CINXE.COM

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src="/dist/journal-website/runtime.cf12a5a8bfba626f.js" type="module"></script> <script src="/dist/journal-website/polyfills.5ab77736377a452c.js" type="module"></script> <script src="/dist/journal-website/scripts.4f514798a93e1819.js" defer=""></script> <script src="/dist/journal-website/main.f3058b5a0b56e4a9.js" type="module"></script> </body> <script> window.JOURNAL = {"id":3251,"name":"Canadian Journal of Respiratory Therapy","description":"The CJRT is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal owned and published by the [Canadian Society of Respiratory Therapists](https://www.csrt.com/) (CSRT), published continuously since 1965. **We have a 1.0 Journal Impact Factor (JIF) from Clarivate.\n\n# **Aims and Scope**\nThe Canadian Journal of Respiratory Therapy (CJRT) is a high-quality, peer-reviewed, international journal devoted to promoting evidence that informs the practice of respiratory therapists, and equitable access to information for practicioners spanning the field of respiratory care globally. This includes, but is not limited to topics such as, respiratory therapy as a profession, the organization and delivery of care in hospitals, the community, and throughout the continuum of care by health care providers, respiratory medicine, critical care, respiratory nursing, healthcare education and a range of other respiratory-related topics. The CJRT aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the field of respiratory care and contribute to conversations about the advancements that foster the global growth of respiratory care.\n\n# **Journal information**\n**There are no fees for submission or publication.** \n\n**Indexed in:** [PMC (PubMed Central)](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/2688/), [Web of Science's Emerging Sources Listing (ESCI)](https://mjl.clarivate.com/home) with a current JIF of 1.0, [Scopus](https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/18029)/Embase, [Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vAgrXnoAAAAJ\u0026hl=en), CINAHL, and the [Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)](https://doaj.org/toc/2368-6820?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22bool%22%3A%7B%22must%22%3A%5B%7B%22terms%22%3A%7B%22index.issn.exact%22%3A%5B%221205-9838%22%2C%222368-6820%22%5D%7D%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%22size%22%3A100%2C%22sort%22%3A%5B%7B%22created_date%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%5D%2C%22_source%22%3A%7B%7D%2C%22track_total_hits%22%3Atrue%7D)\n\n**Publication model:** The CJRT operates on a “rolling publication” model or article-based publishing as opposed to issue-based publishing. When an article is in its final form, rather than waiting for the article to be in a print issue before it is technically published, the article is published in its final form online. The Version of Record will be the online article and accepted articles are cited using a volume and article identifier (DOI). \n\n**Licensing and Copyright:** The copyright for all articles published in CJRT is held by the author. Our open-access articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License [(CC BY-NC)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits reuse, distribution and reproduction of the article, provided that the original work is properly cited and the reuse is restricted to noncommercial purposes. On submission, authors are asked to affirm that they grant the publisher of the CJRT (Canadian Society of Respiratory Therapists) an exclusive license on a worldwide, perpetual, irrevocable, royalty-free basis. **For commercial reuse, contact [editor@csrt.com](mailto:editor@csrt.com).**\n\n**Peer Review model:** Each article is reviewed by two experts in a Double Blind model, overseen by an Associate Editor, unless otherwise indicated in the Article Type (e.g., Letters to Editor).","short_description":"CJRT is a peer-reviewed journal for professionals engaged in respiratory therapy, published by Canadian Society of Respiratory Therapists.","editorial_board":"## Editor-in-Chief\n**Elizabeth Rohrs**, RRT, BSc, PhD, Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, BC, Canada\n\n ## Deputy Editor \n**Marco Zaccagnini**, PhD, MSc, RRT-CCAA, FCSRT, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada \n\n ## Associate Editors\n**Arzu Ari**, PhD, RRT, PT, CPFT, FAARC, Texas State University, Round Rock, TX, United States\n**John Davies**, MA, RRT, FAARC, FCCP, Duke Health System, Durham, NC, United States\n**Yvonne Drasovean**, RRT, MEd, FCSRT, Fanshawe College, London, ON\n**Robert Gilbert**, PhD (Pharm), QEII/Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada \n**Lori Hand**, BSc, RRT, CCRA, McMaster University, Hamilton General, Hamilton, ON, Canada \n**Andrew West**, EdD, FSCRT, Canadian Society of Respiratory Therapists, Saint John, NB, Canada\n**Teresa A. Volsko**, MBA, MHHS, RRT, FAARC, The Centers, Cleveland, OH, United States \n\n ## Editorial Review Board\n**Mathew B. Kiberd**, MD FRCPC, Dalhousie University/IWK Health, Halifax, NS, Canada\n**Aaron Ladd**, RRT, BMR-RT, MEd, FCSRT, CRE, CTE, CTTS, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada\n**Ivan Gerald Lee**, EdD, RRT-NPS, RRT-ACCS, RPSGT, Woodlands Health, Singapore\n**Donna Goodridge**, RN, PhD, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada\n**Andrea White Markham**, RRT, CRE, CTE, Canadian Network of Respiratory Care, Toronto, ON, Canada \n**João Moreira**, MD, PhD, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal \n**Mika L. Nonoyama** PhD, RRT, FCSRT, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa ON, and SickKids, Toronto, ON, Canada\n**Harold Julius A. Oglesby**, MBA, BSPS, RRT, St. Joseph's / Candler Health System, Savannah, GA, United States \n**Peter J Papadakos**, MD, FCCM, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States\n**Ruben Restrepo**, MD, RRT, FAARC, FCCP, University of Texas Health Science Centre, TX, United States \n**Antenor Rodrigues**, PhD, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada\n**Shirley Quach**, PhD, MHSc, RRT, CRE, HBSc, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON\n**Justin Sorge**, RRT FCSRT MPH, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada \n**Karl Weiss** MEd, RRT, FCSRT, Conestoga College ITAL, Kitchener ON, Canada\n \n ## Editor Emeritus\n **Jason Nickerson**, RRT, FCSRT, PhD, Bruyere Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada\n \n ## Managing Editor\n **Carly Brockington**, BMgmt, Canadian Society of Respiratory Therapists, Ottawa, ON, Canada (editor@csrt.com)","submission_guidelines":"The _Canadian Journal of Respiratory Therapy (CJRT)_ is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal owned by the [Canadian Society of Respiratory Therapists](https://www.csrt.com) (CSRT). ISSN: 2368-6820 (online). \n\n**Manuscripts and materials are received by the CJRT with the understanding that**:\n\n* The copyright for all articles published in CJRT is held by the author under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License [(CC BY-NC)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). On submission, authors are asked to affirm that they grant the publisher of the CJRT (Canadian Society of Respiratory Therapists) an exclusive license on a worldwide, perpetual, irrevocable, royalty-free basis. \n* They have NOT been published or are not under consideration for publication in whole or in any significant part elsewhere, in print or electronic format. If excerpts, tables or figures from other copyrighted works are included, the author(s) must obtain written permission.\n* Publication has been approved by ALL authors, and all persons designated as authors [qualify for authorship](http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html). Each author has no financial interest in the material or, if so, there is an attached statement noting potential or real conflict of interest. Authors are encouraged to include a [CRediT statement](https://credit.niso.org/).\n* The submission includes a statement that an institutional ethics review committee approved the study, with the date of approval; OR a statement verifying that Research Ethics Board approval for the project was formally waived by the institution; OR a statement confirming that ethical approval is not required for the article type, if applicable. See ([Does your study require ethics review?](https://hrea.ca/how-to-apply/ethics-review-required/) _From Newfoundland and Labrador Health Research Ethics Authority_ for more information. The CJRT complies with the policies of the [International Committee of Medical Journal Editors’ Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts](http://www.icmje.org/) on clinical trial registration.\n* You have NOT used generative AI or AI-assisted technology to generate content. If tools were used to improve language and readability, authors must include a statement to this effect directly before the references: During the preparation of this work the author(s) used [NAME TOOL / SERVICE] in order to [REASON]. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.\n\n\u003cdiv id=\"scholastica-submission-button\" style=\"margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://cjrt.scholasticahq.com/for-authors\" style=\"outline: none; border: none;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"outline: none; border: none;\" src=\"https://s3.amazonaws.com/docs.scholastica/law-review-submission-button/submit_via_scholastica.png\" alt=\"Submit to Canadian Journal of Respiratory Therapy\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\nPlease contact the Managing Editor with any pre-submission inquiries: [editor@csrt.com](mailto:editor@csrt.com)\n\n# **Accepted Formats**\n\n* Research Papers\n* Systematic or Narrative Reviews\n* Innovations in Practice\n* Clinical Case Studies\n* Commentaries\n* Letters to the Editor\n* Conference Proceedings\n\nFor each article type, please submit the following \n1. **Conflict of Interest Form**- This [ICMJE form](https://www.icmje.org/disclosure-of-interest/) must be completed by each author and submitted with the manuscript.\n2. **Cover Letter** should include a sentence stating the submission’s perceived impact on practice and why it is a good match for the CJRT. Authors are encouraged to include a [CRediT statement](https://credit.niso.org/).\n3. **Keywords** - Provide a maximum of 6 keywords (that are not included in the title). The usage of [MeSH terms](https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/) is recommended. \n4. **Abstract** - Scroll for specific abstract structure for each article type. Abstracts should not exceed 250 words.\n5. **Manuscript (blinded)** - Please add line numbers to your document. Remove all author-identifying information. Scroll for specific word count for each article type.\n6. **Figures and Tables** - These should be embedded in the text where you want them to appear. Scroll for allowable amount of Figures/Tables for each article type. Note that any Supplementary files should be included in one document.\n7. **References** - These should be included in your manuscript. References must be in [AMA style](https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/ama_style/index.html) . Limit of 50 references, written justification in cover letter if more are required.