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id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mad scientist</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a></li> <li class="minerva__tab "><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a></li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Mad genius" redirects here. For the related subject, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Creativity_and_mental_health?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Creativity and mental health">Creativity and mental health</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Mad science" redirects here. For the company, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_Science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mad Science">Mad Science</a>. </div> <p>The <b>mad scientist</b> (also <b>mad doctor</b> or <b>mad professor</b>) is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stock_character?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stock character">stock character</a> of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scientist">scientist</a> who is perceived as "mad, bad and dangerous to know"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insanity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Insanity">insane</a>" owing to a combination of unusual or unsettling personality traits and the unabashedly ambitious, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taboo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taboo">taboo</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hubris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hubris">hubristic</a> nature of their experiments. As a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Motif_(narrative)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Motif (narrative)">motif</a> in fiction, the mad scientist may be <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Villain">villainous</a> (<b>evil genius</b>) or antagonistic, benign, or neutral; may be <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psychosis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psychosis">insane</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eccentricity_(behaviour)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eccentricity (behaviour)">eccentric</a>, or clumsy; and often works with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fictional_technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional technology">fictional technology</a> or fails to recognise or value common human objections to attempting to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Playing_God_(ethics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Playing God (ethics)">play God</a>. Some may have benevolent intentions, even if their actions are dangerous or questionable, which can make them accidental <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antagonist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antagonist">antagonists</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Mad_scientist.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mad_scientist.svg/220px-Mad_scientist.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mad_scientist.svg/330px-Mad_scientist.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mad_scientist.svg/440px-Mad_scientist.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="640"></a> <figcaption> A common <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stereotype?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stereotype">stereotype</a> of a mad scientist </figcaption> </figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Prototypes"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Prototypes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cinema_depictions"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cinema depictions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Movie_serials"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Movie serials</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_depictions"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Post–World War II depictions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Animation"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Animation</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mad_scientist&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Prototypes">Prototypes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mad_scientist&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Prototypes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:The_Curse_Of_Frankenstein_(1957)_trailer_-_Peter_Cushing_experimenting_2.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_Curse_Of_Frankenstein_%281957%29_trailer_-_Peter_Cushing_experimenting_2.png/220px-The_Curse_Of_Frankenstein_%281957%29_trailer_-_Peter_Cushing_experimenting_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="1074"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_Curse_Of_Frankenstein_%281957%29_trailer_-_Peter_Cushing_experimenting_2.png/220px-The_Curse_Of_Frankenstein_%281957%29_trailer_-_Peter_Cushing_experimenting_2.png" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_Curse_Of_Frankenstein_%281957%29_trailer_-_Peter_Cushing_experimenting_2.png/330px-The_Curse_Of_Frankenstein_%281957%29_trailer_-_Peter_Cushing_experimenting_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_Curse_Of_Frankenstein_%281957%29_trailer_-_Peter_Cushing_experimenting_2.png/440px-The_Curse_Of_Frankenstein_%281957%29_trailer_-_Peter_Cushing_experimenting_2.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Cushing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Cushing">Peter Cushing</a> as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victor Frankenstein">Victor Frankenstein</a> in <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Curse_of_Frankenstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Curse of Frankenstein">The Curse of Frankenstein</a></i> (1957) </figcaption> </figure> <p>The prototypical fictional mad scientist was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victor Frankenstein">Victor Frankenstein</a>, creator of his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankenstein's monster">eponymous monster</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who made his first appearance in 1818, in the novel <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankenstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus</a></i> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mary_Shelley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>. Though the novel's title character, Victor Frankenstein, is a sympathetic character, the critical element of conducting experiments that cross "boundaries that ought not to be crossed", heedless of the consequences, is present in Shelley's novel. Frankenstein was trained as both an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alchemist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemist">alchemist</a> and a modern scientist, which makes him the bridge between two eras of an evolving archetype. The book is said to be a precursor of a new genre, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science_fiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although as an example of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gothic_fiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gothic fiction">gothic horror</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is connected with other antecedents as well.