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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Artistic style and influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic_style_and_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Selected publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_museum_exhibitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_museum_exhibitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Selected museum exhibitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_museum_exhibitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bak" title="Samuel Bak – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Samuel Bak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bak" title="Samuel Bak – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Samuel Bak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bak" title="Samuel Bak – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Samuel Bak" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Samuel Bak</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:DanielaBak-1983-1984-JPG_(5)-(EA890B20-299C-1005-9C16-871061331441).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/DanielaBak-1983-1984-JPG_%285%29-%28EA890B20-299C-1005-9C16-871061331441%29.jpg/220px-DanielaBak-1983-1984-JPG_%285%29-%28EA890B20-299C-1005-9C16-871061331441%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/DanielaBak-1983-1984-JPG_%285%29-%28EA890B20-299C-1005-9C16-871061331441%29.jpg/330px-DanielaBak-1983-1984-JPG_%285%29-%28EA890B20-299C-1005-9C16-871061331441%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/DanielaBak-1983-1984-JPG_%285%29-%28EA890B20-299C-1005-9C16-871061331441%29.jpg/440px-DanielaBak-1983-1984-JPG_%285%29-%28EA890B20-299C-1005-9C16-871061331441%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="484" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait of Samuel Bak in his Paris studio in 1983</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1933-08-12</span>) </span>12 August 1933<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 91)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Wilno" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilno">Wilno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bezalel_Academy_of_Arts_and_Design" title="Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design">Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts" title="École des Beaux-Arts">École des Beaux-Arts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Samuel Bak</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שמואל בק</span>; born 12 August 1933) is a <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> Lithuanian-American painter and writer who survived the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> and immigrated to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in 1948. Since 1993, he has lived in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bak&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Samuel Bak was born in <a href="/wiki/Wilno" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilno">Wilno</a> (Vilnius), <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, on August 12, 1933. Bak was recognized from an early age as having artistic talent. He describes his family as secular, but proud of their <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> identity.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1939, when Bak was six years old, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> began, and the city of Vilnius was transferred from Poland to Lithuania.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Vilnius was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germans</a> on June 24, 1941, Bak and his family were forced to move into the <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">ghetto</a>. At the age of nine, he held his first exhibition inside the ghetto. Bak and his mother sought refuge in a <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convent</a> where a Catholic nun named Maria Mikulska tried to help them. After returning to the ghetto, they were deported to a forced labour camp, but took shelter again in the convent where they remained in hiding until the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the war, Samuel and his mother were the only members of his extensive family to survive. in July 1944, his father, Jonas, was shot by the Germans, only a few days before Samuel's own liberation. As Bak described the situation, "when in 1944 the <a href="/wiki/Soviets" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviets">Soviets</a> liberated us, we were two among two hundred of Vilna's survivors—from a community that had counted 70 or 80 thousand." Bak and his mother, as pre-war Polish citizens, were allowed to leave Soviet-occupied Vilnius and travel to central Poland, at first settling briefly in <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>. They soon left Poland and traveled into the <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">American-occupied zone of Germany</a>. </p><p>From 1945 to 1948, he and his mother lived in <a href="/wiki/Displaced_persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced persons">displaced persons</a> camps in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. He spent most of this period at the <a href="/wiki/Landsberg_am_Lech" title="Landsberg am Lech">Landsberg am Lech</a> DP camp in Germany. It was there he painted a self-portrait shortly before repudiating his <a href="/wiki/Bar_Mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Mitzvah">Bar Mitzvah</a> ceremony. Bak also studied painting in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> during this period, and painted <i>A Mother and Son</i>, 1947, which evokes some of his dark memories of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> and escape from Soviet-occupied Poland. </p><p>In 1948, Bak and his mother <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">immigrated</a> to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. In 1952, he studied art at the <a href="/wiki/Bezalel_Academy_of_Arts_and_Design" title="Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design">Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After serving in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>, he continued his studies in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> from 1956 at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Beaux-Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts">École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent various periods of time in Rome, Paris, Switzerland and Israel. </p><p>In 1993, he and his wife Josee moved to Boston, where they have been settling permanently.<sup id="cite_ref-fh_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, Bak returned to Vilnius for the first time since his youth and has visited his hometown several times since then.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistic_style_and_influences">Artistic style and influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bak&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Artistic style and influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27The_Family%27,_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Samuel_Bak,_1974,_private_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/%27The_Family%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Samuel_Bak%2C_1974%2C_private_collection.jpg/220px-%27The_Family%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Samuel_Bak%2C_1974%2C_private_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/%27The_Family%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Samuel_Bak%2C_1974%2C_private_collection.jpg/330px-%27The_Family%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Samuel_Bak%2C_1974%2C_private_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7a/%27The_Family%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Samuel_Bak%2C_1974%2C_private_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>The Family, oil on canvas, 1974</figcaption></figure> <p>Samuel Bak's art has elements of post-modernism, as he employs different styles and visual vernaculars, i.e. surrealism (<i><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">René Magritte</a></i>)<i>, analytical cubism (<a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a>), pop art (</i><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein" title="Roy Lichtenstein">Roy Lichtenstein</a>)<i> </i>and quotations from the old masters. The artist never paints direct scenes of mass death. Instead, he employs allegory, metaphor and certain artistic devices such as substitution: toys instead of the murdered children who played with them, books, instead of the people who read them.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further devices are quotations of iconographical prototypes, i.e. Michelangelo's <i>Creation of Adam</i> (1511/12) on the Sistine Ceiling or Albrecht Dürer's famous engraving entitled <i>Melancholia</i> (1516). In the late 1980s, Bak opened up about his paintings, stating they convey "a sense of a world that was shattered."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his piece entitled <i>Trains</i>, Bak creates a vast grey landscape with large mounts creating the structure of a train. Massive taper candles burn in the distance further down the train tracks, surrounding an eruption. The smoke from the candles and volcano pour into a sky of dark ominous clouds that lurk over the landscape. Here Bak has created a whole new meaning for "trains". Many of Bak’s pieces incorporate aspects of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> culture and the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">holocaust</a> with a dark and creative twist, such as <i>Shema Yisrael, Alone,</i> and <i>Ghetto</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i>.</i> </p><p>In Bak’s 2011 series featuring <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> (which comprised 125 paintings, drawings and mixed media works), the artist casts the first couple as lone survivors of a biblical narrative of a God who birthed humanity and promised never to destroy it. Unable to make good on the greatest of all literary promises, God becomes another one of the relics that displaced persons carry around with them in the disorienting aftermath of world war. Viewers often describe Bak as a tragedian, but if classical tragedy describes the fall of royal families, Bak narrates the disintegration and disillusion of the chosen people. Bak draws upon the biblical heroes of the Genesis story, yet he is more preoccupied with the visual legacy of the creation story as immortalized by Italian and North Renaissance artists.