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href="#Chemistry_and_manufacture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Chemistry and manufacture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry_and_manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>In South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>In the Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>In the Middle Ages and Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_red" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_red"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Chinese red</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_red-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In nature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In art and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_art_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In art and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_art_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Red-orange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red-orange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Red-orange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red-orange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orange-red" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orange-red"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Orange-red</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orange-red-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medium_vermilion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medium_vermilion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Medium vermilion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medium_vermilion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_red_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_red_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Chinese red</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_red_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vermilion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiljoen" title="Vermiljoen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vermiljoen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%81%D8%B1" title="مسحوق الزنجفر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسحوق الزنجفر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80)" title="Цынобра (колер) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цынобра (колер)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermell%C3%B3" title="Vermelló – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vermelló" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnoberr%C3%B8d" title="Cinnoberrød – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cinnoberrød" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermell%C3%B3n" title="Bermellón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bermellón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiljono" title="Vermiljono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vermiljono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorribizi" title="Gorribizi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gorribizi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C" title="شنگرفی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شنگرفی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermillon" title="Vermillon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vermillon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%83%89" title="주색 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주색" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="सिंदूरी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिंदूरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilion" title="Vermilion – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vermilion" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merah_merona" title="Merah merona – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Merah merona" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiglione" title="Vermiglione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vermiglione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinoberis_(pigmentas)" title="Cinoberis (pigmentas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cinoberis (pigmentas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%B3ber" title="Cinóber – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cinóber" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ചായില്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചായില്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tl%C4%81tl%C4%81uhqui" title="Tlātlāuhqui – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlātlāuhqui" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiljoen" title="Vermiljoen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vermiljoen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E8%89%B2" title="朱色 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="朱色" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinober_(farge)" title="Sinober (farge) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sinober (farge)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸੰਧੂਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਧੂਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ٹماٹری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹماٹری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynober_(kolor)" title="Cynober (kolor) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cynober (kolor)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermelh%C3%A3o" title="Vermelhão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vermelhão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_(%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Киноварь (краска) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Киноварь (краска)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱩᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱩᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange-red" title="Orange-red – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Orange-red" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermillion" title="Vermillion – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vermillion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Red color from powdered cinnabar (HgS)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vermilion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vermilion (disambiguation)">Vermilion (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Vermilion (cinnabar)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader mw-no-invert" style="line-height:12px; background-color:#E34234!important; border: 0.1px solid #000000"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span style="position: relative; float: right; font-size: 70%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Color/Normalized_Color_Coordinates" title="About these coordinates"><img alt="About these coordinates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/15px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/23px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/30px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span>     Color coordinates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Web_colors#Hex_triplet" title="Web colors">Hex triplet</a></th><td class="infobox-data">#E34234</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a><sup><b>B</b></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">r</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">g</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">b</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(227, 66, 52)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HSL_and_HSV" title="HSL and HSV">HSV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness#Saturation" title="Colorfulness">s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">v</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(5°, 77%, 89%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CIELChuv" class="mw-redirect" title="CIELChuv">CIELCh<sub>uv</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(52, 130, 14°)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data">Maerz and Paul<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISCC%E2%80%93NBS_system" title="ISCC–NBS system">ISCC–NBS descriptor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vivid reddish orange</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>B</b>: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tizian_041.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tizian_041.jpg/220px-Tizian_041.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tizian_041.jpg/330px-Tizian_041.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tizian_041.jpg/440px-Tizian_041.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>The Venetian painter <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> used vermilion for dramatic effect. In the <i>Assumption of the Virgin</i> (1516–18), the vermilion robes draw the eye to the main characters.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lacquerware-roundbox-w-children.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lacquerware-roundbox-w-children.jpg/220px-Lacquerware-roundbox-w-children.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lacquerware-roundbox-w-children.jpg/330px-Lacquerware-roundbox-w-children.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lacquerware-roundbox-w-children.jpg/440px-Lacquerware-roundbox-w-children.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A Chinese "cinnabar red" <a href="/wiki/Carved_lacquer" title="Carved lacquer">carved lacquer</a> box from the Qing dynasty (1736–1795), <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_China" title="National Museum of China">National Museum of China</a>, Beijing</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Vermilion</b> (sometimes <b>vermillion</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam_Webster_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam_Webster-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a color family and <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> most often used between antiquity and the 19th century from the powdered mineral <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a> (a form of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_sulfide" title="Mercury sulfide">mercury sulfide</a>). It is synonymous with <b>red orange</b>, which often takes a modern form, but is 11% brighter (at full brightness).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles"><span title="This text contradicts material elsewhere on this page. (October 2024)">contradictory</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_common_name">Etymology and common name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and common name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Used first in English in the 13th century, the word <i>vermilion</i> came from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old French language">Old French</a> word <i>vermeillon</i>, which was derived from <i>vermeil</i>, from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>vermiculus</i> – the diminutive of the Latin word <i>vermis</i> for worm.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name originated because it had a similar color to the natural red dye made from an insect, <i><a href="/wiki/Kermes_vermilio" title="Kermes vermilio">Kermes vermilio</a></i>, which was widely used in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEastaugh2004211_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEastaugh2004211-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first recorded use of "vermilion" as a color name in English was in 1289.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <b>cinnabar</b> is used in <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">crystallography</a> for the red crystalline form of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_sulfide" title="Mercury sulfide">mercury sulfide</a> HgS. Thus, the natural mineral pigment is called "cinnabar", and its synthetic form is called "vermilion" from <a href="/wiki/Red_lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Red lead">red lead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry_and_manufacture">Chemistry and manufacture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chemistry and manufacture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vermilion is a dense, opaque pigment with a clear, brilliant hue.<sup id="cite_ref-Bomford_Roy_page_41_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bomford_Roy_page_41-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pigment was originally made by grinding a powder of <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mercury_sulfide" title="Mercury sulfide">mercury sulfide</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-StClair_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StClair-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like most mercury compounds, it is <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016146_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016146-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vermilion is not one specific hue; mercuric sulfides make a range of warm hues, from bright orange-red to a duller reddish-purple that resembles fresh liver. Differences in hue are caused by the size of the ground particles of pigment. Larger crystals produce duller and less orange hues. </p><p>Cinnabar pigment was a side product of the mining of mercury, and mining cinnabar was difficult, expensive, and dangerous, because of the toxicity of mercury. Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> of Eresus (371–286 BC) described the process in <i>De Lapidibus</i>, the first scientific book on minerals. Efforts began early to find a better way to make the pigment. </p><p>The Chinese were probably the first to make a synthetic vermilion as early as the fourth century BC. Greek alchemist <a href="/wiki/Zosimus_of_Panopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Zosimus of Panopolis">Zosimus of Panopolis</a> (third–fourth century AD) wrote that such a method existed. In the early 9th century, the process was accurately described by Persian alchemist <a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan</a> (722–804) in his book of recipes of colors, and the process began to be widely used in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Bomford_Roy_page_41_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bomford_Roy_page_41-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process described by Jabir ibn Hayyan was fairly simple: </p> <ul><li>Mix mercury with sulfur to form <i>aethiopes mineralis</i>, a black compound of mercury sulfide.</li> <li>Heat this in a flask (the compound vaporizes and recondenses in the top of the flask).</li> <li>Break the flask.</li> <li>Collect the vermilion and grind it.</li></ul> <p>When first created, the material is almost black. As it is ground, the red color appears. The longer the compound is ground, the finer the color becomes. Italian Renaissance artist <a href="/wiki/Cennino_Cennini" title="Cennino Cennini">Cennino Cennini</a> wrote: "If you were to grind it every day, even for 20 years, it would keep getting better and more perfect."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 17th century, a new method of making the pigment was introduced, known as the Dutch method.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016146_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016146-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mercury and melted sulfur were mashed to make black <a href="/wiki/Mercury_sulfide" title="Mercury sulfide">mercury sulfide</a>, then heated in a <a href="/wiki/Retort" title="Retort">retort</a>, producing vapors condensing as a bright, red mercury sulfide. To remove the sulfur, these crystals were treated with a strong alkali, washed, and finally ground under water to yield the commercial powder form of the pigment.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pigment is still made today using essentially the same process. </p><p>Vermilion has one important defect; it is liable to darken, or develop a purplish-gray surface sheen.<sup id="cite_ref-Bomford_Roy_page_41_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bomford_Roy_page_41-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cennino Cennini wrote, "Bear in mind ... that it is not in its character to be exposed to air, but it is more resistant on panel than on walls since, when it is used and laid on a wall, over a period of time, standing in the air, it turns black."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newer research indicates that chlorine ions and light may aid in decomposing vermilion into elemental mercury, which is black when in finely dispersed form.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vermilion was the primary red pigment used by European painters, from the Renaissance until the 20th century. Because of its cost and toxicity, though, it was almost entirely replaced by a new synthetic pigment, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_red" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium red">cadmium red</a>, in the 20th century. As cadmium can also be toxic, some scientists propose replacing this with solid solutions of the <a href="/wiki/Perovskite" title="Perovskite">perovskites</a> CaTaO2N and LaTaON2.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genuine vermilion pigment today comes mostly from China; it is a synthetic mercuric sulfide, labeled on paint tubes as PR-106 (Red Pigment 106). The synthetic pigment is of higher quality than vermilion made from ground cinnabar, which has many impurities. The pigment is very toxic, and should be used with great care.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cinnabar-172403.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cinnabar crystals from the Almaden Mine in northern California"><img alt="Cinnabar crystals from the Almaden Mine in northern California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Cinnabar-172403.jpg/88px-Cinnabar-172403.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Cinnabar-172403.jpg/132px-Cinnabar-172403.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Cinnabar-172403.jpg/176px-Cinnabar-172403.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">Cinnabar</a> crystals from the <a href="/wiki/Almaden_Quicksilver_County_Park" title="Almaden Quicksilver County Park">Almaden Mine</a> in northern California</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cinnabar-3d6b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cinnabar crystals on dolomite from Tongren Prefecture, Guizhou, China"><img alt="Cinnabar crystals on dolomite from Tongren Prefecture, Guizhou, China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cinnabar-3d6b.jpg/91px-Cinnabar-3d6b.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cinnabar-3d6b.jpg/137px-Cinnabar-3d6b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cinnabar-3d6b.jpg/182px-Cinnabar-3d6b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cinnabar crystals on <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tongren_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongren Prefecture">Tongren Prefecture</a>, Guizhou, China</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vermilion_pigment.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vermilion pigment, traditionally derived from cinnabar."><img alt="Vermilion pigment, traditionally derived from cinnabar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Vermilion_pigment.jpg/120px-Vermilion_pigment.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Vermilion_pigment.jpg/180px-Vermilion_pigment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Vermilion_pigment.jpg/240px-Vermilion_pigment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vermilion pigment, traditionally derived from cinnabar.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolo_Uccello_035.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vermilion has the property of darkening with time. The bridle of the horse in The Battle of San Romano by Paolo Uccello in the National Gallery in London has turned from red to dark brown.[6]"><img alt="Vermilion has the property of darkening with time. The bridle of the horse in The Battle of San Romano by Paolo Uccello in the National Gallery in London has turned from red to dark brown.[6]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Paolo_Uccello_035.jpg/99px-Paolo_Uccello_035.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Paolo_Uccello_035.jpg/148px-Paolo_Uccello_035.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Paolo_Uccello_035.jpg/197px-Paolo_Uccello_035.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2463" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vermilion has the property of darkening with time. The bridle of the horse in <i>The Battle of San Romano</i> by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Uccello" title="Paolo Uccello">Paolo Uccello</a> in the National Gallery in London has turned from red to dark brown.<sup id="cite_ref-Bomford_Roy_page_41_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bomford_Roy_page_41-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The colors are widely used in the art and decoration of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, then in the <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, in the paintings of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, and in the art and <a href="/wiki/Lacquerware_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacquerware of China">lacquerware of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rjg_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rjg-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elixer_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elixer-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first documented use of vermilion pigment, made with ground cinnabar, dates to 8000–7000 BC, and was found at the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a> village of <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a>, in modern-day Turkey. Cinnabar was mined in Spain beginning in about 5300 BC. In China, the first documented use of cinnabar as a pigment was by the <a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao culture</a> (5000–4000 BC), where it was used to paint ceramics, to cover the walls and floors of rooms, and for ritual ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-ThoughtCo_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThoughtCo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The principal source of cinnabar for the ancient Romans was the Almaden mine in northwest Spain, which was worked by prisoners. Since the ore of mercury was highly toxic, a term in the mines was a near-guaranteed death sentence. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> described the mines this way: </p> <blockquote><p>Nothing is more carefully guarded. It is forbidden to break up or refine the cinnabar on the spot. They send it to Rome in its natural condition, under seal, to the extent of some ten thousand librae (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement#Weight" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">Roman pounds</a> thus 3289 kg) a year. The sales price is fixed by law to keep it from becoming impossibly expensive, and the price fixed is seventy sesterces a pound.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In Rome, the precious pigment was used to paint frescoes, decorate statues, and <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_Ancient_Rome#Rouge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmetics in Ancient Rome">even as a cosmetic</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman triumphs">Roman triumphs</a>, the victors had their faces covered with vermilion powder, and the face of Jupiter on the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a> was also colored vermilion.<sup id="cite_ref-StClair_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StClair-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cinnabar was used to paint the walls of some of the most luxurious villas in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, including the Villa of the Mysteries (Italian: <i><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Mysteries" title="Villa of the Mysteries">Villa dei Misteri</a>).</i><sup id="cite_ref-StClair_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StClair-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> reported its painters stole a large portion of the expensive pigment by frequently washing their brushes and saving the wash water.<sup id="cite_ref-Anne_Varichon_p._112_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anne_Varichon_p._112-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, the use of cinnabar/the vermilion color was reserved for the use of the imperial family and administrators; official letters and imperial decrees were written in vermilion ink, made with cinnabar.<sup id="cite_ref-Anne_Varichon_p._112_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anne_Varichon_p._112-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_South_Asia">In South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is known as <a href="/wiki/Sindoor" title="Sindoor">sindoor</a>. Sindoor is commonly used by <b>married</b> women in Hindu religion.<sup id="cite_ref-rjg_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rjg-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Americas">In the Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In the Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vermilion was also used by the native peoples of America, to paint ceramics, figurines, and murals, and for the decoration of burials. It was used in the Chavin civilization (400 BC – 200 AD), and in the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a>, Sican, Moche, and <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> empires. The major source was the Huancavelica mine in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> mountains in central Peru. </p><p>The most dramatic example of vermilion use in the Americas was the so-called <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Red_Queen" title="Tomb of the Red Queen">Tomb of the Red Queen</a>, located in Temple XIII, in the ruins of the Mayan city of <a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a> in Chiapas, Mexico. The temple is dated to between 600 and 700 AD. It was discovered in 1994 by Mexican archeologist <a href="/wiki/Fanny_L%C3%B3pez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Fanny López Jiménez">Fanny López Jiménez</a>. The body and all objects in the sarcophagus were covered with bright red vermilion powder made from cinnabar.