CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Biggles - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"32c67880-222e-443e-ae10-05e30c9dd9ec","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Biggles","wgTitle":"Biggles","wgCurRevisionId":1254400592,"wgRevisionId":1254400592,"wgArticleId":341879,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","EngvarB from May 2021","Use dmy dates from May 2021","Series of books","Aviation novels","Book series introduced in 1932","Novels set during World War I","Novels set during World War II","British novels adapted into films","Novels adapted into comics","Novels adapted into radio programs","British novels adapted into television shows","Novels adapted into video games","Fictional Royal Air Force personnel", "Fictional fighter pilots","Fictional British police detectives","Literary characters introduced in 1932","Fictional World War I veterans","Fictional World War II veterans","Fictional British people","Male characters in literature","Works subject to expurgation"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Biggles","wgRelevantArticleId":341879,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000, "wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2412890","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage": "ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Biggles_of_266_cover.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1812"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Biggles_of_266_cover.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1208"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="966"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Biggles - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggles"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggles"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Biggles rootpage-Biggles skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Biggles" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Biggles" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Biggles" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Biggles" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Synopsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synopsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Synopsis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biggles_and_his_creator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biggles_and_his_creator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Biggles and his creator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biggles_and_his_creator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional_biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fictional biography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fictional_biography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fictional biography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fictional_biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>First World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_the_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_the_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Between the Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_the_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_Air_Police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_Air_Police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Special Air Police</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_Air_Police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Characters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Algernon_Montgomery_Lacey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algernon_Montgomery_Lacey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Algernon Montgomery Lacey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algernon_Montgomery_Lacey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ginger_Hebblethwaite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ginger_Hebblethwaite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ginger Hebblethwaite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ginger_Hebblethwaite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight_Sergeant_Smyth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_Sergeant_Smyth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Flight Sergeant Smyth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_Sergeant_Smyth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lord_Bertie_Lissie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lord_Bertie_Lissie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Lord Bertie Lissie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lord_Bertie_Lissie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tug_Carrington" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tug_Carrington"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Tug Carrington</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tug_Carrington-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erich_von_Stalhein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erich_von_Stalhein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Erich von Stalhein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erich_von_Stalhein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-William_Raymond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#William_Raymond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>William Raymond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-William_Raymond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Female characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism and controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism_and_controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism and controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Allegations of racism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Adult"_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Adult"_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>"Adult" themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Adult"_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In other media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_other_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In other media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Comics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postage_stamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postage_stamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Postage stamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postage_stamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_W._E._Johns_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_W._E._Johns_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>In other W. E. Johns books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_W._E._Johns_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Parodies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parodies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Parodies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monty_Python's_Flying_Circus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monty_Python's_Flying_Circus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span><i>Monty Python's Flying Circus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monty_Python's_Flying_Circus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_parodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_parodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Other parodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_parodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Biggles</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B2" title="بيجلز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيجلز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggles" title="Biggles – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Biggles" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggles" title="Biggles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biggles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggles" title="Biggles – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biggles" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggles" title="Biggles – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biggles" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggles" title="Biggles – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Biggles" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggles" title="Biggles – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Biggles" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggles" title="Biggles – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Biggles" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggles" title="Biggles – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Biggles" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggles" title="Biggles – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Biggles" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggles" title="Biggles – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Biggles" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2412890#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Biggles" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Biggles" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Biggles"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Biggles"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Biggles" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Biggles" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&oldid=1254400592" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Biggles&id=1254400592&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBiggles"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBiggles"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Biggles&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2412890" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fictional pilot and adventurer, created by W. E. Johns</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Biggles_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Biggles (disambiguation)">Biggles (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fictional character</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394594">.mw-parser-output .ib-character{border-spacing:2px 5px}.mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background-color:#DEDEE2}.mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-image img{background-color:#f8f9fa}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background:hsl(240,6%,20%);color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background:hsl(240,6%,20%);color:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-character"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above notheme">James Bigglesworth</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Biggles</i> character</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Biggles_of_266_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Biggles_of_266_cover.jpg/220px-Biggles_of_266_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Biggles_of_266_cover.