\n8. **Research Checklist** - Scroll for specific checklists for each article type. See [EQUATOR Network](https://www.equator-network.org/) for all checklists for all article types. \n\nEach author will be asked to include a persistent digital identifier, [an ORCID iD](https://orcid.org/), upon submission. \n\n## **Research Papers**\n\nResearch papers report clinical and scientific findings of interest to the respiratory therapy and respiratory care audience and contribute to the international literature in their respective disciplines. As a Canadian journal, we have a particular interest in original research articles that advance the practice, organization, and delivery of respiratory therapy to Canadians, but also encourage articles of broad interest to the international respiratory therapy community. In addition to traditional research study designs, this may include detailed and structured evaluations of new programs or approaches to the delivery of care, evaluations of quality improvement initiatives, and other types of health services research. The CJRT requires the registration of clinical trials in a public registry such as [ClinicalTrials.gov](https://clinicaltrials.gov/). This registration number must be included on the title page and at the end of the abstract for all RCTs. Any deviation from the trial protocol must be explained in the submitted manuscript. Please note that you will be asked to identify whether your paper is qualitative or quantitative (or a combination) upon submission so we can ensure the appropriate peer review experts are assigned. On submission, you will be asked to upload:\n\n* **Structured abstract** - The abstract must be written in a structured format with the following headings: Introduction/Background, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion.\n* **Manuscript (blinded)** - Body of text should be between 3,000-5,000 words\n* **Checklist** - If you are submitting a paper reporting randomized trials, you will be asked to upload the completed a [25-item CONSORT checklist](https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/consort/) along with your manuscript submission. If you are submitting a paper reporting observational research, you will be asked to upload the completed [STROBE checklist](https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/strobe/) for cohort, case-control, and/or cross-sectional studies. If you are submitting a qualitative paper, you will be asked to upload the completed [COREQ checklist](https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/coreq/)\n* **Figures and Tables** - Not to exceed 6 total (includes both tables and figures).\n\n## **Systematic or Narrative Review**\nSystematic Reviews should be registered with [PROPERO](https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/) before the study is started. Per [PRISMA guidelines](https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/prisma/), systematic reviews and meta-analyses must be identified as such in the article title.\nPlease note that the CJRT also publishes Narrative Reviews, which are evidence-based reviews of topics of relevance to respiratory therapists that require a less rigorous (though scholarly and comprehensive) review and synthesis. On submission you will be asked to upload:\n\n* **Structured abstract** - The abstract must be written in a structured format with the following headings: Introduction/Background, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion.\n* **Manuscript (blinded)** - Body of text should be between 2,500-3,000 words \n* **Checklist** - [PRISMA checklist](https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/prisma/) – this would not apply to narrative reviews.\n* **Figures and Tables** - Not to exceed 4 total (includes both tables and figures). Tables summarizing literature used in the systematic review should be included as Appendix material.\n\n## **Innovations in Practice**\nThis article type highlights innovative approaches to, or evaluation of, any aspect of the theory or practice of respiratory therapy. This could include, without being limited to, process/protocol improvement, program evaluation, quality improvement, or practice change. These are similar in format to a research paper, but the reporting of results and analysis is less vigorous as these are a faster way of disseminating what is happening on the front lines of clinical practice, and thus do not always fall neatly into traditional research reporting. Quality improvement brings evidence into practice, while research introduces new knowledge. Note that no results are required to submit in this format, and these submissions are generally REB exempt. On submission, you will be asked to upload:\n\n* **Structured abstract** - The abstract must be written in a structured format with the following headings as applicable: Introduction/Background, Approach, Findings, Discussion, Conclusion/Practice implications.\n* **Manuscript (blinded)** - Body of text should be between 2,500-3,000 words.\n* **Figures and Tables** - Not to exceed 4 total (includes both tables and figures).