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class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Википедия" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ru.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.25em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="ирекле энциклопедия" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ba.svg" width="118" height="11" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.6875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%AD%D2%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D2%AF" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Википедия эсендә эҙләү [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Эҙләү</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Википедия эсендә эҙләү" aria-label="Википедия эсендә эҙләү" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Википедия эсендә эҙләү [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Махсус:Эҙләү"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Эҙләргә</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Шәхси ҡоралдар"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Уҡыу көйләүҙәре"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Измените внешний вид страницы, размер, ширину и цвет шрифта." > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Уҡыу көйләүҙәре" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Уҡыу көйләүҙәре</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=ba" class=""><span>Иғәнә</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%98%D2%AB%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B_%D1%8F%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%83&returnto=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82" title="Мотлаҡ булмаһа ла, иҫәп яҙмаһы төҙөргә һәм системала танылырға тәҡдим итәбеҙ" class=""><span>Теркәлеү</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83&returnto=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82" title="Бында теркәлеү үтергә була, әммә мотлаҡ түгел [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Танылыу</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Күберәк мөмкинлектәр" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Шәхси ҡоралдар" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Шәхси ҡоралдар</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Ҡатнашыусы менюһы" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=ba"><span>Иғәнә</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%98%D2%AB%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B_%D1%8F%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%83&returnto=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82" title="Мотлаҡ булмаһа ла, иҫәп яҙмаһы төҙөргә һәм системала танылырға тәҡдим итәбеҙ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Теркәлеү</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83&returnto=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82" title="Бында теркәлеү үтергә була, әммә мотлаҡ түгел [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Танылыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Танылмаған мөхәррирҙәр өсөн бит <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99" aria-label="Мөхәррирләү тураһында ентеклерәк"><span>Күберәк белергә</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D3%A8%D0%BB%D3%A9%D1%88%D3%A9%D0%BC" title="Был IP-адрестан яһалған төҙәтеүҙәр [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Өлөш</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D3%98%D2%A3%D0%B3%D3%99%D0%BC%D3%99_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="IP-адресығыҙ өсөн фекер алышыу бите [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Фекер алышыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eйәшерергә\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sitenotice\" lang=\"ba\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Йөкмәткеһе" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Йөкмәткеһе</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ҡабырға панеленә күсерергә</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">йәшерергә</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Башы</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Дәүләттәрҙең_исемдәре" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дәүләттәрҙең_исемдәре"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Дәүләттәрҙең исемдәре</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Дәүләттәрҙең_исемдәре-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Дәүләт_символдары" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дәүләт_символдары"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Дәүләт символдары</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Дәүләт_символдары-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Дәүләт символдары бүлеген күрһәтергә/йәшерергә</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Дәүләт_символдары-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Халыҡ-ара_хоҡуҡта_дәүләт_билдәләмәһе" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Халыҡ-ара_хоҡуҡта_дәүләт_билдәләмәһе"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Халыҡ-ара хоҡуҡта дәүләт билдәләмәһе</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Халыҡ-ара_хоҡуҡта_дәүләт_билдәләмәһе-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Дәүләттең_билдәһе" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дәүләттең_билдәһе"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Дәүләттең билдәһе</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Дәүләттең_билдәһе-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Дәүләттең билдәһе бүлеген күрһәтергә/йәшерергә</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Дәүләттең_билдәһе-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Фәндә_дәүләт_билдәләмәһе" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Фәндә_дәүләт_билдәләмәһе"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Фәндә дәүләт билдәләмәһе</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Фәндә_дәүләт_билдәләмәһе-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Платон_ҡарашы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Платон_ҡарашы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Платон ҡарашы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Платон_ҡарашы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Аристотель_ҡарашы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Аристотель_ҡарашы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Аристотель ҡарашы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Аристотель_ҡарашы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Гегель_ҡарашы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Гегель_ҡарашы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Гегель ҡарашы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Гегель_ҡарашы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Конфуций_ҡарашы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Конфуций_ҡарашы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Конфуций ҡарашы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Конфуций_ҡарашы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Аврелий_Августин_ҡарашы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Аврелий_Августин_ҡарашы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Аврелий Августин ҡарашы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Аврелий_Августин_ҡарашы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Георг_Пухта_(1789—1846)_ҡарашы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Георг_Пухта_(1789—1846)_ҡарашы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Георг Пухта (1789—1846) ҡарашы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Георг_Пухта_(1789—1846)_ҡарашы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Дәүләт_формалары" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дәүләт_формалары"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Дәүләт формалары</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Дәүләт_формалары-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Дәүләттең_барлыҡҡа_килеүе" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дәүләттең_барлыҡҡа_килеүе"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Дәүләттең барлыҡҡа килеүе</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Дәүләттең_барлыҡҡа_килеүе-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Дәүләт_үҫешенең_этаптары" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дәүләт_үҫешенең_этаптары"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Дәүләт үҫешенең этаптары</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Дәүләт_үҫешенең_этаптары-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Дәүләт_хеҙмәте" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дәүләт_хеҙмәте"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Дәүләт хеҙмәте</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Дәүләт_хеҙмәте-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Дәүләт хеҙмәте бүлеген күрһәтергә/йәшерергә</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Дәүләт_хеҙмәте-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Рәсәй_Федерацияһы_дәүләт_граждан_хеҙмәтенең_класс_дәрәжәләре" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Рәсәй_Федерацияһы_дәүләт_граждан_хеҙмәтенең_класс_дәрәжәләре"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Рәсәй Федерацияһы дәүләт граждан хеҙмәтенең класс дәрәжәләре</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Рәсәй_Федерацияһы_дәүләт_граждан_хеҙмәтенең_класс_дәрәжәләре-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Иҫкәрмәләр" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Иҫкәрмәләр"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Иҫкәрмәләр</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Иҫкәрмәләр-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Һылтанмалар" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Һылтанмалар"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Һылтанмалар</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Һылтанмалар-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Әҙәбиәт" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Әҙәбиәт"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Әҙәбиәт</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Әҙәбиәт-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Йөкмәткеһе" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Йөкмәткене күрһәтергә/йәшерергә" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Йөкмәткене күрһәтергә/йәшерергә</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Дәүләт</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Икенсе телдәге мәҡәләгә күсегеҙ. 