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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navegació </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portada" title="Visiteu la pàgina principal [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Portada</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Article_aleatori" title="Carrega una pàgina a l’atzar [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article a l'atzar</span></a></li><li id="n-Articles-de-qualitat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat"><span>Articles de qualitat</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A0gines_especials"><span>Pàgines especials</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunitat" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunitat" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunitat </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Portal" title="Sobre el projecte, què podeu fer, on trobareu les coses"><span>Portal viquipedista</span></a></li><li id="n-Agenda-d'actes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Trobades"><span>Agenda d'actes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Canvis_recents" title="Una llista dels canvis recents al wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Canvis recents</span></a></li><li id="n-La-taverna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:La_taverna"><span>La taverna</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Contacte"><span>Contacte</span></a></li><li id="n-Xat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Canals_IRC"><span>Xat</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Ajuda" title="El lloc per a saber més coses"><span>Ajuda</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Viquipèdia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ca.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'Enciclopèdia Lliure" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ca.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Cerca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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value="Especial:Cerca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cerca</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Eines personals"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modificar la dimension, la largor e la color del tèxte." > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Fongs" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Fongs" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right 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registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Característiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Característiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Característiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Característiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diversitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morfologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morfologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Morfologia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morfologia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Morfologia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morfologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Estructures_microscòpiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estructures_microscòpiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Estructures microscòpiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estructures_microscòpiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estructures_macroscòpiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estructures_macroscòpiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Estructures macroscòpiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estructures_macroscòpiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creixement_i_fisiologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creixement_i_fisiologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Creixement i fisiologia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Creixement_i_fisiologia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Creixement i fisiologia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Creixement_i_fisiologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Principals_fongs_patògens_de_les_plantes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principals_fongs_patògens_de_les_plantes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Principals fongs patògens de les plantes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principals_fongs_patògens_de_les_plantes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproducció" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproducció"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reproducció</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reproducció-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Reproducció</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reproducció-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reproducció_asexual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproducció_asexual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Reproducció asexual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproducció_asexual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproducció_sexual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproducció_sexual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Reproducció sexual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproducció_sexual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cladograma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cladograma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cladograma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cladograma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Taxonomia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegeu_també" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegeu_també"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Vegeu també</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegeu_també-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Taula de continguts" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fongs</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 187 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-187" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">187 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swam" title="Swam - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilze" title="Pilze - alemany suís" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pilze" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemany suís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%88%E1%88%B5" title="ፈንገስ - amhàric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፈንገስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhàric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - aragonès" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="फफूंदी - angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फफूंदी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="فطر - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فطر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DD%A3%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فݣيعيات - Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فݣيعيات" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="فطر - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فطر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0" title="ভেঁকুৰ - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভেঁকুৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocockweto" title="Ocockweto - atacama" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ocockweto" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atacama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6b%C9%99l%C9%99kl%C9%99r" title="Göbələklər - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Göbələklər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A4%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1" title="گؤبه‌لکلر - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گؤبه‌لکلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бәшмәктәр - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бәшмәктәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - balinès" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwammal" title="Schwammal - bavarès" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schwammal" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%ABba" title="Grība - Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Grība" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грыбы - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грыбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грыбы - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грыбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Гъби - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гъби" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ছত্রাক - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছত্রাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - bretó" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gljive" title="Gljive - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gljive" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%8F%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Һархяаг - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һархяаг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%ADng-k%E1%B9%B3%CC%84ng" title="Cĭng-kṳ̄ng - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cĭng-kṳ̄ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abungawg-uhong" title="Abungawg-uhong - cebuà" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Abungawg-uhong" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%AD%E1%8E%BE%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏭᎾᎩ - cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏭᎾᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="کوارگ - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کوارگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungu" title="Fungu - cors" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Fungu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="cors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opap%C4%B1%C5%9Flar" title="Opapışlar - tàtar de Crimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Opapışlar" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tàtar de Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houby" title="Houby - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Houby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grz%C3%ABb%C3%AB" title="Grzëbë - caixubi" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Grzëbë" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="caixubi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Кăмпасем - txuvaix" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăмпасем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffwng" title="Ffwng - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffwng" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svampe" title="Svampe - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Svampe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C9%9B%C9%A3u" title="Malɛɣu - Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Malɛɣu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="article bo"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilze" title="Pilze - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pilze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griby" title="Griby - baix sòrab" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Griby" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="baix sòrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μύκητας - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μύκητας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun%C5%9B" title="Funś - Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Funś" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungoj" title="Fungoj - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fungoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seened" title="Seened - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seened" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onddo" title="Onddo - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Onddo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - extremeny" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremeny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86" title="قارچ - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قارچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienet" title="Sienet - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sienet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siin" title="Siin - Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Siin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soppar" title="Soppar - feroès" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Soppar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaampen_(Fungi)" title="Swaampen (Fungi) - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Swaampen (Fungi)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skimmels" title="Skimmels - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skimmels" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungas" title="Fungas - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fungas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungas" title="Fungas - gaèlic escocès" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fungas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaèlic escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo_(biolox%C3%ADa)" title="Fungo (bioloxía) - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fungo (bioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="ميش - gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ميش" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urupe" title="Urupe - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Urupe" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungys" title="Fungys - manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Fungys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%82n-khi%C3%B9n" title="Chṳ̂n-khiùn - xinès hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chṳ̂n-khiùn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="xinès hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="פטריות - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטריות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6" title="फफूंद - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फफूंद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gljive" title="Gljive - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gljive" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hriby" title="Hriby - alt sòrab" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hriby" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="alt sòrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanpiyon" title="Chanpiyon - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chanpiyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="article bo"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomb%C3%A1k" title="Gombák - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gombák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Սունկ - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սունկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo" title="Fungo - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Fungo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo" title="Fungo - interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Fungo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88" title="ЖӀаленускалаш - ingúix" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЖӀаленускалаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingúix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveppir" title="Sveppir - islandès" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sveppir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E9%A1%9E" title="菌類 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="菌類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonggos" title="Fonggos - crioll anglès de Jamaica" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Fonggos" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="crioll anglès de Jamaica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - javanès" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სოკოები - georgià" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სოკოები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - kikuiu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuiu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%9B%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Саңырауқұлақтар - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саңырауқұлақтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%A0%EA%B3%84" title="균계 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="균계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuv" title="Kuv - kurd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kuv" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fong" title="Fong - còrnic" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Fong" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="còrnic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Козу