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="388" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of <i>Biggles of 266</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">"The White Fokker" (1932)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last appearance</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Biggles Air Ace: The Uncollected Stories</i> (1999)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/W._E._Johns" title="W. E. Johns">W. E. Johns</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Portrayed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Whiting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neville Whiting (page does not exist)">Neville Whiting</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neil_Dickson" title="Neil Dickson">Neil Dickson</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme">In-universe information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full name</th><td class="infobox-data">James Bigglesworth</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">Biggles</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gender</th><td class="infobox-data">Male</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Pilot</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data">Charles Bigglesworth (brother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data">Algernon Lacey (cousin)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">English (raised in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James Bigglesworth</b>, nicknamed "<b>Biggles</b>", is a fictional pilot and adventurer, the <a href="/wiki/Title_role#Title_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Title role">title character</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">hero</a> of the <i>Biggles</i> series of <a href="/wiki/Adventure_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventure book">adventure books</a>, written for young readers by <a href="/wiki/W._E._Johns" title="W. E. Johns">W. E. Johns</a> (1893–1968). Biggles made his first appearance in the story "The White Fokker", published in the first issue of <i>Popular Flying</i> magazine and again as part of the first collection of Biggles stories, <i>The Camels Are Coming</i> (both 1932). Johns continued to write "Biggles books" until his death in 1968. The <a href="/wiki/Book_series" title="Book series">series</a> eventually included nearly a hundred volumes – novels as well as short story collections – most of the latter with a common setting and time. </p><p>The chronology of the canon, spanning both world wars, set up certain inconsistencies over the unavoidable ageing of Biggles and his friends. Also later editions had to be somewhat edited in line with changing norms of acceptability, especially regarding race, and in view of the pre-teenage readership who increasingly favoured both the books and the comics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biggles first appears as a teenaged <a href="/wiki/Scout_(aircraft)" title="Scout (aircraft)">"scout"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fighter_pilot" title="Fighter pilot">fighter</a>) pilot in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a> (RFC) during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. He joined the RFC in 1916 at the age of 17, having conveniently "lost" his <a href="/wiki/Birth_certificate" title="Birth certificate">birth certificate</a>. Biggles represents a particularly British hero, combining professionalism with a gentlemanly air. Under the stress of combat he develops from a slightly hysterical youth prone to practical jokes to a calm, confident, competent leader.<sup id="cite_ref-Butts_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is occasionally given "special" (secret) missions by the shadowy figure of <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> (initially Major) Raymond (<a href="/wiki/Air_Commodore" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Commodore">Air Commodore</a> in later books, reflecting the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> with its own ranks), who is already involved with the <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">intelligence</a> side of operations. Biggles is accompanied by his cousin Algernon ('Algy') Lacey and his mechanic Flight Sergeant Smyth, who accompany Biggles on his adventures after the war. Added to the team in 1935 is the teenager Ginger Hebblethwaite. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biggles_and_his_creator">Biggles and his creator</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biggles and his creator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>W. E. Johns was himself a First World War pilot, although his own career did not parallel that of Biggles particularly closely. The author's initial war service was as an infantryman, fighting at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian front (World War I)">Macedonian front</a>. He was commissioned as a <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> in September 1917, seconded to the Royal Flying Corps and posted back to England for flight training: Johns served as a flying instructor in England until August 1918, when he transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>. On 16 September 1918, his <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_DH4" class="mw-redirect" title="De Havilland DH4">De Havilland DH4</a> was shot down on a bombing raid. His observer, Lieutenant Amey, was killed (in two of the stories in <i>Biggles Learns to Fly</i>, observers flying with Biggles are killed or badly wounded), but Johns survived to be taken prisoner of war.<sup id="cite_ref-Butts_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johns remained with the RAF until 1927, latterly as an administrative officer rather than a pilot: his final rank was <a href="/wiki/Flying_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying Officer">Flying Officer</a> (equivalent to Lieutenant in the RFC) rather than the "<a href="/wiki/Captain_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (land)">Capt.</a>" that formed part of his <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a>. </p><p>While the purpose of the Biggles stories was to entertain adolescent boys, in the First World War books Johns paid attention to historical detail and helped recreate the primitive days of early air combat, in which pilots often died the first time they were in action and before devices such as oxygen supply and <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachutes</a> for those on board had become practical. Various models on which the Biggles character might have been based have been suggested, including rugby player and WWI flying ace <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Lowe" title="Cyril Lowe">Cyril Lowe</a>, fighter pilot <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ball" title="Albert Ball">Albert Ball</a>, and air commodore <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bigsworth" title="Arthur Bigsworth">Arthur Bigsworth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johns stated that the character was a <a href="/wiki/Composite_character" title="Composite character">composite</a> of many individuals in the RFC (including himself).<sup id="cite_ref-Butts_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bulk of the Biggles stories are set after the First World War, and after Johns' flying career was over. Biggles has an unusually lengthy career, flying a number of aircraft representative of the history of British military aviation, from <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Camel" title="Sopwith Camel">Sopwith Camels</a> during the First World War, <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hawker Hurricanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfires</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, right up to the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hunter" title="Hawker Hunter">Hawker Hunter</a> jet fighter in the postwar adventure <i>Biggles in the Terai</i>. In these later books geographic and historical accuracy is less evident and the grim detail of the first stories is moderated for an increasingly younger readership. The books were successful and were translated into Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Flemish, German, Hungarian, Icelandic, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish.<sup id="cite_ref-Butts_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fictional_biography">Fictional biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fictional biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to stories in <i>The Boy Biggles</i> and <i>Biggles Goes to School</i>, James Bigglesworth was born in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a> in May 1899, the son of an administrator in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service" title="Indian Civil Service">Indian Civil Service</a> and his wife. James was the younger of two sons, Charles being the elder by five years. The young James had little contact with <a href="/wiki/European_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="European culture">European culture</a> and commenced a lifelong affection for India, befriending the local Indian boys, exploring the countryside and learning to speak fluent <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>. He retained a lifetime gift for languages and as an adult spoke French and German fluently, with a "fair command" of other languages. He spent holidays in England, under the custody of "Dickpa", an eccentric uncle and inventor who lived in rural Buckinghamshire. When Biggles, now an adult, visits Dickpa, his father's brother, again, an adventure begins that takes both men to Brazil (the Cruise of the Condor). Biggles then attended Malton Hall School in Hertbury, England. His first encounter with an aircraft was with a <a href="/wiki/Bleriot_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Bleriot XI">Blériot</a> that landed on the school cricket ground. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War">First World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biggles left school and initially joined the army as a subaltern in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a> and learned to fly in the summer of 1916, at No. 17 Flying Training School, which was at Settling, Norfolk, flying solo after two hours of instruction. He then attended No. 4 'School of Fighting' in Frensham, Lincolnshire.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Posted to France with under 15 hours, dual and solo, he first flew in combat in September 1916 with 169 Squadron, RFC, (commanded by Major Paynter). His observer was another youth named Mark Way, a New Zealander. Biggles began flying the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Factory_F.E.2" title="Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2">F.E.2b</a> "<a href="/wiki/Pusher_configuration" title="Pusher configuration">pusher</a>" and later the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_F.2_Fighter" title="Bristol F.2 Fighter">Bristol F2B</a>. In late summer 1917, he was transferred to 266 Squadron RFC, commanded by Major Mullen. With 266 Squadron, Biggles flew the <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Pup" title="Sopwith Pup">Sopwith Pup</a> and the famed <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Camel" title="Sopwith Camel">Sopwith Camel</a>, developing a friendly rivalry with 'Wilks' (Captain Wilkinson) and the <a href="/wiki/S.E.5" class="mw-redirect" title="S.E.5">S.E.5s</a> of 287 squadron and forming a close friendship with his young cousin Algy (the Hon. Algernon Montgomery Lacey). A study of the short stories featuring his First World War exploits, suggests that he had a 'score' of 49 aircraft, three balloons and one submarine, while himself being shot down or crash-landing eight times.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">Distinguished Service Order</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">Military Cross</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_the_Wars">Between the Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Between the Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Great War, Biggles' adventures as a freelance charter pilot, took him around the world in an unidentified amphibian named the "Vandal" (often illustrated on covers, anachronistically, as either a <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Walrus" title="Supermarine Walrus">Supermarine Walrus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Sea_Otter" title="Supermarine Sea Otter">Supermarine Sea Otter</a>). The nearest "real" aircraft that fits W. E. Johns description of the "Vandal", is a <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">Vickers Viking</a> Mk 4. His team grows when he and Algy meet young Ginger Hebblethwaite in <i>The Black Peril</i>, while foiling a possible plot against Britain. Post-Second World War editions of the book change this plot from a German to a Russian plot. Ginger brings the energy and daring of youth to these and many of their later adventures. Between the wars Biggles and his friends mix their own escapades with ventures on behalf of British Secret Service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biggles returned to service in the Second World War, initially with a <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_S6B" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermarine S6B">Supermarine S6B</a> type machine in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> and then to defy the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> and their allies in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then took up his post as Commanding Officer of 666 Squadron, RAF, a Special Duties squadron that fought in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> before being sent around the world on specific assignments. Biggles, Algy, Smyth and Hebblethwaite are joined by a new companion, the <a href="/wiki/Monocle" title="Monocle">monocle</a>-wearing Lord Bertram 'Bertie' Lissie. The changed setting forced Johns to update his material with references to new flying slang and aeroplanes, unsuccessfully at first but later with more realism. Biggles' new squadron includes a diverse cast, including the American 'Tex' O'Hara (from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welshman</a> 'Taffy' Hughes, the <a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a> 'Tug' Carrington, the <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> graduate Henry Harcourt and George 'Ferocity' Ferris from the streets of <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Butts_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_Air_Police">Special Air Police</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Special Air Police"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Second World War Johns reinvents Biggles' career yet again, with his former boss <a href="/wiki/Air_Commodore" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Commodore">Air Commodore</a> Raymond hiring him as a "flying detective" for <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a>. Biggles returns to his rooms in Mount Street, Mayfair and assumes a role as head of the new Special Air Police division with Algy, Ginger and Bertie making up the flying squad. The group takes on criminals who have taken to the air, both at home in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> and around the globe, as well as battling opponents behind the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Butts_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The team fly a wide variety of machines, with <a href="/wiki/Auster_Aircraft" title="Auster Aircraft">Auster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunting_Aircraft" title="Hunting Aircraft">Percival</a> types doing much of the work. </p><p>Johns continued writing Biggles short stories and novels up until his death in 1968; in all, nearly 100 Biggles books were published. </p><p>A final unfinished novel, <i>Biggles Does Some Homework</i>, shows Biggles at last preparing to retire and meeting his <a href="/wiki/Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">mixed-race</a> replacement; Johns died while writing this novel. The 12 completed chapters were issued privately in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-Homework_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homework-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characters">Characters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algernon_Montgomery_Lacey">Algernon Montgomery Lacey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Algernon Montgomery Lacey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a> Algernon Montgomery Lacey or "Algy" is a cousin who is posted to Biggles' flight in 266 Squadron by the influence of his aunt. Despite initial misgivings, the two soon become very close friends and eventually Algy adopts the role of Biggles' second in command. In the books set in the 1930s, Algy, Ginger and Smyth become Biggles' regular companions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ginger_Hebblethwaite">Ginger Hebblethwaite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ginger Hebblethwaite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ginger (his real first name is never revealed) first appears in <i>The Black Peril</i> (1935) as a teenage runaway found hiding in a railway shed. Ginger left his father, a mineworker in Smettleworth, after an argument about Ginger's determination to become a pilot. When he first meets Biggles, he tells him he is on his way to London to join the RAF. Biggles immediately calls him Ginger because of his red hair. He proves his worth by rescuing Biggles from some enemy agents. He becomes one of the regular team and is often Biggles's chosen companion. He is a talented mechanic and his speech is peppered with youthful slang and <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">Americanisms</a>, learned from the cinema. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight_Sergeant_Smyth">Flight Sergeant Smyth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Flight Sergeant Smyth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Flight_Sergeant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight Sergeant">Flight Sergeant</a> Smyth is Biggles' trusty mechanic and logistic organiser since they first worked together in 266 Squadron during the First World War. Smyth, aside from being a mechanic in both world wars in Biggles's squadron, also joins them on some journeys to act as mechanic, like <i>Cruise of the Condor</i> and <i>Goes to War</i>. Smyth is a very talented Mechanic and well respected by Biggles and co throughout the books. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lord_Bertie_Lissie">Lord Bertie Lissie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lord Bertie Lissie"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>First appearing in <i>Spitfire Parade</i> (1941), Lord Bertie is a pilot in 666 Squadron. An eccentric former racing driver, who flies with a <a href="/wiki/Hunting_horn" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunting horn">hunting horn</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Monocle" title="Monocle">monocle</a>, Bertie joins Biggles in the Air Police in most of the post-war stories. He is a brave and talented fighter, an expert shot and he has a lot of handy knowledge on a range of unusual subjects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tug_Carrington">Tug Carrington</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tug Carrington"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A counterpoint to Lord Bertie, Tug is a boxer from the slums of London. His parents being killed in the war, Tug is out for revenge and can be a very risky person to have around. He scorns alcohol, much to the amusement of his fellow squadron members. In return for Biggles setting him up for a job as a London cabby, he occasionally helps Biggles and his gang on their missions after the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackenzie_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erich_von_Stalhein">Erich von Stalhein</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Erich von Stalhein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biggles' greatest opponent is the German intelligence officer Erich von Stalhein,<sup id="cite_ref-Butts_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a member of an old <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> family of soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They first meet in <i>Biggles Flies East</i>, in which Biggles is a spy in the Middle East during the First World War, having some narrow escapes. Von Stalhein returns as an adversary in numerous other adventures: in <i>Biggles & Co.</i> he is the leader of a group of smugglers based in a medieval castle somewhere in Germany. As the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> begins, von Stalhein enters the services of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist bloc">Communist bloc</a>, until his new masters imprison him on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a>, from where Biggles helps him to escape in <i>Biggles Buries a Hatchet</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Von Stalhein then settles in London and he and Biggles remain in touch. It is from von Stalhein that Biggles learns that Janis (see "Female characters" below) survived the Second World War and was imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, from where Biggles rescues her and goes on to support her in England.<sup id="cite_ref-Butts_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="William_Raymond">William Raymond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: William Raymond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>First appears as a major (later colonel) in the British Intelligence service during the First World War, in which capacity he organises secret ("special") missions in which Biggles takes part. In later books, he reappeared as an air commodore.The name William was used in the <a href="/wiki/Biggles_(film)" title="Biggles (film)">1986 film</a>. In the books the only reference is to his initials, "R. B." Raymond. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female_characters">Female characters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Female characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Biggles stories, female characters appear infrequently. Despite brief affairs, Biggles and his chums remain steadfastly single. Biggles suffers a disappointment in the First World War, when he falls in love with German spy Marie Janis in the short story "Affaire de Coeur", set in 1918. Rather than being considered <a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">asexual</a> or a repressed homosexual, Biggles' relationship with Janis suggests he is a <a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">romantic hero</a>, "tragically loyal to the only woman he ever really loved".<sup id="cite_ref-Butts_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Biggles & Co.</i> Stella Carstairs, the daughter of the man Biggles helps, turns up. A pilot herself, she is concerned for Biggles's safety and tells him more than once not to take on her father's request. </p><p>In <i>Biggles Flies Again</i> (1934), Algy becomes close to Consuelo, the daughter of the President of Bolivia, but is dissuaded from continuing the relationship by Biggles, "... unless you intend marrying her".<sup id="cite_ref-Mackenzie_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Biggles Fails to Return</i> (1943), Ginger falls in love with the sister of the French pilot who has flown Biggles into France on a secret mission and at the end of the story Ginger gets to spend several weeks in her company while awaiting transport back to England. The young Ginger is also smitten by the beautiful <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesian</a> girl Full Moon, in <i>Biggles in the South Seas</i> (1940). </p><p>There is a discussion of the issue of Biggles, sex and alcohol in <i>By Jove, Biggles: The Life of Captain W. E. Johns</i> (1981) by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Berresford_Ellis" title="Peter Berresford Ellis">Peter Berresford Ellis</a> and Piers Williams. </p><p>In the 1950s, a popular Australian radio version of Biggles, <i>The Air Adventures of Biggles</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was made under licence.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johns did not write the scripts and apparently ended the contract after receiving complaints from young readers that the storyline had made Biggles "go soft" by taking up a blonde female lover. </p><p>Another female character appears in the form of <a href="/wiki/Worrals" title="Worrals">Worrals</a> (Flight Officer Joan Worralson), eponymous heroine of a related series of books featuring this resourceful and "plucky" member of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Auxiliary_Air_Force" title="Women's Auxiliary Air Force">WAAF</a>. A further Johns creation, the <a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">commando</a> <a href="/wiki/Captain_Lorrington_%22Gimlet%22_King" title="Captain Lorrington "Gimlet" King">Captain Lorrington "Gimlet" King</a>, also features in a series of books that intersect with Biggles at times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_controversies">Criticism and controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Criticism and controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time">Time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The settings of the Biggles books are spread over more than 50 years; this produces a number of credibility difficulties, especially for older readers. </p><p>Though Biggles and his friends age in the books, they do so much more slowly (and inconsistently) than is historically credible. For instance, Biggles (with some of his <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> "chums"), who at that point should be well into their forties, are still relatively junior squadron officers flying <a href="/wiki/Spitfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Spitfires">Spitfires</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>. In the stories set after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Biggles and Algy, in particular, are, by the rules of arithmetic, passing into their fifties and early sixties, while retaining levels of activity and lifestyle more typical of people at least thirty years younger. </p><p>Even within a group of stories set in the same time frame, there are some chronological inconsistencies: </p> <ul><li>Algy, for instance, seems to be younger than Biggles to a degree that is impossible, at least by the ordinary calendar.</li> <li>Biggles first meets Algy in <i>The Camels Are Coming</i>, at the end of which the First World War ends. However, Algy also features throughout <i>Biggles in France</i>, so the whole of <i>Biggles in France</i> must be set during the second half of <i>The Camels Are Coming</i>.</li> <li>Biggles seems to receive the same <a href="/wiki/Promotion_(rank)" title="Promotion (rank)">promotion</a> multiple times.</li></ul> <p>It is doubtful whether a careful rearrangement of the various First World War stories could result in a coherent sequence. When W. E. Johns started the Biggles series, he can hardly have anticipated that he would be called on to write so many Biggles stories to short <a href="/wiki/Time_limit" title="Time limit">editorial deadlines</a>, so that such inconsistencies are perhaps inevitable. </p><p>The author succeeds reasonably well in chronicling developments in aviation technology, but social and cultural changes are much more difficult. The cultural and social world of Biggles (whether in the 1930s or some earlier period) does not persist completely unchanged through the whole series – for instance, in an early book, the evidence points to an English nobleman as the perpetrator but Biggles dismisses this out of hand as the gentry would never commit a crime; in a later novel, one of the gentry is the villain. Nonetheless, the social context of the books, viewed in chronological order, does become increasingly old-fashioned, even anachronistic, especially in those works set after the Second World War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_racism">Allegations of racism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Allegations of racism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the Biggles books were first published, attitudes to race and ethnicity have changed. A perception of Biggles during the 1960s and 1970s as unacceptably <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racially prejudiced</a>, especially considered as children's literature, led to the removal of the Biggles books from the shelves of many public and school libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-Milner_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milner-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Marika_Sherwood" title="Marika Sherwood">Marika Sherwood</a> objected to Johns' use of "<a href="/wiki/Chink" title="Chink">chinks</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">coolies</a>" to describe people of Chinese origin in <i>Biggles Hits the Trail</i> (1935). Biggles' enemy is a group called the Chungs who "chatter monkey-like".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sparrow" title="Jeff Sparrow">Jeff Sparrow</a>, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> in 2014, commented: "the later books, in particular, manifest all the racism you’d expect from an Empire loyalist writing in the sour era of British decline."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dennis Butts, in a 2000 essay, suggested Johns' Biggles stories had to be viewed historically and he was not a "deliberate racist".