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ThoughtCo_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThoughtCo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance">In the Middle Ages and Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In the Middle Ages and Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The technique for making a synthetic vermilion by combining sulfur and mercury was in use in Europe in the 9th century, but the pigment was still expensive. Since it was almost as expensive as gold leaf, it was used only in the most important decoration of illuminated manuscripts, while the less expensive <a href="/wiki/Minium_(pigment)" title="Minium (pigment)">minium</a>, made with <a href="/wiki/Red_lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Red lead">red lead</a>, was used for the red letters and symbols in the text. </p><p>Vermilion was also used by painters in the Renaissance as a very vivid and bright red, though it did have the weakness of sometimes turning dark with time. Florentine artist Cennino Cennini described it in his handbook for artists: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This pigment is made by <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>, prepared in a <a href="/wiki/Retort" title="Retort">retort</a>, which subject I will leave be since to put every method and recipe into my discussion would be too longwinded. The reason? Because if you care to take the trouble, you will find a lot of recipes for it, and particularly if you cultivate friendships with monks. But, so that you do not waste your time with the many different techniques, I advise you, just take what you can find at the apothecary's for your money. And I want to teach you how to buy it and how to recognise the good vermilion. Always buy solid vermilion and not crushed or ground. The reason? Because more often than not you are cheated either with red lead or crushed brick.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By the 20th century, the cost and toxicity of vermilion led to its gradually being replaced by synthetic pigments, particularly cadmium red, which had a comparable color and opacity. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The first documented use of cinnabar or vermilion pigment was found at the neolithic village of Çatalhöyük in modern-day Turkey. This mural, from 7000 to 8000 BC, shows aurochs, a deer, and humans. (Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara)"><img alt="The first documented use of cinnabar or vermilion pigment was found at the neolithic village of Çatalhöyük in modern-day Turkey. This mural, from 7000 to 8000 BC, shows aurochs, a deer, and humans. (Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations003.jpg/140px-Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations003.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations003.jpg/210px-Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations003.jpg/280px-Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="807" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The first documented use of cinnabar or vermilion pigment was found at the neolithic village of <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a> in modern-day Turkey. This mural, from 7000 to 8000 BC, shows <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a>, a deer, and humans. (Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banpo_bowl.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The first documented use of cinnabar, or vermilion, for decorating pottery in China dates to the Yangshao culture (5000–4000 BC). This bowl is from Banpo Village, Shaanxi, China."><img alt="The first documented use of cinnabar, or vermilion, for decorating pottery in China dates to the Yangshao culture (5000–4000 BC). This bowl is from Banpo Village, Shaanxi, China." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Banpo_bowl.jpg/140px-Banpo_bowl.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Banpo_bowl.jpg/210px-Banpo_bowl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Banpo_bowl.jpg/280px-Banpo_bowl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The first documented use of cinnabar, or vermilion, for decorating pottery in China dates to the <a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao culture</a> (5000–4000 BC). This bowl is from Banpo Village, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, China.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Mystery_fresco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Villa of the Mysteries in Pompeii was a showcase for the expensive vermilion pigment made from ground cinnabar."><img alt="The Villa of the Mysteries in Pompeii was a showcase for the expensive vermilion pigment made from ground cinnabar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Villa_Mystery_fresco.jpg/120px-Villa_Mystery_fresco.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Villa_Mystery_fresco.jpg/179px-Villa_Mystery_fresco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Villa_Mystery_fresco.jpg/239px-Villa_Mystery_fresco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Mysteries" title="Villa of the Mysteries">Villa of the Mysteries</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> was a showcase for the expensive vermilion pigment made from ground cinnabar.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palenque-ausgrab.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The walls of the tombs of Maya rulers were sometimes painted with cinnabar, and in the Tomb of the Red Queen in Palenque (600–700 AD), the remains of a noblewoman were covered with bright vermilion cinnabar powder."><img alt="The walls of the tombs of Maya rulers were sometimes painted with cinnabar, and in the Tomb of the Red Queen in Palenque (600–700 AD), the remains of a noblewoman were covered with bright vermilion cinnabar powder." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Palenque-ausgrab.jpg/80px-Palenque-ausgrab.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Palenque-ausgrab.jpg/120px-Palenque-ausgrab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Palenque-ausgrab.jpg/160px-Palenque-ausgrab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The walls of the tombs of <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> rulers were sometimes painted with cinnabar, and in the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Red_Queen" title="Tomb of the Red Queen">Tomb of the Red Queen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a> (600–700 AD), the remains of a noblewoman were covered with bright vermilion cinnabar powder.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_red">Chinese red</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chinese red"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture#Red" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture § Red</a></div> <p>In China, the color vermilion was also playing an important role in national culture. The color was mostly used in creating Chinese <a href="/wiki/Lacquerware" title="Lacquerware">lacquerware</a>, which was exported around the world, giving rise to the term "Chinese red". </p><p>The lacquer came from the <a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron_vernicifluum" title="Toxicodendron vernicifluum">Chinese lacquer tree</a>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron_vernicifluum" title="Toxicodendron vernicifluum">Toxicodendron vernicifluum</a></i>, a relative of the <a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">sumac</a> tree, which grew in regions of China, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, and Japan. The sap or resin of the tree, called <a href="/wiki/Urushiol" title="Urushiol">urushiol</a>, was caustic and toxic (it contained the same chemical compound as <a href="/wiki/Poison_ivy" title="Poison ivy">poison ivy</a>), but painted onto wood or metal, it hardened into a fine natural plastic, or lacquer surface. The pure sap was dark brown, but beginning in about the third century BC, during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, Chinese artisans colored it with powdered cinnabar or with <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">red ochre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ferric_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferric oxide">ferric oxide</a>), giving it an orange-red color.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in about the 8th century, Chinese chemists began making synthetic vermilion from mercury and sulfur, which reduced the price of the pigment and allowed the production of Chinese lacquerware on a larger scale. </p><p>The shade of red of the lacquerware has changed over the centuries. During the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220 AD) the Chinese word for red referred to a light red. However, during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907), when the synthetic vermilion was introduced, that color became darker and richer. The poet <a href="/wiki/Bai_Juyi" title="Bai Juyi">Bai Juyi</a> (772–846) wrote in a <a href="/wiki/Song_poetry" title="Song poetry">song poem</a> praising <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan">Jiangnan</a>, "the flowers by the river when the sun rises are redder than flames", and the word he used for red was the word for vermilion, or Chinese red.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Chinese lacquerware and the ground cinnabar used to color it were exported to Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, European collectors considered it to be finer than the European vermilion. In 1835, "Chinese vermilion" was described as a cinnabar so pure that it only had to be ground into powder to become a perfect vermilion. Historically, European vermilion often included adulterants including brick, <a href="/wiki/Orpiment" title="Orpiment">orpiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_red" title="Persian red">Persian red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_iodide" title="Mercury(II) iodide">iodine scarlet</a>—and <a href="/wiki/Minium_(pigment)" title="Minium (pigment)">minium</a> (red lead), an inexpensive and bright, but <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_pigment" title="Fugitive pigment">fugitive</a> lead-oxide pigment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEastaugh2004387_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEastaugh2004387-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since ancient times, vermilion was regarded as the color of blood, thus the color of life. It was used to paint temples and the carriages of the emperor, and as the printing paste for personal <a href="/wiki/Seal_(East_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)">seals</a>. It was also used for unique red calligraphic ink reserved for emperors. Chinese Taoists associated vermilion with eternity. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lacquerware_bowl,_Western_Han_Dynasty.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A lacquerware bowl from the Western Han dynasty, second century BC (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)"><img alt="A lacquerware bowl from the Western Han dynasty, second century BC (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lacquerware_bowl%2C_Western_Han_Dynasty.JPG/140px-Lacquerware_bowl%2C_Western_Han_Dynasty.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lacquerware_bowl%2C_Western_Han_Dynasty.JPG/210px-Lacquerware_bowl%2C_Western_Han_Dynasty.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lacquerware_bowl%2C_Western_Han_Dynasty.JPG/280px-Lacquerware_bowl%2C_Western_Han_Dynasty.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A lacquerware bowl from the Western Han dynasty, second century BC (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_lacquer_tray,_Song_Dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A lacquerware tray from the Song dynasty, 960-1279 (Freer and Sackler Galleries, Washington, DC)"><img alt="A lacquerware tray from the Song dynasty, 960-1279 (Freer and Sackler Galleries, Washington, DC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Red_lacquer_tray%2C_Song_Dynasty.jpg/140px-Red_lacquer_tray%2C_Song_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Red_lacquer_tray%2C_Song_Dynasty.jpg/210px-Red_lacquer_tray%2C_Song_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Red_lacquer_tray%2C_Song_Dynasty.jpg/280px-Red_lacquer_tray%2C_Song_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A lacquerware tray from the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, 960-1279 (Freer and Sackler Galleries, Washington, DC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_lacquerware_dish,_Ming_Dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A lacquerware dish from the Ming dynasty, late 15th to mid-16th century (Freer and Sackler Galleries, Washington, DC)"><img alt="A lacquerware dish from the Ming dynasty, late 15th to mid-16th century (Freer and Sackler Galleries, Washington, DC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Red_lacquerware_dish%2C_Ming_Dynasty.jpg/140px-Red_lacquerware_dish%2C_Ming_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Red_lacquerware_dish%2C_Ming_Dynasty.jpg/210px-Red_lacquerware_dish%2C_Ming_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Red_lacquerware_dish%2C_Ming_Dynasty.jpg/280px-Red_lacquerware_dish%2C_Ming_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="1952" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A lacquerware dish from the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, late 15th to mid-16th century (Freer and Sackler Galleries, Washington, DC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaolinsi.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The main gate of the Shaolin Monastery in Dengfeng, Henan is painted vermilion or Chinese red."><img alt="The main gate of the Shaolin Monastery in Dengfeng, Henan is painted vermilion or Chinese red." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Shaolinsi.JPG/140px-Shaolinsi.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Shaolinsi.JPG/210px-Shaolinsi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Shaolinsi.JPG/280px-Shaolinsi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The main gate of the <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a> in Dengfeng, Henan is painted vermilion or Chinese red.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Forbidden_City_August_2012_28.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Vermilion columns in the throne room in the Palace of Heavenly Purity in the Forbidden City of Beijing"><img alt="Vermilion columns in the throne room in the Palace of Heavenly Purity in the Forbidden City of Beijing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Forbidden_City_August_2012_28.JPG/140px-Forbidden_City_August_2012_28.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Forbidden_City_August_2012_28.JPG/210px-Forbidden_City_August_2012_28.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Forbidden_City_August_2012_28.JPG/280px-Forbidden_City_August_2012_28.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3427" data-file-height="2580" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vermilion columns in the throne room in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Heavenly_Purity" title="Palace of Heavenly Purity">Palace of Heavenly Purity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a> of Beijing</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_nature">In nature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarlet_Flycatcher_(Pyrocephalus_rubinus)_male,_Pantanal,_Brazil_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vermilion flycatcher (male)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Scarlet_Flycatcher_%28Pyrocephalus_rubinus%29_male%2C_Pantanal%2C_Brazil_2.jpg/220px-Scarlet_Flycatcher_%28Pyrocephalus_rubinus%29_male%2C_Pantanal%2C_Brazil_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Scarlet_Flycatcher_%28Pyrocephalus_rubinus%29_male%2C_Pantanal%2C_Brazil_2.jpg/330px-Scarlet_Flycatcher_%28Pyrocephalus_rubinus%29_male%2C_Pantanal%2C_Brazil_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Scarlet_Flycatcher_%28Pyrocephalus_rubinus%29_male%2C_Pantanal%2C_Brazil_2.jpg/440px-Scarlet_Flycatcher_%28Pyrocephalus_rubinus%29_male%2C_Pantanal%2C_Brazil_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2506" data-file-height="1670" /></a><figcaption>Vermilion flycatcher (male)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vermilion_flycatcher" title="Vermilion flycatcher">Vermilion flycatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermilion_cardinal" title="Vermilion cardinal">Vermilion cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermilion_tanager" title="Vermilion tanager">Vermilion tanager</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art_and_culture">In art and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In art and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_of_Mysteries_(Pompeii)-20.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The bright vermilion murals in the Villa of Mysteries in Pompeii (before 79 AD) were painted with ground and powdered cinnabar, the most expensive red pigment of the time."><img alt="The bright vermilion murals in the Villa of Mysteries in Pompeii (before 79 AD) were painted with ground and powdered cinnabar, the most expensive red pigment of the time." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Villa_of_Mysteries_%28Pompeii%29-20.jpg/106px-Villa_of_Mysteries_%28Pompeii%29-20.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Villa_of_Mysteries_%28Pompeii%29-20.jpg/160px-Villa_of_Mysteries_%28Pompeii%29-20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Villa_of_Mysteries_%28Pompeii%29-20.jpg/213px-Villa_of_Mysteries_%28Pompeii%29-20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The bright vermilion murals in the Villa of Mysteries in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> (before 79 AD) were painted with ground and powdered <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a>, the most expensive red pigment of the time.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Masaccio,_pala_colonna,_santi_girolamo_e_giovanni_battista.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The painting of Saint Jerome by Masaccio (1428–29) featured a vivid robe painted with vermilion.[29]"><img alt="The painting of Saint Jerome by Masaccio (1428–29) featured a vivid robe painted with vermilion.[29]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Masaccio%2C_pala_colonna%2C_santi_girolamo_e_giovanni_battista.jpg/76px-Masaccio%2C_pala_colonna%2C_santi_girolamo_e_giovanni_battista.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Masaccio%2C_pala_colonna%2C_santi_girolamo_e_giovanni_battista.jpg/114px-Masaccio%2C_pala_colonna%2C_santi_girolamo_e_giovanni_battista.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Masaccio%2C_pala_colonna%2C_santi_girolamo_e_giovanni_battista.jpg/152px-Masaccio%2C_pala_colonna%2C_santi_girolamo_e_giovanni_battista.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2005" data-file-height="4226" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The painting of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Jerome">Saint Jerome</a> by <a href="/wiki/Masaccio" title="Masaccio">Masaccio</a> (1428–29) featured a vivid robe painted with vermilion.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Girart_de_Roussillon_(full_page).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A page of the Roman de Girart de Roussillon (1450). Both vermilion and minium, or red lead, were used in Medieval manuscripts. Vermilion, as expensive as gilding, was usually reserved for the most important illustrations or designs."><img alt="A page of the Roman de Girart de Roussillon (1450). Both vermilion and minium, or red lead, were used in Medieval manuscripts. Vermilion, as expensive as gilding, was usually reserved for the most important illustrations or designs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Girart_de_Roussillon_%28full_page%29.jpg/116px-Girart_de_Roussillon_%28full_page%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Girart_de_Roussillon_%28full_page%29.jpg/175px-Girart_de_Roussillon_%28full_page%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Girart_de_Roussillon_%28full_page%29.jpg/233px-Girart_de_Roussillon_%28full_page%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="906" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A page of the Roman de Girart de Roussillon (1450). Both vermilion and minium, or red lead, were used in Medieval manuscripts. Vermilion, as expensive as gilding, was usually reserved for the most important illustrations or designs.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theyyam_make-up002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Theyyam of Kerala"><img alt="Theyyam of Kerala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Theyyam_make-up002.jpg/107px-Theyyam_make-up002.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Theyyam_make-up002.jpg/160px-Theyyam_make-up002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Theyyam_make-up002.jpg/213px-Theyyam_make-up002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3521" data-file-height="5281" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam">Theyyam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_tikka_powder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_tikka_powder.jpg/220px-Red_tikka_powder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_tikka_powder.jpg/330px-Red_tikka_powder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_tikka_powder.jpg/440px-Red_tikka_powder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Sindoor" title="Sindoor">Sindoor</a></i> is a vermilion-colored powder with which Hindu women make a mark in their hairline to indicate they are married.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin temple</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monk" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist monk">Buddhist monk</a> <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a> is reputed to have established the new sect of <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan Buddhism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zen_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a>), is colored a bright tone of vermilion. This temple was featured in the West by the 1972–1975 TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Kung_Fu_(1972_TV_series)" title="Kung Fu (1972 TV series)">Kung Fu</a></i>.</li> <li>In the Bible, vermilion is listed as a pigment that was in use for painting buildings during the reign of Shallum the son of Josiah king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a>, and is named in the book of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> as a pigment used in art that portrayed <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldean</a> men. (Jeremiah 22:11–14, Ezekiel 23:14–17)</li> <li>The vermilion rose is a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Blessed Virgin Mary</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> women use vermilion along the hair parting line known as <i><a href="/wiki/Sindoor" title="Sindoor">sindoor</a></i>, to signify that they are married. Hindu men and women often wear vermilion on their foreheads during religious ceremonies and festivals.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Shintoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shintoism">Shintoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torii_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Torii Gate">Torii Gates</a> which mark the entrances to sacred spaces, as well as the columns and eaves of shrines, are traditionally painted vermilion to ward off evil.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mythology">Mythology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In Han China's <a href="/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)">Five Elements</a> cosmology (cf. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a>), one of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Symbols_(Chinese_constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Symbols (Chinese constellation)">four symbols</a> of the four directions is a bird called <a href="/wiki/Vermilion_Bird" title="Vermilion Bird">Vermilion Bird</a>, which represents the direction of south. The color red (particularly as exemplified by cinnabar/vermilion) was also symbolically associated with summer, fire, a certain note on the musical scale, a certain day of the calendar, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vermilion_Sands" title="Vermilion Sands">Vermilion Sands</a></i> is a collection of science-fiction short stories by <a href="/wiki/J._G._Ballard" title="J. G. Ballard">J. G. Ballard</a> published in 1971 about an imaginary future resort that pleases its guests by using various kinds of futuristic technology.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manfred" title="Manfred">Manfred</a></i>, a short dramatic poem by Lord Byron: "...With the azure and vermillion / which is mixed for my pavillion"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dutch singer <a href="/wiki/Simone_Simons" title="Simone Simons">Simone Simons</a>, released her debut solo album called <i><a href="/wiki/Vermillion_(Simone_Simons_album)" title="Vermillion (Simone Simons album)">Vermillion</a></i> in 2024. On this album, the word vermillion was used for one of the song titles called "Vermillion Dreams" and also the album was called vermillion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Vermilion City is one of the locations used in the English-translated versions of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon" title="Pokémon">Pokémon</a></i> video games and <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>. It is a port town in the Kanto area, and the name is derived from the original Japanese name クチバシティ (Kuchiba City). Kuchiba is an orange-red color associated with sunsets and autumnal leaves and "Vermilion" was used as an approximate translation.