179 телдә уҡырға була" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-179" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">179 тел</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat — африкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat — швейцарский немецкий" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарский немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AD_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9B%E1%89%B5" title="አገር ግዛት — амхарский" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አገር ግዛት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estau" title="Estau — арагонский" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estau" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9" title="دولة — арабский" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دولة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%AC%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܐܬܪܐ — арамейский" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܬܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="арамейский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9" title="دولة — Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="دولة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87" title="دوله — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دوله" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1u" title="Estáu — астурийский" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estáu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8A" title="Пачалихъ — аварский" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Пачалихъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="аварский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vl%C9%99t" title="Dövlət — азербайджанский" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövlət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="دؤولت — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دؤولت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoot" title="Stoot — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Stoot" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valst%C4%ABb%C4%97" title="Valstībė — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Valstībė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Дзяржава — белорусский" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзяржава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белорусский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Дзяржава — белорусский (тарашкевица)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дзяржава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="белорусский (тарашкевица)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri" title="Negeri — Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Negeri" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Държава — болгарский" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Държава" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagara" title="Nagara — Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Nagara" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="রাষ্ট্র — бенгальский" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাষ্ট্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stad" title="Stad — бретонский" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEava" title="Država — боснийский" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Država" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="боснийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Улас — бурятский" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="бурятский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_(pol%C3%ADtica)" title="Estat (política) — каталанский" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat (política)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Пачхьалкх — чеченский" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пачхьалкх" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="чеченский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado — себуано" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="себуано" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%9A%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏍᎦᏚᎩ — чероки" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏍᎦᏚᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="чероки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%88%DA%B5%DB%95%D8%AA" title="دەوڵەت — центральнокурдский" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەوڵەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="центральнокурдский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statu" title="Statu — корсиканский" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Statu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="корсиканский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1t" title="Stát — чешский" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stw%C3%B2" title="Państwò — кашубский" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Państwò" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="кашубский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Патшалăх — чувашский" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Патшалăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwladwriaeth" title="Gwladwriaeth — валлийский" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwladwriaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валлийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat — датский" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat — немецкий" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewlete" title="Dewlete — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Dewlete" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat — нижнелужицкий" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="нижнелужицкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κράτος — греческий" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κράτος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="греческий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity) — английский" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="State (polity)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ctato" title="Ŝtato — эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝtato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado — испанский" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riik" title="Riik — эстонский" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatu" title="Estatu — баскский" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estau" title="Estau — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Estau" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="دولت — персидский" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دولت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персидский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leydi" title="Leydi — фулах" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Leydi" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="фулах" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtio" title="Valtio — финский" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valtio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riik" title="Riik — выруский" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Riik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="выруский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat" title="État — французский" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoot" title="Stoot — северный фризский" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stoot" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="северный фризский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A2t" title="Stât — фриульский" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Stât" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="фриульский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steat" title="Steat — западнофризский" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Steat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западнофризский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1t_(polait%C3%AD)" title="Stát (polaití) — ирландский" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stát (polaití)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ta" title="Léta — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Léta" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado — галисийский" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet%C3%A3" title="Tetã — гуарани" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tetã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="гуарани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaha" title="Jaha — хауса" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jaha" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="хауса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moku%CA%BB%C4%81ina" title="Mokuʻāina — гавайский" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Mokuʻāina" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="гавайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מדינה — иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="राज्य — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/State" title="State — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="State" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEava" title="Država — хорватский" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Država" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat — верхнелужицкий" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="верхнелужицкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta" title="Eta — гаитянский" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Eta" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаитянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81llam" title="Állam — венгерский" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Állam" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պետություն — армянский" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato — интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_(pemerintahan)" title="Negara (pemerintahan) — индонезийский" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negara (pemerintahan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado — илоко" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="илоко" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B5" title="Паччахьалкхе — ингушский" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Паччахьалкхе" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ингушский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato — идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADki" title="Ríki — исландский" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ríki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato — итальянский" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="国家 — японский" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国家" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagara" title="Nagara — яванский" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nagara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="яванский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="სახელმწიფო — грузинский" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სახელმწიფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1mleket" title="Mámleket — каракалпакский" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mámleket" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="каракалпакский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awanak" title="Awanak — кабильский" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Awanak" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабильский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Къэрал — кабардинский" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къэрал" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="кабардинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewiya%C9%A3_%C9%9Bja%C9%96%C9%9B" title="Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ — Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мемлекет — казахский" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мемлекет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B" title="រដ្ឋ — кхмерский" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រដ្ឋ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="кхмерский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80" title="국가 — корейский" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Канму — коми-пермяцкий" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Канму" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="коми-пермяцкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кърал — карачаево-балкарский" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Кърал" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="карачаево-балкарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewlet" title="Dewlet — курдский" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dewlet" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="курдский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Канму — коми" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Канму" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="коми" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat — корнский" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="корнский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мамлекет — киргизский" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мамлекет" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргизский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitas" title="Civitas — латинский" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Civitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat — люксембургский" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staot" title="Staot — лимбургский" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Staot" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбургский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato — Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat — Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat — Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%A1" title="Letá — лингала" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Letá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="лингала" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ລັດ — лаосский" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаосский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valstyb%C4%97" title="Valstybė — литовский" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valstybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsts" title="Valsts — латышский" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara" title="Negara — Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Negara" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Кирдемасторсь — мокшанский" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кирдемасторсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="мокшанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanjakana" title="Fanjakana — малагасийский" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanjakana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малагасийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Кугыжаныш — луговомарийский" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кугыжаныш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="луговомарийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Држава — македонский" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Држава" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="രാഷ്ട്രം — малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാഷ്ട്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Улс — монгольский" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монгольский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="राज्य — маратхи" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_(politik)" title="Negara (politik) — малайский" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Negara (politik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stado" title="Stado — мирандский" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Stado" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="мирандский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Кирдимастор — эрзянский" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кирдимастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="эрзянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato — неаполитанский" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="неаполитанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat — нижненемецкий" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="нижненемецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staot" title="Staot — нижнесаксонский" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Staot" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="нижнесаксонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="राज्य — неварский" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="неварский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat_(politiek)" title="Staat (politiek) — нидерландский" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Staat (politiek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat — нюнорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нюнорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat — норвежский букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежский букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat" title="État — Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="État" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat" title="Estat — окситанский" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Паддзахад — осетинский" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Паддзахад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="осетинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C_(%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7)" title="ਰਾਜ (ਰਾਜ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ) — панджаби" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਜ (ਰਾਜ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="панджаби" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_(politica)" title="Estado (politica) — папьяменто" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Estado (politica)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="папьяменто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat" title="Staat — Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Staat" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo" title="Państwo — польский" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Państwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="ریاست — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریاست" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κράτος — понтийский" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Κράτος" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="понтийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="دولت — пушту" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دولت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пушту" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado — португальский" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_llaqta" title="Mama llaqta — кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mama llaqta" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadi" title="Stadi — романшский" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Stadi" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="романшский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato — влашский цыганский" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="влашский цыганский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat — румынский" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statu" title="Statu — арумынский" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Statu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="арумынский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Государство — русский" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Государство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="русский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Штат — русинский" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Штат" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="русинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB" title="Ил — саха" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ил" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="саха" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istadu" title="Istadu — сардинский" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Istadu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="сардинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statu" title="Statu — сицилийский" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Statu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сицилийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="رياست — синдхи" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رياست" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEava" title="Država — сербскохорватский" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Država" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскохорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA_(%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA)" title="රාජ්‍යය (ආණ්ඩුක්‍රමය) — сингальский" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රාජ්‍යය (ආණ්ඩුක්‍රමය)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сингальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/State" title="State — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="State" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0t%C3%A1t" title="Štát — словацкий" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словацкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEava" title="Država — словенский" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Država" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat%C3%A2" title="Staatâ — инари-саамский" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Staatâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="инари-саамский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowlad" title="Dowlad — сомали" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dowlad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="сомали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shteti" title="Shteti — албанский" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Држава — сербский" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Држава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagara" title="Nagara — сунданский" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Nagara" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сунданский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat" title="Stat — шведский" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dola" title="Dola — суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dola" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo" title="Państwo — силезский" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Państwo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="силезский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="அரசு — тамильский" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамильский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Давлат — таджикский" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Давлат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таджикский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="รัฐ — тайский" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado — тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantri" title="Kantri — ток-писин" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Kantri" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="ток-писин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devlet" title="Devlet — турецкий" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Devlet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiko" title="Tiko — тсонга" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Tiko" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="тсонга" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82" title="Дәүләт — татарский" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дәүләт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Кун — удмуртский" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кун" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="удмуртский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Держава — украинский" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Держава" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="ریاست — урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریاست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davlat" title="Davlat — узбекский" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Davlat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato" title="Stato — Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Stato" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdkund" title="Valdkund — вепсский" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Valdkund" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="вепсский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Nhà nước — вьетнамский" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнамский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado" title="Estado — варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Estado" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ew" title="Réew — волоф" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Réew" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="волоф" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%88%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%EF%BC%89" title="国（政治） — у" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="国（政治）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="у" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AC%E1%83%B7%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="სახენწჷფო — мегрельский" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სახენწჷფო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="мегрельский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מדינה — идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מדינה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land" title="Land — Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Land" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%BD" title="ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ — тамазигхтский" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="тамазигхтский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AF%A6%E9%AB%94)" title="國 (政治實體) — китайский" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="國 (政治實體)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B" title="國 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang-kok" title="Pang-kok — миньнань" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pang-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="миньнань" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B" title="國 — кантонский" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7275#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Башҡа 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">йәшерергә</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Википедия — ирекле энциклопедия мәғлүмәте</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ba" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1278674">.