<sup id="cite_ref-Butts2000_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butts2000-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biggles was raised in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>, speaks fluent <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a> and has Indian friends and colleagues. In <i>Biggles Goes to School</i>, on one occasion when told to write lines in Latin, he remarks that he would rather do so in Hindi. On another occasion the adult Biggles asserts to Air Commodore Raymond that "while men are decent to me I try to be decent to them, regardless of race, colour, politics, creed or anything else".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butts2000_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butts2000-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While individually developed <a href="/wiki/Person_of_color" title="Person of color">non-white</a> characters are infrequent, according to David Milner in <i>Children and Race</i> (1975), when they are part of the story, they are usually "positive", from the Oxford-educated "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinaman</a>", Li Chi, in <i>Biggles Flies Again</i> and <i>Biggles Delivers the Goods</i> and the perky Polynesian girl, Full Moon, in <i>Biggles in the South Seas</i>, to Alexander MacKay, a part "<a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Red Indian</a>" nicknamed "Minnie" who joins "the chums" as a valued colleague and is even set to inherit Biggles' job in <i>Biggles Does Some Homework</i>. Milner observed that the positive characteristics of these characters include relatively light complexions, Western education and general usefulness to the white hero and his friends and allies.<sup id="cite_ref-Milner_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milner-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are instances in which unpleasant "foreigners" are mixed race, and Johns has been accused of stereotyping non-whites. With the already mentioned "Chungs" of <i>Biggles Hits the Trail</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginals</a> of <i>Biggles in Australia</i>, in particular, Johns applies stereotypes typical of his time to non-white opponents of his hero.<sup id="cite_ref-Milner_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milner-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Biggles in Borneo</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">headhunters</a> are stereotyped as barely human "savages", even though they are Biggles' allies against the Japanese. The portrayals of non-whites in these books (and others in the <i>Biggles</i> canon) is typical of a once common genre of fiction for young people.<sup id="cite_ref-Milner_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milner-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Adult"_themes"><span id=".22Adult.22_themes"></span>"Adult" themes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: "Adult" themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early Biggles stories and novels, especially those set in First World War, were apparently written mainly for older adolescents. Death is a frequent theme, sometimes treated in quite a grim fashion. Other "adult themes" are also touched on: more than once Biggles sets out on a mission in a "red mist", inspired by the death of a comrade. The emotional <a href="/wiki/Combat_fatigue" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat fatigue">strain of combat</a> is also realistically described, as Biggles becomes a "highly-strung" fidgeting pale youth, lacking his usual sense of humour. In these stories, in particular, alcohol is mentioned occasionally and cigarettes are much in evidence. The early First World War books were reprinted in the 1950s, when the Biggles books had acquired a younger readership and were <a href="/wiki/Expurgation" title="Expurgation">bowdlerised</a>. In the short story <i>The Balloonatics</i>, as republished in <i>Biggles of the Special Air Police</i>, the prize for capturing a German <a href="/wiki/Observation_balloon" title="Observation balloon">observation balloon</a> was altered from a case of <a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a> to a case of <a href="/wiki/Lemonade" title="Lemonade">lemonade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reprint also removes all references to drinking and <a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">swearing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even the original editions contain no explicit sexual content and the traditional values of bravery, honesty and fair play are stressed. Romantic stories, which would have bored Johns' younger readers and embarrassed his older ones, are on the whole avoided, with the odd exception, such as in <i>Biggles Looks Back</i>, where he and von Stalhein rescue Marie Janis (with whom Biggles was briefly in love in an earlier story) from her prison in Bohemia.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_books">List of books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: List of books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Biggles_books" title="List of Biggles books">List of Biggles books</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol><li><i>The <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Camel" title="Sopwith Camel">Camels</a> Are Coming</i> (1932)</li> <li><i>The Cruise of the Condor</i> (1933)</li> <li><i>Biggles of the Camel Squadron</i> (1934)</li> <li><i>Biggles Flies Again</i> (1934)</li> <li><i>Biggles Learns to Fly</i> (1935)</li> <li><i>The Black Peril</i> (1935)</li> <li><i>Biggles Flies East</i> (1935)</li> <li><i>Biggles Hits the Trail</i> (1935)</li> <li><i>Biggles in France</i> (1935)</li> <li><i>Biggles & Co</i> (1936)</li> <li><i>Biggles in Africa</i> (1936)</li> <li><i>Biggles – Air Commodore</i> (1937)</li> <li><i>Biggles Flies West</i> (1937)</li> <li><i>Biggles Flies South</i> (1938)</li> <li><i>Biggles Goes to War</i> (1938)</li> <li><i>The Rescue Flight</i> (1939)</li> <li><i>Biggles in Spain</i> (1939)</li> <li><i>Biggles Flies North</i> (1939)</li> <li><i>Biggles – Secret Agent</i> (1940)</li> <li><i>Biggles in the Baltic</i> (1940)</li> <li><i>Biggles in the South Seas</i> (1940)</li> <li><i>Biggles Defies the Swastika</i> (1941)</li> <li><i>Biggles Sees It Through</i> (1941)</li> <li><i>Spitfire Parade</i> (1941)</li> <li><i>Biggles in the Jungle</i> (1942)</li> <li><i>Biggles Sweeps the Desert</i> (1942)</li> <li><i>Biggles – Charter Pilot</i> (1943)</li> <li><i>Biggles in Borneo</i> (1943)</li> <li><i>Biggles Fails to Return</i> (1943)</li> <li><i>Biggles in the Orient</i> (1945)</li> <li><i>Biggles Delivers the Goods</i> (1946)</li> <li><i>Sergeant Bigglesworth CID</i> (1947)</li> <li><i>Biggles' Second Case</i> (1948)</li> <li><i>Biggles Hunts Big Game</i> (1948)</li> <li><i>Biggles Takes a Holiday</i> (1948)</li> <li><i>Biggles Breaks the Silence</i> (1949)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Biggles Gets His Men</i> (1950)</li> <li><i>Another Job for Biggles</i> (1951)</li> <li><i>Biggles Goes to School</i> (1951)</li> <li><i>Biggles Works It Out</i> (1952)</li> <li><i>Biggles Takes the Case</i> (1952)</li> <li><i>Biggles Follows On</i> (1952)</li> <li><i>Biggles – Air Detective</i> (1952)</li> <li><i>Biggles and the Black Raider</i> (1953)</li> <li><i>Biggles in the Blue</i> (1953)</li> <li><i>Biggles in the Gobi</i> (1953)</li> <li><i>Biggles of the Special Air Police</i> (1953)</li> <li><i>Biggles Cuts It Fine</i> (1954)</li> <li><i>Biggles and the Pirate Treasure</i> (1954)</li> <li><i>Biggles Foreign Legionnaire</i> (1954)</li> <li><i>Biggles Pioneer Air Fighter</i> (1954)</li> <li><i>Biggles in Australia</i> (1955)</li> <li><i>Biggles' Chinese Puzzle</i> (1955)</li> <li><i>Biggles of 266</i> (1956)</li> <li><i>No Rest for Biggles</i> (1956)</li> <li><i>Biggles Takes Charge</i> (1956)</li> <li><i>Biggles Makes Ends Meet</i> (1957)</li> <li><i>Biggles of the Interpol</i> (1957)</li> <li><i>Biggles on the Home Front</i> (1957)</li> <li><i>Biggles Presses On</i> (1958)</li> <li><i>Biggles on Mystery Island</i> (1958)</li> <li><i>Biggles Buries a Hatchet</i> (1958)</li> <li><i>Biggles in Mexico</i> (1959)</li> <li><i>Biggles' Combined Operation</i> (1959)</li> <li><i>Biggles at the World's End</i> (1959)</li> <li><i>Biggles and the Leopards of Zinn</i> (1960)</li> <li><i>Biggles Goes Home</i> (1960)</li> <li><i>Biggles and the Poor Rich Boy</i> (1960)</li> <li><i>Biggles Forms a Syndicate</i> (1961)</li> <li><i>Biggles and the Missing Millionaire</i> (1961)</li> <li><i>Biggles Goes Alone</i> (1962)</li> <li><i>Orchids for Biggles</i> (1962)</li> <li><i>Biggles Sets a Trap</i> (1962)</li> <li><i>Biggles Takes It Rough</i> (1963)</li> <li><i>Biggles Takes a Hand</i> (1963)</li> <li><i>Biggles' Special Case</i> (1963)</li> <li><i>Biggles and the Plane That Disappeared</i> (1963)</li> <li><i>Biggles Flies to Work</i> (1963)</li> <li><i>Biggles and the Lost Sovereigns</i> (1964)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Biggles and the Black Mask</i> (1964)</li> <li><i>Biggles Investigates</i> (1964)</li> <li><i>Biggles Looks Back</i> (1965)</li> <li><i>Biggles and the Plot That Failed</i> (1965)</li> <li><i>Biggles and the Blue Moon</i> (1965)</li> <li><i>Biggles Scores a Bull</i> (1965)</li> <li><i>Biggles in the Terai</i> (1966)</li> <li><i>Biggles and the Gun Runners</i> (1966)</li> <li><i>Biggles Sorts It Out</i> (1967)</li> <li><i>Biggles and the Dark Intruder</i> (1967)</li> <li><i>Biggles and the Penitent Thief</i> (1967)</li> <li><i>Biggles and the Deep Blue Sea</i> (1967)</li> <li><i>The Boy Biggles</i> (1968)</li> <li><i>Biggles in the Underworld</i> (1968)</li> <li><i>Biggles and the Little Green God</i> (1969)</li> <li><i>Biggles and the Noble Lord</i> (1969)</li> <li><i>Biggles Sees Too Much</i> (1970)</li> <li><i>Biggles Does Some Homework</i> (1997)</li> <li><i>Biggles Air Ace: The Uncollected Stories</i> (1999)</li></ol> </div> <ul><li><i>Comrades in Arms</i> (1947) included one Biggles story, plus stories of <a href="/wiki/Captain_Lorrington_%22Gimlet%22_King" title="Captain Lorrington "Gimlet" King">Gimlet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worrals" title="Worrals">Worrals</a> – other creations of Johns</li> <li><i>The Biggles book of heroes</i> (1959)</li> <li><i>The Biggles book of treasure hunting</i> (1962)</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPearson1978" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, J. (1978). <i>Biggles: The Authorized Biography</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hamlyn_(publishers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamlyn (publishers)">Hamlyn</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biggles%3A+The+Authorized+Biography&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiggles" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>Johns died while still writing <i>Biggles Does Some Homework</i>. Although never completed, it was released in 1998 by Norman Wright Publishing as a strictly limited edition of 300 copies in paperback.