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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Interwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Post–World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Submachine_guns_in_the_Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submachine_guns_in_the_Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Submachine guns in the Korean War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submachine_guns_in_the_Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_defence_pistol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_defence_pistol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Land defence pistol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_defence_pistol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_defense_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_defense_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal defense weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_defense_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Submachine gun</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submasjiengeweer" title="Submasjiengeweer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Submasjiengeweer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A9" title="رشيشة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رشيشة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metralleta" title="Metralleta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Metralleta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulemyot_tapan%C3%A7a" title="Pulemyot tapança – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pulemyot tapança" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="সাবমেশিন গান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাবমেশিন গান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%91%D1%82" title="Пісталет-кулямёт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пісталет-кулямёт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%91%D1%82" title="Пісталет-кулямёт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пісталет-кулямёт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Картечен пистолет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Картечен пистолет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automat_(oru%C5%BEje)" title="Automat (oružje) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Automat (oružje)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistolenn-vindrailher" title="Pistolenn-vindrailher – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pistolenn-vindrailher" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfusell" title="Subfusell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Subfusell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samopal" title="Samopal – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Samopal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskinpistol" title="Maskinpistol – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maskinpistol" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maschinenpistole" title="Maschinenpistole – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maschinenpistole" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCstolkuulipilduja" title="Püstolkuulipilduja – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Püstolkuulipilduja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%B2%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF" title="Υποπολυβόλο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υποπολυβόλο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfusil" title="Subfusil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Subfusil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitraleto" title="Mitraleto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mitraleto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfusil" title="Subfusil – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Subfusil" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="مسلسل دستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسلسل دستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistolet-mitrailleur" title="Pistolet-mitrailleur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pistolet-mitrailleur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masinepistoal" title="Masinepistoal – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Masinepistoal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fo-mheais%C3%ADnghunna" title="Fo-mheaisínghunna – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fo-mheaisínghunna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80%EB%8B%A8%EC%B4%9D" title="기관단총 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기관단총" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF-%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Ատրճանակ-գնդացիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ատրճանակ-գնդացիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratka_strojnica" title="Kratka strojnica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kratka strojnica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol_mitraliur" title="Pistol mitraliur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pistol mitraliur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hr%C3%AD%C3%B0skotabyssa" title="Hríðskotabyssa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hríðskotabyssa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitra_(arma)" title="Mitra (arma) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mitra (arma)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A2" title="תת-מקלע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תת-מקלע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2-%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="პისტოლეტ-ტყვიამფრქვევი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პისტოლეტ-ტყვიამფრქვევი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Тапанша-пулемет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тапанша-пулемет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%A1%C4%ABnpistole" title="Mašīnpistole – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mašīnpistole" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistoletas_kulkosvaidis" title="Pistoletas kulkosvaidis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pistoletas kulkosvaidis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ppisztoly" title="Géppisztoly – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Géppisztoly" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%98%D0%B5)" title="Автомат (оружје) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Автомат (оружје)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submesingan" title="Submesingan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Submesingan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="စက်ကလေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စက်ကလေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinepistool" title="Machinepistool – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Machinepistool" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E6%A9%9F%E9%96%A2%E9%8A%83" title="短機関銃 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="短機関銃" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskinpistol" title="Maskinpistol – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maskinpistol" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskinpistol" title="Maskinpistol – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Maskinpistol" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistolet_mitralhaire" title="Pistolet mitralhaire – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pistolet mitralhaire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%CA%BBpponcha-pulemyot" title="Toʻpponcha-pulemyot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Toʻpponcha-pulemyot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistolet_maszynowy" title="Pistolet maszynowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pistolet maszynowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistola-metralhadora" title="Pistola-metralhadora – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pistola-metralhadora" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol-mitralier%C4%83" title="Pistol-mitralieră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pistol-mitralieră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maki_illapapayana" title="Maki illapapayana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Maki illapapayana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D1%82" title="Пистолет-пулемёт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пистолет-пулемёт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjysm%C3%AB_mitralozi" title="Gjysmë mitralozi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjysmë mitralozi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Submachine gun" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samopal" title="Samopal – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Samopal" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzostrelka" title="Brzostrelka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Brzostrelka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%98%D0%B5)" title="Аутомат (оружје) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аутомат (оружје)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automat_(oru%C5%BEje)" title="Automat (oružje) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Automat (oružje)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konepistooli" title="Konepistooli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Konepistooli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulsprutepistol" title="Kulsprutepistol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kulsprutepistol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="துணை இயந்திரத் துப்பாக்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துணை இயந்திரத் துப்பாக்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="ปืนกลมือ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปืนกลมือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makineli_tabanca" title="Makineli tabanca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Makineli tabanca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Пістолет-кулемет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пістолет-кулемет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%AF%D9%86" title="سب مشین گن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سب مشین گن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAng_ti%E1%BB%83u_li%C3%AAn" title="Súng tiểu liên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Súng tiểu liên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B2%E9%94%8B%E6%9E%AA" title="冲锋枪 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="冲锋枪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%9D%E9%8B%92%E6%A7%8D" title="衝鋒槍 – Cantonese" 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automatic firearm</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UZI_and_MP5K_(3315252178).