карындар - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Козу карындар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilzer%C3%A4ich" title="Pilzeräich - luxemburguès" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pilzeräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Къарникъуз - lesguià" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Къарникъуз" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lesguià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo" title="Fungo - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fungo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4%C3%B6me" title="Käöme - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Käöme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - lígur" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="lígur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonch" title="Fonch - ladí" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Fonch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="ladí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liy%C9%9Bb%C3%BA" title="Liyɛbú - lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Liyɛbú" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grybai" title="Grybai - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Grybai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%93nes" title="Sēnes - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sēnes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Панга - mordovià moksa" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Панга" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mordovià moksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - malgaix" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Габа - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Габа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BD" title="പൂപ്പൽ - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൂപ്പൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D3%A9%D0%B3%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%86%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Мөөгөнцөр - mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мөөгөнцөр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="बुरशी - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बुरशी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulat" title="Kulat - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kulat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="မှို - birmà" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မှို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82" title="Пангт - mordovià erza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пангт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="mordovià erza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="گوشک - mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گوشک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanacatl" title="Nanacatl - Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Nanacatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - napolità" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolità" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C3%A4mme" title="Swämme - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swämme" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="ढुसी - nepalès" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ढुसी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="फुसा - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फुसा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schimmels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopp" title="Sopp - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sopp" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopper" title="Sopper - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sopper" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCosh_doo_yit%CA%BC%C3%ADinii_dl%C3%A1%C3%A1d%C3%AD_d%C3%B3%C3%B3_%C3%81bishjaa%CA%BC" title="Chʼosh doo yitʼíinii dláádí dóó Ábishjaaʼ - navaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼosh doo yitʼíinii dláádí dóó Ábishjaaʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navaho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycota" title="Mycota - occità" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mycota" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occità" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienet" title="Sienet - Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Sienet" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faangasii" title="Faangasii - oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Faangasii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BE%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Зокъотæ - osseta" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Зокъотæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osseta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਉੱਲੀ - panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉੱਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus - pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzyby" title="Grzyby - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grzyby" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonz" title="Fonz - piemontès" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fonz" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="الی - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%BC%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="چڼاس - paixtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چڼاس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paixtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27allampa" title="K'allampa - quítxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'allampa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quítxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnul_Fungi" title="Regnul Fungi - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regnul Fungi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грибы - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грибы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грибы - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Грибы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="कवकम् - sànscrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कवकम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sànscrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Тэллэйдэр - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тэллэйдэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - sard" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funci" title="Funci - sicilià" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Funci" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus - escocès" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3" title="فنگس - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فنگس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guobbarat" title="Guobbarat - sami septentrional" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Guobbarat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sami septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gljiva" title="Gljiva - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gljiva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuffit_n_u%C9%9Baqqay" title="Takuffit n uɛaqqay - taixelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Takuffit n uɛaqqay" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="taixelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB" title="දිලීර - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දිලීර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huby" title="Huby - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Huby" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glive" title="Glive - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glive" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuobb%C3%A2reh" title="Kuobbâreh - sami d’Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kuobbâreh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="sami d’Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ABrpudhat" title="Kërpudhat - albanès" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kërpudhat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%99%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Гљиве - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гљиве" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poagenstoule_(Riek)" title="Poagenstoule (Riek) - Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Poagenstoule (Riek)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suung" title="Suung - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Suung" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svampar" title="Svampar - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svampar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvu" title="Kuvu - suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kuvu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grziby" title="Grziby - silesià" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Grziby" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silesià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="பூஞ்சை - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பூஞ்சை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81" title="ಲಾಂಬು - Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಲಾಂಬು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="శిలీంధ్రం - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శిలీంధ్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D3%AF%D1%80%D1%83%D2%93%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Занбӯруғҳо - tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Занбӯруғҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="เห็ดรา - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เห็ดรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halamang-singaw" title="Halamang-singaw - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Halamang-singaw" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talingelinga" title="Talingelinga - tongalès" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Talingelinga" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tongalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantar" title="Mantar - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mantar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Гөмбәләр - tàtar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гөмбәләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tàtar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Губи - udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Губи" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%BA" title="زەمبۇرۇغ - uigur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="زەمبۇرۇغ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Гриби - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гриби" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="پھپھوند - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پھپھوند" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamburug%CA%BBlar" title="Zamburugʻlar - uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zamburugʻlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi - vènet" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BA%A5m" title="Nấm - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nấm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funig" title="Funig - volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Funig" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchampion" title="Tchampion - való" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchampion" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="való" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Теңгрин ки - calmuc" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Теңгрин ки" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="calmuc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Fungi" title="I-Fungi - xosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Fungi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="სოკოეფი - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სოკოეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9D" title="שוואם - ídix" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שוואם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ídix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88bu" title="Èbu - ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èbu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caen%27gin" title="Caen'gin - zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Caen'gin" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 - xinès clàssic" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="xinès clàssic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin-kh%C3%BAn" title="Chin-khún - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chin-khún" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukhunta" title="Ukhunta - zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukhunta" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q764#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificau enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fongs" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussi%C3%B3:Fongs" rel="discussion" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown 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mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%;width:25em"><caption style="font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background-color: gold; text-align: center; font-size: 1.35em;"><span style="float:left;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Butterfly_icon_(Noun_Project).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Infotaula d'ésser viu"><img alt="Infotaula d'ésser viu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/25px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/38px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/50px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></span>Fongs</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background-color: gold; valign: center; padding: 1px;"><i>Fungi</i> <span class="penicon" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764?uselang=ca#P225" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Fungi_collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fungi_collage.jpg/300px-Fungi_collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fungi_collage.jpg/450px-Fungi_collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fungi_collage.jpg/600px-Fungi_collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1062" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;color: #202122; background-color: gold">Dades</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right: 1.2em; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start; width: 40%;">Font de</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: start;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q107122728" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q107122728">aliment d'origen vegetal</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764?uselang=ca#P1672" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;color: #202122; background-color: gold">Període</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: start;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic</a>? - <a href="/wiki/Holoc%C3%A8" title="Holocè">recent</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoronFrançoisRainbirdTurner2019232_i_234_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoronFrançoisRainbirdTurner2019232_i_234-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;color: #202122; background-color: gold">Taxonomia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: start;"></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#eeeeee;">Superdomini</td><td><i><a href="/wiki/Bionts" title="Bionts">Biota</a></i></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#eeeeee;">Superregne</td><td><i><a href="/wiki/Eucariotes" title="Eucariotes">Eukaryota</a></i></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#eeeeee;">Regne</td><td><i><b>Fungi <span class="penicon" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764?uselang=ca#P225" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></b></i><br /><span style="font-style:normal; font-size: smaller;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royall_T._Moore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royall T. Moore (encara no existeix)"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">R.T.Moore</span></a>, 1980</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: start;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;color: #202122; background-color: gold">Nomenclatura</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;padding-right: 1.2em; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee; text-align: start; width: 40%;">Significat</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: start;">‘<a href="/wiki/Bolets" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolets">Bolets</a>’<sup id="cite_ref-LTMI_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LTMI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;color: #202122; background-color: gold"><a href="/wiki/Divisi%C3%B3_(biologia)" title="Divisió (biologia)">Divisions</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: start;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aphelidiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelidiomycota">Aphelidiomycota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basidiobolomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidiobolomycota">Basidiobolomycota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiomycota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calcarisporiellomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcarisporiellomycota">Calcarisporiellomycota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Entomophthoromycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Entomophthoromycota">Entomophthoromycota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Entorrhizomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Entorrhizomycota">Entorrhizomycota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glomeromycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kickxellomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Kickxellomycota">Kickxellomycota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monoblepharomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoblepharomycota">Monoblepharomycota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mortierellomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortierellomycota">Mortierellomycota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mucoromycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucoromycota">Mucoromycota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocallimastigomycota">Neocallimastigomycota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Olpidiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Olpidiomycota">Olpidiomycota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rozellomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Rozellomycota">Rozellomycota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanchytriomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanchytriomycota">Sanchytriomycota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zoopagomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoopagomycota">Zoopagomycota</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Els <b>fongs</b> (<i>Fungi</i>) són un <a href="/wiki/Regne_(biologia)" title="Regne (biologia)">regne</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Organismes" class="mw-redirect" title="Organismes">organismes</a> <a href="/wiki/Eucariotes" title="Eucariotes">eucariotes</a> que abasta des de <a href="/wiki/Microorganismes" class="mw-redirect" title="Microorganismes">microorganismes</a> com els <a href="/wiki/Llevats" class="mw-redirect" title="Llevats">llevats</a> i les <a href="/wiki/Floridures" class="mw-redirect" title="Floridures">floridures</a> fins a formes més familiars com els <a href="/wiki/Bolets" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolets">bolets</a>. Formen un dels <a href="/wiki/Regne_(taxonomia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regne (taxonomia)">regnes</a> tradicionals d'<a href="/wiki/Eucariotes" title="Eucariotes">eucariotes</a>, juntament amb els <a href="/wiki/Animals" title="Animals">animals</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Plantes" title="Plantes">plantes</a> i, segons la classificació, els <a href="/wiki/Protoctists" class="mw-redirect" title="Protoctists">protoctists</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELlimona1991«[https://www.enciclopedia.cat/historia-natural-dels-paisos-catalans/els-fongs-i-els-liquens-en-el-conjunt-dels-essers-vius_Els_fongs_i_els_líquens_en_el_conjunt_dels_éssers_vius]»_(X._Llimona)_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELlimona1991«[https://www.enciclopedia.cat/historia-natural-dels-paisos-catalans/els-fongs-i-els-liquens-en-el-conjunt-dels-essers-vius_Els_fongs_i_els_líquens_en_el_conjunt_dels_éssers_vius]»_(X._Llimona)-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> o els <a href="/wiki/Protozous" title="Protozous">protozous</a> i les <a href="/wiki/Cromistes" title="Cromistes">cromistes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LHNPC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LHNPC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Un <a href="/wiki/Car%C3%A0cter_(biologia)" title="Caràcter (biologia)">caràcter</a> que diferencia els fongs de les plantes, els <a href="/wiki/Bacteris" title="Bacteris">bacteris</a> i alguns protozous és que la seva <a href="/wiki/Paret_cel%C2%B7lular" title="Paret cel·lular">paret cel·lular</a> es compon en bona part de <a href="/wiki/Quitina" title="Quitina">quitina</a>. Tenen <a href="/wiki/Digesti%C3%B3" title="Digestió">digestió</a> externa i inclouen <a href="/wiki/Organisme_unicel%C2%B7lular" title="Organisme unicel·lular">organismes unicel·lulars</a> i <a href="/wiki/Organisme_pluricel%C2%B7lular" title="Organisme pluricel·lular">pluricel·lulars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els fongs, també anomenats <b>eumicots</b> («fongs autèntics» o «eumicets»), formen un grup <a href="/wiki/Monofil%C3%A8tic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monofilètic">monofilètic</a> que és <a href="/wiki/Filogen%C3%A8tica" class="mw-redirect" title="Filogenètica">filogenèticament</a> diferent dels <a href="/wiki/Mixomicet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixomicet">mixomicets</a> i els <a href="/wiki/Oomicet" title="Oomicet">oomicets</a>, morfològicament similars. Els fongs són organismes <a href="/wiki/Heter%C3%B2trof" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteròtrof">heteròtrofs</a> que posseeixen una <a href="/wiki/Paret_cel%C2%B7lular" title="Paret cel·lular">paret cel·lular</a> <a href="/wiki/Quitina" title="Quitina">quitinosa</a>, i la majoria d'espècies creixen en forma de filaments <a href="/wiki/Multicel%C2%B7lular" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicel·lular">multicel·lulars</a> anomenades <a href="/wiki/Hifa" title="Hifa">hifes</a>, que formen un <a href="/wiki/Miceli" title="Miceli">miceli</a>; algunes espècies també creixen com a <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8l%C2%B7lules" class="mw-redirect" title="Cèl·lules">cèl·lules</a> individuals. La reproducció sexual i asexual dels fongs se sol fer mitjançant <a href="/wiki/Espora_(micologia)" title="Espora (micologia)">espores</a>, sovint produïdes en estructures especialitzades (com els <a href="/wiki/Bolet" title="Bolet">bolets</a> o <a href="/wiki/Conidi%C3%B2for" title="Conidiòfor">conidiòfors</a>) o en fructificacions. Alguns han perdut la capacitat de formar estructures reproductives, i es propaguen únicament per creixement <a href="/wiki/Reproducci%C3%B3_vegetativa" title="Reproducció vegetativa">vegetatiu</a>. Els <a href="/wiki/Llevat" class="mw-redirect" title="Llevat">llevats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floridura" title="Floridura">floridures</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bolet" title="Bolet">bolets</a> són exemples de fongs. La disciplina de la <a href="/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia">biologia</a> que estudia els fongs és la <a href="/wiki/Micologia" title="Micologia">micologia</a>, i sovint se la considera part de la <a href="/wiki/Bot%C3%A0nica" title="Botànica">botànica</a>, tot i que els fongs són més propers als <a href="/wiki/Animals" title="Animals">animals</a> que a les <a href="/wiki/Plantes" title="Plantes">plantes</a>. </p><p>Presents arreu del món, la majoria de fongs són en gran part invisibles a ull nu, i viuen principalment al sòl, en matèria morta, i com a <a href="/wiki/Simbiosi" title="Simbiosi">simbionts</a> de plantes, animals o altres fongs. Tenen un paper essencial als <a href="/wiki/Ecosistemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosistemes">ecosistemes</a> a l'hora de descompondre <a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%A8ria_org%C3%A0nica" title="Matèria orgànica">matèria orgànica</a> i són indispensables en els <a href="/wiki/Cicle_biogeoqu%C3%ADmic" title="Cicle biogeoquímic">cicles i intercanvis dels nutrients</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els fongs poden esdevenir perceptibles quan fructifiquen, o bé com a bolets o com a floridures. Des de fa molt de temps se'ls ha utilitzat com a font directa d'aliment, com ara els bolets i les <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B2fona" title="Tòfona">tòfones</a>, així com en la <a href="/wiki/Fermentaci%C3%B3" title="Fermentació">fermentació</a> de diversos productes alimentaris, com ara el <a href="/wiki/Vi" title="Vi">vi</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Cervesa" title="Cervesa">cervesa</a> o la <a href="/wiki/Salsa_de_soia" title="Salsa de soia">salsa de soia</a>. Més recentment, s'utilitzen els fongs com a font d'<a href="/wiki/Antibi%C3%B2tic" title="Antibiòtic">antibiòtics</a> utilitzats en la <a href="/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina">medicina</a>, i diversos <a href="/wiki/Enzims" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzims">enzims</a>, com ara <a href="/wiki/Cel%C2%B7lulasa" title="Cel·lulasa">cel·lulases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pectinasa" title="Pectinasa">pectinases</a> i <a href="/wiki/Proteasa" title="Proteasa">proteases</a>, importants per usos industrials o com a ingredients actius de <a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergents</a>. Moltes espècies produeixen compostos <a href="/wiki/Activitat_biol%C3%B2gica" title="Activitat biològica">bioactius</a> anomenats <a href="/wiki/Micotoxina" title="Micotoxina">micotoxines</a>, com ara <a href="/wiki/Alcaloide" title="Alcaloide">alcaloides</a> i <a href="/wiki/Polic%C3%A8tid" title="Policètid">policètids</a>, que són tòxiques per als animals, incloent-hi els humans. Les fructificacions d'algunes espècies tenen un ús <a href="/wiki/Droga_recreativa" title="Droga recreativa">recreatiu</a> o en cerimònies tradicionals, com a font de compostos <a href="/wiki/Psicotr%C3%B2pic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psicotròpic">psicotròpics</a>. Els fongs són <a href="/wiki/Pat%C3%B2gens" class="mw-redirect" title="Patògens">patògens</a> importants d'humans i altres animals, i les pèrdues degudes a <a href="/wiki/Malalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Malalties">malalties</a> dels <a href="/wiki/Conreu" title="Conreu">conreus</a> (com ara la <a href="/wiki/Fallada_de_l%27arr%C3%B2s" title="Fallada de l'arròs">fallada de l'arròs</a>, o la <a href="/wiki/Banya_del_s%C3%A8gol" title="Banya del sègol">banya del sègol</a>) o la <a href="/wiki/Putrefacci%C3%B3" title="Putrefacció">putrefacció</a> d'aliments poden tenir un gran impacte sobre el <a href="/wiki/Seguretat_aliment%C3%A0ria" title="Seguretat alimentària">subministrament d'aliments</a> i les economies locals. </p><p>El regne dels fongs abasta una enorme diversitat de <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0xons" class="mw-redirect" title="Tàxons">tàxons</a> amb diferents tipus d'ecologia, estratègies de <a href="/wiki/Cicle_biol%C3%B2gic" title="Cicle biològic">cicles de vida</a> i <a href="/wiki/Morfologia_(biologia)" title="Morfologia (biologia)">morfologies</a>, des de fongs aquàtics unicel·lulars com ara els <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%ADtrids" class="mw-redirect" title="Quítrids">quítrids</a> fins als bolets de gran mida. Tanmateix, no se sap gaire cosa sobre la <a href="/wiki/Biodiversitat" title="Biodiversitat">biodiversitat</a> real dels fongs, que s'ha calculat a entre 1,5 i 5 milions d'espècies, de les quals s'han classificat formalment un 5-10% (les darreres estimacions calculen que hi ha unes 140.000 especies conegudes).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Des de les obres <a href="/wiki/Taxonomia" title="Taxonomia">taxonòmiques</a> pioneres de <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné">Carl von Linné</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Hendrik_Persoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Hendrik Persoon">Christian Hendrik Persoon</a> i <a href="/wiki/Elias_Magnus_Fries" title="Elias Magnus Fries">Elias Magnus Fries</a> als segles <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xviii</span> i <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xix</span>, els fongs han estat <a href="/wiki/Classificaci%C3%B3_biol%C3%B2gica" class="mw-redirect" title="Classificació biològica">classificats</a> segons la seva morfologia (per exemple, <a href="/wiki/Car%C3%A0cter_(biologia)" title="Caràcter (biologia)">caràcters</a> com ara el color de les espores o trets microscòpics) o <a href="/wiki/Fisiologia" title="Fisiologia">fisiològics</a>. Els avenços en <a href="/wiki/Gen%C3%A8tica_molecular" title="Genètica molecular">genètica molecular</a> han permès l'aplicació d'<a href="/wiki/Seq%C3%BCenciaci%C3%B3_de_l%27ADN" class="mw-redirect" title="Seqüenciació de l'ADN">anàlisis d'ADN</a> a la taxonomia, cosa que a vegades ha tingut resultats que divergeixen de les classificacions històriques basades en la morfologia i altres caràcters. Estudis <a href="/wiki/Filogen%C3%A8tic" class="mw-redirect" title="Filogenètic">filogenètics</a> publicats a l'última dècada han contribuït a remodelar profundament la classificació del regne dels fongs, que avui inclou 19 <a href="/wiki/Divisi%C3%B3_(biologia)" title="Divisió (biologia)">divisions</a> i 83 <a href="/wiki/Classe_(biologia)" title="Classe (biologia)">classes</a> (segons la darrera actualització, àmpliament consensuada, que data del 2024).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologia">Etimologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fongs&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Etimologia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El terme <a href="/wiki/Catal%C3%A0" title="Català">català</a> <i>fong</i><sup id="cite_ref-diec_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diec-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> es deriva directament del <a href="/wiki/Llat%C3%AD" title="Llatí">llatí</a> <i>fungus</i>, que significa ‘bolet’, que ja va ser utilitzat per <a href="/wiki/Horaci" title="Horaci">Horaci</a> i <a href="/wiki/Plini_el_Vell" title="Plini el Vell">Plini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al seu torn, <i>fungus</i> deriva de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%88tim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ètim">ètim</a> <a href="/wiki/Grec_antic" title="Grec antic">grec</a> <i>sfongos</i>/σφογγος (‘esponja’), en referència a les estructures i la morfologia <a href="/wiki/Nivell_macrosc%C3%B2pic" title="Nivell macroscòpic">macroscòpiques</a> dels bolets i les floridures, i aquesta arrel també s'utilitza en altres llengües (com l'<a href="/wiki/Alemany" title="Alemany">alemany</a> <i>Schwamm</i> (‘esponja’), <i>Schimmel</i> (‘floridura’), o <i>Schwammerl</i>, per a alguns tipus de bolets).<sup id="cite_ref-Ainsworth2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ainsworth2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es creu que l'ús de la paraula <i><a href="/wiki/Micologia" title="Micologia">micologia</a></i> (que deriva del grec <i>mikes</i>/μύκης, ‘bolet’, i <i>logos</i>/λόγος, ‘discurs’)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> per referir-se a l'estudi científic dels fongs s'originà el 1836 amb el naturalista <a href="/wiki/Miles_Joseph_Berkeley" title="Miles Joseph Berkeley">Miles Joseph Berkeley</a> a la seva obra <i>The English Flora of Sir James Edward Smith</i>, Vol. 5.<sup id="cite_ref-Ainsworth2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ainsworth2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Característiques"><span id="Caracter.C3.ADstiques"></span>Característiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fongs&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Característiques"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El regne dels fongs es caracteritza per una sèrie de <a href="/wiki/Car%C3%A0cter_(biologia)" title="Caràcter (biologia)">caràcters</a>, alguns dels quals són compartits amb altres organismes, mentre que d'altres en són exclusius: </p> <dl><dt>Característiques compartides</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Amb la resta d'eucariotes: els fongs són <a href="/wiki/Eucariotes" title="Eucariotes">eucariotes</a>, és a dir, les seves cèl·lules contenen un <a href="/wiki/Nucli_cel%C2%B7lular" title="Nucli cel·lular">nucli</a> envoltat per una <a href="/wiki/Membrana_(biologia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Membrana (biologia)">membrana</a> i dotat de <a href="/wiki/Cromosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromosomes">cromosomes</a>. Les cèl·lules contenen <a href="/wiki/Org%C3%A0nul" title="Orgànul">orgànuls</a> citoplasmàtics envoltats per una membrana, així com <a href="/wiki/Ribosoma" title="Ribosoma">ribosomes</a> del tipus 80S.