<sup id="cite_ref-Homework_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homework-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further limited print run of 300 hardback copies was printed in 2007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_media">In other media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biggles_(TV_series)" title="Biggles (TV series)">Biggles (TV series)</a></div> <p>Biggles appeared in a TV series based on the books with Neville Whiting playing the title role. There were 44 B&W untitled episodes of 30 minutes, which were made by <a href="/wiki/Granada_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Granada Television">Granada</a> and ran from 1 April till 9 September 1960. Biggles was a Detective Air Inspector attached to <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a>. Helping him were Ginger (<a href="/wiki/John_Leyton" title="John Leyton">John Leyton</a>) and Bertie (David Drummond) and they fought against villains like von Stalhein (Carl Duering). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biggles_(film)" title="Biggles (film)">Biggles (film)</a></div> <p>He was also featured in the feature film <i><a href="/wiki/Biggles_(film)" title="Biggles (film)">Biggles</a></i> (1986), directed by <a href="/wiki/John_Hough_(director)" title="John Hough (director)">John Hough</a> with <a href="/wiki/Neil_Dickson" title="Neil Dickson">Neil Dickson</a> in the title role. The film attempted to add appeal to the character by adding a science fiction element but it was a commercial and critical failure. Dickson reprised the character in all but name in the <a href="/wiki/Pet_Shop_Boys" title="Pet Shop Boys">Pet Shop Boys</a>' feature film, <i><a href="/wiki/It_Couldn%27t_Happen_Here" title="It Couldn't Happen Here">It Couldn't Happen Here</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1986, a video game was released as a tie-in to the <i>Biggles</i> film by <a href="/wiki/Mirrorsoft" title="Mirrorsoft">Mirrorsoft</a> for the platforms <a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CPC" title="Amstrad CPC">Amstrad CPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a> and <a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum" title="ZX Spectrum">ZX Spectrum</a>. It included levels based in 1917 and other levels set in modern-day London.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comics">Comics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Comics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many versions of Biggles comics have been published in countries such as Australia, Great Britain, Belgium, France and Sweden. </p><p>The first British <a href="/wiki/Annual_publication" title="Annual publication">annual</a> appeared in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Comic_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic album">albums</a> were released in 1990 featuring the Biggles team.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The titles are separate from the books though they cover the same war or after war investigation operations of Biggles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postage_stamps">Postage stamps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Postage stamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biggles featured on a stamp issued by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a> on 1 February 1994, as part of the sixth issue of its Greetings Stamps series. The set comprised ten first class stamps, each portraying a character from children's literature. Aside from Biggles, the other characters featured were <a href="/wiki/Dan_Dare" title="Dan Dare">Dan Dare</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Three_Bears" class="mw-redirect" title="The Three Bears">The Three Bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Bear" title="Rupert Bear">Rupert Bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice in Wonderland">Alice in Wonderland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noggin_the_Nog" title="Noggin the Nog">Noggin the Nog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Rabbit" title="Peter Rabbit">Peter Rabbit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Riding_Hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Riding Hood">Red Riding Hood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlando_the_Marmalade_Cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando the Marmalade Cat">Orlando the Marmalade Cat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paddington_Bear" title="Paddington Bear">Paddington Bear</a>. </p><p>The stamps were designed by Newell and Sorrell, and the artist for the Biggles stamp was Alan Cracknell. Biggles is wearing a leather flying helmet and goggles, holding an '<a href="/wiki/Air_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Air mail">air mail</a>' envelope addressed to him, and giving the thumbs up. A <a href="/wiki/Biplane" title="Biplane">biplane</a>, probably a <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Tiger_Moth" title="De Havilland Tiger Moth">De Havilland Tiger Moth</a> is shown flying in the background. </p><p>Also included in the presentation pack were labels containing greetings messages. The two related to Biggles, shown in white text on a blue background, read "Happy Birthday" and "Chocks Away". The Biggles stamp, its associated presentation pack and first day covers were described in the British Philatelic Bulletin of January 1994. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_other_W._E._Johns_books">In other W. E. Johns books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: In other W. E. Johns books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biggles, or members of his team, have appeared in the following Gimlet books </p> <ul><li><i>King of the Commandos</i></li> <li><i>Gimlet Goes Again</i></li> <li><i>Gimlet Mops Up</i></li> <li><i>Gimlet Bores In</i></li></ul> <p>Air Commodore Raymond also appeared in W. E. Johns' "Steeley Books". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parodies">Parodies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Parodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monty_Python's_Flying_Circus"><span id="Monty_Python.27s_Flying_Circus"></span><i>Monty Python's Flying Circus</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Monty Python's Flying Circus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biggles was <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parodied</a> in a series of skits on the 1970s British comedy television show, <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python's Flying Circus">Monty Python's Flying Circus</a></i>, including one titled "Biggles Dictates a Letter".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the sketch, Biggles (<a href="/wiki/Graham_Chapman" title="Graham Chapman">Graham Chapman</a>) behaves in a naive and overreactive manner about the sexual orientation of his comrades, shooting Algy in the process. </p><p>Other Monty Python treatments of Biggles include: </p> <ul><li>"Cardinal Biggles", complete with flying helmet and goggles, assists in the interrogations in the "<a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Inquisition_(Monty_Python)" title="The Spanish Inquisition (Monty Python)">Spanish Inquisition sketch</a>".</li> <li>Biggles appears as a woman's lover in the sketch "Strangers in the Night" accompanied by Algy.</li> <li>Two text stories, "Biggles Is Extremely Silly" and "Biggles and the Naughty Things", are included in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brand_New_Monty_Python_Bok" title="The Brand New Monty Python Bok">The Brand New Monty Python Bok</a></i>.</li> <li>The title of a subsequent episode, "Biggles Flies Undone", was mentioned at the end of "Biggles Dictates a Letter", as if the two "episodes" were part of an ongoing adventure serial.</li> <li>In the first <i><a href="/wiki/Comic_Relief_(charity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic Relief (charity)">Comic Relief</a></i> (1985), <a href="/wiki/Michael_Palin" title="Michael Palin">Michael Palin</a> reads the skit "Biggles Goes to See <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a>".</li> <li>A customer in "The Bookshop Sketch", originally from <i><a href="/wiki/At_Last_the_1948_Show" title="At Last the 1948 Show">At Last the 1948 Show</a></i> and later found on <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Contractual_Obligation_Album" title="Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album">Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album</a></i>, requests the fictitious "Biggles Combs his Hair".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_parodies">Other parodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Other parodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Biggles Flies a Fokker Home</i> is a 2011 play written by former cricketer <a href="/wiki/James_Graham-Brown" title="James Graham-Brown">James Graham-Brown</a> under the pen name Dougie Blaxland.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Good_Omens" title="Good Omens">Good Omens</a></i>, a book titled <i>Biggles Goes to Mars</i> is mentioned, although context suggests that it may be (but is not definitely) the invention of an 11-year-old fond of outlandish adventure stories, and might not have existed previously.</li> <li>The 1972 song from the eponymous album <i><a href="/wiki/Thick_as_a_Brick" title="Thick as a Brick">Thick as a Brick </a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jethro_Tull_(band)" title="Jethro Tull (band)">Jethro Tull</a> has the line, "Where the hell was Biggles when you needed him last Saturday?"