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/UZI_and_MP5K_%283315252178%29.jpg/220px-UZI_and_MP5K_%283315252178%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/UZI_and_MP5K_%283315252178%29.jpg/330px-UZI_and_MP5K_%283315252178%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/UZI_and_MP5K_%283315252178%29.jpg/440px-UZI_and_MP5K_%283315252178%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption>A Mini <a href="/wiki/Uzi" title="Uzi">Uzi</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_MP5K" class="mw-redirect" title="Heckler & Koch MP5K">Heckler & Koch MP5K</a>, two common submachine guns</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>submachine gun</b> (<b>SMG</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(firearms)" title="Magazine (firearms)">magazine</a>-fed <a href="/wiki/Automatic_firearm" title="Automatic firearm">automatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">carbine</a> designed to fire <a href="/wiki/Handgun_cartridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Handgun cartridge">handgun cartridges</a>. The term "submachine gun" was coined by <a href="/wiki/John_T._Thompson" title="John T. Thompson">John T. Thompson</a>, the inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun" title="Thompson submachine gun">Thompson submachine gun</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to describe its design concept as an <a href="/wiki/Automatic_firearm" title="Automatic firearm">automatic firearm</a> with notably less <a href="/wiki/Firepower" title="Firepower">firepower</a> than a <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine gun</a> (hence the prefix "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sub-" class="extiw" title="wikt:sub-">sub-</a>"). As a machine gun must fire <a href="/wiki/Rifle_cartridge" title="Rifle cartridge">rifle cartridges</a> to be classified as such, submachine guns are not considered machine guns. </p><p> The submachine gun was developed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918) as a <a href="/wiki/Close-quarters_battle" title="Close-quarters battle">close quarter</a> offensive weapon, mainly for <a href="/wiki/Trench_raiding" title="Trench raiding">trench raiding</a>. At its peak during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945), millions of submachine guns were made for <a href="/wiki/Shock_troops" title="Shock troops">assault troops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries" title="Auxiliaries">auxiliaries</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">doctrines</a> emphasized <a href="/wiki/Close-quarters_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Close-quarters combat">close-quarter</a> <a href="/wiki/Suppressive_fire" title="Suppressive fire">suppressive fire</a>. New submachine gun designs appeared frequently during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Century._Ian_Hogg_2000._p93_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century._Ian_Hogg_2000._p93-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially among <a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">special forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">covert operation</a> <a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">commandos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">mechanized infantrymen</a>. Submachine gun usage for frontline combat decreased in the 1980s and 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-Century._Ian_Hogg_2000._p93_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century._Ian_Hogg_2000._p93-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the early 21st century, submachine guns have largely been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Assault_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault rifles">assault rifles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Century._Ian_Hogg_2000._p93_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century._Ian_Hogg_2000._p93-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which have a longer <a href="/wiki/Effective_range" title="Effective range">effective range</a>, have increased <a href="/wiki/Stopping_power" title="Stopping power">stopping power</a>, and can better penetrate the helmets and body armor used by modern soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-defensereview.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defensereview.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they are still used by <a href="/wiki/Security_forces" title="Security forces">security forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_tactical_unit" title="Police tactical unit">police tactical units</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bodyguard" title="Bodyguard">bodyguards</a> for <a href="/wiki/Close-quarters_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Close-quarters combat">close-quarters combat</a> because they are "a pistol-caliber weapon that's easy to control, and less likely to <a href="/wiki/Overpenetration" class="mw-redirect" title="Overpenetration">overpenetrate</a> the target".<sup id="cite_ref-defensereview.com_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defensereview.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style></p><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submachine_gun&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are some inconsistencies in the classification of submachine guns.<sup id="cite_ref-Century_2000._pages_93-94_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century_2000._pages_93-94-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Commonwealth sources often refer to SMGs as "machine carbines".<sup id="cite_ref-Century_2000._pages_93-94_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century_2000._pages_93-94-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources refer to SMGs as "machine pistols" because they fire pistol-caliber ammunition, for example, the <a href="/wiki/MP_40" title="MP 40">MP-40</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_MP5" title="Heckler & Koch MP5">MP5</a>, where "MP" stands for <i>Maschinenpistole</i> ("submachine gun" in German, but <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with the English term "machine pistol").<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the term "<a href="/wiki/Machine_pistol" title="Machine pistol">machine pistol</a>" is also used to describe a <a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">handgun</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearm</a> capable of <a href="/wiki/Automatic_firearm" title="Automatic firearm">fully automatic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Burst_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Burst fire">burst fire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/Stechkin_automatic_pistol" title="Stechkin automatic pistol">Stechkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beretta_93R" title="Beretta 93R">Beretta 93R</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glock_18" class="mw-redirect" title="Glock 18">Glock 18</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/H%26K_VP70" class="mw-redirect" title="H&K VP70">H&K VP70</a>. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Personal_defense_weapon" title="Personal defense weapon">personal defense weapons</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/FN_P90" title="FN P90">FN P90</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%26K_MP7" class="mw-redirect" title="H&K MP7">H&K MP7</a> are often called submachine guns.<sup id="cite_ref-Century_2000._pages_93-94_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century_2000._pages_93-94-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submachine_gun&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arty08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Arty08.jpg/220px-Arty08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Arty08.jpg/330px-Arty08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Arty08.jpg/440px-Arty08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Artillery <a href="/wiki/Luger_pistol" title="Luger pistol">Luger P08 pistol</a> with snail-drum magazine and removable stock.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1895, <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Maxim" title="Hiram Maxim">Hiram Maxim</a> produced the 'miniature Maxim' which was a pistol-calibre Maxim machinegun weighing 27 lb (12.2 kg) that was sold in small quantities to various countries and tested by the US military but not adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1896, a <a href="/wiki/Select-fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Select-fire">select-fire</a> pistol was patented by the British inventor Hugh Gabbett-Fairfax.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1914, Abiel Bethel Revelli, an Italian military officer patented a <a href="/wiki/Villar_Perosa_aircraft_submachine_gun" title="Villar Perosa aircraft submachine gun">twin-barreled, magazine-fed automatic gun</a> in a pistol caliber, lighter than a machine gun and shorter than a rifle. A common myth is that this weapon was originally designed as an aircraft gun. In reality ground use was taken into consideration from the very beginning, particularly for the <a href="/wiki/Bersaglieri" title="Bersaglieri">Bersaglieri</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_infantry" title="Bicycle infantry">cyclist battalions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submachine_gun&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stocked pistols were common at the beginning of the 20th century, the Germans initially used heavier versions of the <a href="/wiki/Luger_pistol" title="Luger pistol">P08</a> <a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">pistol</a> equipped with a detachable stock, larger-capacity snail-<a href="/wiki/Drum_magazine" title="Drum magazine">drum magazine</a> and a longer <a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">barrel</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villar-Perosa_on_bipod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Villar-Perosa_on_bipod.jpg/220px-Villar-Perosa_on_bipod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Villar-Perosa_on_bipod.jpg/330px-Villar-Perosa_on_bipod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Villar-Perosa_on_bipod.jpg/440px-Villar-Perosa_on_bipod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2938" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Villar_Perosa_aircraft_submachine_gun" title="Villar Perosa aircraft submachine gun">FIAT Mod.1915</a> is considered by some to be the first submachine gun.</figcaption></figure><p> In 1915, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> adopted Revelli's design as the <a href="/wiki/Villar-Perosa_aircraft_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Villar-Perosa aircraft machine gun">FIAT Mod. 1915</a>. It fired pistol-caliber <a href="/wiki/9mm_Glisenti" title="9mm Glisenti">9mm Glisenti</a> ammunition, but was not a true submachine gun, as it was originally designed as a mounted weapon.