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red-orange">Red-orange</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Red-orange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Red-orange" redirects here. For the variety of orange fruit, see <a href="/wiki/Blood_orange" title="Blood orange">Red orange</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Red-Orange</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader mw-no-invert" style="line-height:12px; background-color:#FF5349!important; border: 0.1px solid #000000"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span style="position: relative; float: right; font-size: 70%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Color/Normalized_Color_Coordinates" title="About these coordinates"><img alt="About these coordinates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/15px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/23px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/30px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span>     Color coordinates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Web_colors#Hex_triplet" title="Web colors">Hex triplet</a></th><td class="infobox-data">#FF5349</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a><sup><b>B</b></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">r</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">g</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">b</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(255, 83, 73)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HSL_and_HSV" title="HSL and HSV">HSV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness#Saturation" title="Colorfulness">s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">v</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(3°, 71%, 100%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CIELChuv" class="mw-redirect" title="CIELChuv">CIELCh<sub>uv</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(60, 138, 14°)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Crayola</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISCC%E2%80%93NBS_system" title="ISCC–NBS system">ISCC–NBS descriptor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vivid red</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>B</b>: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Crayola" title="Crayola">Crayola</a> color <b>red-orange</b> has been a Crayola color since 1930. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orange-red">Orange-red</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Orange-red"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Orange-Red</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader mw-no-invert" style="line-height:12px; background-color:#FF4500!important; border: 0.1px solid #000000"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span style="position: relative; float: right; font-size: 70%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Color/Normalized_Color_Coordinates" title="About these coordinates"><img alt="About these coordinates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/15px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/23px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/30px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span>     Color coordinates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Web_colors#Hex_triplet" title="Web colors">Hex triplet</a></th><td class="infobox-data">#FF4500</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a><sup><b>B</b></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">r</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">g</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">b</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(255, 69, 0)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HSL_and_HSV" title="HSL and HSV">HSV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness#Saturation" title="Colorfulness">s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">v</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(16°, 100%, 100%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CIELChuv" class="mw-redirect" title="CIELChuv">CIELCh<sub>uv</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(58, 158, 17°)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Web_color#X11_color_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Web color">X11</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISCC%E2%80%93NBS_system" title="ISCC–NBS system">ISCC–NBS descriptor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vivid reddish orange</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>B</b>: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">web color</a> <b>orange-red</b> was formulated in 1987 as one of the <a href="/wiki/X11_color_names" title="X11 color names">X11 colors</a>, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/X11_color_names" title="X11 color names">X11 web colors</a> after the invention of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> in 1991. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medium_vermilion">Medium vermilion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Medium vermilion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Medium Vermilion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader mw-no-invert" style="line-height:12px; background-color:#D9603B!important; border: 0.1px solid #000000"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span style="position: relative; float: right; font-size: 70%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Color/Normalized_Color_Coordinates" title="About these coordinates"><img alt="About these coordinates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/15px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/23px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/30px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span>     Color coordinates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Web_colors#Hex_triplet" title="Web colors">Hex triplet</a></th><td class="infobox-data">#D9603B</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a><sup><b>B</b></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">r</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">g</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">b</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(217, 96, 59)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HSL_and_HSV" title="HSL and HSV">HSV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness#Saturation" title="Colorfulness">s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">v</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(14°, 73%, 85%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CIELChuv" class="mw-redirect" title="CIELChuv">CIELCh<sub>uv</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(56, 103, 21°)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813205222/http://colors.bravo9.com/nbs-iscc-p-plochere-color-system/list/all/">Plochere</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISCC%E2%80%93NBS_system" title="ISCC–NBS system">ISCC–NBS descriptor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Strong reddish orange</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>B</b>: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This color is the medium tone of vermilion called <b>vermilion</b> on the Plochere color list, which was formulated in 1948 and is used widely by interior designers. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_red_2">Chinese red</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Chinese red"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Chinese Red</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader mw-no-invert" style="line-height:12px; background-color:#AA381E!important; border: 0.1px solid #000000"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span style="position: relative; float: right; font-size: 70%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Color/Normalized_Color_Coordinates" title="About these coordinates"><img alt="About these coordinates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/15px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/23px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/30px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span>     Color coordinates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Web_colors#Hex_triplet" title="Web colors">Hex triplet</a></th><td class="infobox-data">#AA381E</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a><sup><b>B</b></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">r</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">g</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">b</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(170, 56, 30)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HSL_and_HSV" title="HSL and HSV">HSV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness#Saturation" title="Colorfulness">s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">v</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(11°, 82%, 67%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CIELChuv" class="mw-redirect" title="CIELChuv">CIELCh<sub>uv</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(40, 94, 17°)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121122220449/http://tx4.us/nbs/nbs-c.htm">ISCC-NBS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISCC%E2%80%93NBS_system" title="ISCC–NBS system">ISCC–NBS descriptor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Deep reddish orange</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>B</b>: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chinese red</b> or <b>China red</b> is the name used for the vermilion shade used in Chinese <a href="/wiki/Lacquerware" title="Lacquerware">lacquerware</a>. The shade of the color can vary from dark to light depending upon how the pigment is made and how the lacquer was applied. Chinese red was originally made from the powdered mineral cinnabar, but beginning in about the 8th century it was made more commonly by a chemical process combining mercury and sulfur. Vermilion has significance in <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> culture, and is regarded as the color of life and eternity. </p><p>"Chinese red" appears in English in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Red <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(color)" title="Scarlet (color)">Scarlet (color)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_red" title="Persian red">Persian red</a> ("artificial vermilion")</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors">List of colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_pigments" title="Red pigments">Red pigments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inorganic_pigments" title="List of inorganic pigments">List of inorganic pigments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumkuma" title="Kumkuma">Kumkuma</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called <i>vermilion</i> in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul <i>A Dictionary of Color</i> New York:1930 McGraw-Hill; the color <i>vermilion</i> is displayed on page 27, Plate 2, Color Sample L11. It is noted on page 193 that the color cinnabar is another name for the color vermilion.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Merriam_Webster-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merriam_Webster_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vermilion">"Vermilion"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. 21 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Vermilion&rft.date=2018-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fvermilion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermilion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oed_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=vermilion">"Vermilion"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vermilion&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dvermilion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermilion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEastaugh2004211-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEastaugh2004211_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastaugh2004">Eastaugh 2004</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maerz and Paul <i>A Dictionary of Color</i> New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 206; Color Sample of Vermilion: Page 27 Plate 2 Color Sample L11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maerz and Paul <i>A Dictionary of Color</i> New York: 1930 McGraw-Hill Page 193; Color Sample of Cinnabar (It is noted on page 193 that cinnabar is the same color as vermilion): Page 27 Plate 2 Color Sample L11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bomford_Roy_page_41-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bomford_Roy_page_41_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bomford_Roy_page_41_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bomford_Roy_page_41_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bomford_Roy_page_41_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Bomford and Ashok Roy, <i>A Closer look: Colour</i>. p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StClair-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StClair_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StClair_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StClair_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Clair2016" class="citation book cs1">St. Clair, Kassia (2016). <i>The Secret Lives of Colour</i>. London: John Murray. pp. 144–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473630819" title="Special:BookSources/9781473630819"><bdi>9781473630819</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/936144129">936144129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Lives+of+Colour&rft.place=London&rft.pages=144-145&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F936144129&rft.isbn=9781473630819&rft.aulast=St.