\n\n\n## **Clinical Case Studies** \nThese papers are not simply an interesting case. They present how interesting and challenging cases are assessed and how treatment options are determined. Clinical case studies convey clear lessons learned in the practice or administration of respiratory therapy and care. These articles usually include the presentation, history, examination, investigations, management and outcomes in order to educate the reader and highlight points of reflection and treatment challenges. The use of references is required and the use of visual aids such as tables, flow charts and images are encouraged. Cases do not need to be rare but should present some insights that may not be typical in clinical practice. Articles need to clearly define the case and its outcomes, and link that through discussion and evidence to provide clear connections to the importance to clinical practice or \"clinical pearls / teaching points\". On submission, you will be asked to upload:\n\n* **Structured abstract** - e.g. Introduction; Case and outcomes, Discussion, Conclusion.\n* **Manuscript (blinded)** - Standard scientific article format (Intro/Background; Case and outcomes, Discussion and teaching points, recommendations and clinical pearls, Conclusion). Body of text should be between 800-1,000 words.\n* **Checklist** - [CARE checklist](https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/care/)\n* **Figures and Tables** - Not to exceed 6 total (includes both tables and figures).\n\n## **Commentaries** \nCommentary papers are short, scholarly writings (with no structured abstract) that comment on an issue and/or perspective relevant to respiratory therapy and respiratory health. Note that these will not be reviewed through the traditional peer review process, but rather reviewed by the Editor-in-Chief and Deputy Editor for accuracy, appropriateness and suitability with our audience. This type of article includes the traditional editorial style commentary, issues / controversies style debate. Commentaries (invited or uninvited) typically focus on a key issue and perspective. Issues / controversies are generally invited but could be unsolicited submissions where a topic is scrutinized and debated from more than one perspective. On submission, you will be asked to upload:\n\n* **Unstructured abstract** or brief summary to provide context.\n* **Manuscript** - Body of text should be between 1,500-2,000 words for a commentary and 2500-3000 for issue/controversy style article.\n* **Figures and Tables** - Not to exceed 2 total (includes both tables and figures). \n\n## **Letters to the Editor**\nLetters to the Editor commenting on recently published articles in the CJRT are welcomed and should be submitted no later than two months following the publication of the article of interest. Letters to the Editor should be brief, argumentative, and constructive, highlighting salient issues addressed (or overlooked) in the article of interest. Letters to the Editor may also present original material that may not be suitable for a full-length article. Suggested length of 750 words with maximum two tables or figures. Please submit directly to the Managing Editor: editor@csrt.com\n\n## **Conference Proceedings** \nProceedings from the CSRT Annual Conference are published in the journal on an annual basis. Published abstracts have been selected for inclusion by the CSRT Scientific Committee but are not peer-reviewed.\n\n# **Manuscript Preparation**\n\n**Drug Policy**: Use the Recommended International Non-proprietary Name (rINN) for medicinal substances, unless the specific trade name of a drug is directly relevant to the discussion. Generic drug names should appear in lowercase letters in the text. If a specific proprietary drug needs to be identified, the brand name may appear only once in the manuscript in parentheses following the generic name the first time the drug is mentioned in the text. No Trademark or copyright symbol needs to be inserted into the text.\n\n**Abbreviations**: Please define abbreviations in full at first mention in the manuscript.\n\n**Body of Manuscript**\n\n* Introduction: This section informs readers of the topic being studied, the context and background for the study, and the major research questions and objectives of the study. This section should be kept brief, with further elaboration in the discussion section.\n\n* Methods: Be as clear as possible in describing the methods used in the study, avoiding jargon as much as possible, in favour of a more narrative description of the protocol used in the study. The description of research methods used should be sufficiently detailed to allow readers to be able to understand how results were obtained. The statistical analysis, including descriptive and inferential analysis, should be included at the end of this section. If experimental animals are used, provide a statement in the text to indicate that all procedures followed were in accordance with institutional policies. Studies describing research involving humans or animals will not be considered for publication unless the study was approved by the authors’ Research Ethics Board (REB) or Institutional Review Board (IRB), and carried out using ethical and appropriate methods. A statement concerning REB approval must be included in the beginning of the Methods section of all research articles, including the name of the approving REB and the date of approval. Any systematic gathering of patient or volunteer data must also be approved by a local REB or adhere to recognized standards in the area, such as for quality improvement initiatives. If in doubt, consult your institution’s REB for guidance. If ethics approval was not required, please state this.\n\n* Results: The results of your study should be descriptive and should address the research questions and study objectives provided in the introduction. Results of the study should be presented in a logical sequence in text, tables, and illustrations, beginning with the main findings first. Authors should avoid redundant reporting of data in the text that is also reported in a table.