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Knox, Elihu H. Cutler | products = [[Automobiles]] | production = 10,835 | num_employees = | parent = | subsid = }} The '''Knox Automobile Company''' was a manufacturer of [[automobile]]s in [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]], [[Massachusetts]], [[United States]], between 1900 and 1914. Knox also built [[truck]]s and [[farm]] [[tractor]]s until 1924. They are notable for building the very first modern fire engine in 1905, and the first American vehicle with hydraulic brakes, in 1915.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DlswzxvVrf8C&q=knox+motors+springfield+hydraulic+brakes&pg=PA32 |title = Motor Age|year = 1915}}</ref> ==History== [[Harry Austin Knox]] built three experimental gasoline cars at [[Overman Wheel Company]] between 1895 and 1898. He left Overman when they decided to build a [[steam car]]. Knox joined with his former employer, Elihu H. Cutler of the Elektron Company to form the '''Knox Automobile Company''' in Springfield Massachusetts in 1900.<ref name=":0">{{Georgano-EncAuto3v}}</ref> The [[Waltham Watch Company]] factory was purchased and Knox built 15 cars in their first year.<ref name=":1">{{Kimes-USCars3rd}}</ref> The Knox Model A was a three-wheel runabout with a 5-hp one-cylinder air-cooled engine. In 1902 a four-wheel runabout and a 8-hp two-cylinder engine joined the model line-up. Early cars were called Knoxmobile with the Waterless Knox being used from 1903. A slogan used was "The Car That Never Drinks".<ref name=":1" /> In some models, passengers rode up front over the front axle while the driver and another passenger sat in the back over the engine.<ref name="American Auto Millennium Edition page 24">100 Years of the American Auto Millennium Edition, page 24, Copyright 1999 Publications International, Ltd.</ref> === The "Old Porcupine" engine === The flat-mounted [[single-cylinder engine]] was [[air-cooled]]. Rather than flanges to improve the efficiency of cooling, 1,750 threaded {{convert|3/16|in|mm}} diameter rods were screwed into the cylinder casing as projecting studs, which led to the engine sometimes being referred to as "Old Porcupine". A 2-speed [[planetary transmission]] was fitted.<ref>Clymer, Floyd. ''Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877-1925'' (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p.170-1.</ref><ref>David LaChance (January 2007) "[https://www.hemmings.com/blog/article/old-porcupine-knox/ Old Porcupine – Knox]", ''[[Hemmings Motor News|Hemmings Classic Car]]''.</ref> This engine was situated at the center of the car and produced {{convert|8|hp|kW|abbr=on}}. It was also called a "hedgehog". The one-cylinder engine was used until 1905. In 1902 a [[Two cylinder|two-cylinder]] version was added that was used up to 1907.<ref name=":1" /> ===Growth=== Knox pricing for the one-cylinder and two-cylinder models went for a low price in 1900 of $750, ({{Inflation|US|750|1900|fmt=eq}}) to medium-priced by 1904. A 1904 Knox Tuxedo [[Touring car|Touring]] model, equipped with a [[straight-twin engine]] producing {{convert|16|hp|kW|abbr=on}}, was priced at $2,200, {{Inflation|US|2200|1904|fmt=eq}}.<ref name=":1" /> In late 1904 Knox left the company over a disagreement on policy with Elihu Cutler. Knox set-up a new business across town to build the [[Atlas (Springfield automobile)|Atlas]] air-cooled car.<ref name=":1" /> In 1906 Knox Automobile Company introduced the Model G, a 40-hp air-cooled [[Four-cylinder-engine|four-cylinder engine]] on a 112-inch [[wheelbase]]. With a limousine body priced at $5,000 ({{Inflation|US|5000|1906|fmt=eq}}), Knox had entered the [[luxury car]] market. The two-cylinder models were phased out in 1907 and all Knox's became mid-priced to high-priced cars.<ref name=":0" /> Knox progressively improved their models, moving the engine from under the seat to up front under a [[hood (automobile)|hood]] and going from [[Chain drive|chain-driven]] to [[Drive shaft|shaft-drive]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 1908 a [[Water cooling|water-cooled]] four-cylinder engine was introduced and customers could choose air-cooled or pay $100 more for water-cooled models.<ref name=":0" /> A [[Straight-six engine|six-cylinder]] engine became available in 1910 and all Knox's became water-cooled. Only luxury-priced Knox's were offered after 1910.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:A Vanderbilt Cup, start.jpg|thumb|#32 Knox (USA) driven by [[Fred Belcher]] in the 1910 [[Vanderbilt Cup Race|Vanderbilt Cup race]]]] [[File:Springfield Massachusetts Knox Automobile Company, 1911 Knox Type R, right front view pic8.JPG|thumb|1911 Knox Model R Raceabout]] === Racing === The Knox was raced by [[William Bourque]] in the [[1909 AAA Championship Car season|1909 AAA Championship Car race]] at the [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]]. In 1910 a Knox was driven by [[Fred Belcher]] in the [[Vanderbilt Cup Race|Vanderbilt Cup race]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway |url=http://www.indymotorspeedway.com/500hist.html}}</ref> === Fate === By 1912 Knox sales were slipping and a receiver was called in. The last Knox automobiles were built in 1914 and Knox was declared bankrupt in 1915. Knox reorganized as the '''Knox Motors Corporation''' and continued to build tractors and trucks until 1924.