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brzostrelka_Hellriegel_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Brzostrelka_Hellriegel_-_1.jpg/220px-Brzostrelka_Hellriegel_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Brzostrelka_Hellriegel_-_1.jpg/330px-Brzostrelka_Hellriegel_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Brzostrelka_Hellriegel_-_1.jpg/440px-Brzostrelka_Hellriegel_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1172" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Standsch%C3%BCtze_Hellriegel_M1915" title="Standschütze Hellriegel M1915">Standschütze Hellriegel M1915</a>, the first submachine gun with a buttstock, seen here with stick and drum magazines</figcaption></figure><p>In late 1915, the first submachine gun with a buttstock was built: the Austro-Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Standsch%C3%BCtze_Hellriegel_M1915" title="Standschütze Hellriegel M1915">Standschütze Hellriegel M1915</a> although the weapon was never used in combat. </p><p>In February 1916, the Austro-Hungarian first fielded the M.12/P16 machine pistol. This was the first <a href="/wiki/Machine_pistol" title="Machine pistol">machine pistol</a> to be adopted by any military, being issued to Tyrolean units fighting in the alps<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1916, Heinrich Senn of Bern designed a modification of the Swiss Luger pistol to fire in single shots or in full-automatic. Around the same time Georg Luger demonstrated a similar Luger machine pistol which inspired the German Army to develop submachine guns.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colonel Bethel-Abiel Revelli had already conceived the principles of the submachine gun in September 1915, when he wrote that his gun could be converted to a single-barreled version that <i>"may be mounted in the manner of a rifle so that it may be fired from the shoulder"</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Villar_Perosa_aircraft_submachine_gun" title="Villar Perosa aircraft submachine gun">FIAT Mod. 1915</a> would be later modified into the <a href="/wiki/OVP_1918" title="OVP 1918">OVP 1918</a> automatic carbine. The OVP 1918 had a traditional wooden <a href="/wiki/Stock_(firearms)" title="Stock (firearms)">stock</a>, a 25-round top-fed <a href="/wiki/Box_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Box magazine">box magazine</a>, and had a cyclic <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_fire" title="Rate of fire">rate of fire</a> of 900 rounds per minute. </p><p> By 1918, Bergmann Waffenfabrik had developed the <a href="/wiki/9x19mm_Parabellum" class="mw-redirect" title="9x19mm Parabellum">9x19mm Parabellum</a> <a href="/wiki/MP_18" title="MP 18">MP 18</a>, the first practical submachine gun. This weapon used the same 32-round snail-drum magazine as the Luger P-08. The MP 18 was used in significant numbers by German <a href="/wiki/Stormtroopers_(Imperial_Germany)" title="Stormtroopers (Imperial Germany)">stormtroopers</a> employing <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_tactics" title="Infiltration tactics">infiltration tactics</a>, achieving some notable successes in the final year of the war. However, these were not enough to prevent <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">Germany's collapse</a> in November 1918. After World War I, the MP 18 evolved into the MP28/II SMG, which incorporated a simple 32-round <a href="/wiki/Box_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Box magazine">box magazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selective_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective fire">selective fire</a>, and other minor improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the MP18 had a rather short service life, it was influential in the design of later submachine guns, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lanchester_submachine_gun" title="Lanchester submachine gun">Lanchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sten" title="Sten">Sten</a> and <a href="/wiki/PPD-40" title="PPD-40">PPD-40</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bergmann_MP18.1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bergmann_MP18.1.JPG/220px-Bergmann_MP18.1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bergmann_MP18.1.JPG/330px-Bergmann_MP18.1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bergmann_MP18.1.JPG/440px-Bergmann_MP18.1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption>A Bergmann MP 18, the first mass-produced submachine gun to see extensive use in an assault role</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thompson-and-his-gun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Thompson-and-his-gun.jpg/220px-Thompson-and-his-gun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Thompson-and-his-gun.jpg/330px-Thompson-and-his-gun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Thompson-and-his-gun.jpg/440px-Thompson-and-his-gun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/John_T._Thompson" title="John T. Thompson">John T. Thompson</a> holding a <a href="/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun" title="Thompson submachine gun">Thompson Model 1921</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/.45_ACP" title=".45 ACP">.45 ACP</a> <a href="/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun" title="Thompson submachine gun">Thompson submachine gun</a> had been in development at approximately the same time as the Bergmann and the Beretta. However, the war ended before prototypes could be shipped to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_Iannamico_1928_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank_Iannamico_1928-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it had missed its chance to be the first purpose-designed submachine gun to enter service, it became the basis for later weapons, and was much more successful than the submachine guns produced during World War I. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submachine_gun&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Thompson entered production as the M1921. It was available to civilians, but, because of the weapon's high price, initially saw poor sales. The Thompson (with one Type XX 20 round "stick" magazine) had been priced at $200 in 1921 (roughly equivalent to $3,416 in 2023). The Thompson was used in combat that same year: </p><p>West Virginia state police bought 37 guns and used them during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blair_Mountain" title="Battle of Blair Mountain">Battle of Blair Mountain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the first batches of Thompsons were bought by agents of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">Irish Republican Army</a>. They purchased a total of 653 units, though <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. customs authorities in New York</a> seized 495 of the units in June 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Thompson, nicknamed "Tommy Gun" or "Chicago Typewriter" became notorious in the U.S. due to its employment by the <a href="/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia">Mafia</a>: the image of pinstripe-suited <a href="/wiki/James_Cagney" title="James Cagney">James Cagney</a> types wielding drum-magazine Thompsons caused some military planners to shun the weapon. However, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> and other U.S. police forces themselves showed no reluctance to use and prominently display these weapons. Eventually, the submachine gun was gradually accepted by many military organizations, especially as World War II loomed, with many countries developing their own designs. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marine Corps</a> adopted the Thompson during this period, they used them during the <a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> and it was also used by the <a href="/wiki/China_Marines" title="China Marines">China Marines</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/1924_Estonian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1924 Estonian coup d'état attempt">1924 uprising</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">the Soviets</a> supplied four Thompsons to Estonian Communist militants; those were used against Estonian soldiers in a failed attempt to storm <a href="/wiki/1924_Estonian_coup_attempt#Action" title="1924 Estonian coup attempt">the Tallinn barracks</a>. Some of the defenders were armed with <a href="/wiki/MP_18" title="MP 18">the MP18s</a>; and this was possibly the first engagement where submachine guns were used on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germany transferred its MP 18s to the German police forces after World War I. They also saw use in the hands of various <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a></i> during the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a>. In the 1920s a new, more reliable box magazine was developed for the MP 18 to replace the older snail-drum magazines. In 1928 a new version of the MP 18, the MP 28, saw the light of day, it featured the new box magazine as standard, a bayonet lug and a single shot mode. The MP 28 was manufactured in Belgium and Spain and was widely exported from there, including to China and South America. Another variant based on the MP 18 was the <a href="/wiki/MP_34" title="MP 34">MP 34</a> that was manufactured by the Germans through the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Front_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Front company">front company</a> Solothurn. The MP 34 was manufactured from the very best materials available and finished to the highest possible standard. Consequently, its production costs were extremely high. It was adopted by the Austrian police and army in the 1930s, and they were taken over by the Germans after <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">German annexation of Austria</a> in 1938. The <a href="/wiki/MP35" title="MP35">MP35</a> was another interwar German submachine gun, designed by the Bergmann brothers. It was exported to Sweden and Ethiopia and also saw extensive use in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. About 40,000 of the type were manufactured until 1944, with many going into the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Waffen_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Waffen SS">Waffen SS</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Erma_EMP" title="Erma EMP">Erma EMP</a> was yet another submachine gun from this period, based on a design by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Vollmer" title="Heinrich Vollmer">Heinrich Vollmer</a>, about 10,000 were manufactured. It was exported to Spain, Mexico, China and Yugoslavia, but also used domestically by the SS, as well as being produced under license in <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submachine_gun&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beretta_38.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beretta_38.jpg/220px-Beretta_38.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beretta_38.jpg/330px-Beretta_38.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beretta_38.jpg/440px-Beretta_38.