\n\n* Discussion: Data describe, but research explains. Discuss the significance of the results of your study, but avoid repeating in detail data or other information provided in other sections of the manuscript. It is in the discussion section that authors should offer initial explanations for the results obtained, and compare or contrast these findings with other relevant research in the field. This is also the best venue for discussing the known limitations of the study. Authors should discuss the implications of the findings on clinical practice, and also describe how this study might (or should) influence future research in this area. Be ambitious, but realistic, in the discussion of the implications of the study’s results; avoid unqualified statements that are unsupported by the evidence generated by this or other studies. Provide a conclusion that briefly summarizes your findings and any relevant new questions or answers generated by the study. Do not introduce findings or analysis in the Discussion that were not presented in the Results.\n\n* Conclusion:Restate your hypothesis or research question; Restate your major findings; Tell the reader what contribution your study has made to the existing literature; Highlight any limitations of your study; State future directions for research/recommendations.\n\n* Figures and Tables: _Figures_: Should be self-explanatory and should supplement, not duplicate the text. Each figure must be numbered and cited in consecutive order in the text. In the body text, place a reference to a figure in parentheses (unless it is part of the sentence). All abbreviations in the figure must be spelled out in the caption, even if they were already spelled out in the article. Order of figure caption: Figure information, superscript explanations, abbreviations, reference information. Permissions: Figures that are reproduced or adapted from another source must acknowledge that source, which is cited as a reference. If permission was not obtained, do not add “with permission”. Ask the author to obtain permission. Use the following, unless the original publisher has requested a specific statement: Figure 1) ... Reproduced/adapted with permission from reference 21. If only the data are taken from another source, but the figure is original, use: Figure 1) ... Data from references 22,24.\n_Tables_:\nIn the body of the text, place a reference to a table in parentheses (unless it is part of a sentence). Example: They often occurred in conjunction with large calcified masses (Table 1). Table 2 details the demographics of the study participants. All abbreviations that appear in the tables, including table head, table section and table text must be spelled out in the table footnote even if they have already been spelled out in the text of the article. List abbreviations alphabetically, separated by a semicolon. Order of footnotes: Table information; superscript explanations, abbreviations, reference information.\n\n# **Licensing and Copyright:** \n\nBy default, we publish our Open Access articles under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0). [CC BY-NC](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) articles allow the author, and any non-commercial bodies, to reuse the material for non-commercial uses in any other way they choose, subject to being in accordance with the CC-BY-NC licence, without acquiring permission from CJRT. Any reuse must give attribution to the author(s) and the journal. Commercial users or commercial use will require permission from CJRT for any reuse. **For commercial reuse, contact [editor@csrt.com](mailto:editor@csrt.com).**\n\n On submission, authors are asked to affirm that they grant the publisher of the CJRT (Canadian Society of Respiratory Therapists) an exclusive license on a worldwide, perpetual, irrevocable, royalty-free basis.\n\n# **Ethical Considerations**\n\n**CJRT Peer Review**: The Editor-in-Chief evaluates all manuscripts upon submission. Those rejected before being sent to review have serious scientific flaws, or are outside the aims and scope of the journal. Those that meet the minimum criteria are assigned to Associate Editor, who will select two (or more) peer reviewers with expertise in the subject matter. The CJRT uses “double blind” reviewing, where the referees and author remain anonymous throughout the process. When a revision request is sent, authors are asked to submit within 45 days. Manuscripts in revision stage where authors have not been in contact with the editorial office for more than 3 months after this 45 day deadline will be withdrawn. For more information, see our [\"For Reviewers\" page](https://cjrt.ca/pages/531-for-reviewers).\n\n**Policies on Conflicts of Interest**: The potential for conflict of interest exists when an author, the author's institution, reviewer or editor has financial relationships (such as employment, consultancy, stock ownership, honoraria and paid expert testimony) that may inappropriately influence his or her actions. Other forms of conflict of interest include personal, academic and intellectual issues. Any potential conflict of interest should be disclosed in the cover letter. Sources of outside support for research, including funding, equipment, and drugs, must be named in the cover letter. If an author has no conflicts of interest to declare, this must be explicitly stated. Authors should contact the Editorial Office with questions or concerns but should err on the side of inclusion when in doubt. Manuscripts that fail to include the complete statements of all authors upon