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Afterwards Harry Knox moved on to design tanks for the [[US Army]] [[Ordnance Department]]; his [[T1 Light Tank]] wasn't adopted, but his [[Vertical volute spring suspension]] and his track design were used on almost all American tanks of the WWII, and he designed its replacement HVSS, which served until 1980s in some countries, as well. [[Image:Knox tractor-trailer.jpg|thumb|right|Knox tractor-trailer, [[Salt Lake City]], 1915. Note [[chain drive]], common in this era.]] == Gallery == <gallery widths="180" heights="180"> File:MHV Knox Threewheeler 1901.jpg|alt=|1901 Model A Three-wheeler Runabout File:MHV Knox C 1903.jpg|alt=|1903 Knox Model C Runabout File:MHV Knox F 1905.jpg|alt=|1905 Knox Model F Surrey File:MHV Knox G 1906.jpg|alt=|1906 Knox Model G Touring File:MHV Knox O 1909.jpg|alt=|1909 Knox Model O Tonneauette File:MHV Knox S 1910.jpg|alt=|1910 Knox Model S Touring </gallery> == Models == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Model<ref name=":1" /> !Year !Cylinders !Horsepower !Wheelbase |- |A |1900–1902 |1 |{{convert|5|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} | |- |Two Cylinder |1902 |2 |{{convert|8|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} | |- |B |1902 |1 |{{convert|8|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} |{{convert|69|in|mm|abbr=on}} |- |C |1903 |1 |{{convert|8|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} |{{convert|72|in|mm|abbr=on}} |- |Two Cylinder |1904 |2 |{{convert|18|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} |{{convert|84|in|mm|abbr=on}} |- |One Cylinder |1904 |1 |{{convert|10|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} |{{convert|72|in|mm|abbr=on}} |- |E |1905 |1 |{{convert|10|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} |{{convert|72|in|mm|abbr=on}} |- |F-3 |1905–1906 |2 |{{convert|16|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} |{{convert|87|in|mm|abbr=on}} |- |F-1 |1905–1906 |2 |{{convert|16|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} |{{convert|81|in|mm|abbr=on}} |- |F |1905–1906 |2 |{{convert|16|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} |{{convert|90|in|mm|abbr=on}} |- |F-4 |1906–1907 |2 |{{convert|16|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} |{{convert|81|in|mm|abbr=on}} |- |G |1906–1908 |4 |{{convert|40|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} |{{convert|112|in|mm|abbr=on}} |- |H |1907–1909 |4 |{{convert|30|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} |{{convert|102|in|mm|abbr=on}} |- |L |1908 |4 |{{convert|30|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} |{{convert|102|in|mm|abbr=on}} |- |O |1909 |4 |{{convert|38|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} |{{convert|102|–|114|in|mm|abbr=on}} |- |M |1909–1910 |4 |{{convert|48|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} |{{convert|127|in|mm|abbr=on}} |- |S |1910–1912 |6 |{{convert|60|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} |{{convert|134|in|mm|abbr=on}} |- |R |1910–1912 |4 |{{convert|40|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} |{{convert|117|–|122|in|mm|abbr=on}} |- |R-45 |1912 |4 |{{convert|40|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} |{{convert|126|in|mm|abbr=on}} |- |66 |1913 |6 |{{convert|60|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} |{{convert|134|in|mm|abbr=on}} |- |46 |1913–1914 |6 |{{convert|46|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} |{{convert|130|–|134|in|mm|abbr=on}} |- |45 |1913–1914 |4 |{{convert|40|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} |{{convert|126|in|mm|abbr=on}} |- |44 |1913–1914 |4 |{{convert|40|bhp|kW|abbr=on}} |{{convert|117|–|122|in|mm|abbr=on}} |} == Production == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year<ref name=":1" /> !Automobiles |- |1900 |15 |- |1901 |100 |- |1902 |250 |- |1903 |500 |- |1904 |553 |- |1905 |572 |- |1906 |753 |- |1907 |1,000 |- |1908 |1,215 |- |1909 |1,317 |- |1910 |1,412 |- |1911 |1,215 |- |1912 |877 |- |1913 |673 |- |1914 |383 |- |Total |10,835 |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==See also== * [[Brass Era car]] * [[List of defunct United States automobile manufacturers]] * [https://www.conceptcarz.com/view/model/454/Knox.aspx Knox automobiles at ConceptCarz] {{commons category|Knox vehicles}} <br> [[Category:Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States]] [[Category:Defunct manufacturing companies based in Massachusetts]] [[Category:Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers]] [[Category:Brass Era vehicles]] [[Category:Veteran vehicles]] [[Category:1900s cars]] [[Category:1910s cars]] [[Category:20th century in Springfield, Massachusetts]] [[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Springfield, Massachusetts]] [[Category:American companies established in 1900]] [[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1900]] [[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1924]] [[Category:1900 establishments in Massachusetts]] [[Category:1924 disestablishments in Massachusetts]] [[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Massachusetts]] [[Category:American companies disestablished in 1924]] [[Category:Cars introduced in 1900]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span 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