</p> <p>The year 1896 saw the publication of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H._G._Wells?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>'s <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Island_of_Doctor_Moreau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Island of Doctor Moreau">The Island of Doctor Moreau</a>,</i> in which the titular doctor—a controversial <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vivisection?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vivisection">vivisectionist</a>—has isolated himself entirely from civilisation in order to continue his experiments in surgically <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uplift (science fiction)">reshaping animals into humanoid forms</a>, heedless of the suffering he causes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925, the novelist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Belyaev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexander Belyaev">Alexander Belyaev</a> introduced mad scientists to the Russian people through the novel <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Professor_Dowell%27s_Head?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Professor Dowell's Head">Professor Dowell's Head</a></i>, in which the antagonist performs experimental head transplants on bodies stolen from the morgue, and reanimates the corpses.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cinema_depictions">Cinema depictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mad_scientist&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cinema depictions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Maniac9.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Maniac9.jpg/220px-Maniac9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="380"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Maniac9.jpg/220px-Maniac9.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Maniac9.jpg/330px-Maniac9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Maniac9.jpg/440px-Maniac9.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horace_B._Carpenter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horace B. Carpenter">Horace B. Carpenter</a> as Dr. Meirschultz, a scientist attempting to bring the dead back to life in the 1934 film <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maniac_(1934_film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maniac (1934 film)">Maniac</a></i> </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fritz_Lang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a>'s movie <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_movie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolis (1927 movie)">Metropolis</a></i> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1927_in_film?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1927 in film">1927</a>) brought the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archetype?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archetype">archetypical</a> mad scientist to the screen in the form of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rotwang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rotwang">Rotwang</a>, the evil genius whose machines had originally given life to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dystopia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dystopia">dystopian</a> city of the title.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rotwang's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laboratory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laboratory">laboratory</a> influenced many subsequent movie sets with its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electric_arc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Visual_entertainment" title="Electric arc">electrical arcs</a>, bubbling apparatus, and bizarrely complicated arrays of dials and controls. Portrayed by actor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rudolf_Klein-Rogge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rudolf Klein-Rogge">Rudolf Klein-Rogge</a>, Rotwang himself is the prototypically conflicted mad scientist; though he is master of almost mystical scientific power, he remains a slave to his own desires for power and revenge.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Rotwang's appearance was also influential—the character's shock of flyaway hair, wild-eyed demeanor, and his quasi-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> laboratory garb have all been adopted as shorthand for the mad scientist "look." Even his mechanical right hand has become a mark of twisted scientific power, echoed notably in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>'s film <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dr._Strangelove?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dr. Strangelove">Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb</a></i> and in the novel <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Three_Stigmata_of_Palmer_Eldritch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch">The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch</a></i> (1965) by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philip_K._Dick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>A recent survey of 1,000 horror films distributed in the UK between the 1930s and 1980s reveals mad scientists or their creations have been the villains of 30 percent of the films; scientific research has produced 39 percent of the threats; and, by contrast, scientists have been the heroes of a mere 11 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boris_Karloff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boris Karloff">Boris Karloff</a> played mad scientists in several of his 1930s and 1940s films.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:LugosiDevilBat3.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/LugosiDevilBat3.jpg/220px-LugosiDevilBat3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/LugosiDevilBat3.jpg/220px-LugosiDevilBat3.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/LugosiDevilBat3.jpg/330px-LugosiDevilBat3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/LugosiDevilBat3.jpg/440px-LugosiDevilBat3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bela_Lugosi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bela Lugosi">Bela Lugosi</a> as Dr. Paul Carruthers, the mad scientist protagonist of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poverty_Row?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poverty Row">poverty row</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horror_film?