+Clair&rft.aufirst=Kassia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermilion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016146-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016146_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Clair2016146_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSt._Clair2016">St. Clair 2016</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Ball, <i>Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Colour</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lara Broecke, <i>Cennino Cennini's </i>Il Libro dell'Arte<i> a New English Translation and Commentary with Italian Transcription</i>, Archetype 2015, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGettensStout,_George_L.1966" class="citation book cs1">Gettens, Rutherford J.; Stout, George L. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bdQVgKWl3f4C"><i>Painting Materials: A Short Encyclopedia</i></a>. Courier Dover Publications. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-21597-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-21597-0"><bdi>0-486-21597-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Painting+Materials%3A+A+Short+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0-486-21597-0&rft.aulast=Gettens&rft.aufirst=Rutherford+J.&rft.au=Stout%2C+George+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbdQVgKWl3f4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermilion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lara Broecke, <i>Cennino Cennini's </i>Il Libro dell'Arte<i>: a New English Translation and Commentary with Italian Transcription</i>, Archetype 2015, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastelvecchi,_D.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Castelvecchi, D. (4 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2013.13887">"Paintings turning black? Blame mercury"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2013.13887">10.1038/nature.2013.13887</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Paintings+turning+black%3F+Blame+mercury&rft.date=2013-10-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature.2013.13887&rft.au=Castelvecchi%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnature.2013.13887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermilion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpring,_M.Grout,_R.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Spring, M.; Grout, R. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/upload/pdf/spring_grout2002.pdf">"The Blackening of Vermilion: An Analytical Study of the Process in Paintings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Gallery Technical Bulletin</i>. <b>23</b>: 50–61<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Gallery+Technical+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Blackening+of+Vermilion%3A+An+Analytical+Study+of+the+Process+in+Paintings&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=50-61&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Spring%2C+M.&rft.au=Grout%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgallery.org.uk%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2Fspring_grout2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermilion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansenLetschert2000" class="citation journal cs1">Jansen, M.; Letschert, H. P. (April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/35010082">"Inorganic yellow-red pigments without toxic metals"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>404</b> (6781): 980–982. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Natur.404..980J">2000Natur.404..980J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35010082">10.1038/35010082</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10801123">10801123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Inorganic+yellow-red+pigments+without+toxic+metals&rft.volume=404&rft.issue=6781&rft.pages=980-982&rft.date=2000-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35010082&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10801123&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Natur.404..980J&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Letschert%2C+H.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2F35010082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermilion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130104115245/http://www.paintmaking.com/red.htm">"Vermilion (PR 106) Also known as Chinese Vermilion, less commonly Cinnabar"</a>. <i>Paintmaking.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paintmaking.com/red.htm">the original</a> on 2013-01-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paintmaking.com&rft.atitle=Vermilion+%28PR+106%29+Also+known+as+Chinese+Vermilion%2C+less+commonly+Cinnabar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paintmaking.com%2Fred.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermilion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rjg-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rjg_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rjg_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gettens, R. J., Feller, R. L. & Chase, W. T., <i>Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elixer-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-elixer_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2009" class="citation book cs1">Cox, Robert E. (2009). <i>The elixir of immortality: A modern-day alchemist's discovery of the philosopher's stone</i>. Rochester: Inner Traditions. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-303-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-303-7"><bdi>978-1-59477-303-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+elixir+of+immortality%3A+A+modern-day+alchemist%27s+discovery+of+the+philosopher%27s+stone&rft.place=Rochester&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59477-303-7&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermilion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThoughtCo-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ThoughtCo_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThoughtCo_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirst,_K._Kris2020" class="citation web cs1">Hirst, K. Kris (25 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/cinnabar-the-ancient-pigment-of-mercury-170556">"Cinnabar, the Ancient Pigment of Mercury"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=Cinnabar%2C+the+Ancient+Pigment+of+Mercury&rft.date=2020-08-25&rft.au=Hirst%2C+K.+Kris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fcinnabar-the-ancient-pigment-of-mercury-170556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermilion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel V. Thompson, <i>The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting</i>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anne_Varichon_p._112-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anne_Varichon_p._112_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anne_Varichon_p._112_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anne Varichon, <i>Couleurs : Pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples</i>, p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405011225/http://archaeology.about.com/od/archaeologic7/ss/Palenque-Walking-Tour_4.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20150405011225/http://archaeology.about.com/od/archaeologic7/ss/Palenque-Walking-Tour_4.htm</a> Archeology.about.com article on Temple XIII and the structures of Palenque (Retrieved April, 2015)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://arqueologiamexicana.mx/mexico-antiguo/quien-es-la-reina-roja">http://arqueologiamexicana.mx/mexico-antiguo/quien-es-la-reina-roja</a> [Spanish] ¿Quién es la Reina Roja? by Fanny López Jiménez on arqueologiamexicana.mx</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lara Broecke, <i>Cennino Cennini's </i>Il Libro dell' Arte<i>: a new English Translation and Commentary with Italian Transcription</i>, Archetype 2015, pp. 63–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garner, H., "Technical Studies of Oriental Lacquer"; <i>Studies in Conservation</i> (8), (1963) pp. 84–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ken Johnson, "Cinnabar: Zen once came in a shade of red", <i>New York Times</i>, August 20, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yan Chunling, <i>Chinese Red</i>, Foreign Languages Press, Beijing, (2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEastaugh2004387-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEastaugh2004387_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEastaugh2004">Eastaugh 2004</a>, p. 387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Bamford and Ashok Roy, <i>A Closer Look: Colour</i> (2009), National Gallery Company Limited (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B1%2B85709%2B442%2B8" title="Special:BookSources/978+1+85709+442+8">978 1 85709 442 8</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gj.zdic.net/archive.php?aid-1198.html">"淮南子"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B7%AE%E5%8D%97%E5%AD%90&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgj.zdic.net%2Farchive.php%3Faid-1198.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermilion" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. A non-English title is insufficient (November 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/wiki/Vermilion_City">"Vermilion City"</a>. <i>Bulbapedia, the community-driven Pokémon encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bulbapedia%2C+the+community-driven+Pok%C3%A9mon+encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Vermilion+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbulbapedia.bulbagarden.net%2Fwiki%2FVermilion_City&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermilion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maerz and Paul <i>A Dictionary of Color</i> New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 192; Color Sample of Chinese Red: Page 29 Plate 3 Color Sample J12</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarichon2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Varichon, Anne (2005). <i>Couleurs: Pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples</i> (in French). Paris: Seuil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-084697-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-084697-4"><bdi>978-2-02-084697-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Couleurs%3A+Pigments+et+teintures+dans+les+mains+des+peuples&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Seuil&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-02-084697-4&rft.aulast=Varichon&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermilion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYan2008" class="citation book cs1">Yan, Chunling (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesered0000yanc"><i>Chinese Red</i></a></span>. Beijing: Foreign Language Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-119-04531-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-119-04531-3"><bdi>978-7-119-04531-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Red&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Foreign+Language+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-7-119-04531-3&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=Chunling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinesered0000yanc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermilion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2001" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Philip (2001). <i>Bright Earth: Art and Invention of Colour</i>. Hazan (French translation). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7541-0503-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7541-0503-3"><bdi>978-2-7541-0503-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bright+Earth%3A+Art+and+Invention+of+Colour&rft.pub=Hazan+%28French+translation%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-7541-0503-3&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermilion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastaugh2004" class="citation book cs1">Eastaugh, Nicholas (2004). <i>Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments</i>. <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-5749-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-5749-9"><bdi>0-7506-5749-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pigment+Compendium%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Historical+Pigments&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7506-5749-9&rft.aulast=Eastaugh&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermilion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Martín-Gil, J; Martín-Gil, FJ; Delibes-de-Castro, G; Zapatero-Magdaleno, P; Sarabia-Herrero, FJ (1995). "The first known use of vermillion." <i>Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences</i>, 51(8): 759–761</li> <li>Chase, W.T., Feller, R.L., Gettens, R. J., Vermilion and cinnabar. Studies in Conservation, 17 (2), 45–69</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermilion&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npi.gov.au/substances/mercury/index.html">National Pollutant Inventory: Mercury and compounds fact sheet</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/vermilion.html">"Vermilion"</a>. <i>Pigments through the Ages</i>. WebExhibits.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pigments+through+the+Ages&rft.atitle=Vermilion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebexhibits.org%2Fpigments%2Findiv%2Foverview%2Fvermilion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermilion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/10.html">"Why are cinnabar, vermilion, and cadmium orange colored?"</a>. <i>Causes of Color</i>. WebExhibits.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Causes+of+Color&rft.atitle=Why+are+cinnabar%2C+vermilion%2C+and+cadmium+orange+colored%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebexhibits.org%2Fcausesofcolor%2F10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermilion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consultsos.com/pandora/in210102.htm">More information in Medical Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111144157/http://www.consultsos.com/pandora/in210102.htm">Archived</a> 2019-01-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colourlex.com/project/vermilion/">Vermilion</a>, Colourlex</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Vermilion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Vermilion">"Vermilion" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vermilion&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermilion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shades_of_red" title="Template:Shades of red"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shades_of_red" title="Template talk:Shades of red"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shades_of_red" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shades of red"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shades_of_red" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Shades of red</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0"><table style="background:transparent; width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranth_purple" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaranth purple">Amaranth purple</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Barn_red" title="Shades of red">Barn red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Bittersweet" title="Shades of red">Bittersweet</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Bittersweet_shimmer" title="Shades of red">Bittersweet shimmer</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Blood_red" title="Blood red">Blood red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Bright_pink" title="Shades of red">Bright pink (Crayola)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(color)" title="Burgundy (color)">Burgundy</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Candy_apple_red" title="Candy apple red">Candy apple red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Cantaloupe_melon" title="Shades of red">Cantaloupe melon</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Cardinal" title="Shades of red">Cardinal</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#AB274F!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#7C0902!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FE6F5E!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#BF4F51!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#660000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FB607F!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#800020!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF0800!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FDBCB4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C51E3A!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Carmine" title="Shades of red">Carmine</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Cerise_(color)" title="Cerise (color)">Cerise</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Chili_red" title="Shades of red">Chili red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Chocolate_cosmos" title="Shades of red">Chocolate cosmos</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Cinnabar" title="Shades of red">Cinnabar</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_(color)#Claret" title="Wine (color)">Claret</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Coquelicot" title="Coquelicot">Coquelicot</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Coral_(color)" title="Coral (color)">Coral pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Cordovan" title="Shades of red">Cordovan</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Cornell_red" title="Shades of red">Cornell red</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#960018!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#DE3163!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E23D28!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#58111A!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E44D2E!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#7F1734!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF3800!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F88379!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#893F45!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#B31B1B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Crimson" title="Crimson">Crimson</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Dark_red" title="Shades of red">Dark red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Falu_red" title="Falu red">Falu red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(color)#Fire_brick" title="Scarlet (color)">Fire brick</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Fire_engine_red" title="Fire engine red">Fire engine red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_rose#Folly" title="Shades of rose">Folly</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Garnet" title="Shades of red">Garnet</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Imperial_red" title="Shades of red">Imperial red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_red" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian red">Indian red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Jasper" title="Shades of red">Jasper</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#DC143C!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#8B0000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#801818!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#B22222!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#CE2029!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF004F!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#733635!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#ED2939!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#CD5C5C!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#D05340!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Light_coral" title="Shades of red">Light coral</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Light_red" title="Shades of red">Light red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Madder" title="Shades of red">Madder</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Mahogany_(color)" title="Mahogany (color)">Mahogany</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Maroon" title="Maroon">Maroon</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Misty_rose" title="Shades of red">Misty rose</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Red_(RGB)" title="Shades of red">Off-red (RGB)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Old_rose" title="Shades of red">Old rose</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#OU_crimson" title="Shades of red">OU crimson</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Penn_red" title="Shades of red">Penn red</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#F08080!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF7F7F!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#A50021!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C04000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#800000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFE4E1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FE0000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C08081!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#841617!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#990000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_red" title="Persian red">Persian red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Poppy_red" title="Shades of red">Poppy</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown#Red-brown_(web_color_"brown")" title="Shades of brown">Red-brown</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Red_(CMYK)_(pigment_red)" title="Shades of red">Red (CMYK)<br />(pigment red)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Red_(Crayola)" title="Shades of red">Red (Crayola)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Red_(Munsell)" title="Shades of red">Red (Munsell)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Red_(NCS)" title="Shades of red">Red (NCS)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Red_(Pantone)" title="Shades of red">Red (Pantone)</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#CC3333!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFC0CB!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#DC343B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF0000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#A52A2A!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#ED1B24!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#EE204E!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F2003C!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C40234!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#ED2839!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Redwood" title="Shades of red">Redwood</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Rojo" title="Shades of red">Rojo</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(color)" title="Rose (color)">Rose</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Rose_ebony" title="Shades of red">Rose ebony</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_rose#Rose_red" title="Shades of rose">Rose red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Rose_taupe" title="Shades of red">Rose taupe</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Rose_vale" title="Shades of red">Rose vale</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Rosewood" title="Shades of red">Rosewood</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Rosy_brown" title="Shades of red">Rosy brown</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Rust_(color)" title="Rust (color)">Rust</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#AB4E52!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E60026!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF0080!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#674846!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C21E56!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#905D5D!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#AB4E52!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#65000B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#BC8F8F!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#B7410E!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Rusty_red" title="Shades of red">Rusty red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Salmon_(color)" title="Salmon (color)">Salmon</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Salmon_(color)#Salmon_pink" title="Salmon (color)">Salmon pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(color)" title="Scarlet (color)">Scarlet</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Syracuse_Orange" title="Shades of red">Syracuse red-orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Tea_rose" title="Shades of red">Tea rose (red)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Tomato" title="Shades of red">Tomato</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Turkey_red" title="Shades of red">Turkey red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vermilion</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_(color)" title="Wine (color)">Wine</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#DA2C43!