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>A Beretta Model 38, one of the most successful Italian weapons of World War II</figcaption></figure> <p>Changes in design accelerated during the war, with one major trend being the abandonment of complex and finely made pre-war designs like the <a href="/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun" title="Thompson submachine gun">Thompson submachine gun</a> to weapons designed for cheap <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> and easy replacement like the <a href="/wiki/M3_Grease_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="M3 Grease Gun">M3 Grease Gun</a>. </p><p>While the Italians were among the first to develop submachine guns during World War I, they were slow to produce them under <a href="/wiki/Mussolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussolini">Mussolini</a>; the 9mm Parabellum <a href="/wiki/Beretta_Model_38" title="Beretta Model 38">Beretta Model 38</a> (MAB 38) was not available in large numbers until 1943. The MAB 38 was made in a series of improved and simplified models all sharing the same basic layout. The MAB 38 has two triggers, the front for semi-auto and rear for full-auto. Most models use standard wooden <a href="/wiki/Stock_(firearms)" title="Stock (firearms)">stocks</a>, although some models were fitted with an MP40-style under-folding stock and are commonly mistaken for it. The MAB 38 series was extremely robust and proved very popular with both <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> troops (who used captured MAB 38s).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered the most successful and effective Italian small arm of World War II. During the later years of the war, the <a href="/wiki/TZ-45" title="TZ-45">TZ-45</a> submachine gun was manufactured in small numbers in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>. A cheaper alternative to the MAB 38, it also sported an unusual <a href="/wiki/Grip_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Grip safety">grip safety</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MP_40_AYF_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/MP_40_AYF_2.JPG/220px-MP_40_AYF_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/MP_40_AYF_2.JPG/330px-MP_40_AYF_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/MP_40_AYF_2.JPG/440px-MP_40_AYF_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2428" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>An MP 40 submachine gun with its stock extended</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1939, the Germans introduced the 9mm Parabellum <a href="/wiki/MP38" class="mw-redirect" title="MP38">MP38</a> which was first used during the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> of September that year. The MP38 production was still just starting and only a few thousand were in service at the time. It proved to be far more practical and effective in close-quarters combat than the standard-issue German <a href="/wiki/Karabiner_98k" title="Karabiner 98k">Karabiner 98k</a> <a href="/wiki/Bolt_action" title="Bolt action">bolt-action rifle</a>. From this experience, the simplified and modernized <a href="/wiki/MP40" class="mw-redirect" title="MP40">MP40</a> (commonly and erroneously referred to as the Schmeisser) was developed and made in large numbers; about a million were made during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The MP40 was lighter than the MP38. It also used more stamped parts, making it faster and cheaper to produce.<sup id="cite_ref-Century_2000._pages_118-120_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century_2000._pages_118-120-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MP38 and MP40 were the first SMGs to use plastic furniture and a practical folding stock, which became standard for all future SMG designs.<sup id="cite_ref-Century_2000._pages_118-120_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century_2000._pages_118-120-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Germans used a large number of captured Soviet PPSh-41 submachine guns, some were converted to fire 9mm Parabellum while others were used unmodified (the German <a href="/wiki/7.63%C3%9725mm_Mauser" title="7.63×25mm Mauser">7.63×25mm Mauser</a> cartridge had identical dimensions to the 7.62×25mm Tokarev, albeit slightly less powerful). </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>, the badly outnumbered Finnish used the <a href="/wiki/Suomi_KP/-31" title="Suomi KP/-31">Suomi KP/-31</a> in large numbers against the Russians with devastating effect. Finnish ski troops became known for appearing out of the woods on one side of a road, raking Soviet columns with SMG fire and disappearing back into the woods on the other side. During the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a>, the Finnish <a href="/wiki/Sissi_(Finnish_light_infantry)" title="Sissi (Finnish light infantry)">Sissi patrols</a> often equipped every soldier with KP/-31s. The Suomi fired 9mm Parabellum ammunition from a 71-round drum magazine (although often loaded with 74 rounds). "This SMG showed the world the importance of the submachine gun in modern warfare", prompting the development, adoption and <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> of submachine guns by most of the world's armies. The Suomi was used in combat until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Lapland_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapland war">Lapland war</a>, was widely exported and remained in service to the late 1970s. Inspired by captured examples of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/PPS_submachine_gun" title="PPS submachine gun">PPS submachine gun</a>, a gun that was cheaper and quicker to manufacture than the Suomi, the Finns introduced the <a href="/wiki/KP_m/44_submachine_gun" title="KP m/44 submachine gun">KP m/44 submachine gun</a> in 1944. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PPSh-41_from_soviet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PPSh-41_from_soviet.jpg/220px-PPSh-41_from_soviet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PPSh-41_from_soviet.jpg/330px-PPSh-41_from_soviet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PPSh-41_from_soviet.jpg/440px-PPSh-41_from_soviet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1514" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>A PPSh-41, the most produced submachine gun of World War II, with a 71-round drum magazine</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1940, the Soviets introduced the <a href="/wiki/7.62%C3%9725mm_Tokarev" title="7.62×25mm Tokarev">7.62×25mm</a> <a href="/wiki/PPD-40" title="PPD-40">PPD-40</a> and later the more easily manufactured <a href="/wiki/PPSh-41" title="PPSh-41">PPSh-41</a> in response to their experience during the Winter War against Finland. The PPSh's 71-round drum magazine is a copy of the Suomi's. Later in the war they developed the even more readily mass-produced <a href="/wiki/PPS_submachine_gun" title="PPS submachine gun">PPS submachine gun</a> - all firing the same small-caliber but high-powered Tokarev cartridges. The USSR went on to make over 6 million PPSh-41s and 2 million PPS-43s by the end of World War II. Thus, the Soviet Union could field huge numbers of submachine guns against the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>, with whole infantry battalions being armed with little else.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscripts</a> with minimal training, the volume of fire produced by massed submachine guns could be overwhelming. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sten_Mk_II_IMG_4764_(Nemo5576).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sten_Mk_II_IMG_4764_%28Nemo5576%29.jpg/220px-Sten_Mk_II_IMG_4764_%28Nemo5576%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sten_Mk_II_IMG_4764_%28Nemo5576%29.jpg/330px-Sten_Mk_II_IMG_4764_%28Nemo5576%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sten_Mk_II_IMG_4764_%28Nemo5576%29.jpg/440px-Sten_Mk_II_IMG_4764_%28Nemo5576%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A Sten Mk II, the second most produced submachine gun of World War II</figcaption></figure> <p>Britain entered the war with no domestic submachine gun design but instead imported the expensive US M1928 Thompson. After evaluating their battlefield experience in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> and losing many weapons in the <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> adopted the 9mm Parabellum <a href="/wiki/Lanchester_submachine_gun" title="Lanchester submachine gun">Lanchester submachine gun</a>. With no time for the usual research and development for a new weapon, it was decided to make a direct copy of the German <a href="/wiki/MP_18#Evolution" title="MP 18">MP 28</a>. Like other early submachine guns it was difficult and expensive to manufacture. Shortly thereafter, the simpler <a href="/wiki/Sten" title="Sten">Sten</a> submachine gun was developed for general use by the British armed forces, it was much cheaper and faster to make. Over 4 million Sten guns were made during World War II. The Sten was so cheap and easy to produce that towards the end of the war as their economic base approached crisis, Germany started manufacturing their own copy, the <a href="/wiki/MP_3008" title="MP 3008">MP 3008</a>. After the war, the British replaced the Sten with the <a href="/wiki/Sterling_submachine_gun" title="Sterling submachine gun">Sterling submachine gun</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M3_and_M1A1_Wings_Over_Wine_Country_2007.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/M3_and_M1A1_Wings_Over_Wine_Country_2007.JPG/220px-M3_and_M1A1_Wings_Over_Wine_Country_2007.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/M3_and_M1A1_Wings_Over_Wine_Country_2007.JPG/330px-M3_and_M1A1_Wings_Over_Wine_Country_2007.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/M3_and_M1A1_Wings_Over_Wine_Country_2007.JPG/440px-M3_and_M1A1_Wings_Over_Wine_Country_2007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1868" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>M3 "Grease Gun" (top) and M1A1 "Tommy Gun" (bottom)</figcaption></figure> <p>The United States and its allies used the Thompson submachine gun, especially the simplified <a href="/wiki/M1_Thompson_submachine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="M1 Thompson submachine gun">M1</a>. The Thompson was still expensive and slow to produce. Therefore, the U.S. developed the <a href="/wiki/M3_submachine_gun" title="M3 submachine gun">M3 submachine gun</a> or "Grease Gun" in 1942, followed by the improved M3A1 in 1944. While the M3 was no more effective than the Tommy Gun, it was made primarily of stamped parts and welded together and could be produced much faster and at a fraction of the cost of a Thompson; its much lower rate of fire made it a lot more controllable. It could be configured to fire either <a href="/wiki/.45_ACP" title=".45 ACP">.45 ACP</a> or <a href="/wiki/9mm_Luger" class="mw-redirect" title="9mm Luger">9mm Luger</a> ammunition. The M3A1 was among the longest-serving submachine gun designs, being produced into the 1960s and serving in US forces into the 1990s. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MAS-38.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/MAS-38.jpg/220px-MAS-38.