submission will be returned to the corresponding author and will delay the processing and evaluation of the manuscript. The CJRT adheres to the policy on conflict of interest from the [International Committee of Medical Journal Editors](https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/author-responsibilities--conflicts-of-interest.html). If, in the editor’s judgment, the information disclosed by the author represents a ̕ potential conflict of interest, it may be made available to reviewers and may be published at the editor's discretion; authors will be informed of the decision before publication. The editor will discuss with the authors on an individual basis the method by which any conflicts of interest will be communicated to readers. Editors and reviewers for the CJRT are responsible for disclosing to the editor-in-chief any personal or financial relationship that may bias their work during the peer review process and recuse themselves when such conflicts are of sufficient.\n\n**Sex and Gender Equity in Research**: It is recommended that applicants consider accounting for gender as a socio-cultural determinant of health in clinical, health system and population health studies where appropriate. Additionally, it is recommended that researchers consider accounting for sex as a biological variable in basic science, clinical, health system and population health studies where appropriate. See [Key Considerations for the appropriate integration of sex and gender in research from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research](https://cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/50835.html). \n\n**Policies on Human and Animal Rights Studies** describing research involving humans or animals will not be considered for publication unless the study was approved by the authors’ Research Ethics Board (REB) or Institutional Review Board (IRB), and carried out using ethical and appropriate methods. A statement concerning REB approval must be included in the beginning of the Methods section of all research articles, including the name of the approving REB and the date of approval. Any systematic gathering of patient or volunteer data must also be approved by a local REB or adhere to recognized standards in the area, such as for quality improvement initiatives. If in doubt, consult your institution’s REB for guidance.\n\n**Policies on Informed Consent** The patients’ rights to privacy should not be infringed. ̕Identifying information must be deleted from the text, figures and tables, unless it is essential for scientific purposes and the patient gives written informed consent for publication after being shown the manuscript to be published. Manuscripts containing the results of experimental studies on human participants must disclose, in the first paragraph of the Materials and Methods section, whether informed consent was obtained from patients in the study after the nature of the procedure had been fully explained. For further information on informed consent, see the [International Committee of Medical Journal Editors](https://www.icmje.org/).\n\n**Quality Improvement and Ethical Considerations**Authors may find the use of the A Project Ethics Community Consensus Initiative (ARECCI) Ethics Screening Tool helpful for the purpose of reviewing ethical considerations in quality improvement (QI) projects. This tool can assist in evaluating projects to ensure that relevant ethical considerations are included in your submitted manuscript and for ensuring that ethical obligations have been met. Note that we may ask for a letter of no objection from the applicable REB in instances where authors decide to use an ARECCI. See the following for further information:\n\n* To identify and integrate appropriate ethics considerations into your project: [ARECCI Ethics Guidelines for Quality Improvement and Evaluation Projects](https://albertainnovates.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ARECCI-Ethics-Guideline-Tool.pdf).\n* To determine the level of risk for project participants and appropriate ethics review requirements: [ARECCI Ethics Screening Tool](https://albertainnovates.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ARECCI-Ethics-Guideline-Tool.pdf).\n\n**Plagiarism**: This can include several forms:\n_General plagiarism_ - the use of others' published and unpublished ideas or words (or other intellectual property) without attribution or permission, and presenting them as new and original rather than derived from an existing source. Plagiarism is scientific misconduct (see Permissions).\n_Self-plagiarism_ - this refers to the practice of an author using portions of their previous writings on the same topic in another of their publications, without specifically citing it formally in quotes. This practice is widespread and sometimes unintentional, as there are only so many ways to say the same thing on many occasions, particularly when writing the Methods section of an article. However, it is considered scientific misconduct if not properly attributed, or if large sections are simply copied and pasted.\n_Divided publication/redundant publication_ - sometimes called \"salami\" publication, where papers cover the same population, methods, and question. A distinction needs to be made between salami and redundant publication: where there is a two thirds overlap, it is redundant publication. If the hypotheses were completely separate questions, then it is acceptable for them to be posed in two separate papers. If they are related questions, or very closely related, then they should be published as a single paper. Splitting up papers by outcomes (\"salami slicing\") is not legitimate.