</li> <li>The lead character of the play <i><a href="/wiki/Bullshot_Crummond" title="Bullshot Crummond">Bullshot Crummond</a></i> parodies <a href="/wiki/Bulldog_Drummond" title="Bulldog Drummond">Bulldog Drummond</a> and Biggles.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Butts-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Butts_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butts_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butts_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butts_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butts_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butts_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butts_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butts_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butts_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButts2000" class="citation book cs1">Butts, D (2000). "Biggles – Hero of the Air". In Watkins, T; Jones, D (eds.). <i>A Necessary Fantasy?: The Heroic Figure in Children's Popular Culture</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Garland Publishing</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3UTyDNVjYxoC&pg=PA137">137–152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-1844-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-1844-8"><bdi>0-8153-1844-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biggles+%E2%80%93+Hero+of+the+Air&rft.btitle=A+Necessary+Fantasy%3F%3A+The+Heroic+Figure+in+Children%27s+Popular+Culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=137-152&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8153-1844-8&rft.aulast=Butts&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiggles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rh7.org/factshts/wejohns.pdf">Link between 'Bigsworth' and 'Bigglesworth' suggested</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohns_WE1992" class="citation book cs1">Johns WE (1992). <i>Biggles Learns to Fly</i>. London: Red Fox. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-993820-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-993820-0"><bdi>0-09-993820-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biggles+Learns+to+Fly&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Red+Fox&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-09-993820-0&rft.au=Johns+WE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiggles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biggles.info/Kills/">Kills</a> biggles.info</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Biggles Defies the Swastika</i>. London: Red Fox. 1992. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-993790-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-993790-5"><bdi>0-09-993790-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biggles+Defies+the+Swastika&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Red+Fox&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-09-993790-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiggles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homework-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Homework_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homework_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2006" class="citation web cs1">Harris, R (26 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biggles.info/Details/97/">"Biggles does some homework – plot summary"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biggles+does+some+homework+%E2%80%93+plot+summary&rft.date=2006-07-26&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biggles.info%2FDetails%2F97%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiggles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackenzie-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie2010" class="citation web cs1">Mackenzie, Jim (9 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectingbooksandmagazines.com/bigfrend.html">"BIGGLES' FRIENDS AND COLLEAGUES"</a>. <i>collectingbooksandmagazines.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collectingbooksandmagazines.com&rft.atitle=BIGGLES%27+FRIENDS+AND+COLLEAGUES&rft.date=2010-10-09&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectingbooksandmagazines.com%2Fbigfrend.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiggles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Opening chapter of <i>Biggles Follows on</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohns1958" class="citation book cs1">Johns, WE (1958). <i>Biggles Buries a Hatchet</i>. Brockhampton Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biggles+Buries+a+Hatchet&rft.pub=Brockhampton+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Johns&rft.aufirst=WE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiggles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radioechoes.com/?page=series&genre=Adventure&series=The+Air+Adventures+Of+Biggles">"RadioEchoes.com"</a>. <i>www.radioechoes.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.radioechoes.com&rft.atitle=RadioEchoes.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioechoes.com%2F%3Fpage%3Dseries%26genre%3DAdventure%26series%3DThe%2BAir%2BAdventures%2BOf%2BBiggles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiggles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.otrr.org/FILES/Synopsis_txt/A_Series/AirAdventuresofBiggles.html">Old Time Radio Researchers Group</a> <i>otrr.org</i> Retrieved 30 October 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bigglesforum.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=750">Biggles Forum</a> <i>bigglesforum.net</i> Retrieved 30 October 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milner-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milner_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milner_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milner_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milner_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilner1975" class="citation book cs1">Milner, David (1975). <i>Children and Race</i>. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 224–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-080364-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-080364-5"><bdi>0-14-080364-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children+and+Race&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+Middlesex&rft.pages=224-25&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-14-080364-5&rft.aulast=Milner&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiggles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwood" class="citation news cs1">Sherwood, Marika. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revealinghistories.org.uk/legacies-stereotypes-racism-and-the-civil-rights-movement/articles/how-racist-ideas-became-widespread.html">"How racist ideas became widespread"</a>. <i>Revealed Histories, Remembering Slavery</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revealed+Histories%2C+Remembering+Slavery&rft.atitle=How+racist+ideas+became+widespread&rft.aulast=Sherwood&rft.aufirst=Marika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevealinghistories.org.uk%2Flegacies-stereotypes-racism-and-the-civil-rights-movement%2Farticles%2Fhow-racist-ideas-became-widespread.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiggles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparrow2014" class="citation news cs1">Sparrow, Jeff (25 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/nov/25/re-reading-the-famous-five-and-the-biggles-series-is-not-only-disappointing-its-mystifying">"Re-reading the Famous Five and the Biggles series is not only disappointing, it's mystifying"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Re-reading+the+Famous+Five+and+the+Biggles+series+is+not+only+disappointing%2C+it%27s+mystifying&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft.aulast=Sparrow&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2014%2Fnov%2F25%2Fre-reading-the-famous-five-and-the-biggles-series-is-not-only-disappointing-its-mystifying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiggles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butts2000-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Butts2000_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butts2000_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButts2000" class="citation book cs1">Butts, Dennis (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3UTyDNVjYxoC&dq=%22Biggles%22+%22W.E.+Johns%22+racism&pg=PA148">"Biggles–Hero of the Air"</a>. In Jones, Dudley; Watkins, Tony (eds.). <i>A Necessary Fantasy? The Heroic Figure in Children's Popular Culture</i>. New York City: Garland. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815318446" title="Special:BookSources/9780815318446"><bdi>9780815318446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biggles%E2%80%93Hero+of+the+Air&rft.btitle=A+Necessary+Fantasy%3F+The+Heroic+Figure+in+Children%27s+Popular+Culture&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780815318446&rft.aulast=Butts&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3UTyDNVjYxoC%26dq%3D%2522Biggles%2522%2B%2522W.E.%2BJohns%2522%2Bracism%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiggles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohns1994" class="citation book cs1">Johns, W. E. (1994) [1946]. <i>Biggles Delivers the Goods</i>. Red Fox Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-939441-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-939441-3"><bdi>0-09-939441-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biggles+Delivers+the+Goods&rft.pub=Red+Fox+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-09-939441-3&rft.aulast=Johns&rft.aufirst=W.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiggles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1970" class="citation book cs1">Morris, A. (1970). <i>The Balloonatics</i>. Jarrolds. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-100940-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-100940-5"><bdi>0-09-100940-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balloonatics&rft.pub=Jarrolds&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-09-100940-5&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiggles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohns2001" class="citation book cs1">Johns, W. E. (2001). <i>Biggles of the Special Air Police</i>. London: House of Stratus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7551-0721-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7551-0721-7"><bdi>0-7551-0721-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biggles+of+the+Special+Air+Police&rft.place=London&rft.pub=House+of+Stratus&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7551-0721-7&rft.aulast=Johns&rft.aufirst=W.