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/MAS-38.jpg/330px-MAS-38.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/MAS-38.jpg/440px-MAS-38.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>The MAS-38 was France's only WWII submachine gun design, but France was defeated before very many were manufactured.</figcaption></figure> <p>France produced only about 2,000 of the <a href="/wiki/MAS-38" title="MAS-38">MAS-38</a> submachine gun (chambered in <a href="/wiki/7.65%C3%9720mm_Longue" class="mw-redirect" title="7.65×20mm Longue">7.65×20mm Longue</a>) before the Fall of France in June 1940. Production was taken over by the occupying Germans, who used them for themselves and also put them into the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy French</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Owen_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Gun">Owen Gun</a> is a 9mm Parabellum Australian submachine gun designed by <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Owen" title="Evelyn Owen">Evelyn Owen</a> in 1939. The Owen is a simple, highly reliable, open bolt, blowback SMG. It was designed to be fired either from the shoulder or the hip. It is easily recognisable, owing to its unconventional appearance, including a quick-release barrel and butt-stock, double pistol grips, top-mounted magazine, and unusual offset right-side-mounted sights. The Owen was the only entirely Australian-designed and constructed service submachine gun of World War II and was used by the Australian Army from 1943 until the mid-1960s, when it was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/F1_submachine_gun" title="F1 submachine gun">F1 submachine gun</a>. Only about 45,000 Owens were produced during the war for a unit cost of about A$30. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_smg_and_bayonet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Japanese_smg_and_bayonet.jpg/220px-Japanese_smg_and_bayonet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Japanese_smg_and_bayonet.jpg/330px-Japanese_smg_and_bayonet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Japanese_smg_and_bayonet.jpg/440px-Japanese_smg_and_bayonet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1801" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A Type 100 submachine gun with bayonet</figcaption></figure> <p>While most other countries during World War II developed submachine guns, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> had only produced one, the <a href="/wiki/Type_100_submachine_gun" title="Type 100 submachine gun">Type 100 submachine gun</a>, based heavily on the German MP28. Like most other small arms created in Imperial Japan, the Type 100 could be fitted with the <a href="/wiki/Type_30_bayonet" title="Type 30 bayonet">Type 30 bayonet</a>. It used the <a href="/wiki/8%C3%9722mm_Nambu" title="8×22mm Nambu">8×22mm Nambu</a> cartridge, which was about half as powerful as a standard Western 9mm Parabellum round.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production of the gun was even more inadequate: by the war's end, Japan had only manufactured about 7,500 of the Type 100, whereas Germany, America, and other countries in the war had produced well over a million of their own SMG designs.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2007_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German military concluded that most firefights took place at ranges of no more than ~300 yd (270 m). They therefore sought to develop a new class of weapon that would combine the high volume of fire of the submachine gun with an <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_cartridge" title="Intermediate cartridge">intermediate cartridge</a> that enabled the shooter to place accurate shots at medium ranges (beyond that of the 100–200 yd (91–183 m) range of the typical submachine gun). After a false start with the <a href="/wiki/FG_42" title="FG 42">FG 42</a>, this led to the development of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/StG_44" title="StG 44">Sturmgewehr 44</a></i></span> <a href="/wiki/Select-fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Select-fire">select-fire</a> <a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">assault rifle</a> (assault rifle or storm rifle is a translation of the German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sturmgewehr</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years following the war, this new format began to replace the submachine gun in military use to a large extent. Based on the StG44, the Soviet Union created the <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a>, which is to date the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most-produced_firearms" title="List of most-produced firearms">world's most produced firearm</a>, with over 100 million made. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–World_War_II"><span id="Post.E2.80.93World_War_II"></span>Post–World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submachine_gun&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post–World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After World War II, "new submachine gun designs appeared almost every week to replace the admittedly rough and ready designs which had appeared during the war. Some (the better ones) survived, most rarely got past the glossy brochure stage."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these survivors were cheaper, easier, and faster to make than their predecessors. As such, they were widely distributed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kpist_m_45B_Jvm21378_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kpist_m_45B_Jvm21378_%282%29.jpg/220px-Kpist_m_45B_Jvm21378_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kpist_m_45B_Jvm21378_%282%29.jpg/330px-Kpist_m_45B_Jvm21378_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kpist_m_45B_Jvm21378_%282%29.jpg/440px-Kpist_m_45B_Jvm21378_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5816" data-file-height="2335" /></a><figcaption>A Carl Gustaf m/45</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1945, Sweden introduced the 9 mm Parabellum <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_m/45" title="Carl Gustaf m/45">Carl Gustaf m/45</a> with a design borrowing from and improving on many design elements of earlier submachine-gun designs. It has a tubular stamped steel receiver with a side folding stock. The m/45 was widely exported and especially popular with CIA operatives and U.S. special forces during the Vietnam War. In U.S. service it was known as the "Swedish-K". In 1966, the Swedish government blocked the sale of firearms to the United States because it opposed the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, in the following year <a href="/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson" title="Smith & Wesson">Smith & Wesson</a> began to manufacture an m/45 clone called the <a href="/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson_M76" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith & Wesson M76">M76</a>. The m/45 was used in combat by Swedish troops as part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">United Nations Operation in the Congo</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a> during the early 1960s. Battlefield reports of the lack of penetrative power of the 9mm Parabellum during this operation led to Sweden developing a more powerful 9 mm round designated "9mm m/39B". </p><p>In 1946, Denmark introduced the Madsen M-46 and, in 1950, an improved model, the <a href="/wiki/Madsen_M-50" title="Madsen M-50">Madsen M-50</a>. These 9 mm Parabellum stamped steel SMGs featured a unique clamshell type design, a side-folding stock, and a grip safety on the magazine housing. The Madsen was widely exported and especially popular in Latin America, with variants made by several countries. </p><p>In 1948, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Sa_vz._23" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa vz. 23">Sa vz. 23</a> series. This 9 mm Parabellum SMG introduced several innovations: a <a href="/wiki/Progressive_trigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive trigger">progressive trigger</a> for selecting between semi-automatic and full auto fire, a <a href="/wiki/Telescoping_bolt" title="Telescoping bolt">telescoping bolt</a> that extends forward wrapping around the barrel, and a vertical handgrip housing the magazine and trigger mechanism. The vz. 23 series was widely exported and especially popular in Africa and the Middle East with variants made by several countries. The vz. 23 inspired the development of the <a href="/wiki/Uzi_submachine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzi submachine gun">Uzi submachine gun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MP_IMG_1690.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MP_IMG_1690.JPG/220px-MP_IMG_1690.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MP_IMG_1690.JPG/330px-MP_IMG_1690.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MP_IMG_1690.JPG/440px-MP_IMG_1690.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>MAT-49 on display</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1949, France introduced the <a href="/wiki/MAT-49" title="MAT-49">MAT-49</a> to replace the hodgepodge of French, American, British, German, and Italian SMGs in French service after World War II. The 9 mm Parabellum MAT-49 is an inexpensive stamped-steel SMG with a telescoping wire stock, a pronounced folding magazine housing, and a grip safety. This "wildebeast-like design" proved to be an extremely reliable and effective SMG and was used by the French well into the 1980s. It was also widely exported to Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s">1950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submachine_gun&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uzi_of_the_israeli_armed_forces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Uzi_of_the_israeli_armed_forces.jpg/220px-Uzi_of_the_israeli_armed_forces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Uzi_of_the_israeli_armed_forces.jpg/330px-Uzi_of_the_israeli_armed_forces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Uzi_of_the_israeli_armed_forces.jpg/440px-Uzi_of_the_israeli_armed_forces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>An Uzi, the most sold submachine gun in the world</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1954, Israel introduced a 9mm Parabellum open-bolt, blowback-operated submachine gun called the <a href="/wiki/Uzi" title="Uzi">Uzi</a> (after its designer <a href="/wiki/Uziel_Gal" title="Uziel Gal">Uziel Gal</a>). The Uzi was one of the first weapons to use a <a href="/wiki/Telescoping_bolt" title="Telescoping bolt">telescoping bolt</a> design with the magazine housed in the pistol grip for a shorter weapon. The Uzi has become the most popular submachine gun in the world, with over 10 million units sold,<sup id="cite_ref-mcmanners2003_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcmanners2003-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more than any other submachine gun.