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка{width:23em}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-above{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);font-weight:bold;font-size:120%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-original,.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-image{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-label{width:9em;background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);text-align:left;padding-left:.4em;padding-right:.4em}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-split{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-below{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-error{background:var(--background-color-destructive-subtle,#ffe9e5);border:1px solid var(--border-color-error,#9f3526);text-align:center}</style> <table cellspacing="2" class="infobox ts-Универсальная_карточка"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-above ts-Универсальная_карточка-above">Дәүләт</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ts-Универсальная_карточка-image"><span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q7275$4D217E93-A026-4437-A016-5EBB0DDBD81E" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P18"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Рәсем" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg/251px-Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg/376px-Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg/501px-Leviathan_frontispiece_cropped_British_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1930" data-file-height="3078" /></a></span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><th class="infobox-label ts-Универсальная_карточка-label">Кем хөрмәтенә аталған</th><td class="infobox-text"> <span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q7275$6de11832-4036-5293-31ef-e404f56c1365" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P138"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0&action=edit&editintro=T:Нет_статьи/editintro&preload=T:Нет_статьи/preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Q461585&preloadparams%5B%5D=%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0&preloadparams%5B%5D=Универсальная+карточка"><span style="color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333); text-decoration:inherit; text-decoration-color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">держава</span></a></span><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461585" class="extiw" title="d:Q461585">[d]</a></sup></span></span></td></tr> <tr><th class="infobox-label ts-Универсальная_карточка-label">Милке</th><td class="infobox-text"> <span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q7275$136F04AC-9CEE-4EB3-9762-054790E8E589" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P1830"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82+%D2%A1%D0%B0%D2%99%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B&action=edit&editintro=T:Нет_статьи/editintro&preload=T:Нет_статьи/preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Q11953074&preloadparams%5B%5D=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82+%D2%A1%D0%B0%D2%99%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B&preloadparams%5B%5D=Универсальная+карточка"><span style="color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333); text-decoration:inherit; text-decoration-color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">Дәүләт ҡаҙнаһы</span></a></span><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11953074" class="extiw" title="d:Q11953074">[d]</a></sup></span></span> һәм <span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q7275$89ED6099-2AB5-4D49-BC29-9D16C1CE0160" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P1830"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%B4%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B5&action=edit&editintro=T:Нет_статьи/editintro&preload=T:Нет_статьи/preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Q2396633&preloadparams%5B%5D=%D0%B4%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B5&preloadparams%5B%5D=Универсальная+карточка"><span style="color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333); text-decoration:inherit; text-decoration-color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">дәүләт милке</span></a></span><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2396633" class="extiw" title="d:Q2396633">[d]</a></sup></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below ts-Универсальная_карточка-below"><span data-wikidata-claim-id="q7275$932465FA-E5D7-4863-9428-FBC0C929EC0A" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P373"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:States" title="commons:Category:States"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:States">Дәүләт Викимилектә</a></span></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="dablink noprint">Был терминдың башҡа мәғәнәләре лә бар, ҡарағыҙ: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%93%D3%99%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дәүләт (мәғәнәләр) (был бит юҡ)">Дәүләт (мәғәнәләр)</a>.</div> <p><b>Дәүләт</b> — бер географик өлкәлә йәшәүсе <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Халыҡ">халыҡтың</a> сәйәси берләшмәһе. Беренсе боронғо дәүләттәр <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Яҡын Көнсығыш">Яҡын Көнсығышта</a> барлыҡҡа килә. Дәүләттең үҙ <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82" title="Хөкүмәт">хөкүмәте</a>, халҡы һәм <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88_%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Баш ҡала">баш ҡалаһы</a> була. </p><p>Дәүләт — сәйәси институттар берлеге, уның төп маҡсаты йәмғиәттә берҙәмлекте һаҡлау. Хәҙерге капиталистик дәүләттәрҙә дәүләттен маҡсаттары ошондай тип әйтелә: </p> <ul><li>кешенең фән, ижад, шәхси, иҡтисад именлеген һаҡлау</li> <li>кешеләрҙен дөйөм булған рухи һәм материаль байлыҡтарын һаҡлау (азатлыҡ, медицина, мәғариф, юлдар, экология һәм башҡа)</li> <li>төп шарты: демократия, хакимлыҡ алған кешеләрҙе һайлау</li></ul> <p>Хәҙерге ваҡытта донъяла 200 яҡын дәүләт бар. Антарктидала дәүләт юҡ. Община (ябай йәмғиәт) менән сағыштырғанда дәүләттә идара иткән социаль класс бар (чиновниктар). Общинала идара итеүгә һәр индивидтың хоҡуғы бар<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Дәүләттәрҙең_исемдәре"><span id=".D0.94.D3.99.D2.AF.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.82.D1.82.D3.99.D1.80.D2.99.D0.B5.D2.A3_.D0.B8.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.B4.D3.99.D1.80.D0.B5"></span>Дәүләттәрҙең исемдәре</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Дәүләттәрҙең исемдәре бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&action=edit&section=1" title="Дәүләттәрҙең исемдәре бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Күпселек дәүләттәрҙең ике исеме бар: тулы (рәсми, протокол) һәм ҡыҫҡа (географик)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, ҡайһы бер осраҡтарҙа тулы һәм ҡыҫҡа атамалар бер төрлө була (мәҫәлән, «Берләшкән Ғәрәп Әмирлектәре», «Босния һәм Герцеговина», «Венгрия», «Грузия»). </p><p>Тулы исеме (мәҫәлән, <i>Чех Республикаһы</i>, <i>Бөйөк Люксембург герцоглығы</i>, <i>Бөйөк Британия</i> һәм Т<i>өньяҡ Ирландияның Берләшкән Короллеге</i>) дәүләтте юридик шәхес (хоҡуҡ субъекты) тип атағанда, мәҫәлән, договорҙарҙа, закондарҙа, башҡа рәсми документтарҙа ҡулланыла, әммә хатта бындай осраҡтарҙа ла дәүләттең ҡыҫҡаса формаһы бирелә. Ҡыҫҡаса исем (<i>Чехия</i>, <i>Люксембург</i>, <i>Берләшкән короллек</i>) дәүләт географик йә иҡтисади яҡтан телгә алынғанда ҡулланыла (йәғни 'Францияла эшләүсе', 'Грециянан экспорт…')<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Дәүләт_символдары"><span id=".D0.94.D3.99.D2.AF.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.82_.D1.81.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.B2.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B4.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.8B"></span>Дәүләт символдары</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Дәүләт символдары бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&action=edit&section=2" title="Дәүләт символдары бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>дәүләт <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Флаг">флагы</a></li> <li>дәүләт <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1" title="Герб">гербы</a></li> <li>дәүләт <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD" title="Гимн">гимны</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Халыҡ-ара_хоҡуҡта_дәүләт_билдәләмәһе"><span id=".D0.A5.D0.B0.D0.BB.D1.8B.D2.A1-.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0_.D1.85.D0.BE.D2.A1.D1.83.D2.A1.D1.82.D0.B0_.D0.B4.D3.99.D2.AF.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.82_.D0.B1.D0.B8.D0.BB.D0.B4.D3.99.D0.BB.D3.99.D0.BC.D3.99.D2.BB.D0.B5"></span>Халыҡ-ара хоҡуҡта дәүләт билдәләмәһе</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Халыҡ-ара хоҡуҡта дәүләт билдәләмәһе бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&action=edit&section=3" title="Халыҡ-ара хоҡуҡта дәүләт билдәләмәһе бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Иң эре халыҡ-ара Берҙәм Милләттәр Ойошмаһының территория дәүләт булыуын йәки булмауын фиксациялау хоҡуғы юҡ. Яңы дәүләтте танырға дәүләт мәжбүр. 