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bak continues to deal with the artistic expression of the destruction and dehumanization which make up his childhood memories. He speaks about what are deemed to be the unspeakable atrocities of the Holocaust, though he hesitates to limit the boundaries of his art to the post-Holocaust genre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bak&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Samuel Bak, Paintings of the Last Decade</i>, A. Kaufman and Paul T. Nagano. Aberbach, New York, 1974.</li> <li><i>Samuel Bak, Monuments to Our Dreams</i>, Rolf Kallenbach. Limes Verlag, Weisbaden & Munich, 1977.</li> <li><i>Samuel Bak, The Past Continues</i>, Samuel Bak and Paul T. Nagano. David R. Godine, Boston, 1988</li> <li><i>Chess as Metaphor in the Art of Samuel Bak</i>, Jean Louis Cornuz. Pucker Art Publications, Boston & C.A. Olsommer, Montreux, 1991.</li> <li><i>Ewiges Licht</i> (Landsberg: A Memoir 1944-1948), Samuel Bak. Jewish Museum, Frankfurt, Germany, 1996.</li> <li><i>Landscapes of Jewish Experience</i>, Lawrence Langer. Pucker Art Publications, Boston & University Press of New England, Hanover, 1997.</li> <li><i>Samuel Bak – Retrospective</i>, Bad Frankenhausen Museum, Bad Frankenhausen, Germany, 1998.</li> <li><i>The Game Continues: Chess in the Art of Samuel Bak</i>, Pucker Art Publications, Boston & Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 2000.</li> <li><i>In A Different Light: The Book of Genesis in the Art of Samuel Bak</i>, Lawrence Langer. Pucker Art Publications, Boston & University of Washington Press, Seattle, 2001.</li> <li><i>The Art of Speaking About the Unspeakable</i>, TV Film by Rob Cooper. Pucker Art Publications, Boston, 2001.</li> <li><i>Between Worlds: Paintings and Drawings by Samuel Bak from 1946-2001</i>, Pucker Art Publications, Boston, 2002.</li> <li><i>Painted in Words: A Memoir</i>, Samuel Bak. Pucker Art Publications, Boston & Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 2002.</li> <li><i>Samuel Bak: Painter of Questions</i>, TV Film by Christa Singer. Toronto, Canada, 2003.</li> <li><i>New Perceptions of Old Appearances in the Art of Samuel Bak</i>, Lawrence Langer. Pucker Art Publications, Boston & Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, 2005.</li> <li><i>Samuel Bak: Life Thereafter</i>, Eva Atlan and Peter Junk. Felix Nussbaum Haus & Rasch, Verlag, Bramsche, Osnabrueck, Germany, 2006.</li> <li><i>Return to Vilna in the Art of Samuel Bak</i>, Lawrence Langer. Pucker Art Publications, Boston & Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, 2007.</li> <li><i>Representing the Irreparable: The Shoah, the Bible, and the Art of Samuel Bak</i>, <a href="/wiki/Danna_Nolan_Fewell" title="Danna Nolan Fewell">Danna Nolan Fewell</a>, Gary A. Phillips and Yvonne Sherwood, Eds. Pucker Art Publications, Boston, and Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, 2008.</li> <li><i>Icon of Loss: The Haunting Child of Samuel Bak</i>, Danna Nolan Fewell and Gary A. Phillips. Pucker Art Publications, Boston, and Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, 2009.</li> <li>Retrospective Journey into the art of Samuel Bak. Ute Ben Yosef. The South African Jewish Museum. Cape Town, 2013.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_museum_exhibitions">Selected museum exhibitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bak&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selected museum exhibitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bezalel Museum, Jerusalem, Israel – 1963</li> <li>Tel Aviv Museum, Tel Aviv, Israel – 1963</li> <li>Rose Museum, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA – 1976</li> <li>Germanisches National Museum, Nuremberg, Germany – 1977</li> <li>Heidelberg Museum, Heidelberg, Germany – 1977</li> <li>Haifa University, Haifa, Israel – 1978</li> <li>Kunstmuseum, Düsseldorf, Germany – 1978</li> <li>Rheinisches Landesmuseum, Bonn, Germany – 1978</li> <li>Kunstmuseum, Wiesbaden, Germany – 1979</li> <li>Stadtgalerie Bamberg, Villa Dessauer, Germany – 1988</li> <li>Koffler Center for the Arts, Toronto, Canada – 1990</li> <li>Dürer Museum, Nuremberg, Germany – 1991</li> <li>Temple Judea Museum, Philadelphia, PA – 1991</li> <li>Jüdisches Museum, Stadt Frankfurt am Main, Germany – 1993</li> <li>Hebrew Union College, Jewish Institute of Religion, New York, NY – 1994</li> <li>Janice Charach Epstein Museum and Gallery, West Bloomfield, MI – 1994</li> <li>National Catholic Center for Holocaust Education, Seton Hill College, Greensburg, PA – 1995</li> <li>Spertus Museum, Chicago, IL – 1995</li> <li>B’Nai B’Rith Klutznick National Jewish Museum, Washington, DC – 1997</li> <li>Holocaust Museum Houston, Houston, TX – 1997</li> <li>Panorama Museum, Bad Frankenhausen, Germany – 1998</li> <li>National Museum of Lithuania, Vilnius, Lithuania – 