<sup id="cite_ref-FF_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1959, Beretta introduced the <a href="/wiki/Beretta_M12" title="Beretta M12">Model 12</a>. This 9mm Parabellum submachine gun was a complete break with previous Beretta designs.<sup id="cite_ref-Century_2000._pages_138-139_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century_2000._pages_138-139-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a small, compact, very well made SMG and among the first to use a telescoping bolt design.<sup id="cite_ref-Century_2000._pages_138-139_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century_2000._pages_138-139-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The M12 was designed for mass production and was made largely of stamped steel and welded together.<sup id="cite_ref-Century_2000._pages_138-139_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century_2000._pages_138-139-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is identified by its tubular shape receiver, double pistol grips, a side folding stock and the magazine housed in front of the trigger guard. The M12 uses the same magazines as the Model 38 series. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Submachine_guns_in_the_Korean_War">Submachine guns in the Korean War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submachine_gun&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Submachine guns in the Korean War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Submachine guns again proved to be an important weapon system in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a> (KPA) and the Chinese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">People's Volunteer Army</a> (PVA) fighting in Korea received massive numbers of the PPSh-41, in addition to the North Korean Type 49 and the Chinese Type 50, which were both licensed copies of the PPSh-41 with small mechanical revisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab201222–23_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab201222–23-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While lacking the accuracy of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/M1_Garand" title="M1 Garand">M1 Garand</a> and <a href="/wiki/M1_carbine" title="M1 carbine">M1 carbine</a>, it provided more firepower at short distances and was well-suited to the close-range firefights that typically occurred in that conflict, especially at night.<sup id="cite_ref-Halberstam447_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halberstam447-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">United Nations Command</a> forces in defensive outposts or on patrol often had trouble returning a sufficient volume of fire when attacked by companies of infantry armed with the PPSh. As infantry Captain (later General) <a href="/wiki/Hal_Moore" title="Hal Moore">Hal Moore</a> stated: "on full automatic it sprayed a lot of bullets and most of the killing in Korea was done at very close ranges and it was done quickly—a matter of who responded faster. In situations like that it outclassed and outgunned what we had. A close-in patrol fight was over very quickly and usually we lost because of it."<sup id="cite_ref-Halberstam447_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halberstam447-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. servicemen, however, felt that their <a href="/wiki/M2_carbine" class="mw-redirect" title="M2 carbine">M2 carbines</a> were superior to the PPSh-41 at the typical engagement range of 100–150 meters.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson2011_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other older designs also saw use in the Korean War. The Thompson had seen much use by the U.S. and South Korean militaries, even though the Thompson had been replaced as standard-issue by the M3/M3A1. With huge numbers of guns available in army ordnance arsenals, the Thompson remained classed as "limited standard" or "substitute standard" long after the standardization of the M3/M3A1. Many Thompsons were distributed to the US-backed Nationalist Chinese armed forces as military aid before the fall of Chiang Kai-shek's government to Mao Zedong's communist forces at the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949. (Thompsons had already been widely used throughout China since the 1920s, at a time when several Chinese warlords and their military factions running various parts of the fragmented country made purchases of the weapon and then subsequently produced many local copies.) US troops were surprised to encounter communist Chinese troops armed with Thompsons (among other captured US-made Nationalist Chinese and American firearms), especially during unexpected night assaults, which became a prominent Chinese combat tactic in the conflict. The gun's ability to deliver large quantities of short-range automatic assault fire proved very useful in both defense and assault during the early part of the war when it was constantly mobile and shifting back and forth. Many Chinese Thompsons were captured and placed into service with American soldiers and marines for the remaining period of the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s">1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submachine_gun&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hkmp5count-terr-wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hkmp5count-terr-wiki.jpg/220px-Hkmp5count-terr-wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hkmp5count-terr-wiki.jpg/330px-Hkmp5count-terr-wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hkmp5count-terr-wiki.jpg/440px-Hkmp5count-terr-wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption>The Heckler & Koch MP5, one of the most widely used submachine guns in the world</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch" title="Heckler & Koch">Heckler & Koch</a> developed the 9mm Parabellum <a href="/wiki/MP5" class="mw-redirect" title="MP5">MP5</a> submachine gun. The MP5 is based on the <a href="/wiki/G3_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="G3 rifle">G3 rifle</a> and uses the same <a href="/wiki/Closed-bolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed-bolt">closed-bolt</a> <a href="/wiki/Roller-delayed_blowback" class="mw-redirect" title="Roller-delayed blowback">roller-delayed blowback</a> operation system. This makes the MP5 more accurate than <a href="/wiki/Open-bolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-bolt">open-bolt</a> SMGs, such as the Uzi. The MP5 is one of the most widely used submachine guns in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-hogg2002_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hogg2002-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having been adopted by over 40 nations and numerous military, law enforcement, and security organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilstra_2012_42_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilstra_2012_42-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1969, <a href="/wiki/Steyr_AUG" title="Steyr AUG">Steyr</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/MPi_69" class="mw-redirect" title="MPi 69">MPi 69</a>, which is similar in appearance to the Uzi SMG.<sup id="cite_ref-Century_2000._pages_97-98_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century_2000._pages_97-98-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MPi 69's receiver is a squared stamped steel tube that partly nestles inside a large plastic molding (resembling a lower receiver) which contains the forward hand-grip, vertical pistol-grip and the <a href="/wiki/Fire_control_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire control group">fire control group</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Century_2000._pages_97-98_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century_2000._pages_97-98-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making the MPi 69 one of the first firearms to use plastic construction in this way.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submachine_gun&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MAC10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/MAC10.jpg/220px-MAC10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/MAC10.jpg/330px-MAC10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/MAC10.jpg/440px-MAC10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>An Ingram MAC-10 with a <a href="/wiki/Silencer_(firearms)" title="Silencer (firearms)">suppressor</a>, magazine detached</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1970s, extremely compact submachine guns, such as the <a href="/wiki/.45ACP" class="mw-redirect" title=".45ACP">.45ACP</a> <a href="/wiki/Mac-10" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac-10">Mac-10</a> and <a href="/wiki/.380_ACP" title=".380 ACP">.380 ACP</a> <a href="/wiki/Mac-11" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac-11">Mac-11</a>, were developed to be used with <a href="/wiki/Suppressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressor">silencers or suppressors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Century_2000._page_166_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century_2000._page_166-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these SMGs received enormous publicity, and were prominently displayed in films and television, they were not widely adopted by military or law enforcement agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-Century_2000._page_166_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century_2000._page_166-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submachine_gun&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 1980s, the demand for new submachine guns was very low and could be easily met by existing makers with existing designs.<sup id="cite_ref-Century._Ian_Hogg_2000._p93_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century._Ian_Hogg_2000._p93-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, following H&K's lead, other manufacturers began designing submachine guns based on their existing <a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">assault rifle</a> patterns. These new SMGs offered a high degree of parts commonality with parent weapons, thereby easing logistical concerns. </p><p>In 1982, <a href="/wiki/Colt%27s_Manufacturing_Company" title="Colt's Manufacturing Company">Colt</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Colt_9mm_SMG" title="Colt 9mm SMG">Colt 9mm SMG</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/M16_rifle" title="M16 rifle">M16 rifle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-coltsmg0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coltsmg0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Colt SMG is a closed bolt, <a href="/wiki/Blowback_(arms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blowback (arms)">blowback</a> operated SMG and the overall aesthetics are identical to most M16 type rifles. The magazine well is modified using a special adapter to allow the use of the smaller 9mm magazines. The magazines themselves are a copy of the Israeli <a href="/wiki/UZI" class="mw-redirect" title="UZI">UZI</a> SMG magazine, modified to fit the Colt and lock the bolt back after the last shot. The Colt was widely used by US law enforcement and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">USMC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submachine_gun&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HKUMP45.