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/plantmaterials/flpmctn13727.pdf">"Giant Cane and Other Native Bamboos: Establishment and Use for Conservation of Natural Resources in the Southeast"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ncrs.usda.gov</i>. 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The Cherokee One Feather.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theonefeather.com&rft.atitle=River+cane%3A+Important+Cherokee+cultural+staple&rft.date=2012-05-22&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheonefeather.com%2F2012%2F05%2F22%2Friver-cane-important-cherokee-cultural-staple%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanebrake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStepp2021" class="citation web cs1">Stepp, Lauren (27 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thelaurelofasheville.com/communities/history-feature-wcu-exhibit-explores-heritage-of-rivercane/">"History Feature: WCU Exhibit Explores Heritage of Rivercane"</a>. <i>thelaurelofasheville.com</i>. The Laurel of Asheville.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thelaurelofasheville.com&rft.atitle=History+Feature%3A+WCU+Exhibit+Explores+Heritage+of+Rivercane&rft.date=2021-02-27&rft.aulast=Stepp&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthelaurelofasheville.com%2Fcommunities%2Fhistory-feature-wcu-exhibit-explores-heritage-of-rivercane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanebrake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1997" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Sarah H. (1997). <i>Weaving new worlds: Southeastern Cherokee women and their basketry</i>. 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Conserving Carolina. 23 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=conservingcarolina.org&rft.atitle=A+New+Day+for+Rivercane&rft.date=2021-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconservingcarolina.org%2Frivercane-restoration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanebrake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2023" class="citation web cs1">Morris, Hilary (16 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secassoutheast.org/2023/02/16/1st-Annual-Rivercane-Gathering-April-4-7-in-Tahlequah-OK.html">"1st Annual Rivercane Gathering coming up April 4-7 in Tahlequah, OK"</a>. <i>secassoutheast.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=secassoutheast.org&rft.atitle=1st+Annual+Rivercane+Gathering+coming+up+April+4-7+in+Tahlequah%2C+OK&rft.date=2023-02-16&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecassoutheast.org%2F2023%2F02%2F16%2F1st-Annual-Rivercane-Gathering-April-4-7-in-Tahlequah-OK.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanebrake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canebrake&oldid=1247003740">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canebrake&oldid=1247003740</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grasses" title="Category:Grasses">Grasses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Habitats" title="Category:Habitats">Habitats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Riparian_zone" title="Category:Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_conservation" title="Category:Environmental conservation">Environmental conservation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plant_communities_of_the_Eastern_United_States" title="Category:Plant communities of the Eastern United States">Plant communities of the Eastern United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plant_communities_of_Kentucky" title="Category:Plant communities of Kentucky">Plant communities of Kentucky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plant_communities_of_Alabama" title="Category:Plant communities of Alabama">Plant communities of Alabama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plant_communities_of_Tennessee" title="Category:Plant communities of Tennessee">Plant communities of Tennessee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plant_communities_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Category:Plant communities of Georgia (U.S. state)">Plant communities of Georgia (U.S. state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plant_communities_of_Mississippi" title="Category:Plant communities of Mississippi">Plant communities of Mississippi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plant_communities_of_South_Carolina" title="Category:Plant communities of South Carolina">Plant communities of South Carolina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plant_communities_of_North_Carolina" title="Category:Plant communities of North Carolina">Plant communities of North Carolina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plants_by_habitat" title="Category:Plants by habitat">Plants by habitat</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 September 2024, at 08:55<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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