Internet History Sourcebooks: Modern History

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<tr> <td> Internet Modern History Sourcebook The Early Modern World <hr /> See <a href="modsbook.asp">Main Page</a> for a guide to all contents of all sections. <a name="index" class="H_Subitle" id="index"></a> Contents <ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="#The Early Modern World System">The Early Modern World System</a> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">The European "Age of Discovery"</li> <li class="H_body_text">The "Columbian Exchange"</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Americas</li> <li class="H_body_text">South and South East Asia</li> <li class="H_body_text">East Asia</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Middle East: Ottomans and Safavids - Rivals of European Powers</li> <li class="H_body_text">Africa</li> <li class="H_body_text">Eastern Europe Becomes a Peripheral Area </li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="#Mercantile Capitalism">Mercantile Capitalism</a></li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="#Reflections on the Trade and the New Economy">Reflections on the Trade and the New Economy</a> </li> </ul> <hr /> <a name="The Early Modern World System" id="The Early Modern World System"> </a> The Early Modern World System <ul> <li class="H_body_text">The European "Age of Discovery" <ul> <li class="H_body_text">WEB <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081105125234/http://www.win.tue.nl/cs/fm/engels/discovery/">Discoverers Web</a> [Was At Tue.nl, now Internet Archive] Includes a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420005940/http://www.win.tue.nl/cs/fm/engels/discovery/primary.html">List of Online Primary Sources</a></li> <li> WEB See <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050305091545/http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/">Columbus and the Age of Discovery</a> [Was Millersville, now Internet Archive] A searchable collection of over 1100 text articles on Columbus and the encounter of two worlds.</li> <li> WEB See <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100819142458/http://www.columbusnavigation.com/">Columbus Navigation Homepage</a> [Now Internet Archive] With maps of the various voyages. </li> <li>Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="1000Vinland.asp">The Discovery of North America by Leif Ericsson</a>, c. 1000 from The Saga of Eric the Red, (1387) [At this Site]</li> <li> <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17946">Eirik the Red's Saga</a> [At Project Gutenberg]</li> <li class="H_body_text">Columbus <ul> <li>Christopher Columbus  (1451-1506): <a href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/15th_century/colum.asp">Privileges and Prerogatives Granted by Their Catholic Majesties to Christopher Columbus</a>, 1492 [At Yale] [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210619115322/https://avalon.law.yale.edu/15th_century/colum.asp">here</a>] </li> <li> Christopher Columbus  (1451-1506): <a href="source/columbus1.asp">Selections from Journal</a>, 1492 [At this Site]</li> <li> Christopher Columbus  (1451-1506): <a href="source/1493-columbustosanchez.asp">Letter to Lord Raphael Sanchez</a>, 14 March 1493 [At this Site]</li> <li>Christopher Columbus  (1451-1506): <a href="/halsall/source/columbus2.asp">Letter to King and Queen of Spain</a>, prob. 1494 [At this Site]</li> <li>Christopher Columbus  (1451-1506): <a href="https://archive.org/details/writingsofchrist00coluuoft">Writings of Christopher Columbus : descriptive of the discovery and occupation of the new world</a>, ed. Paul Leicester Ford (1982) [At Internet Archive]</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Amerigo Vespucci (1452-1512): <a href="/halsall/mod/1497vespucci-america.asp">Account of His First Voyage</a>, 1497 [At this Site]</li> <li class="H_body_text">Fra Soncino: <a href="/halsall/mod/1497cabot.asp">Letter to Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan, Regarding John Cabot's First Voyage</a>, 1497 [At this Site]</li> <li class="H_body_text">John Cabot (c.1450-1499): <a href="/halsall/mod/1497cabot-3docs.asp">Voyage to North America</a>, 1497  [At this Site]</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="1519magellan.asp">Ferdinand Magellan's Voyage Round the World</a>, 1519-1522 CE [At this Site] </li> <li class="H_body_text"> 脕lvar N煤帽ez Cabeza de Vaca: <a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/eldritch/cdv/rel.htm">Adventures in the Unknown Interior of America</a>, 1542, translated and annotated by Cyclone Covey (1963, copyright not renewed), full text [At ibiblio] "The semi-official report to the king of Spain by the ranking surviving officer of a royal expedition to conquer Florida which fantastically miscarried." </li> <li class="H_body_text">Francis Pretty: <a href="/halsall/mod/1580Pretty-drake.asp">Sir Francis Drake's Famous Voyage Round The World</a>, 1580 </li> <li class="H_body_text">Hans Mayr: <a href="1505mayr.asp">The Voyage and Acts of Dom Francisco</a>, 1505- [At this Site] Activities in Africa</li> <li class="H_body_text">Sir Walter Raleigh (1554-1618): <a href="1595raleigh-guiana.asp">The Discovery of Guiana</a>, 1595 [At this Site]</li> <li class="H_body_text">Sidi Ali Reis (16th Century CE): <a href="/halsall/source/16CSidi1.asp">Mirat ul Memalik</a> (The Mirror of Countries), 1557 CE [At this Site] Europeans were not the only ones to look at other cultures. This is a Turkish Admiral's account of his travels in the world of India and the Middle East.