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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political party in Syria</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #FF0000; border-bottom:2px solid #FF0000; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Arab Revolutionary Workers Party</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname" lang="ar">حزب العمال الثوري العربي</div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">Chairman</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;">Tariq Abu Al-Hassan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap">Secretary-General</span></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abdul Hafiz Hafiz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;">Yasin al-Hafiz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1966<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1966</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Split from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Rally_(Syria)" title="National Democratic Rally (Syria)">National Democratic Rally</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives of Iraq</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 328</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Council of Syria">People's Council of Syria</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 250</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FF0000; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #FF0000;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Syria" title="List of political parties in Syria">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Syria" title="Elections in Syria">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Arab Revolutionary Workers Party</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حزب العمال الثوري العربي</span> <i>Hizb Al-'Amal Al-Thawriy Al-'Arabi</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> active in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2008 the general secretary of the party is Abdul Hafiz Hafiz.<sup id="cite_ref-dec_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dec-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2011, the chairman of the party is Tariq Abu Al-Hassan.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party was founded in 1966 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yasin_al-Hafiz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yasin al-Hafiz (page does not exist)">Yasin al-Hafiz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8" class="extiw" title="ar:ياسين الحافظ">ar</a>]</span>, as a <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> splinter group of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party rejected the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athist</a> ideology of <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a> as reactionary and backward-looking. Instead the party opted for <a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">scientific socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early prominent leader of the party was Ali Salah Saadi.<sup id="cite_ref-p2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This split in the Ba'ath Party emerged parallel to the growth of leftist dissent in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Nationalist_Movement" title="Arab Nationalist Movement">Arab Nationalist Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party was active in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> during the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the initial years of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–76), al-Hafiz lived in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Hafiz died in Beirut in October 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the "<a href="/wiki/Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Damascus Spring</a>", the initial period of <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>'s rule, the party could meet somewhat undisturbed under the guise of the 'Left Forum'.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party, along with other left-wing groups in Syria, decided to boycott the <a href="/wiki/2003_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2003 Syrian parliamentary election">2003 parliamentary election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party was one of the forces behind the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Rally_(Syria)" title="National Democratic Rally (Syria)">National Democratic Gathering</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Declaration" title="Damascus Declaration">Damascus Declaration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dec_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dec-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party is part of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a> and was active in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War">civil uprising phase</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>. On June 30, 2011 the party took part in forming the <a href="/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a>. A politburo member of the party, Hazem Al-Nahhar was included in the leadership of the Association.<sup id="cite_ref-p3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 10, 2011, the party decided to withdraw from the Coordination, but retained its commitment to working with the National Democratic Rally.<sup id="cite_ref-p4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Revolutionary_Workers_Party&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Institute" title="National Democratic Institute">National Democratic Institute</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndi.org/files/1625_iq_report_072503.pdf">NDI Assessment Mission to Iraq June 23 to July 6, 2003</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516005240/http://www.ndi.org/files/1625_iq_report_072503.pdf">Archived</a> May 16, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahram" title="Al-Ahram">Al-Ahram</a></i>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1055/re141.htm">New voices for change</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110907231548/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1055/re141.htm">Archived</a> September 7, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p4-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p4_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p4_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nidaasyria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nidaasyria.org/ar/?p=649">حزب العمال الثوري العربي.. قرار انسحاب من هيئة التنسيق الوطني</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425083206/http://nidaasyria.org/ar/?p=649">Archived</a> April 25, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dec-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dec_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dec_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Damascus Centre for Theoretical and Civil Rights Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dctcrs.org/syriennews15.htm">أمين عام حزب العمال الثوري العربي يدعو للإفراج عن معتقلي إعلان دمشق وطي ملف الاعتقال السياسي</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425083224/http://www.dctcrs.org/syriennews15.htm">Archived</a> April 25, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World Bulletin. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haberYazdir&ArticleID=73117&tip=">Who is who in Syrian opposition?</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asrarr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asrarr.com/civil_actions/detail.asp?articles_id=7">سورية - الأحزاب السياسية</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tibi, Bassam, Marion Farouk-Sluglett, and Peter Sluglett. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fHwuhk-yYMMC&pg=PA212">Arab nationalism: between Islam and the nation-state</a></i>. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. p. 212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Seddon, David. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qmYMy1Ls8ucC&pg=PA63">A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East</a></i>. London: Europa Publications, 2004. p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Choueiri, Youssef M. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pgmc35nCzjIC&pg=PA117">Islamic Fundamentalism: The Story of Islamist Movements</a></i>. London: Continuum, 2010. p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salem, Paul. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZru-kaTZCcC&pg=PA187">Bitter Legacy: Ideology and Politics in the Arab World</a></i>. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994. p. 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buwārī, Ilyās. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i4wzAAAAMAAJ">Tārīkh al-ḥarakah al-ʻummālīyah wa-al-niqābīyah fī Lubnān</a></i>. Bayrūt: Dār al-Fārābī, 1979.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KE8YAAAAIAAJ">Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East 2. D - K</a></i>. New York [u.a.]: Macmillan [u.a.], 1996. p. 756</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">سؤال التنوير. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assuaal.net/studies/studies.566.htm">في الذكرى الثلاثين لوفاة ياسين الحافظ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227061811/http://www.assuaal.net/studies/studies.566.htm">Archived</a> February 27, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zîser, Eyāl. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pVovmiI-ijQC&pg=PA83">Commanding Syria: Bashar Al-Asad and the First Years in Power</a></i>. London [u.a.]: Tauris, 2007. p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Ahram Center for Political & Strategic Studies. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acpss.ahram.org.eg/eng/ahram/2004/7/5/ARAB29.HTM">I. Internal Reforms in the Arab World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425083217/http://acpss.ahram.org.eg/eng/ahram/2004/7/5/ARAB29.HTM">Archived</a> April 25, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iraqi_political_parties" title="Template:Iraqi political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iraqi_political_parties" title="Template talk:Iraqi political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iraqi_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iraqi political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Iraq_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iraq" title="List of political parties in Iraq">Political parties in Iraq</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadrist_Movement" title="Sadrist Movement">Sadrists</a> (73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Iraq)" title="Progress Party (Iraq)">Progress Party</a> (37)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a> (33) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawa_Party" title="Islamic Dawa Party">Islamic Dawa Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawa_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Organisation" title="Islamic Dawa Party – Iraq Organisation">Islamic Dawa Party – Iraq Organisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Alliance" title="Fatah Alliance">Fatah Alliance</a> (17) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Organization" title="Badr Organization">Badr Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sadiqoun_Bloc" title="Al-Sadiqoun Bloc">Al-Sadiqoun Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Supreme_Council_of_Iraq" title="Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq">Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> (17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azem_Alliance" title="Azem Alliance">Azem Alliance</a> (14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emtidad_Movement" title="Emtidad Movement">Emtidad Movement</a> (9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Generation_Movement" title="New Generation Movement">New Generation Movement</a> (9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishraqat_Kanoon" title="Ishraqat Kanoon">Ishraqat Kanoon</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmim_Alliance" title="Tasmim Alliance">Tasmim Alliance</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Alliance" title="Victory Alliance">Victory Alliance</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Justice_Group" title="Kurdistan Justice Group">Kurdistan Justice Group</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_Front" title="Iraqi Turkmen Front">Iraqi Turkmen Front</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reserved Christian seats (5)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylon_Movement" title="Babylon Movement">Babylon Movement</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athra_Alliance" title="Athra Alliance">Athra Alliance</a> (1) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Movement" title="Assyrian Democratic Movement">Assyrian Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Patriotic_Party" title="Assyrian Patriotic Party">Assyrian Patriotic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Nahrin_Patriotic_Union" title="Beth Nahrin Patriotic Union">Beth Nahrin Patriotic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syriac_Assyrian_Popular_Council" title="Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council">Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reserved minority seats (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hareth_Shanshal_Sunaid" title="Hareth Shanshal Sunaid">Hareth Shanshal Sunaid</a> (1) [Mandaean seat]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_Movement_for_Reform_and_Progress" title="Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress">Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress</a> (1) [Yazidi