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els fongs presenten una varietat característica de carbohidrats solubles i compostos d'emmagatzematge, com el <a href="/wiki/Mannitol" title="Mannitol">mannitol</a> i altres <a href="/wiki/Poliol" title="Poliol">poliols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trehalosa" title="Trehalosa">trehalosa</a> i <a href="/wiki/Glicogen" title="Glicogen">glicogen</a>, l'últim dels quals també ocorre en els animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Deacon4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deacon4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Amb els animals: Als fongs els manquen els <a href="/wiki/Cloroplast" title="Cloroplast">cloroplasts</a> i són organismes <a href="/wiki/Heter%C3%B2trof" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteròtrof">heteròtrofs</a>. Necessiten <a href="/wiki/Compost_org%C3%A0nic" title="Compost orgànic">compostos orgànics</a> preformats com a font d'energia, així com <a href="/wiki/Esquelet_de_carboni" class="mw-redirect" title="Esquelet de carboni">esquelets de carboni</a> per a la <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADntesi_org%C3%A0nica" title="Síntesi orgànica">síntesi orgànica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Amb les plantes: Els fongs tenen <a href="/wiki/Paret_cel%C2%B7lular" title="Paret cel·lular">paret cel·lular</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i <a href="/wiki/Vac%C3%BAol" title="Vacúol">vacúols</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoji_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoji-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es reprodueixen tant sexualment com asexualment i, de la mateixa manera que els grups basals de plantes (com les <a href="/wiki/Falgueres" title="Falgueres">falgueres</a> i les <a href="/wiki/Molses" title="Molses">molses</a>), produeixen <a href="/wiki/Espora_(micologia)" title="Espora (micologia)">espores</a>. De manera similar a les molses i les algues, els fongs tenen típicament un nucli <a href="/wiki/Haploide" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploide">haploide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deacon58_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deacon58-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Amb els procariotes: com en alguns bacteris, la biosíntesi de l'<a href="/wiki/Amino%C3%A0cid" title="Aminoàcid">aminoàcid</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">L</span>-lisina es fa per la ruta de l'α-aminoadipat.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3928261_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3928261-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Característiques exclusives</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Els fongs solen créixer en forma d'<a href="/wiki/Hifa" title="Hifa">hifes</a>, que s'estenen a l'extrem.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquesta forma de creixement apical és compartida amb els oomicets, d'estructura similar,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i contrasta amb la d'altres organismes filamentosos, com les <a href="/wiki/Algues_verdes" title="Algues verdes">algues verdes</a> filamentoses, que creixen mitjançant divisions cel·lulars repetides dins una cadena de cèl·lules (creixement intercalar).<sup id="cite_ref-Deacon4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deacon4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Algunes espècies creixen com a llevats unicel·lulars que es reprodueixen per <a href="/wiki/Gemmaci%C3%B3" title="Gemmació">gemmació</a>, i els fongs <a href="/w/index.php?title=Commutaci%C3%B3_fenot%C3%ADpica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commutació fenotípica (encara no existeix)">dimòrfics</a> poden canviar d'una fase de llevat a una d'hifa en resposta a les condicions ambientals.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>La paret cel·lular fúngica conté <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glic%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glicà (encara no existeix)">glicans</a> que també es donen en les plantes, però també <a href="/wiki/Quitina" title="Quitina">quitina</a>, que no existeix en el regne vegetal, però sí a l'<a href="/wiki/Exoesquelet" title="Exoesquelet">exoesquelet</a> dels <a href="/wiki/Artr%C3%B2podes" title="Artròpodes">artròpodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En contrast amb les plantes i els oomicets, la paret cel·lular fúngica manca de <a href="/wiki/Cel%C2%B7lulosa" title="Cel·lulosa">cel·lulosa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Les hifes fúngiques poden tenir diversos nuclis dins de cada compartiment,<sup id="cite_ref-Deacon58_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deacon58-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i molts llevats gemmants són diploides.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15108721_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15108721-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diversitat">Diversitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fongs&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Diversitat"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els fongs tenen una distribució global, i creixen en una gran varietat d'hàbitats, inclosos els <a href="/wiki/Deserts" class="mw-redirect" title="Deserts">deserts</a>, medis <a href="/wiki/Hipersalinitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipersalinitat">hipersalins</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18343697_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18343697-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> la <a href="/wiki/Mar_profunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar profunda">mar profunda</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en roques,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18350264_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18350264-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i en condicions de <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> extremament baixa o alta. Són capaços de sobreviure als intensos rajos <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolat" title="Ultraviolat">ultraviolats</a> i la <a href="/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3_c%C3%B2smica" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiació còsmica">radiació còsmica</a> presents durant un viatge espacial.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17630840_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17630840-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La majoria creixen en medis terrestres, però algunes espècies viuen parcialment o exclusiva en hàbitats aquàtics. Per exemple, el fong <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%ADtrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Quítrid">quítrid</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Batrachochytrium_dendrobatidis" title="Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis">Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</a></i> (un dels responsables del <a href="/wiki/Declivi_de_les_poblacions_d%27amfibis" title="Declivi de les poblacions d'amfibis">declivi global</a> en les poblacions d'<a href="/wiki/Amfibis" title="Amfibis">amfibis</a>) passa part del seu cicle vital com a <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%B2spora" title="Zoòspora">zoòspora</a> mòtil, cosa que li permet d'impulsar-se per l'aigua i penetrar en la pell d'un hoste amfibi.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18998584_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18998584-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Els fongs, juntament amb els <a href="/wiki/Bacteris" title="Bacteris">bacteris</a>, són els principals <a href="/wiki/Putrefacci%C3%B3" title="Putrefacció">descomponedors</a> de matèria orgànica en molts dels ecosistemes d'arreu del món, si no tots. Basant-se en observacions de la ràtio del nombre d'espècies fúngiques i d'espècies vegetals en medis selectes, s'ha estimat que el regne dels fongs deu comprendre aproximadament 1,5 milions d'espècies,<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 70.000 de les quals han estat descrites formalment per <a href="/wiki/Taxonomia" title="Taxonomia">taxonomistes</a>; tanmateix, l'abast real de la diversitat dels fongs encara és desconegut.<sup id="cite_ref-Mueller&Schmit_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller&Schmit-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fins fa poc, les espècies fúngiques eren descrites basant-se principalment en característiques morfològiques, com ara la mida i la forma de les espores o fructificacions, i el concepte d'<a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A8cie" title="Espècie">espècie</a> biològica. L'aplicació de recursos <a href="/wiki/Biologia_molecular" title="Biologia molecular">moleculars</a>, com ara la <a href="/wiki/Seq%C3%BCenciaci%C3%B3_d%27ADN" title="Seqüenciació d'ADN">seqüenciació d'ADN</a> i l'anàlisi <a href="/wiki/Filogen%C3%A8tica" class="mw-redirect" title="Filogenètica">filogenètica</a>, per a estudiar la diversitat, ha millorat significativament la resolució i ha reforçat les estimacions de la diversitat genètica al si de diversos grups taxonòmics.<sup id="cite_ref-Hibbett_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hibbett-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morfologia">Morfologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fongs&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Morfologia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estructures_microscòpiques"><span id="Estructures_microsc.C3.B2piques"></span>Estructures microscòpiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fongs&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Estructures microscòpiques"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:DecayingPeachSmall.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/DecayingPeachSmall.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>Una floridura cobrint un préssec en descomposició al llarg de sis dies. Els fotogrames foren presos amb dotze hores de diferència, aproximadament.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tot i que els fongs formen part del <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> dels <a href="/wiki/Opistocont" class="mw-redirect" title="Opistocont">opistoconts</a>, totes les divisions tret dels <a href="/wiki/Quitridiomicet" class="mw-redirect" title="Quitridiomicet">quitridiomicets</a> han perdut el <a href="/wiki/Flagel" title="Flagel">flagel</a> posterior.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els fongs són inusuals entre els eucariotes pel fet de tenir una <a href="/wiki/Paret_cel%C2%B7lular" title="Paret cel·lular">paret cel·lular</a> que, a part de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glic%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glicà (encara no existeix)">glicans</a> (com el β-1,3-glicà) i altres components típics, conté el <a href="/wiki/Biopol%C3%ADmer" title="Biopolímer">biopolímer</a> <a href="/wiki/Quitina" title="Quitina">quitina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La majoria de fongs creixen en forma d'estructures microscòpiques filamentoses anomenades <a href="/wiki/Hifa" title="Hifa">hifes</a> i un assemblatge d'hifes entreteixides i interconnexes rep el nom de <a href="/wiki/Miceli" title="Miceli">miceli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Les hifes poden ser septades, és a dir, dividides en compartiments separats per un <a href="/wiki/Septe" title="Septe">septe</a>, i cada compartiment conté un o més <a href="/wiki/Nucli_cel%C2%B7lular" title="Nucli cel·lular">nuclis</a>; o poden ser <a href="/wiki/Cenoc%C3%ADtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenocític">cenocítiques</a>, és a dir, que manquen de compartimentalització hifal.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tanmateix, els <a href="/wiki/Porus_septal" title="Porus septal">septes tenen porus</a>, com ara els doliporus dels <a href="/wiki/Basidiomicets" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidiomicets">basidiomicets</a>, que permeten el pas del <a href="/wiki/Citoplasma" title="Citoplasma">citoplasma</a>, els <a href="/wiki/Org%C3%A0nul" title="Orgànul">orgànuls</a> i a vegades els <a href="/wiki/Nucli_cel%C2%B7lular" title="Nucli cel·lular">nuclis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Les hifes <a href="/wiki/Cenoc%C3%ADtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenocític">cenocítiques</a> són bàsicament <a href="/wiki/Superc%C3%A8l%C2%B7lula" class="mw-disambig" title="Supercèl·lula">supercèl·lules</a> <a href="/wiki/Multinucleat" title="Multinucleat">multinucleades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Algunes espècies han desenvolupat estructures especialitzades per absorbir <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Hoste" title="Hoste">hostes</a> vivents; en són exemples els <a href="/wiki/Haustori" title="Haustori">haustoris</a> dels paràsits vegetals de la majoria de divisions i els <a href="/wiki/Micorriza_arbuscular" title="Micorriza arbuscular">arbúsculs</a> de diversos fongs <a href="/wiki/Micorriza" title="Micorriza">micorrizals</a>, que penetren a les cèl·lules de l'hoste per consumir-ne nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-urlMycology_-_Structure_and_Function_-_Haustoria_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlMycology_-_Structure_and_Function_-_Haustoria-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estructures_macroscòpiques"><span id="Estructures_macrosc.C3.B2piques"></span>Estructures macroscòpiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fongs&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Estructures macroscòpiques"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els micelis fúngics poden esdevenir visibles macroscòpicament, per exemple, com a anells concèntrics sobre algunes superfícies, com ara parets humides, i altres substrats, com el menjar caducat, i se'ls anomena vulgarment i genèrica <a href="/wiki/Floridura" title="Floridura">floridures</a>; els micelis que creixen en medis d'<a href="/wiki/Agarosa" title="Agarosa">agarosa</a> en <a href="/wiki/Placa_de_Petri" title="Placa de Petri">plaques de Petri</a> al laboratori solen denominar-se colònies, i presenten formes i colors de creixement macroscòpic característics, degut a les espores o la <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigmentació</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Les estructures especialitzades importants en la <a href="/wiki/Reproducci%C3%B3_sexual" title="Reproducció sexual">reproducció sexual</a> són els <a href="/wiki/Apoteci" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoteci">apotecis</a>, els <a href="/wiki/Periteci" class="mw-redirect" title="Periteci">peritecis</a> i els <a href="/wiki/Clistoteci" class="mw-redirect" title="Clistoteci">clistotecis</a> en els ascomicets,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i les <a href="/wiki/Fructificaci%C3%B3" title="Fructificació">fructificacions</a> dels basidiomicets i alguns ascomicets. A vegades, aquestes estructures reproductives poden créixer fins a grans mides, i són conegudes com a <a href="/wiki/Bolet" title="Bolet">bolets</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creixement_i_fisiologia">Creixement i fisiologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fongs&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Creixement i fisiologia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El creixement en forma d'hifes filamentoses a sobre o a dins de substrats sòlids o de cèl·lules individuals en medis aquàtics està adaptat per una extracció eficient de nutrients d'aquests medis, car aquestes formes de creixement tenen un alt <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A0tio_superf%C3%ADcie-volum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ràtio superfície-volum (encara no existeix)">ràtio superfície-volum</a>. Les hifes estan adaptades específicament per créixer en superfícies sòlides i dins de substrats, i poden exercir una força mecànica penetrativa important. El <a href="/wiki/Fitopatologia" title="Fitopatologia">patogen vegetal</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Magnaporthe_grisea" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnaporthe grisea">Magnaporthe grisea</a></i> forma una estructura anomenada <a href="/wiki/Apressori" title="Apressori">apressori</a>, dissenyada específicament per penetrar teixits vegetals. La pressió generada per l'apressori, dirigida directament contra l'<a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(bot%C3%A0nica)" title="Epidermis (botànica)">epidermis</a> vegetal, pot superar 8 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unitat)" title="Pascal (unitat)">MPa</a> (80 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unitat)" title="Bar (unitat)">bars</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_et_al._41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_et_al.-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El fong filamentós <i><a href="/wiki/Paecilomyces_lilacinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paecilomyces lilacinus">Paecilomyces lilacinus</a></i> utilitza un mètode similar per penetrar els ous de nematodes paràsits de les plantes.<sup id="cite_ref-Money_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Money-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La generació d'aquestes pressions mecàniques és el resultat d'una interacció entre processos fisiològics que incrementen la <a href="/wiki/Turg%C3%A8ncia" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgència">turgència</a> intracel·lular mitjançant producció d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmolit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmolit (encara no existeix)">osmolits</a> com ara <a href="/wiki/Glicerol" title="Glicerol">glicerol</a>, i la morfologia de l'apressori.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_et_al._43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang_et_al.