</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">The "Columbian Exchange" <ul> <li class="H_body_text"> 2ND Alfred W. Crosby: <a href="http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nattrans/ntecoindian/essays/columbian.htm">The Columbian Exchange: Plants, Animals, and Disease between the Old and New Worlds</a> [At NHC] [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128173810/http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nattrans/ntecoindian/essays/columbian.htm">here</a>] </li> <li class="H_body_text">Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_exchange">Columbian Exchange</a></li> <li class="H_body_text">Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_impact_of_Mesoamerican_goods_in_Iberian_society">Early impact of Mesoamerican goods in Iberian society</a></li> <li class="H_body_text">Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact_theories">Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Americas see sections on <ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="modsbook07.asp">Colonial North America</a> and </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="modsbook08.asp">Colonial Latin America</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">South and South-East Asia <ul> <li class="H_body_text">WEB <a href="/halsall/india/indiasbook.asp">I</a><a href="/halsall/india/indiasbook.asp">ndian History Sourcebook</a> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="/halsall/india/1617englandindies.asp">England, India, and The East Indies</a>, 1617 [At Indian History Sourcebook] Various sources, including a letter from Great Moghul Jahangir to James I, King of England. </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405091123/http://www.scholiast.org/history/hi-eitr.html">The East India Trade</a> [Was At Scholiast, now Internet Archive] </li> <li class="H_body_text">Charles D'Avenant: <a href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/eastindi.asp">An Essay on the East-India Trade</a>, 1697 [At Yale] [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221218213406/https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/eastindi.asp">here</a>] </li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">East Asia <ul> <li class="H_body_text">St. Francis Xavier: <a href="1543xavier1.asp">Letter from India, to the Society of Jesus at Rome</a>, 1543  [At this Site]</li> <li class="H_body_text">St. Francis Xavier: <a href="1549xavier2.asp">Letter on the Missions,  to St. Ignatius de Loyola</a>, 1549  [At this Site]</li> <li class="H_body_text">St. Francis Xavier: <a href="1551xavier3.asp">Letter from Japan, to the Society of Jesus at Goa</a>, 1551  [At this Site]</li> <li class="H_body_text">St. Francis Xavier: <a href="1552xavier4.asp">Letter from Japan, to the Society of Jesus in Europe</a>, 1552  [At this Site]</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="1715chineserites.asp">Documents on the Chinese Rites Controversy</a>, 1692, 1715, 1721, excerpts [At this Site] How the Catholic Church "lost" China. </li> <li class="H_body_text">Will Adams: <a href="1611adams-japan.asp">My Coming to Japan</a>, 1611  [At this Site]</li> <li class="H_body_text">Hsu Kuang-chi: <a href="1617hsukuang.asp">Memorial to Fra Matteo Ricci</a>, 1617   [At this Site]</li> <li class="H_body_text">Mendez Pinto: <a href="1630pinto.asp">The Woman with the Cross</a>, c. 1630  [At this Site] A Chinese Christian woman.</li> <li class="H_body_text">P猫re du Halde: <a href="1680halde1.asp">Teaching Science to the Manchu Emperor</a>, c. 1680  [At this Site]</li> <li class="H_body_text">P猫re du Halde: <a href="1680halde2.asp">The Manchu Emperor and Chinese Music</a>, c. 1680  [At this Site]</li> <li class="H_body_text">P猫re du Halde: <a href="1680halde3.asp">Chinese Punishments</a>, c. 1680  [At this Site]</li> <li class="H_body_text">P猫re Gerbillon: <a href="1690lama.asp">A Visit to a Lama</a>, c. 1690  [At this Site]</li>  </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Middle East: Ottomans and Safavids - Rivals of European Powers <ul> <li class="H_body_text">WEB <a href="/halsall/india/indiasbook.asp"></a><a href="/halsall/islam/islamsbook.asp">Islamic History Sourcebook</a></li> <li class="H_body_text">Old Serbian Tales: <a href="1450marko.asp">Marko and the Turks</a>, c. 1450 [At this Site]</li> <li class="H_body_text">James M. Ludlow: <a href="/halsall/islam/1493janissaries.asp">The Tribute of Children</a>, 1493 [At this Site]</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="1550sultanavisit.asp">A Visit to the Wife of Suleiman the Magnificent</a> (Translated from a Genoese Letter), c. 1550 [At this Site]</li> <li class="H_body_text">Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762): <a href="1718montague-sultana.asp">Dining With The Sultana</a>, 1718 [At this Site]</li> <li class="H_body_text">Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq: <a href="1555busbecq.asp">The Turkish Letters</a>,   excerpts, 1555-1562 [At this Site]</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Africa <ul> <li class="H_body_text">WEB <a href="/halsall/africa/africasbook.asp">A</a><a href="/halsall/africa/africasbook.asp">frican History Sourcebook</a> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Leo Africanus: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010208113507/http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_2/leo_africanus.html">Description of Timbuktu</a> 1526 [Was At WSU, now Internet Archive] </li> <li> Ibn Battuta: <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20000301012519/http://www.humanities.ccny.cuny.edu/history/reader/battuta.htm">Malian Women</a>, [Was at CCNY nowt Internet Archive]</li> <li> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20000301012519/http://www.humanities.ccny.cuny.edu/history/reader/ghana.htm">Glimpses of the Kingdom of Ghana</a>, 1067 [Was at CCNY nowt Internet Archive]</li> <li> Al Bakri: <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20000301012519/http://www.humanities.ccny.cuny.edu/history/reader/ghana2.htm">Description of Ghana</a> [Was at CCNY nowt Internet Archive]</li> <li class="H_body_text">Hans Mayr: <a href="1505mayr.asp">The Voyage and Acts of Dom Francisco</a>, 1505-   [At this Site] Activities in Africa</li> <li class="H_body_text">Richard Eden: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310203227/http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_2/eden.html">Decades of the New World</a>, 1555 [Was At WSU, now Internet Archive] European traders at the royal court of Benin. </li> <li class="H_body_text">Chart: <a href="sl-trade.gif">Atlantic Slave Trade: Carriers and Destinations of Enslaved People</a>  [At this Site]</li> <li class="H_body_text">John Wesley (1703-91): <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000605162434/http://gbgm-umc.org/umhistory/tslavery.html">Thoughts Upon Slavery</a>, 1774 [Was At UMC, now Internet Archive] Wesley was opposed to slavery, but this is interesting as it includes explict descriptions of the way in which people were enslaved and treated. A great example of the moral force of Evangelical Christianity.</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Eastern Europe Becomes a Peripheral Area <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Gutherrschaft/Grundherrschaft </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Second Serfdom </li> <li class="H_body_text">Henry Blount:<a href="1634blount.asp"> A Voyage Into The Levant</a>, 1634 [At this Site] In this case the "Levant" means Hungary.</li> <li class="H_body_text">Paul, Archdeacon of Aleppo: <a href="1657wallchia.asp">Wallachia in 1657</a> from The Travels of Macarius, Patriarch of Antioch [At this Site]</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="1683sobieski.asp">The Secret History of the Reign of Jan Sobieski, 1683 AD</a>. [At this Site] Sobieski's victory over the Ottoman Turks in 1683. </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <a href="#index">Back to Index</a> <hr /> <a name="Mercantile Capitalism" id="Mercantile Capitalism"></a> Mercantile Capitalism <ul> <li class="H_body_text">WEB <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010213232151/http://www.bell.lib.umn.edu/Products/Products.html">Trade Products in Early Modern History</a> [Was At UMN, now Internet Archive] </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/westind.asp">Charter of the Dutch West India Company</a>, 1621 [At Yale] [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308122516/https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/westind.asp">here</a>]</li> <li class="H_body_text"> Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden: <a href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/charter_012.asp">Warrant for William Ussling to Establish a General Company for Trade to Asia, Africa, America and Magellanica</a>; December 21, 1624 [At Yale] [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221218213406/https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/charter_012.asp">here</a>]</li> <li class="H_body_text"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060311224218/http://www.bulb.com/templates/dispatcher.asp?page_id=21629">Tulip History</a> [Was At bulb.com, now Internet Archive]</li> <li class="H_body_text">Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulip_mania">Tulip Mania</a></li> <li class="H_body_text">Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulip_mania"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Company">Mississippi Bubble: France 1716-1720</a></li> <li class="H_body_text">Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulip_mania"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Company">South Sea Bubble: Britain 1717-1720</a></li> <li class="H_body_text">WEB <a href="https://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/ssb"> Harvard Business School: South Sea Bubble, 1720: A Research Portal</a> [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221200834/https://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/ssb">here</a>] </li> <li class="H_body_text">2ND Helen Paul: <a href="https://archive.ph/20121209151433/http://www.ehs.org.uk/ehs/conference2004/assets/paul.doc#selection-33.0-49.2">The South Sea Company’s slaving activities</a> [Was St Andrews, now Archived]</li> <li class="H_body_text">Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li class="H_body_text">Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_silver_trade_from_the_16th_to_19th_centuries">Global silver trade from the 16th to 19th centuries</a> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Map: <a href="https://research.appetitesg.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/dutch.jpg">Dutch Trade Routes 17th Century</a> [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330164127/https://research.appetitesg.