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FA8072!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF91A4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF2400!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#D44500!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F4C2C2!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF6347!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#A91101!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E34234!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#722F37!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:smaller; background:transparent; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #B60000;"><div>A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shades_of_orange" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FF8000; color:#000000; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000000;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shades_of_orange" title="Template:Shades of orange"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#000000">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shades_of_orange" title="Template talk:Shades of orange"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#000000">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shades_of_orange" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shades of orange"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#000000">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shades_of_orange" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: inherit;">Shades of orange</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0"><table style="background:transparent; width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/International_orange#Variations_of_international_orange#Aerospace" title="International orange">Aerospace orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Alloy_orange" title="Shades of orange">Alloy orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Amber_(color)" title="Amber (color)">Amber</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Apricot_(color)" title="Apricot (color)">Apricot</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Atomic_tangerine" title="Shades of orange">Atomic tangerine</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Burnt_orange" title="Shades of orange">Burnt orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Butterscotch" title="Shades of orange">Butterscotch</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Carrot_orange" title="Shades of orange">Carrot orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">Champagne (color)</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#FF4F00!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C46210!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFBF00!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FBCEB1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF9966!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#964B00!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#BF5700!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E09540!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#ED9121!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F7E7CE!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Chrome_orange" title="Chrome orange">Chrome Orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Coral_(color)" title="Coral (color)">Coral</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Dark_orange_(web_color)" title="Shades of orange">Dark orange (web)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Desert_sand" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert sand">Desert sand (color)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/International_orange#Variations_of_international_orange#Engineering" title="International orange">Engineering orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(color)#Flame" title="Scarlet (color)">Flame</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Giants_orange" title="Shades of orange">Giants orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Gold_(color)" title="Gold (color)">Gold</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/International_orange#Variations_of_international_orange#Golden_Gate_Bridge" title="International orange">Golden Gate Bridge</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Goldenrod_(color)" title="Goldenrod (color)">Goldenrod</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#E73501!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF7F50!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF8C00!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#EDC9AF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#BA160C!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E25822!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FE5A1D!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFD700!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F04A00!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#DAA520!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Hunyadi_yellow" title="Shades of orange">Hunyadi yellow</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Light_orange" title="Shades of orange">Light orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Mahogany_(color)" title="Mahogany (color)">Mahogany</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Marigold_(color)" title="Marigold (color)">Marigold</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Melon" title="Shades of orange">Melon</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Orange_(Crayola)" title="Shades of orange">Orange (Crayola)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Orange_(Pantone)" title="Shades of orange">Orange (Pantone)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Orange_peel" title="Shades of orange">Orange peel</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Orange_(web_color)" title="Shades of orange">Orange (web)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange (wheel)</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#E8AC41!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FED8B1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C04000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#EAA221!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FDBCB4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF7538!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF5800!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFA000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFA500!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF8000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Papaya_whip" title="Shades of orange">Papaya whip</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Peach_(color)" title="Peach (color)">Peach</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Persian_orange" title="Shades of orange">Persian orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Persimmon" title="Shades of orange">Persimmon</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Portland_Orange" title="Portland Orange">Portland orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Princeton_orange" title="Shades of orange">Princeton orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Pumpkin" title="Shades of orange">Pumpkin</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Rust_(color)" title="Rust (color)">Rust</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Safety_orange" title="Safety orange">Safety orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Saffron_(color)" title="Saffron (color)">Saffron</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#FFEFD5!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFE5B4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#D99058!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#EC5800!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF5A36!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF8F00!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF7518!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#B7410E!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF7900!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F4C430!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Spanish_orange" title="Shades of orange">Spanish orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Tangelo" title="Tangelo">Tangelo</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Tangerine_(color)" title="Tangerine (color)">Tangerine</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Tawny_(color)" title="Tawny (color)">Tawny</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Tiger’s_Eye" title="Shades of orange">Tiger’s Eye</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Titian_hair" title="Titian hair">Titian Red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#UT_orange" title="Shades of orange">UT orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vermilion</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Xanthous" title="Shades of orange">Xanthous</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#E86100!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F94D00!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F28500!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#CD5700!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#B56917!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#BD5620!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF8200!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E34234!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F1B42F!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:smaller; background:transparent; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #FF8000;"><div>A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Color_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Color_topics" title="Template:Color topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_topics" title="Template talk:Color topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Color_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_science" title="Color science">Color science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">Chromophore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_chemicals" title="Color of chemicals">Color of chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">Spectral power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">Chromesthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonochromatism" title="Sonochromatism">Sonochromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_calibration" title="Color calibration">Color calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">Color constancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_task" title="Color task">Color task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_code" title="Color code">Color code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_vision_test" title="Color vision test">Color vision test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Evolution of color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_color" title="Impossible color">Impossible colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_psychology" title="Color psychology">Color psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_symbolism" title="Color symbolism">Color symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_preferences" title="Color preferences">Color preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_color_test" title="Lüscher color test">Lüscher color test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">Color reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Color cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mapping">Color mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">Color scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Color tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colors">Monochromatic colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">Complementary colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colors" title="Analogous colors">Analogous colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colors (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">Color mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">Secondary color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_solid" title="Color solid">Color solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">Color triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_analysis" title="Color analysis">Color analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_realism_(art_style)" title="Color realism (art style)">Color realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Color history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">Colorfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Color Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">List of colors by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">List of Crayola crayon colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">List of RAL colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Color" title="Category:Color">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" 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