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horror film">horror film</a> <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Devil_Bat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Devil Bat">The Devil Bat</a></i> (1940). Slighted at his workplace, the chemist Carruthers breeds giant bats to attack his wealthy employers. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Movie_serials">Movie serials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mad_scientist&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Movie serials" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Mad scientist was a staple of the Republic/Universal/Columbia <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serial_film?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serial film">movie serials</a> of the 1930s and 40s. Examples include:</p> <ul> <li>"Dr. Zorka" (<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Phantom_Creeps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Phantom Creeps">The Phantom Creeps</a></i>, 1939)</li> <li>"Dr. Fu Manchu" (<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drums_of_Fu_Manchu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drums of Fu Manchu">Drums of Fu Manchu</a></i>, Republic, 1940)</li> <li>"Dr. Satan" (<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mysterious_Doctor_Satan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mysterious Doctor Satan">Mysterious Doctor Satan</a></i>, 1940)</li> <li>"Dr. Vulcan" (<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_the_Rocket_Men?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King of the Rocket Men">King of the Rocket Men</a></i>, 1949)</li> <li>"Atom Man/Lex Luthor" <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atom_Man_vs._Superman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atom Man vs. Superman">Atom Man vs. Superman</a></i>, 1950) <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Post–World_War_II_depictions"><span id="Post.E2.80.93World_War_II_depictions"></span>Post–World War II depictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mad_scientist&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Post–World War II depictions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Mad scientists were most conspicuous in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Popular_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The sadistic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazi human experimentation">human experimentation</a> conducted under the auspices of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazism">Nazis</a>, especially those of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Josef_Mengele?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a>, and the invention of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atomic_bomb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a>, gave rise in this period to genuine fears that science and technology had gone out of control. That the scientific and technological build-up during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cold_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> brought about increasing threats of unparalleled destruction of the human species did not lessen the impression. Mad scientists frequently figure in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science_fiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Film?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Film">motion pictures</a> from the period.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Animation">Animation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mad_scientist&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Animation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Mad scientists in animation include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Professor_Frink?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Professor Frink">Professor Frink</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Professor_Farnsworth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Professor Farnsworth">Professor Farnsworth</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rick_Sanchez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rick Sanchez">Rick Sanchez</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rintaro_Okabe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rintaro Okabe">Rintaro Okabe</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dr._Heinz_Doofenshmirtz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz">Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walt Disney Pictures">Walt Disney Pictures</a> had <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mickey_Mouse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a> trying to save his dog <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pluto_(Disney)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pluto (Disney)">Pluto</a> from <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Mad_Doctor_(1933_film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Mad Doctor (1933 film)">The Mad Doctor</a></i> (1933).</p> <p>Depictions of mad scientists in Warner Brothers' <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merrie_Melodies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Merrie Melodies">Merrie Melodies</a></i>/<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Looney_Tunes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Looney Tunes">Looney Tunes</a></i> cartoons include:</p> <ul> <li><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hair-Raising_Hare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hair-Raising Hare">Hair-Raising Hare</a></i> (1946, based on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Lorre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Lorre">Peter Lorre</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birth_of_a_Notion_(film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birth of a Notion (film)">Birth of a Notion</a></i> (1947, again based on Lorre)</li> <li><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water,_Water_Every_Hare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water, Water Every Hare">Water, Water Every Hare</a></i> (1952, based on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boris_Karloff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boris Karloff">Boris Karloff</a>)</li> </ul> <p>While both <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tom and Jerry">Tom and Jerry</a> dabbled in mad science in some of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanna-Barbera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanna-Barbera">Hanna-Barbera</a> cartoons, an actual mad scientist did not appear until<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Switchin%27_Kitten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Switchin' Kitten">Switchin' Kitten</a></i> (1961).