2001</li> <li>Snite Museum of Art, Notre Dame University, Notre Dame, IN – 2001</li> <li>Florida Holocaust Museum, Saint Petersburg, FL – 2001, 2007, 2009</li> <li>Recent Acquisitions, Ben Uri Gallery, London, United Kingdom – 2001-2006</li> <li>Canton Museum of Art, Canton, OH – 2002</li> <li>Clark University, Worcester, MA – 2002</li> <li>Neues Stadtmuseum, Landsberg am Lech, Germany – 2002</li> <li>University of Scranton, Scranton, PA – 2003</li> <li>City Hall Gallery, Orlando, FL – 2004</li> <li>Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX – 2004</li> <li>Tweed Museum of Art, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN – 2004</li> <li>Felix Nussbaum Haus, Osnabrueck, Germany – 2006</li> <li>University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH – 2006</li> <li>Yad Vashem Museum, Jerusalem, Israel – 2006</li> <li>Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL – 2008</li> <li>Israel & Art: 60 Years through Teddy's Eyes, Ben Uri Gallery, London, United Kingdom – 2008</li> <li>Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art, Tulsa, OK – 2008</li> <li>Keene State College, Cohen Holocaust Center, Keene, NH – 2008</li> <li>Brown University, John Hay Library, Providence, RI – 2009</li> <li>Wabash College, Eric Dean Gallery, Crawfordsville, IN – 2009</li> <li>DePauw University, The Janet Prindle Institute for Ethics, Greencastle, IN – 2009</li> <li>Drew University, Korn Gallery and University Library, Madison, NJ – 2009</li> <li>Queensborough Community College, Holocaust Resource Center, Bayside, NY – 2009, 2010</li> <li>Holocaust Memorial Center, Zekelman Family Campus, Farmington Hills, MI – 2010</li> <li>Holocaust Museum Houston, Houston, TX - 2012</li> <li>South African Jewish Museum, Cape Town, South Africa – 2013-2014.</li> <li>University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE - 2019</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bak&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jmuseum.lt/lt/levelevilniaus-getas/item/1142/">"APIE SAMUELĮ BAKĄ"</a>. <i>www.jmuseum.lt</i> (in Lithuanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jmuseum.lt&rft.atitle=APIE+SAMUEL%C4%AE+BAK%C4%84&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmuseum.lt%2Flt%2Flevelevilniaus-getas%2Fitem%2F1142%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Bak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger2006" class="citation book cs1">Langer, Lawrence L. (2006). <i>Preempting The Holocaust</i>. New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a> (YUP). pp. <span class="nowrap">80–</span>120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preempting+The+Holocaust&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press+%28YUP%29&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Bak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jmuseum.lt/lt/zuvanciuju-gelbejimo-kryzius/">"VGŽIM - Vilniaus Gaono žydų istorijos muziejus"</a>. <i>www.jmuseum.lt</i> (in Lithuanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jmuseum.lt&rft.atitle=VG%C5%BDIM+-+Vilniaus+Gaono+%C5%BEyd%C5%B3+istorijos+muziejus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmuseum.lt%2Flt%2Fzuvanciuju-gelbejimo-kryzius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Bak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Painted in Words: A Memoir</i>, Samuel Bak. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34048-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34048-9">0-253-34048-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Samuel Bak". <i>Medizin+Kunst</i>, 1/1996, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fh-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fh_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_Bak2010" class="citation web cs1">Samuel Bak (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facinghistory.org/illuminations-art-samuel-bak/about-samuel-bak">"Facing my own history and my story with Facing History and Ourselves"</a>. <i>Facing History and Ourselves</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facing+History+and+Ourselves&rft.atitle=Facing+my+own+history+and+my+story+with+Facing+History+and+Ourselves&rft.date=2010-01&rft.au=Samuel+Bak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facinghistory.org%2Filluminations-art-samuel-bak%2Fabout-samuel-bak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Bak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Samuel Bak: Life Thereafter</i>, Eva Atlan and Peter Junk. Felix Nussbaum Haus & Rasch, Verlag, Bramsche, Osnabrueck, Germany, 2006, p. 84. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-926235-26-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-926235-26-8">3-926235-26-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facinghistory.org/illuminations-art-samuel-bak/about-samuel-bak">"About Samuel Bak"</a>. <i>Facing History and Ourselves</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facing+History+and+Ourselves&rft.atitle=About+Samuel+Bak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facinghistory.org%2Filluminations-art-samuel-bak%2Fabout-samuel-bak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Bak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger2006" class="citation book cs1">Langer, Lawrence L. (2006). <i>Preempting The Holocaust</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">80–</span>120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preempting+The+Holocaust&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Bak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger2006" class="citation book cs1">Langer, Lawrence L. (2006). <i>Preempting The Holocaust</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">80–</span>120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preempting+The+Holocaust&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Bak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Samuel Bak’s Adam and Eve: On Holocaust and Beauty</i>, Maya Balakirsky Katz. Pucker Art Publications, Boston, 2011, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.puckergallery.com/Bak%20Adam%20and%20Eve%202011-small.pdf">A collection of images from the <i>Adam and Eve</i> series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929055246/http://www.puckergallery.com/Bak%20Adam%20and%20Eve%202011-small.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bak&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.facinghistory.org/illuminations">Illuminations: The Art of Samuel Bak Resource Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.benuricollection.org.uk/intermediate.php?artistid=438">An artwork by Samuel Bak</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benuri.org/">Ben Uri</a> site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chgs.umn.edu/museum/responses/bak/">University of Minnesota, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/bak/index.asp">Samuel Bak, An Arduous Road</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansascity.com/entertainment/visual-arts/article12244733.html">2015 Samuel Bak interview</a> with Jon Niccum, <i><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas City Star">Kansas City Star</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.puckergallery.com/artists/#/samuel-bak/">Samuel Bak at the Pucker Gallery</a>, Boston</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wcvb.com/article/someone-you-should-know-samuel-bak/28486826">2019 WCBV Interview</a>, Someone You Should Know with Maria Stephanos</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9660312/">Samuel Bak</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kunst-archive.net/en/wvz/samuel_bak/vita">Catalogue Raisonné</a> www.kunst-archive.net</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unomaha.edu/samuel-bak-museum-the-learning-center/index.php">Samuel Bak Museum: The Learning Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_at_Omaha" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nebraska at Omaha">University of Nebraska at Omaha</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hmh.org/exhibitions/samuel-bak-gallery-and-learning-center-in-loving-memory-of-hope-silber-kaplan">Samuel Bak Gallery and Learning Center</a>, Holocaust Museum Houston</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q473782#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2729" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q473782#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2729" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q473782#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110761290">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/90735741">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/5040/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjMDh6pkF9ryMC4M4gqcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118506072">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bak, Samuel"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50016122">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14628891f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14628891f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2003202449&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p151277060">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl024v6656rbl60">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810532234505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007258022005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12497540?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500080045">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/3661">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikart.ch/KuenstlerInnen.aspx?id=4026678&lng=en">SIKART</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imj.org.il/artcenter/newsite/en/?artist=271883">ICIA (Israel)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artist/samuel-bak">National Gallery of Canada</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118506072.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118506072">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/063461307">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hx2bq3">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bak&oldid=1254568451">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bak&oldid=1254568451</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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