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiggles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2006" class="citation web cs1">Harris, R. (26 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biggles.info/Details/01/">"The Camels Are Coming"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Camels+Are+Coming&rft.date=2006-07-26&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biggles.info%2FDetails%2F01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiggles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohns2002" class="citation book cs1">Johns, W. E. (2002). <i>Biggles Looks Back</i>. Thirsk: House of Stratus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7551-0718-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7551-0718-7"><bdi>0-7551-0718-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biggles+Looks+Back&rft.place=Thirsk&rft.pub=House+of+Stratus&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7551-0718-7&rft.aulast=Johns&rft.aufirst=W.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiggles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May Fair Books Edition published as <i>Biggles in the Antarctic</i> (1970)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knight Books Edition retitled as <i>Biggles and the Lost Treasure</i> (1978)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobygames.com/game/biggles">"Biggles for Amstrad CPC (1986) – MobyGames"</a>. <i>MobyGames</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MobyGames&rft.atitle=Biggles+for+Amstrad+CPC+%281986%29+%E2%80%93+MobyGames&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobygames.com%2Fgame%2Fbiggles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiggles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42347042">42347042</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biggles.nl/en/miklo.html">"Miklo & Lombard Biggles Comic Albums"</a>. <i>biggles.nl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biggles.nl&rft.atitle=Miklo+%26+Lombard+Biggles+Comic+Albums&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biggles.nl%2Fen%2Fmiklo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiggles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060526195031/http://orangecow.org/pythonet/sketches/biggles.htm">"Biggles: dictates a letter. As featured in the Flying Circus TV Show - Episode 33"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orangecow.org/pythonet/sketches/biggles.htm">the original</a> on 26 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biggles%3A+dictates+a+letter.+As+featured+in+the+Flying+Circus+TV+Show+-+Episode+33&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forangecow.org%2Fpythonet%2Fsketches%2Fbiggles.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiggles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2022" class="citation web cs1">Gordon, Sue (16 February 2022) [1 January 2011]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/reviews/bigglesrondo-rev">"Biggles Flies a Fokker Home"</a>. <i>britishtheatreguide.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britishtheatreguide.info&rft.atitle=Biggles+Flies+a+Fokker+Home&rft.date=2022-02-16&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishtheatreguide.info%2Freviews%2Fbigglesrondo-rev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiggles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biggles&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biggles.com">The Biggles Information Web Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigglesforum.net">a forum for W E Johns, Biggles and all his other characters</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biggles-online.com/">Biggles Online: Bibliographic data and information site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wejas.org.uk">Captain W E Johns website, Biggles and his other works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biggles.nl/en">The International Biggles Association Web Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wejohns.com">Complete information on all of the books written by W E Johns</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biggles.info/274%20Stories/Explanation/index.htm">How many Biggles stories?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biggles.info/274%20Stories/">List of all the Biggles books and stories</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2412890#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2412890#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2412890#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/294225650">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315991288">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/831639/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjDpVHg9M8g3VQ4cJvdfbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2015008872">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75kntqjr1skjm9g">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007530214405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biggles&oldid=1254400592">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biggles&oldid=1254400592</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Series_of_books" title="Category:Series of books">Series of books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aviation_novels" title="Category:Aviation novels">Aviation novels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_series_introduced_in_1932" title="Category:Book series introduced in 1932">Book series introduced in 1932</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_set_during_World_War_I" title="Category:Novels set during World War I">Novels set during World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_set_during_World_War_II" title="Category:Novels set during World War II">Novels set during World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_novels_adapted_into_films" title="Category:British novels adapted into films">British novels adapted into films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_adapted_into_comics" title="Category:Novels adapted into comics">Novels adapted into comics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_adapted_into_radio_programs" title="Category:Novels adapted into radio programs">Novels adapted into radio programs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_novels_adapted_into_television_shows" title="Category:British novels adapted into television shows">British novels adapted into television shows</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_adapted_into_video_games" title="Category:Novels adapted into video games">Novels adapted into video games</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_Royal_Air_Force_personnel" title="Category:Fictional Royal Air Force personnel">Fictional Royal Air Force personnel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_fighter_pilots" title="Category:Fictional fighter pilots">Fictional fighter pilots</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_British_police_detectives" title="Category:Fictional British police detectives">Fictional British police detectives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Literary_characters_introduced_in_1932" title="Category:Literary characters introduced in 1932">Literary characters introduced in 1932</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_World_War_I_veterans" title="Category:Fictional World War I veterans">Fictional World War I veterans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_World_War_II_veterans" title="Category:Fictional World War II veterans">Fictional World War II veterans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_British_people" title="Category:Fictional British people">Fictional British people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Male_characters_in_literature" title="Category:Male characters in literature">Male characters in literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_subject_to_expurgation" title="Category:Works subject to expurgation">Works subject to expurgation</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_May_2021" title="Category:EngvarB from May 2021">EngvarB from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2021">Use dmy dates from May 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 October 2024, at 20:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biggles&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7c4dcdbb87-tzv69","wgBackendResponseTime":191,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.588","walltime":"0.707","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2597,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":44339,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2216,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":86022,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 609.315 1 -total"," 23.13% 140.919 11 Template:Cite_book"," 23.11% 140.790 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.99% 121.800 1 Template:Authority_control"," 14.46% 88.103 2 Template:Short_description"," 12.92% 78.699 1 Template:Infobox_character"," 10.52% 64.112 1 Template:Infobox"," 8.64% 52.666 3 Template:Pagetype"," 6.07% 37.005 8 Template:Cite_web"," 4.53% 27.582 1 Template:Other_uses"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.348","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6058167,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-xk5v5","timestamp":"20241203070056","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Biggles","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biggles","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2412890","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2412890","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-10-16T03:04:05Z","dateModified":"2024-10-30T20:42:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/1\/18\/Biggles_of_266_cover.jpg","headline":"title character of the Biggles series of books written by W. E. Johns"}</script> </body> </html>