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/HKUMP45.JPG/220px-HKUMP45.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/HKUMP45.JPG/330px-HKUMP45.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/HKUMP45.JPG/440px-HKUMP45.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>A Heckler & Koch UMP45 with a vertical foregrip</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1999, H&K introduced the <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_UMP" title="Heckler & Koch UMP">UMP "Universal Machine Pistol"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UMP is a 9mm Parabellum, .40 S&W, or .45 ACP, closed-bolt blowback-operated SMG, based on the <a href="/wiki/H%26K_G36" class="mw-redirect" title="H&K G36">H&K G36</a> assault rifle.<sup id="cite_ref-Cutshaw2011_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cutshaw2011-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jane's_Guns_Recognition_Guide_2005._page_192_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jane's_Guns_Recognition_Guide_2005._page_192-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It features a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> construction and was designed to be a more cost effective, lighter weight, and less complex design alternative to the MP5.<sup id="cite_ref-Cutshaw2011_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cutshaw2011-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dockery2007_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dockery2007-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UMP has a side-folding stock and is available with four different trigger group configurations.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also designed to use a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Picatinny_rail" title="Picatinny rail">Picatinny rail</a> mounted accessories <sup id="cite_ref-Cutshaw2011_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cutshaw2011-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jane's_Guns_Recognition_Guide_2005._page_192_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jane's_Guns_Recognition_Guide_2005._page_192-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submachine_gun&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kriss_Vector_left.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kriss_Vector_left.JPG/220px-Kriss_Vector_left.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kriss_Vector_left.JPG/330px-Kriss_Vector_left.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kriss_Vector_left.JPG/440px-Kriss_Vector_left.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A KRISS Vector, seen here with a suppressor</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Izhmash" class="mw-redirect" title="Izhmash">Izhmash</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Vityaz-SN" class="mw-redirect" title="Vityaz-SN">Vityaz-SN</a> a 9mm Parabellum, <a href="/wiki/Closed_bolt" title="Closed bolt">closed bolt</a> <a href="/wiki/Blowback_(arms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blowback (arms)">straight blowback</a> operated submachine gun. It is based on the <a href="/wiki/AK-74" title="AK-74">AK-74</a> rifle and offers a high degree of parts commonality with the AK-74.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the standard submachine gun for all branches of Russian military and police forces.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, KRISS USA introduced the <a href="/wiki/KRISS_Vector" title="KRISS Vector">KRISS Vector</a> family of submachine guns.<sup id="cite_ref-kriss-products_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kriss-products-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Futuristic in appearance, the KRISS uses an unconventional delayed blowback system combined with in-line design to reduce perceived <a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">recoil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_climb" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle climb">muzzle climb</a>. The KRISS comes in 9mm Parabellum, .40 S&W, .45 ACP, 9×21mm, 10mm Auto, and .357 SIG. It also uses standard <a href="/wiki/Glock" title="Glock">Glock</a> pistol magazines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submachine_gun&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early 2010s, <a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle#Compact_assault_rifles" title="Assault rifle">compact assault rifles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personal_defense_weapon" title="Personal defense weapon">personal defense weapons</a> had replaced submachine guns in most roles.<sup id="cite_ref-Century._Ian_Hogg_2000._p93_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century._Ian_Hogg_2000._p93-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factors such as the increasing use of <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_vest" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballistic vest">body armor</a> and logistical concerns have combined to limit the appeal of submachine guns. However, SMGs are still used by police (especially <a href="/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT</a> teams) for dealing with heavily armed suspects and by military <a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">special forces</a> units for close-quarters combat, due to their reduced size, recoil and muzzle blast, and capability for sound suppression. Submachine gun designs adopted during this period include the <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BCgger_%26_Thomet_APC" title="Brügger & Thomet APC">Brügger & Thomet APC</a> and <a href="/wiki/SIG_MPX" title="SIG MPX">SIG MPX</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Land_defence_pistol">Land defence pistol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submachine_gun&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Land defence pistol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> era of South Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a>/<a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a>, a semi-automatic only pistol calibre carbine based on submachine guns existed for civilian personal protection as <i>Land Defence Pistol</i>s (LDP).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known examples were the Bell & White 84,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BHS Rhogun, <a href="/wiki/MAC-10#Cobra_carbine" title="MAC-10">Cobra Mk1</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GM-16, Kommando LDP,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northwood R-76,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paramax, <a href="/wiki/Sanna_77" title="Sanna 77">Sanna 77</a> and TS III. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_defense_weapons">Personal defense weapons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submachine_gun&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Personal defense weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FN_P90_PDW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/FN_P90_PDW.jpg/220px-FN_P90_PDW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/FN_P90_PDW.jpg/330px-FN_P90_PDW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/FN_P90_PDW.jpg/440px-FN_P90_PDW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2415" data-file-height="1107" /></a><figcaption>An FN P90 personal defense weapon</figcaption></figure> <p>First developed during the 1980s, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_defense_weapons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Personal defense weapons (page does not exist)">personal defense weapons</a> (PDWs) were created in response to a <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> request for a replacement for <a href="/wiki/9%C3%9719mm_Parabellum" title="9×19mm Parabellum">9×19mm Parabellum</a> submachine guns.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PDWs are compact automatic weapons that are sufficiently light to be issued to non-combat arms or support troops, particularly those in vehicles, while being capable of greater range and terminal ballistics than a handgun.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of these characteristics, most PDWs can be used as <a href="/wiki/Close_quarters_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Close quarters battle">close quarters battle</a> weapons for <a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">special forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorist">counter-terrorist</a> groups.<sup id="cite_ref-miller2001_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller2001-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oliver2007_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliver2007-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Introduced in 1991, the <a href="/wiki/FN_P90" title="FN P90">FN P90</a> features an unusual appearance, having a 50-round magazine housed horizontally above the barrel, an integrated <a href="/wiki/Reflector_sight" title="Reflector sight">reflex sight</a> and fully <a href="/wiki/Ambidextrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambidextrous">ambidextrous</a> controls.<sup id="cite_ref-Kevin,_Dockery_2007_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kevin,_Dockery_2007-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A simple <a href="/wiki/Blowback_(firearms)" title="Blowback (firearms)">blowback</a> automatic weapon, it was designed to fire the proprietary <a href="/wiki/FN_5.7%C3%9728mm" title="FN 5.7×28mm">FN 5.7×28mm</a> cartridge which can penetrate soft body armor.<sup id="cite_ref-miller2001_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller2001-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oliver2007_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliver2007-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FN P90 was designed to have a length no greater than an average-sized man's shoulder width, to allow it to be easily carried and maneuvered in tight spaces, such as the inside of an <a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">infantry fighting vehicle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kevin,_Dockery_2007_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kevin,_Dockery_2007-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FN P90 is currently in service with military and police forces in over 40 nations.