\n\n**Submission declaration**: Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis or as an electronic preprint), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere including electronically in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the copyright-holder.\n\n# **After Acceptance**\n\n**Online proof correction**: Corresponding authors will receive an e-mail with a link to a PDF, allowing annotation and correction of proofs. In addition to editing text, you can also comment on figures/tables and answer questions from the Copy Editor. All instructions for proofing will be given in the e-mail we send to authors, including alternative methods to the online version and PDF. We will do everything possible to get your article published quickly and accurately. Please use this proof only for checking the typesetting, editing, completeness and correctness of the text, tables and figures. Significant changes to the article as accepted for publication will only be considered at this stage with permission from the Editor. It is important to ensure that all corrections are sent back to us in one communication. Please check carefully before replying, as the inclusion of any subsequent corrections cannot be guaranteed. Proofreading is solely your responsibility.\n\n**Post-Publication Correction**: Sometimes, after an article has been published, it may be necessary to make a change to the Version of Record (VOR), also known as the final published version. This will only be done after careful consideration by the Managing Editor and Editor-in-Chief to ensure any necessary changes are made in accordance with guidance from the [Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)](https://publicationethics.org/postpublication). Any necessary changes will be accompanied with a post-publication notice which will be permanently linked to the original article so that readers will be fully informed of any necessary changes. This can be in the form of a correction notice, an expression of concern, a retraction and, in rare circumstances, a removal. The purpose of this mechanism of making changes which are permanent and transparent is to ensure the integrity of the scholarly record. Authors should notify us as soon as possible if they find errors in their published article, especially errors that could affect the interpretation of data or reliability of information presented. It is the responsibility of the corresponding author to ensure consensus has been reached between all listed co-authors prior to putting forward any requests for corrections or retractions to an article.\n\nIf, after reading the guidance, you believe a correction or retraction is necessary for your article, contact the Managing Editor at editor@csrt.com. A correction notice (Corrigendum) will be issued when it is necessary to correct an error or omission which can impact the interpretation of the article but where the scholarly integrity of the article remains intact. Examples include mislabeling of a figure, missing key information on funding or competing interests of the authors.\n\n**Retraction policy (Scientific misconduct) or Author Disputes**: All allegations of misconduct will be referred to the Editor-in-Chief, who will review the circumstances in consultation with the Deputy Editor. All such allegations will be kept confidential; the number of inquiries and those involved will be kept to the minimum necessary to achieve this end. Initial fact-finding will usually include a request to all the involved parties to state their case, and explain the circumstances, in writing. In questions of research misconduct centering on methods or technical issues, the Editor-In-Chief may confidentially consult experts who are blinded to the identity of the individuals, or if the allegation is against an editor, an outside editor expert. The Editor-In-Chief and Deputy Editor will arrive at a conclusion as to whether there is enough evidence to lead a reasonable person to believe there is a possibility of misconduct. Their goal is not to determine if actual misconduct occurred, or the precise details of that misconduct. When allegations concern authors, the peer review and publication process for the manuscript in question will be halted while the process above is carried out. The investigation described above will be completed even if the authors withdraw their paper, and the responses below will still be considered. In the case of allegations against reviewers or editors, they will be replaced in the review process while the matter is investigated. The CJRT will deal with any further action (such as notifying the author’s institution) on a case-by-case basis. The most common forms of scientific misconduct can be found on the [ORI publication Analysis of Institutional Policies for Responding to Allegations of Scientific Misconduct](http://ori.dhhs.gov/). \n\nIf you believe that your article has been rejected unfairly please submit an appeal letter to editor@csrt.com. Do not try to submit a revised version of your article at this stage. Appeals must be submitted within 7 days of the rejection decision. Appeals will only be considered if all specific points of the reviewers’ and editors’ comments are addressed in the rebuttal letter, and decisions will only be reversed if the editors are convinced that the decision was a serious mistake, or if the reviewers made errors of fact or showed evidence of bias. Appeals against editorial fit or the journal not being the right journal for the article are unlikely to be considered. 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