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/dutch.jpg">here</a>]</li>   </ul> <a href="#index">Back to Index</a> <hr /> <a name="Reflections on the Trade and the New Economy" id="Reflections on the Trade and the New Economy"></a> Reflections on the Trade and the New Economy <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Thomas Mun (1571-1641): <a href="1664mun-engtrade.asp">England's Treasure By Forraign Trade</a>, excerpts, 1664 [At this Site]</li> <li class="H_body_text"> Thomas Mun (1571-1641): <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114030650/http://www.thenagain.info/Classes/Sources/Mun.html">England's Treasure by Foreign Trade</a>, pub 1664, extracts, [Was At Then Again, now Internet Archive] and <a href="http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/111mun.html">extracts</a> [At Hanover] </li> <li class="H_body_text">Josiah Child: <a href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/trade.asp">Brief Observations Concerning Trade and Interest of Money</a>, 1668 [At Yale] [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230108020913/https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/trade.asp">here</a>] </li> <li class="H_body_text"> Dudley North :<a href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/tradenor.asp">Discourses Upon Trade; Principally Directed to the Cases of the Interest, Coynage, Clipping, Increase of Money</a> 1691 [At Yale] [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221218213406/https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/tradenor.asp">here</a>] </li> <li class="H_body_text">John Locke (1632-1704): <a href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/locke01.asp">Further Considerations Concerning Raising the Value of Money</a> [At Yale] [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309101532/https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/locke01.asp">here</a>] </li> <li class="H_body_text">Governor Glen: <a href="http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1751-1775/governor-glen-the-role-of-the-indians-in-the-rivalry-between-france-spain-and-england-1761.php#:~:text=Governor%20Glen%20of%20South%20Carolina,would%20insure%20tranquility%20for%20Carolina.">The Role of the Indians in the Rivalry Between France, Spain, and England</a>, 1761 [At The American Revolution Site] [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709192533/http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1751-1775/governor-glen-the-role-of-the-indians-in-the-rivalry-between-france-spain-and-england-1761.php#:~:text=Governor%20Glen%20of%20South%20Carolina,would%20insure%20tranquility%20for%20Carolina.">here</a>] </li> <li class="H_body_text">Adam Smith (1723-1790): <a href="http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1776-1785/adam-smith-from-the-wealth-of-nations-1776-of-colonies.php">Of Colonies</a>, from The Wealth of Nations, 1776: [At The American Revolution Site] [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211230172725/http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1776-1785/adam-smith-from-the-wealth-of-nations-1776-of-colonies.php">here</a>] </li> <li class="H_body_text">Adam Smith (1723-1790): <a href="http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1776-1785/adam-smith-from-the-wealth-of-nations-1776-the-cost-of-empire.php">The Cost of Empire</a> from The Wealth of Nations, 1776: [At The American Revolution Site] [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211230172917/http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1776-1785/adam-smith-from-the-wealth-of-nations-1776-the-cost-of-empire.php">here</a>] </li> <li class="H_body_text"> Daniel Defoe (c. 1659-1731): <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/521">Robinson Crusoe</a> [At Project Gutenberg][Full text]  The classic colonialist novel. </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="Wallerstein.asp">Summary of Immanuel Wallerstein's World System Theory</a> [At this Site][Modern summary]</li> </ul> <a href="#index">Back to Index</a> <hr /> NOTES: The Internet Modern Sourcebook is part of the <a href="/halsall">Internet History Sourcebooks Project</a>. The date of inception was 9/22/1997. Links to files at other site are indicated by [At some indication of the site name or location]. Locally available texts are marked by [At this Site]. WEB indicates a link to one of small number of high quality web sites which provide either more texts or an especially valuable overview. <hr /> The Internet History Sourcebooks Project is located at the <a href="https://www.fordham.edu/history/">History Department</a> of  <a href="http://www.fordham.edu">Fordham University</a>, New York. The Internet Medieval Sourcebook, and other medieval components of the project, are located at the <a href="https://www.fordham.edu/mvst">Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies</a>.The IHSP recognizes the contribution of Fordham University, the Fordham University History Department, and the Fordham Center for Medieval Studies in providing web space and server support for the project. The IHSP is a project independent of Fordham University.  Although the IHSP seeks to follow all applicable copyright law, Fordham University is not the institutional owner, and is not liable as the result of any legal action. © Site Concept and Design: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#127b7a616252747d60767a737f3c7776672d616770787771662f417d67607177707d7d79613242607d78777166">Paul Halsall</a> created 26 Jan 1996: latest revision 15 November 2024 [<a href="../cv.asp">CV</a>]   </td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> </table> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script></body> </html>

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Internet History Sourcebooks: Modern History