1993 йылда <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Конвенция Монтевидео (был бит юҡ)">Конвенция Монтевидео</a> дәүләттен билдәләмәһен бирҙе. Ошо документ буйынса дәүләттен 4 билдәһебулырға тейеш (территория, кеше, хөкүмәт, башҡа дәүләттәр менән бәйләнештәр төҙөү һәләте). <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Дәүләттең_билдәһе"><span id=".D0.94.D3.99.D2.AF.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.82.D1.82.D0.B5.D2.A3_.D0.B1.D0.B8.D0.BB.D0.B4.D3.99.D2.BB.D0.B5"></span>Дәүләттең билдәһе</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Дәүләттең билдәһе бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&action=edit&section=4" title="Дәүләттең билдәһе бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Дәүләт — закондарға һәм традицияларға таянып, үҙ ағзалары араһында тәртип мөнәсәбәттәрен тәьмин итеүсе социаль институт. Уны башҡа социаль институттарҙан айырып торған бер нисә билдә бар. </p> <ul><li>Территориаль нигеҙҙә халыҡтың бүленеше һәм ойошторолоуы</li> <li>Суверенитет, йәғни дәүләт территорияһында башҡа дәүләттәргә бойондороҡһоҙ берҙәм власть булыуы. Суверенитет властың халыҡҡа асыҡ характерын, халыҡҡа хеҙмәт иткәнен билдәләй. (Монтевидео конвенцияһында билдәләнмәгән.)</li> <li>Дәүләт менән идара итеү буйынса махсуслашҡан, шулай уҡ дәүләт ҡарарҙарын үтәүҙе тәьмин итеү йүнәлешендә эшләгән кешеләр төркөмө (шул иҫәптән армия, полиция, төрмә) барлығы.</li> <li>Дәүләт, дәүләт аппаратын да индереп, үҙ ғәмәлдәрен тормошҡа ашырғанда, <a href="/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Һалым">һалым</a>, пошлина һәм башҡа йыйымдарҙан килгән аҡсаны тотона.</li> <li>Дәүләт үҙенең бөтә территорияһында башҡарылыу мотлаҡ булған закондар һәм башҡа норматив хоҡуҡи акттарҙы ҡабул итеү буйынса ғәҙәттән тыш хоҡуҡҡа эйә.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Фәндә_дәүләт_билдәләмәһе"><span id=".D0.A4.D3.99.D0.BD.D0.B4.D3.99_.D0.B4.D3.99.D2.AF.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.82_.D0.B1.D0.B8.D0.BB.D0.B4.D3.99.D0.BB.D3.99.D0.BC.D3.99.D2.BB.D0.B5"></span>Фәндә дәүләт билдәләмәһе</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Фәндә дәүләт билдәләмәһе бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&action=edit&section=5" title="Фәндә дәүләт билдәләмәһе бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Лазарев Валерий Васильевич дәүләтте ошолой тип билдәләй: дәүләт — сәйәси хакимлыҡты ойоштороусы, идара итеүсе синыфтың йәки бөтә халыҡтың хыялдарын тормошҡа ашырыусы махсус аппарат<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Платон_ҡарашы"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.BD_.D2.A1.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.88.D1.8B"></span>Платон ҡарашы</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Платон ҡарашы бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&action=edit&section=6" title="Платон ҡарашы бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="dablink noprint">Төп мәҡәлә: <b><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82_(%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Дәүләт (Платон)">Дәүләт (Платон)</a></b> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон">Платон</a> дәүләттең килеп сығыуы тураһында ла иғтибарға лайыҡ фекер күтәрә. Дәүләттең ойошоу сәбәбе — ихтыяж. Платон дәүләт менән идара итеүҙең өс формаһын атай: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Монархия">монархия</a>, аристократия һәм <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демократия">демократия</a>. Ошо өс форманың һәр ҡайһының эсендә ул икешәр вариантты — барлығы алты вариантты күрә. Мәҫәлән, монархия ул — бер кешенең хакимлығы. Ошо форманың бер варианты — законлы монархия (батша), икенсе варианты — көсләү ысуллы монархия (тиран). Аристократия иһә — бер нисә (бер төркөм) кешенең хакимлығы. Уның варианттары: яҡшы кешеләрҙең һәм насар кешеләрҙең (олигархия) хакимлығы. Демократия — күптәрҙең хакимлығы. <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демократия">Демократия</a> — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Закон (был бит юҡ)">законда</a> нигеҙләнгән формаларҙан иң насар. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Аристотель_ҡарашы"><span id=".D0.90.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BB.D1.8C_.D2.A1.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.88.D1.8B"></span>Аристотель ҡарашы</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Аристотель ҡарашы бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&action=edit&section=7" title="Аристотель ҡарашы бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель">Аристотель</a> буйынса дәүләт <a href="/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%99" title="Ғаилә">ғаиләләр</a>, ырыуҙар араһында имен тормошҡа ынтылыш нигеҙендә төҙөлә. Ул үҙенең «Сәйәсәт» тигән трактатында йәмғиәт һәм дәүләт менән идара итеү хаҡындағы ҡараштарын яҙа. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Гегель_ҡарашы"><span id=".D0.93.D0.B5.D0.B3.D0.B5.D0.BB.D1.8C_.D2.A1.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.88.D1.8B"></span>Гегель ҡарашы</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Гегель ҡарашы бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&action=edit&section=8" title="Гегель ҡарашы бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D2%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Георг Вильһельм Фридрих Гегель (был бит юҡ)">Гегель</a> буйынса дәүләт — объектив Рухтың иң юғары күренеше. Бер кешенең азатлығы бөтә кешеләр берҙәмлектә, был дәүләт — абсолют үҙмаҡсат (Selbstzweck). Милли дәүләттәрҙә халыҡ Рухы (Volksgeister) тормошҡа ашырыла. Уларҙын тарихи яҙмышта Рухты диалектик ҡәүете эшләй. Ул алмаштырып үҙ аңлау азатлыҡҡа килә. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Конфуций_ҡарашы"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BE.D0.BD.D1.84.D1.83.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B9_.D2.A1.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.88.D1.8B"></span>Конфуций ҡарашы</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Конфуций ҡарашы бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&action=edit&section=9" title="Конфуций ҡарашы бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Конфуций">Конфуций</a> дәүләт — ҙур ғаилә, тип иҫәпләй. Ил башлығының маҡсаты — халыҡты ашатыу һәм өйрәтеү. Байҙарға һәм ярлыларға бүленеү насар түгел. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Аврелий_Августин_ҡарашы"><span id=".D0.90.D0.B2.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.B9_.D0.90.D0.B2.D0.B3.D1.83.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BD_.D2.A1.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.88.D1.8B"></span>Аврелий Августин ҡарашы</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Аврелий Августин ҡарашы бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&action=edit&section=10" title="Аврелий Августин ҡарашы бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Аврелий Августин">Аврелий Августин</a> буйынса дәүләт — кешеләргә беренсе гонаһ эшләү өсөн яза, дәүләт эсендә бер кешеләр икенселәренә буйһона. Дәүләт бәхет өсөн түгел, ә кешеләр тормош кисереү өсөн кәрәк. Ғәҙел дәүләт — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Христианлыҡ">христиан</a> дәүләт. Августин Аврелий буйынса донъяуи дәүләт — гонаһ иле, уның прототибы — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим">Рим</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Георг_Пухта_(1789—1846)_ҡарашы"><span id=".D0.93.D0.B5.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B3_.D0.9F.D1.83.D1.85.D1.82.D0.B0_.281789.E2.80.941846.29_.D2.A1.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.88.D1.8B"></span>Георг Пухта (1789—1846) ҡарашы</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Георг Пухта (1789—1846) ҡарашы бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&action=edit&section=11" title="Георг Пухта (1789—1846) ҡарашы бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Георг Пухта (1789—1846) буйынса дәүләт халыҡ рухы менән төҙөлә. Георг Пухта монархияға нигеҙләнгән дәүләт төҙөлөшөн яҡлай. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Дәүләт_формалары"><span id=".D0.94.D3.99.D2.AF.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.82_.D1.84.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.8B"></span>Дәүләт формалары</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Дәүләт формалары бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&action=edit&section=12" title="Дәүләт формалары бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Дәүләт формаһы — структура, дәүләттең эске ҡоролошоноң билдәле бер моделе, шул иҫәптән уның дәүләт ҡоролошо, принциптары, дәүләт власы органдарының формалашыу һәм үҙ-ара эш итеү ысулдары, шулай уҡ айырым дәүләт сәйәсәтен тормошҡа ашырыуҙы тәьмин итеүсе сәйәси режим<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Дәүләт формаларын классификациялауҙың түбәндәге төп параметрҙары бар<sup id="cite_ref-брэ_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-брэ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <ul><li><b>Дәүләт власы формаһы</b> — дәүләт власы органдарын ойоштороу системаһы, уларҙың үҙ-ара һәм халыҡ менән мөнәсәбәттәре; төп миҫалдар — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Монархия">монархия</a> һәм <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Республика">республика</a>.