-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquestes adaptacions <a href="/wiki/Morfologia_(biologia)" title="Morfologia (biologia)">morfològiques</a> estan complementades per <a href="/wiki/Cel%C2%B7lulasa" title="Cel·lulasa">enzims hidrolítics</a> secretats al medi per digerir les molècules orgàniques grans, com ara <a href="/wiki/Polisac%C3%A0rid" title="Polisacàrid">polisacàrids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prote%C3%AFnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteïnes">proteïnes</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADpids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lípids">lípids</a> i altres substrats orgànics en molècules més petites que després es poden absorbir com a nutrients, fenomen conegut com a <a href="/wiki/Osmotr%C3%B2fia" title="Osmotròfia">osmotròfia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pereira_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pereira-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schaller_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Farrar_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farrar-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tradicionalment, els fongs són considerats <a href="/wiki/Heter%C3%B2trof" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteròtrof">heteròtrofs</a>, organismes que depenen del <a href="/wiki/Fixaci%C3%B3_del_carboni" title="Fixació del carboni">carboni fixat</a> per altres organismes pel seu <a href="/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme">metabolisme</a>. Els fongs han <a href="/wiki/Evolucionat" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolucionat">desenvolupat</a> una versatilitat metabòlica destacable que els permet utilitzar una gran varietat de substrats orgànics per créixer, incloent-hi <a href="/wiki/Nitrat" title="Nitrat">nitrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amon%C3%ADac" title="Amoníac">amoníac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetat" title="Acetat">acetats</a> o <a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">etanols</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marzluf_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marzluf-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heynes_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heynes-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Algunes espècies semblen ser capaces d'utilitzar el pigment <a href="/wiki/Melanina" title="Melanina">melanina</a> per extreure energia de la <a href="/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3_ionitzant" title="Radiació ionitzant">radiació ionitzant</a>, com ara els <a href="/wiki/Rajos_gamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajos gamma">rajos gamma</a>, per un creixement <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fong_radi%C3%B2trof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fong radiòtrof (encara no existeix)">radiotròfic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dadachova_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dadachova-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquest procés pot ser similar a la fixació de CO₂ mitjançant <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reacci%C3%B3_anaplet%C3%B2rica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reacció anapletòrica (encara no existeix)">reaccions anapleròtiques</a> amb la llum visible, però utilitzant radiació ionitzant com a font d'energia.<sup id="cite_ref-Dadachova&Casadevall_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dadachova&Casadevall-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principals_fongs_patògens_de_les_plantes"><span id="Principals_fongs_pat.C3.B2gens_de_les_plantes"></span>Principals fongs patògens de les plantes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fongs&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Principals fongs patògens de les plantes"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els 10 fongs més perjudicials per a les plantes segons el resultat d'una enquesta duta a terme a 495 investigadors de tot el món, publicada a la revista científica <i><a href="/wiki/Molecular_Plant_Pathology" title="Molecular Plant Pathology">Molecular Plant Pathology</a></i>, són:<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnaporthe_oryzae" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnaporthe oryzae">Magnaporthe oryzae</a></i>, patogen de l'<a href="/wiki/Arr%C3%B2s" title="Arròs">arròs</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea" title="Botrytis cinerea">Botrytis cinerea</a></i>, patogen generalista però també útil en algunes vinificacions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puccinia" title="Puccinia"><i>Puccinia spp.</i></a> (gènere) produeix el «rovell» en <a href="/wiki/Po%C3%A0cies" title="Poàcies">poàcies</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium_graminearum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusarium graminearum">Fusarium graminearum</a></i>, patogen generalista.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium_oxysporum" title="Fusarium oxysporum">Fusarium oxysporum</a></i>, patogen generalista.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blumeria_graminis" class="mw-redirect" title="Blumeria graminis">Blumeria graminis</a></i>, patogen de les poàcies.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mycosphaerella_graminicola" title="Mycosphaerella graminicola">Mycosphaerella graminicola</a></i>, patogen, entre altres de les <a href="/wiki/Po%C3%A0cies" title="Poàcies">poàcies</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colletotrichum" title="Colletotrichum"><i>Colletotrichum spp.</i></a> (gènere), patogen, entre d'altres, de fruites i plantes medicinals.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ustilago_maydis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustilago maydis">Ustilago maydis</a></i> o «carbó del blat de moro», tanmateix es fa servir com a model per estudiar la immunitat molecular de les plantes i els processos infecciosos.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melampsora_lini" title="Melampsora lini">Melampsora lini</a></i>, patogen del <a href="/wiki/Lli" title="Lli">lli</a>, tanmateix es fa servir com a model per estudiar la immunitat molecular de les plantes i els processos infecciosos.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproducció"><span id="Reproducci.C3.B3"></span>Reproducció</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fongs&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la secció: Reproducció"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Polyporus_squamosus_Molter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Polyporus_squamosus_Molter.jpg/250px-Polyporus_squamosus_Molter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Polyporus_squamosus_Molter.jpg/330px-Polyporus_squamosus_Molter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Polyporus_squamosus_Molter.jpg/500px-Polyporus_squamosus_Molter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2612" data-file-height="1959" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyporus_squamosus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polyporus squamosus (encara no existeix)">Polyporus squamosus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>La reproducció dels fongs és complexa i reflecteix l'heterogeneïtat d'estils de vida i genètica dins d'aquest regne d'organismes.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molts es reprodueixen sexualment o asexualment, segons les condicions del medi. Aquestes condicions engeguen programes de desenvolupament genèticament determinats que causen l'expressió d'estructures especialitzades per la reproducció sexual o asexual. Aquestes estructures contribueixen tant a la reproducció com a la disseminació eficient de les espores o propàguls portadors d'espores.<sup id="cite_ref-fungi_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fungi-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproducció_asexual"><span id="Reproducci.C3.B3_asexual"></span>Reproducció asexual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fongs&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la secció: Reproducció asexual"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Reproducci%C3%B3_asexual" title="Reproducció asexual">reproducció asexual</a> mitjançant <a href="/wiki/Espora_(micologia)" title="Espora (micologia)">espores</a> vegetatives o fragmentació micelial és comuna; manté poblacions <a href="/wiki/Clon" class="mw-redirect" title="Clon">clonals</a> adaptades a <a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADnxol_ecol%C3%B2gic" title="Nínxol ecològic">nínxols</a> específics, i permet una dispersió més ràpida que la reproducció sexual.<sup id="cite_ref-Heitman_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heitman-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En el cas dels «fongs imperfectes», o <a href="/wiki/Deuteromicet" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteromicet">deuteromicets</a>, que manquen de cicle sexual, és l'únic mitjà de propagació. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproducció_sexual"><span id="Reproducci.C3.B3_sexual"></span>Reproducció sexual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fongs&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la secció: Reproducció sexual"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La reproducció sexual amb <a href="/wiki/Meiosi" title="Meiosi">meiosi</a> es dona en totes les divisions de fongs. Difereix en molts aspectes de la reproducció sexual dels animals i les plantes. També hi ha diferències entre els grups de fongs, i se les ha utilitzat per diferenciar espècies basant-se en diferències morfològiques en les estructures sexuals i les estratègies reproductives. També es poden utilitzar creuaments experimentals entre aïllaments fúngics per identificar espècies basant-se en el concepte d'<a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A8cie" title="Espècie">espècie</a> biològica. Els grups principals de fongs havien estat determinats inicialment basant-se en la morfologia de les seves estructures sexuals i espores; per exemple, les estructures portadores d'espores, els <a href="/wiki/Asc_(micologia)" title="Asc (micologia)">ascs</a> i els <a href="/wiki/Basidi" title="Basidi">basidis</a>, es poden utilitzar per identificar ascomicets i basidiomicets, respectivament. Algunes espècies poden tenir sistemes d'incompatibilitat vegetativa que només permet l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aparellament_en_els_fongs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aparellament en els fongs (encara no existeix)">aparellament</a> entre individus de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tipus_d%27aparellament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tipus d'aparellament (encara no existeix)">tipus d'aparellament</a> oposats, mentre que d'altres s'aparellen i es reprodueixen sexualment amb qualsevol altre individu o amb si mateixes. Les primeres espècies són denominades <a href="/wiki/Heterot%C3%A0l%C2%B7lic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterotàl·lic">heterotàl·liques</a> i les últimes <a href="/wiki/Homot%C3%A0l%C2%B7lic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homotàl·lic">homotàl·liques</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Metzenberg_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metzenberg-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La majoria de fongs tenen una etapa <a href="/wiki/Haploide" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploide">haploide</a> i una de <a href="/wiki/Diploide" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploide">diploide</a> al seu cicle vital. En els fongs que es reprodueixen sexualment, els individus compatibles es combinen per fusió cel·lular d'hifes vegetatives per <a href="/wiki/Anastomosi" title="Anastomosi">anastomosi</a>, necessària per a l'inici del cicle sexual. Els ascomicets i basidiomicets passen per una fase <a href="/wiki/Dicari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicari">dicariòtica</a>, en què els <a href="/wiki/Nucli_cel%C2%B7lular" title="Nucli cel·lular">nuclis</a> heretats dels pares no es fusionen immediatament després de la fusió cel·lular, sinó que romanen separats dins les cèl·lules hifals (vegeu <i><a href="/wiki/Heterocari" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterocari">Heterocariosi</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cladograma">Cladograma</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fongs&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifica la secció: Cladograma"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les relacions filogenètiques no estan del tot consensuades. L'anàlisi genètica d'unes 200 espècies (2016) i altres estudis, però usant la <a href="/wiki/Nomenclatura" title="Nomenclatura">nomenclatura</a> moderna (2019), va donar el següent resultat:<sup id="cite_ref-Spatafora_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spatafora-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tedersoo_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tedersoo-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="font-size:90%; line-height:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a></span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Holomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Holomycota">Holomycota</a></span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cristidiscoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristidiscoidea">Cristidiscoidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><b>Fungi</b></span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opisthosporidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthosporidia">Opisthosporidia</a></span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Aphelida" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelida">Aphelida</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Rozellidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Rozellidea">Rozellidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Microsporidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporidia">Microsporidia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eumycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumycota">Eumycota</a></span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap">Chytridiomycota <i><a href="/wiki/Sensu_lato" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu lato">s. l.</a></i></span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocallimastigomycota">Neocallimastigomycota</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> </span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiomycota</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amastigomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Amastigomycota">Amastigomycota</a></span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Zoopagomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoopagomycota">Zoopagomycota</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap">Mucoromycota <i>s. l.</i></span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Mucoromycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucoromycota">Mucoromycota</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Glomeromycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Dikarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dikarya">Dikarya</a> </span></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Entorrhizomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Entorrhizomycota">Entorrhizomycota</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom:1px solid; padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Holozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Holozoa">Holozoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a> i formes emparentades) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomia">Taxonomia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fongs&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifica la secció: Taxonomia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'actualització més recent de la classificació dels fongs data del 2024 i ha obtingut un ampli consens entre els <a href="/wiki/Micologia" title="Micologia">micòlegs</a> ja que ha estat signada per més de 500 coautors. Aquest sistema de classificació reconeix 19 <a href="/wiki/Divisi%C3%B3_(biologia)" title="Divisió (biologia)">divisions</a> i 83 <a href="/wiki/Classe_(biologia)" title="Classe (biologia)">classes</a>, i no fa esment dels <a href="/wiki/Subregne" class="mw-redirect" title="Subregne">subregnes</a> d'altres classificacions:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Divisió <i><a href="/wiki/Rozellomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Rozellomycota">Rozellomycota</a></i></dt></dl> <ul><li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudimicrosporia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudimicrosporia (encara no existeix)">Rudimicrosporia</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Microsporidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporidi">Microsporidia</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Divisió <i><a href="/wiki/Aphelidiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelidiomycota">Aphelidiomycota</a></i></dt></dl> <ul><li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Aphelidiomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelidiomycetes">Aphelidiomycetes</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Divisió <i><a href="/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiomycota</a></i></dt></dl> <ul><li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physodermatomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physodermatomycetes (encara no existeix)">Physodermatomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blastocladiomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blastocladiomycetes (encara no existeix)">Blastocladiomycetes</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Divisió <i><a href="/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocallimastigomycota">Neocallimastigomycota</a></i></dt></dl> <ul><li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Neocallimastigomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocallimastigomycetes">Neocallimastigomycetes</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Divisió <i><a href="/wiki/Monoblepharomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoblepharomycota">Monoblepharomycota</a></i></dt></dl> <ul><li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyaloraphidiomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyaloraphidiomycetes (encara no existeix)">Hyaloraphidiomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoblepharidomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monoblepharidomycetes (encara no existeix)">Monoblepharidomycetes</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Divisió <i><a href="/wiki/Sanchytriomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanchytriomycota">Sanchytriomycota</a></i></dt></dl> <ul><li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Sanchytriomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanchytriomycetes">Sanchytriomycetes</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Divisió <i><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></i></dt></dl> <ul><li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caulochytriomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caulochytriomycetes (encara no existeix)">Caulochytriomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chytridiomycetes">Chytridiomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cladochytriomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cladochytriomycetes (encara no existeix)">Cladochytriomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobulomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lobulomycetes (encara no existeix)">Lobulomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesochytriomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesochytriomycetes (encara no existeix)">Mesochytriomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychytriomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polychytriomycetes (encara no existeix)">Polychytriomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhizophydiomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhizophydiomycetes (encara no existeix)">Rhizophydiomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhizophlyctidomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhizophlyctidomycetes (encara no existeix)">Rhizophlyctidomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spizellomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spizellomycetes (encara no existeix)">Spizellomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchytriomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synchytriomycetes (encara no existeix)">Synchytriomycetes</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Divisió <i><a href="/wiki/Basidiobolomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidiobolomycota">Basidiobolomycota</a></i></dt></dl> <ul><li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Basidiobolomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidiobolomycetes">Basidiobolomycetes</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Divisió <i><a href="/wiki/Olpidiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Olpidiomycota">Olpidiomycota</a></i></dt></dl> <ul><li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Olpidiomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Olpidiomycetes">Olpidiomycetes</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Divisió <i><a href="/wiki/Entomophthoromycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Entomophthoromycota">Entomophthoromycota</a></i></dt></dl> <ul><li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neozygitomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neozygitomycetes (encara no existeix)">Neozygitomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entomophthoromycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entomophthoromycetes (encara no existeix)">Entomophthoromycetes</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Divisió <i><a href="/wiki/Kickxellomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Kickxellomycota">Kickxellomycota</a></i></dt></dl> <ul><li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asellariomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asellariomycetes (encara no existeix)">Asellariomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbatosporomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbatosporomycetes (encara no existeix)">Barbatosporomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimargaritomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimargaritomycetes (encara no existeix)">Dimargaritomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harpellomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harpellomycetes (encara no existeix)">Harpellomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kickxellomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kickxellomycetes (encara no existeix)">Kickxellomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramicandelaberomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramicandelaberomycetes (encara no existeix)">Ramicandelaberomycetes</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Divisió <i><a href="/wiki/Zoopagomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoopagomycota">Zoopagomycota</a></i></dt></dl> <ul><li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoopagomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoopagomycetes (encara no existeix)">Zoopagomycetes</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Divisió <i><a href="/wiki/Glomeromycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a></i></dt></dl> <ul><li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraglomeromycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paraglomeromycetes (encara no existeix)">Paraglomeromycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeosporomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeosporomycetes (encara no existeix)">Archaeosporomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Glomeromycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Glomeromycetes">Glomeromycetes</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Divisió <i><a href="/wiki/Mortierellales" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortierellales">Mortierellomycota</a></i></dt></dl> <ul><li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mortierellomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mortierellomycetes (encara no existeix)">Mortierellomycetes</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Divisió <i><a href="/wiki/Calcarisporiellomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcarisporiellomycota">Calcarisporiellomycota</a></i></dt></dl> <ul><li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Calcarisporiellomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcarisporiellomycetes">Calcarisporiellomycetes</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Divisió <i><a href="/wiki/Mucoromycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucoromycota">Mucoromycota</a></i></dt></dl> <ul><li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endogonomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endogonomycetes (encara no existeix)">Endogonomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucoromycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mucoromycetes (encara no existeix)">Mucoromycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbelopsidomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umbelopsidomycetes (encara no existeix)">Umbelopsidomycetes</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Divisió <i><a href="/wiki/Entorrhizomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Entorrhizomycota">Entorrhizomycota</a></i></dt></dl> <ul><li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entorrhizomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entorrhizomycetes (encara no existeix)">Entorrhizomycetes</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Divisió <i><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></i></dt></dl> <ul><li>Subdivisió <i><a href="/wiki/Agaricomycotina" title="Agaricomycotina">Agaricomycotina</a></i> <ul><li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Agaricomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Agaricomycetes">Agaricomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartheletiomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartheletiomycetes (encara no existeix)">Bartheletiomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Dacrymycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacrymycetes">Dacrymycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Tremellomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremellomycetes">Tremellomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallemiomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wallemiomycetes (encara no existeix)">Wallemiomycetes</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Subdivisió <i><a href="/wiki/Pucciniomycotina" title="Pucciniomycotina">Pucciniomycotina</a></i> <ul><li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agaricostilbomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agaricostilbomycetes (encara no existeix)">Agaricostilbomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atractiellomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atractiellomycetes (encara no existeix)">Atractiellomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classiculomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classiculomycetes (encara no existeix)">Classiculomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptomycocolacomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptomycocolacomycetes (encara no existeix)">Cryptomycocolacomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cystobasidiomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cystobasidiomycetes (encara no existeix)">Cystobasidiomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Microbotryomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbotryomycetes">Microbotryomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixiomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mixiomycetes (encara no existeix)">Mixiomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Pucciniomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pucciniomycetes">Pucciniomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiculogloeomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiculogloeomycetes (encara no existeix)">Spiculogloeomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tritirachiomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tritirachiomycetes (encara no existeix)">Tritirachiomycetes</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Subdivisió <i><a href="/wiki/Ustilaginomycotina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustilaginomycotina">Ustilaginomycotina</a></i> <ul><li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Exobasidiomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Exobasidiomycetes">Exobasidiomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malasseziomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malasseziomycetes (encara no existeix)">Malasseziomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moniliellomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moniliellomycetes (encara no existeix)">Moniliellomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peribolosporomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peribolosporomycetes (encara no existeix)">Peribolosporomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Ustilaginomycetes" title="Ustilaginomycetes">Ustilaginomycetes</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Divisió <i><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></i></dt></dl> <ul><li>Subdivisió <i><a href="/wiki/Pezizomycotina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pezizomycotina">Pezizomycotina</a></i> <ul><li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Arthoniomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthoniomycetes">Arthoniomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Dothideomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dothideomycetes">Dothideomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Eurotiomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurotiomycetes">Eurotiomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Laboulbeniomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboulbeniomycetes">Laboulbeniomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Lecanoromycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lecanoromycetes">Lecanoromycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Leotiomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Leotiomycetes">Leotiomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Lichinomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichinomycetes">Lichinomycetes</a></i> (incloent-hi <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoglossomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoglossomycetes (encara no existeix)">Geoglossomycetes</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candelariomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Candelariomycetes (encara no existeix)">Candelariomycetes</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coniocybomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coniocybomycetes (encara no existeix)">Coniocybomycetes</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sareomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sareomycetes (encara no existeix)">Sareomycetes</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xylonomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xylonomycetes (encara no existeix)">Xylonomycetes</a></i>)</li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Orbiliomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbiliomycetes">Orbiliomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Pezizomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pezizomycetes">Pezizomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Sordariomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sordariomycetes">Sordariomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xylobotryomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xylobotryomycetes (encara no existeix)">Xylobotryomycetes</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Subdivisió <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomycotina" title="Saccharomycotina">Saccharomycotina</a></i> <ul><li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alloascoideomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alloascoideomycetes (encara no existeix)">Alloascoideomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dipodascomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dipodascomycetes (encara no existeix)">Dipodascomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lipomycetes (encara no existeix)">Lipomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pichiomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pichiomycetes (encara no existeix)">Pichiomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Saccharomycetes">Saccharomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sporopachydermiomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sporopachydermiomycetes (encara no existeix)">Sporopachydermiomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trigonopsidomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trigonopsidomycetes (encara no existeix)">Trigonopsidomycetes</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Subdivisió <i><a href="/wiki/Taphrinomycotina" title="Taphrinomycotina">Taphrinomycotina</a></i> <ul><li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeorhizomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeorhizomycetes">Archaeorhizomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Neolectomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolectomycetes">Neolectomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novakomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novakomycetes (encara no existeix)">Novakomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystidomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumocystidomycetes">Pneumocystidomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Schizosaccharomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Schizosaccharomycetes">Schizosaccharomycetes</a></i></li> <li>Classe <i><a href="/wiki/Taphrinomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Taphrinomycetes">Taphrinomycetes</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fongs&action=edit&section=14" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoronFrançoisRainbirdTurner2019232_i_234-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoronFrançoisRainbirdTurner2019232_i_234_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoronFrançoisRainbirdTurner2019">Loron <i>et al</i>., 2019</a>, p. 232 i 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LTMI-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LTMI_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.termcat.cat/ca/diccionaris-en-linia/248/fitxa/Mzk4ODcwNg%3D%3D">fong</a>». <i>Terminologia de les malalties infeccioses</i>.  <a href="/wiki/TERMCAT" title="TERMCAT">TERMCAT</a>, 2017. [Consulta: 11 octubre 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELlimona1991«[https://www.enciclopedia.cat/historia-natural-dels-paisos-catalans/els-fongs-i-els-liquens-en-el-conjunt-dels-essers-vius_Els_fongs_i_els_líquens_en_el_conjunt_dels_éssers_vius]»_(X._Llimona)-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELlimona1991«[https://www.enciclopedia.cat/historia-natural-dels-paisos-catalans/els-fongs-i-els-liquens-en-el-conjunt-dels-essers-vius_Els_fongs_i_els_líquens_en_el_conjunt_dels_éssers_vius]»_(X._Llimona)_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLlimona1991">Llimona, 1991</a>, «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/historia-natural-dels-paisos-catalans/els-fongs-i-els-liquens-en-el-conjunt-dels-essers-vius">Els fongs i els líquens en el conjunt dels éssers vius</a>» (X. Llimona).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LHNPC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LHNPC_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBueno2023"><a href="/wiki/David_Bueno_i_Torrens" title="David Bueno i Torrens"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bueno</span>, D.</a> «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/historia-natural-dels-paisos-catalans/els-grans-clades">Els grans clades</a>». <i><a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_natural_dels_Pa%C3%AFsos_Catalans" title="Història natural dels Països Catalans">Història natural dels Països Catalans</a></i>.  <a href="/wiki/Grup_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana">Enciclopèdia Catalana</a>, 2023. [Consulta: 26 novembre 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1">5,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFJuan_RedalMacià_ArquéJimenoBallesteros2009"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Juan Redal</span>, Enric; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Macià Arqué</span>, Pere; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Jimeno</span>, Antonio; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ballesteros</span>, Manuel [<i>et al.</i>].. Magda Belsa i Colo Gómez. <i>Biologia per a 2n de batxillerat</i>.  Barcelona: Edicions Educatives de Grup Promotor / Santillana, 2009, p. 131 i 218. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/974-84-7918-349-3" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/974-84-7918-349-3">ISBN 974-84-7918-349-3</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biologia+per+a+2n+de+batxillerat&rft.aulast=Juan+Redal&rft.aufirst=Enric&rft.date=2009&rft.pub=Edicions+Educatives+de+Grup+Promotor+%2F+Santillana&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=131+i+218&rft.isbn=974-84-7918-349-3"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0">6,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1">6,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-2">6,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, K.D. 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mycosphere.org/pdf/MYCOSPHERE_15_1_25.pdf">The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa</a>. <i>Mycosphere</i>, 15(1): 5146–6239, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/15/1/25, ISSN 2077 7019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlineoffungi.org/outline.php">Versió web.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diec-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-diec_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dlc.iec.cat/Results?DecEntradaText=fong&AccentSen=True">fong</a>». <i><a href="/wiki/Diccionari_de_la_llengua_catalana_de_l%27IEC" title="Diccionari de la llengua catalana de l'IEC">Diccionari de la llengua catalana de l'IEC</a></i>. Institut d'Estudis Catalans.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSimpson_D._P.1979"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Simpson D. P.</span>. <i>Cassell's Latin Dictionary</i>. 5a ed..  Londres: Cassell Ltd, 1979, p. 883. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-304-52257-0" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-304-52257-0">ISBN 0-304-52257-0</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassell%27s+Latin+Dictionary&rft.aulast=Simpson+D.+P.&rft.date=1979&rft.edition=5a+ed.&rft.pub=Cassell+Ltd&rft.place=Londres&rft.pages=883&rft.isbn=0-304-52257-0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ainsworth2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ainsworth2_9-0">9,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ainsworth2_9-1">9,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ainsworth, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deacon,també són de pluricel·lulars és a dir que tenen més d'una cèl·lula i de digestió externa, que vol dir que segreguen uns sucs que desfan els aliments abans d'absorbir-los. p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deacon4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Deacon4_12-0">12,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Deacon4_12-1">12,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Deacon, p. 128–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., p. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoji-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shoji_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Shoji J. Y., Arioka M., Kitamoto K. «Possible involvement of pleiomorphic vacuolar networks in nutrient recycling in filamentous fungi». <i>Autophagy</i>, 2, 2006, pàg. 226–27. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16874107?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:16874107">16874107</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deacon58-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Deacon58_16-0">16,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Deacon58_16-1">16,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Deacon, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid3928261-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid3928261_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Bhattacharjee J. K. «α-Aminoadipate pathway for the biosynthesis of lysine in lower eukaryotes». <i>Critical Reviews in Microbiology</i>, 12, 2, 1985, pàg. 131–51. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3928261?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:3928261">3928261</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., p. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., p. 685.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., p. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15108721-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15108721_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Zeyl C. «Experimental studies on ploidy evolution in yeast». <i>FEMS Microbiology Letters</i>, 233, 2, 2004, pàg. 187–92. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15108721?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:15108721">15108721</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18343697-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18343697_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Vaupotic T., Veranic P., Jenoe P., Plemenitas A. «Mitochondrial mediation of environmental osmolytes discrimination during osmoadaptation in the extremely halotolerant black yeast <i>Hortaea werneckii</i>». <i>Fungal Genetics and Biology</i>, 45, 6, 2008, pàg. 994–1007. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fgb.2008.01.006">10.1016/j.fgb.2008.01.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1087-1845">1087-1845</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18343697?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:18343697">18343697</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Raghukumar C., Raghukumar S. (1998). «Barotolerance of fungi isolated from deep-sea sediments of the Indian Ocean». <i>Aquatic Microbial Ecology</i> <b>15</b>: 153–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18350264-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18350264_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Garvie L. A., Knauth L. P., Bungartz F., Klonowski S., Nash T. H. «Life in extreme environments: survival strategy of the endolithic desert lichen <i>Verrucaria rubrocincta</i>». <i>Naturwissenschaften</i>, 95, 8, Agost 2008, pàg. 705–12. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00114-008-0373-0">10.1007/s00114-008-0373-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18350264?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:18350264">18350264</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17630840-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17630840_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Sancho L. G., de la Torre R., Horneck G., Ascaso C., de Los Rios A., Pintado A., Wierzchos J., Schuster M. «Lichens survive in space: results from the 2005 LICHENS experiment». <i>Astrobiology</i>, 7, 3, 2007, pàg. 443–54. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2Fast.2006.0046">10.1089/ast.2006.0046</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17630840?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:17630840">17630840</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18998584-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18998584_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Brem F. M., Lips K. R. «<i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> infection patterns among Panamanian amphibian species, habitats and elevations during epizootic and enzootic stages». <i>Diseases of Aquatic Organisms</i>, 81, 3, 2008, pàg. 189–202. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3354%2Fdao01960">10.3354/dao01960</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18998584?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:18998584">18998584</a> [Consulta: 21 febrer 2009].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawksworth-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Hawksworth D. L. «The fungal dimension of biodiversity: magnitude, significance, and conservation». <i>Mycological Research</i>, 95, 2006, pàg. 641–55. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0953-7562%2809%2980810-1">10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80810-1</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mueller&Schmit-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mueller&Schmit_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Mueller G. M., Schmit J. P. «Fungal biodiversity: what do we know? What can we predict?». <i>Biodiversity and Conservation</i>, 16, 2006, pàg. 1–5. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10531-006-9117-7">10.1007/s10531-006-9117-7</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbett-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbett_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Hibbett D. S. <i>et al</i>. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326135053/http://www.clarku.edu/faculty/dhibbett/AFTOL/documents/AFTOL%20class%20mss%2023%2C%2024/AFTOL%20CLASS%20MS%20resub.pdf">A higher level phylogenetic classification of the <i>Fungi</i></a>» (PDF) (en anglès). <i>Mycological Research</i>, 111, 5, 2007, pàg. 509–47. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarku.edu/faculty/dhibbett/AFTOL/documents/AFTOL%20class%20mss%2023,%2024/AFTOL%20CLASS%20MS%20resub.pdf">original</a> el 2009-03-26. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mycres.2007.03.004">10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004</a> [Consulta: 5 juny 2009].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steenkamp E. T., Wright J., Baldauf S. L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/23/1/93">The protistan origins of animals and fungi.</a> <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i> <b>23</b> (1): 93-106. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsj011">10.1093/molbev/msj011</a> Consultat el 06-04-2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Stevens_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Stevens D. A., Ichinomiya M., Koshi Y., Horiuchi H. «Escape of <i>Candida</i> from caspofungin inhibition at concentrations above the MIC (paradoxical effect) accomplished by increased cell wall chitin; evidence for β-1,6-glucan synthesis inhibition by caspofungin». <i>Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy</i>, 50, 2006, pàg. 3160–61.. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FAAC.00563-06">10.1128/AAC.00563-06</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16940118?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:16940118">16940118</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deacon, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deacon, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFChang2004"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Chang</span>, S-T; Miles P. G.. <i>Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect and Environmental Impact</i>.  CRC Press, 2004. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0849310431" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0849310431">ISBN 0849310431</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mushrooms%3A+Cultivation%2C+Nutritional+Value%2C+Medicinal+Effect+and+Environmental+Impact&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=S-T&rft.date=2004&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.isbn=0849310431"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlMycology_-_Structure_and_Function_-_Haustoria-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-urlMycology_-_Structure_and_Function_-_Haustoria_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090117065201/http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Mycology/StructureFunction/haustoria.shtml">Mycology -Structure and Function - Haustoria</a>».  University of Sydney. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Mycology/StructureFunction/haustoria.shtml">original</a> el 2009-01-17.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanson, p. 127-141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., p. 204–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard_et_al.-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Howard_et_al._41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Howard R. J., Ferrari M. A., Roach D. H., Money N. P. «Penetration of hard substrates by a fungus employing enormous turgor pressures». <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A.</i>, 88, 1991, pàg. 11281–84. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.88.24.11281">10.1073/pnas.88.24.11281</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1837147?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:1837147">1837147</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Money-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Money_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMoney_N._P.1998"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Money N. P.</span>. <i>Mechanics of invasive fungal growth and the significance of turgor in plant infection. A: Molecular genetics of host-specific toxins in plant disease: proceedings of the 3rd Tottori International Symposium on Host-Specific Toxins, Daisen, Tottori, Japan, August 24–29, 1997</i>.  Països Baixos: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998, p. 261-71. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-7923-4981-4" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-7923-4981-4">ISBN 0-7923-4981-4</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mechanics+of+invasive+fungal+growth+and+the+significance+of+turgor+in+plant+infection.+A%3A+Molecular+genetics+of+host-specific+toxins+in+plant+disease%3A+proceedings+of+the+3rd+Tottori+International+Symposium+on+Host-Specific+Toxins%2C+Daisen%2C+Tottori%2C+Japan%2C+August+24%E2%80%9329%2C+1997&rft.aulast=Money+N.+P.&rft.date=1998&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.place=Pa%C3%AFsos+Baixos&rft.pages=261-71&rft.isbn=0-7923-4981-4"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang_et_al.-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wang_et_al._43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Wang Z. Y., Jenkinson J. M., Holcombe L. J., Soanes D. M., Veneault-Fourrey C., Bhambra G. K., Talbot N. J. «The molecular biology of appressorium turgor generation by the rice blast fungus <i>Magnaporthe grisea</i>». <i>Biochemical Society Transactions</i>, 33, 2005, pàg. 384–88. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1042%2FBST0330384">10.1042/BST0330384</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15787612?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:15787612">15787612</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pereira-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pereira_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Pereira J. L., Noronha E. F., Miller R. N., Franco O. L. «Novel insights in the use of hydrolytic enzymes secreted by fungi with biotechnological potential». <i>Letters in Applied Microbiology</i>, 44, 2007, pàg. 573–81. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1472-765X.2007.02151.x">10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02151.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17576216?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:17576216">17576216</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaller-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schaller_45-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Schaller M., Borelli C., Korting H. C., Hube B. «Hydrolytic enzymes as virulence factors of <i>Candida albicans</i>». <i>Mycoses</i>, 48, 2007, pàg. 365-77. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0507.2005.01165.x">10.1111/j.1439-0507.2005.01165.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16262871?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:16262871">16262871</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farrar-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Farrar_46-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Farrar JF «Carbohydrate metabolism in biotrophic plant pathogens». <i>Microbiological Sciences</i>, 2, 1985, pàg. 314-17. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3939987?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:3939987">3939987</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marzluf-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Marzluf_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Marzluf G. A. «Regulation of nitrogen metabolism and gene expression in fungi». <i>Microbiological Reviews</i>, 45, 1981, pàg. 437–61. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6117784?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:6117784">6117784</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heynes-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Heynes_48-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Heynes M. J. «Regulatory circuits of the <i>amdS</i> gene of <i>Aspergillus nidulans</i>». <i>Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek</i>, 65, 1994, pàg. 179–82. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00871944">10.1007/BF00871944</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7847883?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:7847883">7847883</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dadachova-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Dadachova_49-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Dadachova E., Bryan R. A., Huang X., Moadel T., Schweitzer A. D., Aisen P., Nosanchuk J. D., Casadevall A. «Ionizing radiation changes the electronic properties of melanin and enhances the growth of melanized fungi». <i>PLoS ONE</i>, 2, 2007, pàg. e457. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000457">10.1371/journal.pone.0000457</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17520016?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:17520016">17520016</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dadachova&Casadevall-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Dadachova&Casadevall_50-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Dadachova E., Casadevall A. «Ionizing radiation: how fungi cope, adapt, and exploit with the help of melanin». <i>Current opinion in Microbiology</i>, 11, 2008, pàg. 525-531. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mib.2008.09.013">10.1016/j.mib.2008.09.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18848901?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:18848901">18848901</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">[Agrodigital.comhttp://www.agrodigital.com/PlArtStd.asp?CodArt=86300]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., p. 48–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fungi-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fungi_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFStefoff2007"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Stefoff</span>, Rebecca. <i>The Fungus Kingdom</i>.  Singapur: Marshall Cavendish, 2007. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9780761426967" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9780761426967">ISBN 9780761426967</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fungus+Kingdom&rft.aulast=Stefoff&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.place=Singapur&rft.isbn=9780761426967"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heitman-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Heitman_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Heitman J. «Sexual reproduction and the evolution of microbial pathogens». <i><a href="/wiki/Current_Biology" title="Current Biology">Current Biology</a></i>, 16, 17, 2005, pàg. R711-25. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/doi%3A10.1016%2Fj.cub.2006.07.064">doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.07.064</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16950098?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:16950098">16950098</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metzenberg-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Metzenberg_55-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Metzenberg R. L., Glass N. L. «Mating type and mating strategies in <i>Neurospora</i>». <i>Bioessays</i>, 12, 1990, pàg. 53–59. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.950120202">10.1002/bies.950120202</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2140508?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:2140508">2140508</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spatafora-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Spatafora_56-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSpataforaChangBennyLazarus2016"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Spatafora</span>, Joseph W.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Chang</span>, Ying; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Benny</span>, Gerald L.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lazarus</span>, Katy; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Smith</span>, Matthew E.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Berbee</span>, Mary L.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bonito</span>, Gregory; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Corradi</span>, Nicolas; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Grigoriev</span>, Igor «A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data». <i>Mycologia</i>, 108, 5, 2016, pàg. 1028–1046. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3852%2F16-042">10.3852/16-042</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-5514">0027-5514</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6078412">6078412</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27738200?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:27738200">27738200</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tedersoo-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-tedersoo_57-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tedersoo, L., Sánchez-Ramírez, S., Kõljalg, U. <i>et al</i>. 2018, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0#citeas">High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses</a> Fungal Diversity 90: 135. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0">https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fongs&action=edit&section=15" title="Modifica la secció: Bibliografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFLlimona1991"><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Llimona_i_Pag%C3%A8s" title="Xavier Llimona i Pagès"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Llimona</span>, X</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_natural_dels_Pa%C3%AFsos_Catalans" title="Història natural dels Països Catalans">Història natural dels Països Catalans</a></i>. Volum 5: <i>Fongs i líquens</i>.  <a href="/wiki/Grup_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana">Enciclopèdia Catalana</a>, 1991. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/84-7739-267-6" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/84-7739-267-6">ISBN 84-7739-267-6</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5BHist%C3%B2ria+natural+dels+Pa%C3%AFsos+Catalans%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Llimona&rft.aufirst=X&rft.date=1991&rft.pub=%5B%5BGrup+Enciclop%C3%A8dia+Catalana%7CEnciclop%C3%A8dia+Catalana%5D%5D&rft.isbn=84-7739-267-6"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFLoronFrançoisRainbirdTurner2019"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Loron</span>, C. C.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">François</span>, C.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Rainbird</span>, R. H.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Turner</span>, E. C.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Borensztajn</span>, S.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Javaux</span>, E. J. «Early fungi from the Proterozoic era in Arctic Canada» (en anglès). <i><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i>, 570, 2019, pàg. 232-235. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1217-0">10.1038/s41586-019-1217-0</a>.</span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Ainsworth G. C. <i>Introduction to the History of Mycology</i> (en anglès).  Cambridge (Regne Unit): Cambridge University Press, 1976. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-521-11295-8" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-521-11295-8">ISBN 0-521-11295-8</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+History+of+Mycology&rft.au=Ainsworth+G.+C&rft.date=1976&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.place=Cambridge+%28Regne+Unit%29&rft.isbn=0-521-11295-8"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Alexopoulos C. J., Mims C. W., Blackwell M.. <i>Introductory Mycology</i>.  John Wiley and Sons, 1996. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0471522295" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0471522295">ISBN 0471522295</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introductory+Mycology&rft.au=Alexopoulos+C.+J.%2C+Mims+C.+W.%2C+Blackwell+M.&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.isbn=0471522295"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Bisby G. R., Ainsworth G. C., Kirk P. M., Aptroot A.. <i>Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi / by P. M. Kirk... [et al.]; with the assistance of A. Aptroot... [et al.]</i>.  Oxon: CAB International, 2001. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-85199-377-X" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-85199-377-X">ISBN 0-85199-377-X</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ainsworth+%26+Bisby%27s+Dictionary+of+the+Fungi+%2F+by+P.+M.+Kirk...+%5Bet+al.%5D%3B+with+the+assistance+of+A.+Aptroot...+%5Bet+al.%5D&rft.au=Bisby+G.+R.%2C+Ainsworth+G.+C.%2C+Kirk+P.+M.%2C+Aptroot+A.&rft.date=2001&rft.pub=CAB+International&rft.place=Oxon&rft.isbn=0-85199-377-X"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Deacon J.. <i>Fungal Biology</i>.  Cambridge (Massachusetts): Blackwell Publishers, 2005. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/1-4051-3066-0" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/1-4051-3066-0">ISBN 1-4051-3066-0</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fungal+Biology&rft.au=Deacon+J.&rft.date=2005&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.place=Cambridge+%28Massachusetts%29&rft.isbn=1-4051-3066-0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Hanson J. R.. <i>The Chemistry of Fungi</i>.  Royal Society Of Chemistry, 2008. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0854041362" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0854041362">ISBN 0854041362</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+Fungi&rft.au=Hanson+J.+R.&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=Royal+Society+Of+Chemistry&rft.isbn=0854041362"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Jennings D. H., Lysek G.. <i>Fungal Biology: Understanding the Fungal Life Lifestyle</i>.  Guildford (Regne Unit): Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd, 1996. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1859961506" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1859961506">ISBN 978-1859961506</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fungal+Biology%3A+Understanding+the+Fungal+Life+Lifestyle&rft.au=Jennings+D.+H.%2C+Lysek+G.&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=Bios+Scientific+Publishers+Ltd&rft.place=Guildford+%28Regne+Unit%29&rft.isbn=978-1859961506"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegeu_també"><span id="Vegeu_tamb.C3.A9"></span>Vegeu també</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fongs&action=edit&section=16" title="Modifica la secció: Vegeu també"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolets_al%C2%B7lucin%C3%B2gens" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolets al·lucinògens">Bolets al·lucinògens</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fongs&action=edit&section=17" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin:5px; padding: 5px; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align:left;" class="infobox noprint plainlinks"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%">En altres projectes de <a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3_Wikimedia" title="Fundació Wikimedia">Wikimedia</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fungi" class="extiw" title="commons:Fungi"><b>Commons</b></a><span style="font-size:70%;"> (Galeria)</span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764?uselang=ca#sitelinks-special" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fungi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fungi"><b>Commons</b></a><span style="font-size:70%;"> (Categoria)</span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764?uselang=ca#sitelinks-special" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Viquiespècies"><img alt="Viquiespècies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/40px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption>Viquiespècies</figcaption></figure></td> <td><a class="external text" href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fungi?uselang=ca"><b>Viquiespècies</b></a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764?uselang=ca#sitelinks-special" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mykoweb.com/">Fongs de Califòrnia</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33711417">.mw-parser-output .languageicon{font-size:0.95em;color:#555;background-color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}</style><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/fungi">Projecte <i>Tree of Life</i> web: Fungi</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417" /><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mycolog.com/fifthtoc.html">El cinquè regne</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417" /><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bases_de_dades_taxonòmiques" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Bases_de_dades_taxonòmiques" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bases de dades taxonòmiques</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/detail/?taxonid=https://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/detail/?taxonid=92070.html">Algaebase</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/F">COL</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dyntaxa.se/taxon/info/5000039">Dyntaxa</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eol.org/pages/5559">EOL</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=151419">FW</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gbif.org/species/5">GBIF</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=90154">IF</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/47170">IN</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=555705">ITIS</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=90157&Fields=All">MycoBank</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4751">NCBI</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=352914">OTL</a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=4">WoRMS</a></span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d'autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datos.bne.es/resource/XX525307">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931145z">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4046076-9">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCCN" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN">LCCN</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85052433">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565853">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Txeca" title="Biblioteca Nacional de la República Txeca">NKC</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114706&CON_LNG=ENG">1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bases d'informació</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEC" class="mw-redirect" title="GEC">GEC</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/fongs-0">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Britannica</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/fungus">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Larousse" title="Enciclopèdia Larousse">Larousse</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/champignon/32645">1</a>)</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4342&url_prefix=https://snl.no/&id=sopp">SNL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span style="display: none;" class="interProject"><a href="https://ca.wiktionary.org/wiki/fong" class="extiw" title="wikt:fong">Viccionari</a></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>187 llengües</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Afegeix un tema</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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