</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mad_scientist&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Absent-minded_professor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Absent-minded professor">Absent-minded professor</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boffin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boffin">Boffin</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_scientists_(meme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British scientists (meme)">British scientists (meme)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Creativity_techniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Creativity techniques">Creativity techniques</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Creativity_and_mental_illness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Creativity and mental illness">Creativity and mental illness</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edisonade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edisonade">Edisonade</a>, a similar trope, about a brilliant inventor, but of positive attitudes</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egghead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egghead">Egghead</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Faust">Faust</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fringe_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Girl_Genius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Girl Genius">Girl Genius</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_fictional_scientists_and_engineers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mad_scientists" title="List of fictional scientists and engineers">List of mad scientists</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientists_of_Stanislaw_Lem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mad scientists of Stanislaw Lem">Mad scientists of Stanislaw Lem</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mad_scientist&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christopher_Frayling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christopher Frayling">Frayling, Christopher</a> – <i>Mad, Bad and Dangerous?: The Scientist and the Cinema</i> (Reaktion Books, 2005) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86189-255-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-86189-255-1">1-86189-255-1</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Frankenstein">"Encyclopædia Britannica - Frankenstein"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+-+Frankenstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FFrankenstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMad+scientist" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemens" class="citation book cs1">Clemens, Valdine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQwYpYZ7rndMC%26q%3Dprototypical%2Bmad%2Bscientist%2Bfrankenstein%26pg%3DPA93"><i>Return of the Repressed, The: Gothic Horror from The Castle of Otranto to Alien</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p. 93. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791499276?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780791499276"><bdi>9780791499276</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Return+of+the+Repressed%2C+The%3A+Gothic+Horror+from+The+Castle+of+Otranto+to+Alien&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.isbn=9780791499276&rft.aulast=Clemens&rft.aufirst=Valdine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQwYpYZ7rndMC%26q%3Dprototypical%2Bmad%2Bscientist%2Bfrankenstein%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMad+scientist" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonLong2008" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Daniel H.; Long, Anna C. (2008-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DUpjV_w7R_roC%26q%3Dprototypical%2Bmad%2Bscientist%2Bfrankenstein%26pg%3DPA100"><i>The Mad Scientist Hall of Fame</i></a>. Kensington Publishing Corp. p. 100. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806528793?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806528793"><bdi>978-0806528793</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mad+Scientist+Hall+of+Fame&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Kensington+Publishing+Corp.&rft.date=2008-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0806528793&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.&rft.au=Long%2C+Anna+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUpjV_w7R_roC%26q%3Dprototypical%2Bmad%2Bscientist%2Bfrankenstein%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMad+scientist" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramsHarpham2014" class="citation book cs1">Abrams, M. H.; Harpham, Geoffrey (2014-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DX7-iAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfrankenstein%2Bprecursor%2Bof%2Bscience%2Bfiction%26pg%3DPA355"><i>A Glossary of Literary Terms</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 355. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781285974514?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781285974514"><bdi>9781285974514</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glossary+of+Literary+Terms&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.isbn=9781285974514&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rft.au=Harpham%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX7-iAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfrankenstein%2Bprecursor%2Bof%2Bscience%2Bfiction%26pg%3DPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMad+scientist" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbett2001" class="citation journal cs1">Corbett, Robert (2001). "Romanticism and Science Fictions". <i>Romanticism on the Net</i> (21): 0. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.7202%252F005970ar">10.7202/005970ar</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romanticism+on+the+Net&rft.atitle=Romanticism+and+Science+Fictions&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=0&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F005970ar&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMad+scientist" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwegShelleyEdwards2011" class="citation book cs1">Tweg, Sue; Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft; Edwards, Kim (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DudZvmYZikfQC%26q%3Dfrankenstein%2Bgothic%2Bhorror%26pg%3DPA13"><i>Frankenstein</i></a>. Insight Publications. p. 13. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781921411397?