</li> <li><b>Дәүләт ҡоролошо формаһы</b> — дәүләттең территориаль ҡоролошо системаһы, уның өлөштәренең бер-береһе менән үҙ-ара бәйләнеше; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82" title="Унитар дәүләт">унитар дәүләт</a> һәм <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Федерализм">федерация</a> төп миҫал булып тора.</li> <li><b>Сәйәси режим</b> — дәүләт власын тормошҡа ашырыу ысулы; миҫалдар: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демократия">демократия</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Олигархия (был бит юҡ)">олигархия</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Авторитаризм (был бит юҡ)">авторитаризм</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тоталитаризм (был бит юҡ)">тоталитаризм</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Дәүләттең_барлыҡҡа_килеүе"><span id=".D0.94.D3.99.D2.AF.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.82.D1.82.D0.B5.D2.A3_.D0.B1.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.BB.D1.8B.D2.A1.D2.A1.D0.B0_.D0.BA.D0.B8.D0.BB.D0.B5.D2.AF.D0.B5"></span>Дәүләттең барлыҡҡа килеүе</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Дәүләттең барлыҡҡа килеүе бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&action=edit&section=13" title="Дәүләттең барлыҡҡа килеүе бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Власть учреждениеларының формалары һәм, дөйөм алғанда, мотлаҡ тәртип нормалары тәү башлап йәмғиәт үҫешенең тәүтормош стадияһында барлыҡҡа килә. Был осорға сәйәси властың һәм дәүләт институттарының булмауы хас. Социаль нормалар был осорҙа ғөрөф-ғәҙәттәр, йолалар, йолалар һәм тыйыу характерына эйә. </p><p>Боронғо көнсығыш дәүләттәре (хәҙерге <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A1" title="Ираҡ">Ираҡ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Мысыр">Мысыр</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Һиндостан">Һиндостан</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҡытай">Ҡытай</a> территорияһында) хәҙерге заман мәғәнәһендә иң боронғо билдәле дәүләттәр булып тора. Дәүләттәрҙең барлыҡҡа килеү сәбәптәре тураһында бер ниндәй ҙә консенсус юҡ: социаль договор теорияһы һәм материалистик теория кеүек бер нисә теория бар, әммә уларҙың береһе лә һуңғы хәҡиҡәт була алмай. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Дәүләт_үҫешенең_этаптары"><span id=".D0.94.D3.99.D2.AF.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.82_.D2.AF.D2.AB.D0.B5.D1.88.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B5.D2.A3_.D1.8D.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BF.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.8B"></span>Дәүләт үҫешенең этаптары</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Дәүләт үҫешенең этаптары бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&action=edit&section=14" title="Дәүләт үҫешенең этаптары бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Дәүләт үҫешенең өс төп этабы бар<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <ul><li>иртә дәүләт ойоштороу һәм социаль яҡтан тулы түгел. Франктар дәүләте, нормандарға тиклемге Англия, Киев Русе, боронғо полистар иртә дәүләттәргә миҫал булып тора. Иртә дәүләт концепцияһын голланд сәйәси антропологы Х. Я.M. Классен һәм уның авторҙаштары эшләй.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;</li> <li>үҫешкән дәүләт — ҡатлам-корпоратив дәүләт, власты мотлаҡ үҙәкләштереү, уның бөтә учреждениеларының юғары үҫеше менән ҡылыҡһырлана. Тәүге үҫешкән дәүләттәр Мысырҙа, Месопотамияла һәм Ҡытайҙа барлыҡҡа килә;</li> <li>Өлгөрөп еткән дәүләт, синыфтары, милләттәре, милләтселеге булған сәнәғәт йәмғиәтен кәүҙәләндергән иң үҫешкән структура — капитализм үҫеше һәм сәнәғәт революцияһы һөҙөмтәһе, йәғни бөтөнләй икенсе етештереү нигеҙенә эйә; өлгөрөп еткән дәүләттәрҙең айырмалы үҙенсәлеге булып уларҙың дөйөм милли мәҙәниәтле милләткә (милләттәргә) таяныуы тора. Тәүге үҫешкән илдәр XVII—XVIII быуаттарҙа <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Англия">Англия</a> һәм <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция">Франция</a> һәм бер ни тиклем һуңыраҡ <a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҡытай">Ҡытай</a> тип таныла.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Дәүләт_хеҙмәте"><span id=".D0.94.D3.99.D2.AF.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.82_.D1.85.D0.B5.D2.99.D0.BC.D3.99.D1.82.D0.B5"></span>Дәүләт хеҙмәте</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Дәүләт хеҙмәте бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&action=edit&section=15" title="Дәүләт хеҙмәте бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Рәсәйҙә дәүләт хеҙмәте 58-се һанлы «Рәсәй Федерацияһы дәүләт хеҙмәте системаһы тураһында» федераль закон буйынса көйләнә. Һәр чиновник <b>Класс дәрәжәһе</b> буйынса айырыла. <b>Класс дәрәжәһе</b> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Рәсәй Федерацияһы">Рәсәй Федерацияһында</a> федераль, региональ дәүләт хеҙмәткәренең квалификация күрһәткесе. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Рәсәй_Федерацияһы_дәүләт_граждан_хеҙмәтенең_класс_дәрәжәләре"><span id=".D0.A0.D3.99.D1.81.D3.99.D0.B9_.D0.A4.D0.B5.D0.B4.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F.D2.BB.D1.8B_.D0.B4.D3.99.D2.AF.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.82_.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B6.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.BD_.D1.85.D0.B5.D2.99.D0.BC.D3.99.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B5.D2.A3_.D0.BA.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.81_.D0.B4.D3.99.D1.80.D3.99.D0.B6.D3.99.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.80.D0.B5"></span>Рәсәй Федерацияһы дәүләт граждан хеҙмәтенең класс дәрәжәләре</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Рәсәй Федерацияһы дәүләт граждан хеҙмәтенең класс дәрәжәләре бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&action=edit&section=16" title="Рәсәй Федерацияһы дәүләт граждан хеҙмәтенең класс дәрәжәләре бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Юғары тѳркѳмө: </p> <ul><li>Рәсәй Федерацияһының 1 класлы ғәмәлдәге (мөхбир) дәүләт кәңәшсеһе</li> <li>Рәсәй Федерацияһының 2 класлы ғәмәлдәге (мөхбир) дәүләт кәңәшсеһе</li> <li>Рәсәй Федерацияһының 3 класлы ғәмәлдәге (мөхбир) дәүләт кәңәшсеһе</li></ul> <p>Баш тѳркѳмө: </p> <ul><li>Рәсәй Федерацияһының 1 класлы дәүләт кәңәшсеһе</li> <li>Рәсәй Федерацияһының 2 класлы дәүләт кәңәшсеһе</li> <li>Рәсәй Федерацияһының 3 класлы дәүләт кәңәшсеһе</li></ul> <p>Башҡарыусы тѳркѳмө: </p> <ul><li>Рәсәй Федерацияһының 1 класлы кәңәшсеһе</li> <li>Рәсәй Федерацияһының 2 класлы кәңәшсеһе</li> <li>Рәсәй Федерацияһының 3 класлы кәңәшсеһе</li></ul> <p>Баш тѳркѳмө: </p> <ul><li>Рәсәй Федерацияһының 1 класлы референты</li> <li>Рәсәй Федерацияһының 2 класлы референты</li> <li>Рәсәй Федерацияһының 3 класлы референты</li></ul> <p>Кесе тѳркѳмө: </p> <ul><li>Рәсәй Федерацияһының 1 класлы кәтибе</li> <li>Рәсәй Федерацияһының 2 класлы кәтибе</li> <li>Рәсәй Федерацияһының 3 класлы кәтибе</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Иҫкәрмәләр"><span id=".D0.98.D2.AB.D0.BA.D3.99.D1.80.D0.BC.D3.99.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.80"></span>Иҫкәрмәләр</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Иҫкәрмәләр бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&action=edit&section=17" title="Иҫкәрмәләр бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Пиголкин А. С., Головистикова А. Н., Дмитриев Ю. А., Саидов А. Х. <i>Теория государства и права: учебник</i> под редакцией А. С. Пиголкина. — Москва: Юрайт-Издат, 2005. — С. 61-63. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/5948791459" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-94879-145-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm">List of Countries, Territories and Currencies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/geonames/">UNGEGN World Geographical Names</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/iso3list/en/">Country codes/names</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-370100.htm">Countries: Designations and abbreviations to use</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/russian/question/faq/fs2.htm">Каким образом новое государство или правительство добиваются признания со стороны Организации Объединённых Наций? Каким образом та или иная страна вступает в ООН в качестве государства-члена?</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> 2012 йыл 13 сентябрь <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20120913170722/www.un.org/russian/question/faq/fs2.htm">архивланған</a>.</span></small> Неофициальный документ ООН для информации.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Общая теория права и государства: Учебник. Под ред. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Лазарев, Валерий Васильевич (был бит юҡ)">Лазарева В. В.</a>. — М.,1994. — С.23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Теория государства и права / Под ред. Пиголкина А. С. — Изд-во: Городец, 2003. — С. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-брэ-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-брэ_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="ba" dir="ltr">Өҙөмтә хатаһы: <code><ref></code> тамғаһы дөрөҫ түгел; <code>брэ</code> төшөрмәләре өсөн текст юҡ</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9B._%D0%95.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гринин, Л. Е. (был бит юҡ)">Гринин, Л. Е.</a> Государство и исторический процесс. Эпоха формирования государства: общий контекст социальной эволюции при образовании государства. — М.: Комкнига, 2007. — 272 с.