seat]</li> <li>Council of Free Shabaks (1) [Shabak seat]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrepresented in parliament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Iraqis_(party)" title="The Iraqis (party)">The Iraqis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li>Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">pan-Arab organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front" title="Arab Liberation Front">Arab Liberation Front</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Politics of Iraq</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_Syria_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syria&#124;link=Syria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_political_parties" title="Template:Syrian political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syrian_political_parties" title="Template talk:Syrian political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Syria_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syria&#124;link=Syria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Syria" title="List of political parties in Syria">Political parties in Syria</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pan-Arab organization</a>) (167</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)">Arab Socialist Union Party</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unionist_Party_(Syria)" title="Socialist Unionist Party (Syria)">Socialist Unionist Party</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Unified)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Unified)">Syrian Communist Party (Unified)</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Covenant_Party" title="National Covenant Party">National Covenant Party</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Democratic_Union_Party" title="Arab Democratic Union Party">Arab Democratic Union Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Unionist Party">Democratic Socialist Unionist Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Unionists" title="Social Democratic Unionists">Social Democratic Unionists</a> (0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement_(Damascus_branch)" title="Arab Socialist Movement (Damascus branch)">Arab Socialist Movement</a> (0)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_Change_and_Liberation" title="Popular Front for Change and Liberation">Popular Front for Change and Liberation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Will_Party" title="People's Will Party">People's Will Party</a> (0)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Unrepresented</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_People%27s_Party" title="Syrian Democratic People's Party">Democratic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen_Assembly" title="Syrian Turkmen Assembly">Syrian Turkmen Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Turkmen Bloc">Syrian Turkmen Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Turkmen_Movement" title="Syrian Democratic Turkmen Movement">Syrian Democratic Turkmen Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Arab_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party">Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arab Revolutionary Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_of_Syria" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria">Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Arab_Socialist_Union" title="Democratic Arab Socialist Union">Democratic Arab Socialist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Justice_and_Development_in_Syria" title="Movement for Justice and Development in Syria">Movement for Justice and Development in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Youth_Party" title="Syrian National Youth Party">National Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Future_Movement_in_Syria" title="Kurdish Future Movement in Syria">Kurdish Future Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Alliance_in_Syria" title="Kurdish National Alliance in Syria">Kurdish National Alliance in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Syria" title="Reform Party of Syria">Reform Party of Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bloc_(Syria)" title="National Bloc (Syria)">National Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Syria)" title="National Party (Syria)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Egypt)" title="National Union (Egypt)">National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Syria)" title="People's Party (Syria)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nationalist_Action" title="League of Nationalist Action">League of Nationalist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_National_Party_(historical)" title="Arab National Party (historical)">Arab National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Lebanese_Communist_Party" title="Syrian–Lebanese Communist Party">Syrian–Lebanese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party" title="Syrian Communist Party">Syrian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Movement" title="Arab Liberation Movement">Arab Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Cooperation_Party" title="Socialist Cooperation Party">Socialist Cooperation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Communist_Party" title="Arab Communist Party">Arab Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Labour_Party_(Syria)" title="Communist Labour Party (Syria)">Communist Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)#Syria" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banned Islamist parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kurdish parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_of_Syria" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria">Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Supreme_Committee" title="Kurdish Supreme Committee">Kurdish Supreme Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Future_Movement_in_Syria" title="Kurdish Future Movement in Syria">Kurdish Future Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Alliance_in_Syria" title="Kurdish National Alliance in Syria">Kurdish National Alliance in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party">Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assyrian parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Organization" title="Assyrian Democratic Organization">Assyrian Democratic Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Party" title="Assyrian Democratic Party">Assyrian Democratic Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal:Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">List of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_Revolutionary_Workers_Party&oldid=1252922350">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_Revolutionary_Workers_Party&oldid=1252922350</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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