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781921411397"><bdi>9781921411397</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankenstein&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Insight+Publications&rft.date=2011-08&rft.isbn=9781921411397&rft.aulast=Tweg&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft.au=Shelley%2C+Mary+Wollstonecraft&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DudZvmYZikfQC%26q%3Dfrankenstein%2Bgothic%2Bhorror%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMad+scientist" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJelinek1997" class="citation book cs1">Jelinek, Kenneth P. (1997). <i>Gothic Horror and Scientific Education in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gothic+Horror+and+Scientific+Education+in+Mary+Shelley%27s+Frankenstein&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Jelinek&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMad+scientist" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/f/frankenstein/critical-essays/frankenstein-as-a-gothic-novel">"Frankenstein as a Gothic Novel"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frankenstein+as+a+Gothic+Novel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cliffsnotes.com%2Fliterature%2Ff%2Ffrankenstein%2Fcritical-essays%2Ffrankenstein-as-a-gothic-novel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMad+scientist" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bachelorandmaster.com/britishandamericanfiction/frankenstein-as-a-gothic-fiction.html">"Frankenstein as a Gothic Fiction"</a>. <i>bachelorandmaster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bachelorandmaster.com&rft.atitle=Frankenstein+as+a+Gothic+Fiction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bachelorandmaster.com%2Fbritishandamericanfiction%2Ffrankenstein-as-a-gothic-fiction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMad+scientist" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://academic.depauw.edu/aevans_web/HONR101-02/WebPages/Spring2006/Schmid(Todd)/wells.html">"Novels: The Island of Doctor Moreau"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Novels%3A+The+Island+of+Doctor+Moreau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.depauw.edu%2Faevans_web%2FHONR101-02%2FWebPages%2FSpring2006%2FSchmid%28Todd%29%2Fwells.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMad+scientist" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeraghty2009" class="citation book cs1">Geraghty, Lincoln (2009-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DWkILrUVObWQC%26q%3Drotwang%2Bmetropolis%2Bmad%2Bscientist%26pg%3DPT26"><i>American Science Fiction Film and Television</i></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857850768?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780857850768"><bdi>9780857850768</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Science+Fiction+Film+and+Television&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft.isbn=9780857850768&rft.aulast=Geraghty&rft.aufirst=Lincoln&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWkILrUVObWQC%26q%3Drotwang%2Bmetropolis%2Bmad%2Bscientist%26pg%3DPT26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMad+scientist" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christopher_Frayling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christopher Frayling">Christopher Frayling</a>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>, 24 September 2005.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mad_scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG.1998" class="citation book cs1">G., Fraser (1998-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DpgasJfizmocC%26q%3D%2522mad%2Bscientist%2522%2B%2522post-war%2522%26pg%3DPA2"><i>The Particle Century</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781420050332?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781420050332"><bdi>9781420050332</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Particle+Century&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=9781420050332&rft.aulast=G.&rft.aufirst=Fraser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpgasJfizmocC%26q%3D%2522mad%2Bscientist%2522%2B%2522post-war%2522%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMad+scientist" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mad_scientist&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul> <li>Allen, Glen Scott (2009). <i>Master Mechanics and Wicked Wizards: Images of the American Scientist from Colonial Times to the Present</i>. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-703-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-703-0">978-1-55849-703-0</a>.</li> <li>Garboden, Nick (2007). <i>Mad Scientist or Angry Lab Tech: How to Spot Insanity</i>. Portland: Doctored Papers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56363-660-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-56363-660-3">1-56363-660-3</a>.</li> <li>Haynes, Roslynn Doris (1994). <i>From Faust to Strangelove: Representations of the Scientist in Western Literature</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-4801-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-4801-6">0-8018-4801-6</a>.</li> <li>Junge, Torsten; Doerthe Ohlhoff (2004). <i>Wahnsinnig genial: Der Mad Scientist Reader</i>. Aschaffenburg: Alibri. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-932710-79-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/3-932710-79-7">3-932710-79-7</a>.</li> <li>Norton, Trevor (2010). <i>Smoking Ears and Screaming Teeth. (A witty celebration of the great eccentrics...)</i>. Century. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84605-569-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84605-569-0">978-1-84605-569-0</a>.</li> <li>Schlesinger, Judith (2012). <i>The Insanity Hoax: Exposing the Myth of the Mad Genius</i>. Ardsley-on-Hudson, N.Y. Shrinktunes Media <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-98369-824-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-98369-824-1">978-0-98369-824-1</a>.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_T._Webb,_Ph.D.2012" class="citation web cs1">James T. Webb, Ph.D. (September 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://nationalpsychologist.com/2012/09/the-insanity-hoax-exposing-the-myth-of-the-mad-genius/101746.html">"A Book Review of The Insanity Hoax: Exposing the Myth of the Mad Genius"</a>. <i>The National Psychologist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Psychologist&rft.atitle=A+Book+Review+of+The+Insanity+Hoax%3A+Exposing+the+Myth+of+the+Mad+Genius&rft.date=2012-09-12&rft.au=James+T.+Webb%2C+Ph.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalpsychologist.com%2F2012%2F09%2Fthe-insanity-hoax-exposing-the-myth-of-the-mad-genius%2F101746.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMad+scientist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schneider, Reto U. (2008). <i>The Mad Science Book. 100 Amazing Experiments from the History of Science</i>. London: Quercus. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84724-494-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84724-494-9">978-1-84724-494-9</a>.</li> <li>Tudor, Andrew (1989). <i>Monsters and Mad Scientists: A Cultural History of the Horror Movie</i>. Oxford: Blackwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-15279-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-15279-2">0-631-15279-2</a>.</li> <li>Weart, Spencer R. (1988). <i>Nuclear Fear: A History of Images</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</li> <li>Levi, Pfaff J. (1956). <i>Wahnsinnig genial: Der Mad Scientist Reader</i>. Aschaffenburg: Alibri. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-932710-79-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/3-932710-79-7">3-932710-79-7</a>.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mad_scientist&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button 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