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9B._%D0%95.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гринин, Л. Е. (был бит юҡ)">Гринин, Л. Е.</a> Государство и исторический процесс. Эволюция государственности: от раннего государства к зрелому. — М.: Комкнига, 2007. — 368 с.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9B._%D0%95.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гринин, Л. Е. (был бит юҡ)">Гринин, Л. Е.</a> Государство и исторический процесс. Политический срез исторического процесса. — М.: Комкнига, 2007. — 240 с.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Claessen, H. J. M., Hagesteijn, R. R., and van de Velde, P. 2008. The Early State Today. Social Evolution & History 7(1)</span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Һылтанмалар"><span id=".D2.BA.D1.8B.D0.BB.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.80"></span>Һылтанмалар</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Һылтанмалар бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&action=edit&section=18" title="Һылтанмалар бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="metadata plainlinks navigation-box ruwikiWikimediaNavigation" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; clear:right; border:solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1) 1px; background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:inherit; padding:1ex; font-size:90%; float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ba.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="wikt:государство"><img alt="wikt:" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wiktionary-logo-ru.png/20px-Wiktionary-logo-ru.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wiktionary-logo-ru.png/30px-Wiktionary-logo-ru.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wiktionary-logo-ru.png/40px-Wiktionary-logo-ru.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="135" /></a></span> </th> <td><span class="wikidict-ref"><a href="https://ba.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:государство">Государство</a></span> Викиһүҙлектә </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ba.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="q:Государство"><img alt="q:" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/30px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> </th> <td><span class="wikiquote-ref"><a href="https://ba.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="q:Государство">Государство</a></span> Викиөҙөмтәлә </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ba.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="s:Государство"><img alt="s:" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> </th> <td><span class="wikisource-ref"><a href="https://ba.wikisource.org/wiki/ba:%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="s:ba:Государство">Государство</a></span> Викикитапханала </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:States" title="commons:Category:States"><img alt="commons:" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </th> <td><span class="wikicommons-ref"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:States?uselang=ru">Государство</a></span> Викимилектә </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Виттфогель, Карл Август (был бит юҡ)">Виттфогель К.</a></i> «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samlib.ru/s/strahow_a_a/wittfogel-oriental-despotism.shtml">Деспотизм Востока. 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А.</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B94jiYiyxxDHUmstTklmUWQzZk0/view">Государство и его роль в истории</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ленин, Владимир Ильич (был бит юҡ)">Ленин В. И.</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/russkij/lenin/works/lenin007.htm">Государство и революция</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cliodynamics.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=72&Itemid=1&mosmsg=%D3%F1%EF%E5%F8%ED%EE+%F1%EE%F5%F0%E0%ED%B8%ED%21">Логика эволюции политической организации государств</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophicalclub.ru/content/docs/fp/fp.html"><i>Философия права в начале 21-го столетия через призму конституционализма и конституционной экономики</i></a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> 2011 йыл 20 июль <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720165045/http://philosophicalclub.ru/content/docs/fp/fp.html">архивланған</a>.</span></small> // Московско-Петербургский философский клуб</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Навигационный шаблон" data-name="External links"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><div style="padding: 0px 18px 0px 0px; 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cursor: help;">NKC</span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ge131523">ge131523</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph126176">ph126176</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BF:%D0%A2%D0%93%D0%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ҡалып:ТГП (был бит юҡ)">Ҡалып:ТГП</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Әҙәбиәт"><span id=".D3.98.D2.99.D3.99.D0.B1.D0.B8.D3.99.D1.82"></span>Әҙәбиәт</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Әҙәбиәт бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82&action=edit&section=19" title="Әҙәбиәт бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation"><i>П. Д. Баренбойм, А. В. Захаров</i> Пакт Рериха как этап внедрения в жизнь эстетической концепции правового государства Николая Рериха // <i>Журнал зарубежного законодательства и сравнительного правоведения</i>. — 2010. — № 2.</span></li> <li><i>Власов В. И.</i> Теория государства и права: учебник для высших юридических учебных заведений и факультетов. — Ростов-на-Дону: Феникс, 2002. — С. 70-75. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/5222024342" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-222-02434-2</a>.</li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гринин, Леонид Ефимович (был бит юҡ)">Гринин Л. Е.</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urss.ru/cgi-bin/db.pl?cp=&page=Book&id=53187&lang=Ru&blang=ru&list=Found">Государство и исторический процесс</a>. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: КомКнига, 2007.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ильин, Виктор Васильевич (философ) (был бит юҡ)">Ильин В. В.</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ахиезер, Александр Самойлович (был бит юҡ)">Ахиезер А. С.</a></i> Российская государственность: истоки, традиции, перспективы. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: Издательство МГУ, 1997. — 384 с. — (Теоретическая политология, мир России и Россия в мире). — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/5211037626" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-211-03762-6</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Крадин, Николай Николаевич (был бит юҡ)">Крадин Н. Н.</a></i> Политическая антропология. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: Ладомир, 2001.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Малков С. Ю.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urss.ru/cgi-bin/db.pl?cp=&page=Book&id=53074&lang=Ru&blang=ru&list=Found">Логика эволюции политической организации государства</a>. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: КомКнига, 2007. — С. 142—152. — (История и Математика: Макроисторическая динамика общества и государства).</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Мартин ван Кревельд.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marsexxx.com/lit/martin_van_creveld-the_rise_and_decline_of_the_state.htm">Расцвет и упадок государства</a>.</span></li> <li><i>Пиголкин А. С., Головистикова А. Н., Дмитриев Ю. А., Саидов А. Х.</i> Теория государства и права: учебник под редакцией А. С. Пиголкина. — Москва: Юрайт-Издат, 2005. — С. 61-63. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/5948791459" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-94879-145-9</a>.философский клуб. — М.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Летний сад (издательство) (был бит юҡ)">Летний сад</a>, 2010. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9785988561194" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-5-98856-119-4</a></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Роберт Нозик.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marsexxx.com/lit/nozik-anarchy.htm">Анархия, государство и утопия</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Энтони де Ясаи.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marsexxx.com/lit/jasay-the-state.htm">Государство</a>.</span></li> <li>Бредихин А. Л. Суверенитет как политико-правовой феномен: монография. — М.: Инфра-М,2012.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ротбард, Мюррей (был бит юҡ)">Мюррей Ротбард</a></i>. Анатомия государства.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Франц Оппенгеймер (был бит юҡ)">Франц Оппенгеймер</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Государство (Оппенгеймер) (был бит юҡ)">Государство</a>.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">«<a dir="ltr" href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Дәүләт&oldid=1240272">https://ba.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Дәүләт&oldid=1240272</a>» битенән алынған</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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