<sup id="cite_ref-milrev_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milrev-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submachine_gun&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">Assault rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm action">Firearm action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submachine_guns" title="List of submachine guns">List of submachine guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">Machine gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_pistol" title="Machine pistol">Machine pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Overview of gun laws by nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_defense_weapon" title="Personal defense weapon">Personal defense weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol" title="Semi-automatic pistol">Semi-automatic pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputter_Gun" title="Sputter Gun">Sputter Gun</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submachine_gun&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The%20Thompson%20submachine%20gun:%20shooting%20a%2020th%20century%20icon.-a0172907495">"The Thompson submachine gun: shooting a 20th century icon. - Free Online Library"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Thompson+submachine+gun%3A+shooting+a+20th+century+icon.+-+Free+Online+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FThe%2520Thompson%2520submachine%2520gun%3A%2520shooting%2520a%252020th%2520century%2520icon.-a0172907495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmachine+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Century._Ian_Hogg_2000._p93-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Century._Ian_Hogg_2000._p93_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Century._Ian_Hogg_2000._p93_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Century._Ian_Hogg_2000._p93_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Century._Ian_Hogg_2000._p93_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Century._Ian_Hogg_2000._p93_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Military Small Arms Of The 20th Century. Ian Hogg & John Weeks. Krause Publications. 2000. p93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-defensereview.com-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-defensereview.com_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-defensereview.com_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://defensereview.com/submachine-guns-smgs-outpaced-by-today%e2%80%99s-modern-short-barreled-rifles-sbrssub-carbines-or-still-a-viable-tool-for-close-quarters-battleclose-quarters-combat-cqbcqc/">"Submachine Guns (SMG's): Outpaced by Today's Modern Short-Barreled Rifles (SBR's)/Sub-Carbines, or Still a Viable Tool for Close Quarters Battle/Close Quarters Combat (CQB/CQC)?"</a>. <i>DefenseReview.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Krause Publications. 2000. pages 93–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fredrik Logevall, "The Swedish-American conflict over Vietnam", pp. 199–223 in, Walter L. Hixson (ed), <i>Leadership and diplomacy in the Vietnam War</i>, Taylor & Francis, 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0815335334" title="Special:BookSources/0815335334">0815335334</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hogg, Ian V. (1979). Guns and How They Work. New York: Everest House. p. 157. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89696-023-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89696-023-4">0-89696-023-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcmanners2003-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcmanners2003_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcManners2003" class="citation book cs1">McManners, Hugh (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ultimatespecialf00hugh/page/157"><i>Ultimate Special Forces</i></a></span>. New York: DK Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ultimatespecialf00hugh/page/157">157</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7894-9973-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7894-9973-8"><bdi>0-7894-9973-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53221575">53221575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ultimate+Special+Forces&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=DK+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53221575&rft.isbn=0-7894-9973-8&rft.aulast=McManners&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fultimatespecialf00hugh%2Fpage%2F157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmachine+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FF-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FF_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackathorn1995" class="citation journal cs1">Hackathorn, Ken (1995). "Using the Uzi". <i>Fighting Firearms</i>. <b>3</b> (1). Soldier of Fortune: 18–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fighting+Firearms&rft.atitle=Using+the+Uzi&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-23&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Hackathorn&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmachine+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Century_2000._pages_138-139-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Century_2000._pages_138-139_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Century_2000._pages_138-139_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Century_2000._pages_138-139_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Military Small Arms of the 20th Century. 7th Edition. by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks. Krause Publications. 2000. pages 138–139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab201222–23-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab201222–23_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNab2012">McNab 2012</a>, pp. 22–23.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMcNab2012 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halberstam447-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halberstam447_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halberstam447_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalberstam2007" class="citation book cs1">Halberstam, David (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coldestwinterame00halb/page/447"><i>The Coldest Winter</i></a></span>. Hyperion Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coldestwinterame00halb/page/447">447</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4013-0052-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4013-0052-4"><bdi>978-1-4013-0052-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coldest+Winter&rft.pages=447&rft.pub=Hyperion+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4013-0052-4&rft.aulast=Halberstam&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoldestwinterame00halb%2Fpage%2F447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmachine+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson2011-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson2011_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeroy_Thompson2011" class="citation book cs1">Leroy Thompson (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=km5XxecLeOkC&pg=PA56"><i>The M1 Carbine</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-619-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-619-6"><bdi>978-1-84908-619-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+M1+Carbine&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-619-6&rft.au=Leroy+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkm5XxecLeOkC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmachine+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hogg2002-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hogg2002_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hogg, Ian (2002). <i>Jane's Guns Recognition Guide</i>. Jane's Information Group. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-712760-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-712760-X">0-00-712760-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tilstra_2012_42-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tilstra_2012_42_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilstra2012" class="citation book cs1">Tilstra, Russell C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509024618/http://www.mcfarlandpub.com/book-2.php?id=978-0-7864-6523-1"><i>Small Arms for Urban Combat</i></a>. US: McFarland. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6523-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6523-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-6523-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcfarlandpub.com/book-2.php?id=978-0-7864-6523-1">the original</a> on 2012-05-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Arms+for+Urban+Combat&rft.place=US&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6523-1&rft.aulast=Tilstra&rft.aufirst=Russell+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcfarlandpub.com%2Fbook-2.php%3Fid%3D978-0-7864-6523-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmachine+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Century_2000._pages_97-98-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Century_2000._pages_97-98_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Century_2000._pages_97-98_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Military Small Arms of the 20th Century. 7th Edition. by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks. Krause Publications. 2000. pages 97–98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Century_2000._page_166-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Century_2000._page_166_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Century_2000._page_166_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Military Small Arms of the 20th Century. 7th Edition. by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks. Krause Publications. 2000. page 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coltsmg0-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coltsmg0_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030518122948/http://www.colt.com/mil/SMG.asp">"Colt Weapon Systems"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colt.com/mil/SMG.asp">the original</a> on 2003-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colt+Weapon+Systems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colt.com%2Fmil%2FSMG.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmachine+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Military Small Arms Of The 20th Century. Ian Hogg & John Weeks. Krause Publications. 2000. p167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heckler-koch.com/HKWebText/detailProd/1926/82/4/20">"Heckler & Koch – Group Website"</a>. Heckler-koch.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heckler+%26+Koch+%E2%80%93+Group+Website&rft.pub=Heckler-koch.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heckler-koch.com%2FHKWebText%2FdetailProd%2F1926%2F82%2F4%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmachine+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cutshaw2011-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cutshaw2011_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cutshaw2011_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cutshaw2011_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutshaw2011" class="citation book cs1">Cutshaw, Charles Q (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=55szjc6g520C&pg=PA156"><i>Tactical Small Arms of the 21st Century: A Complete Guide to Small Arms From Around the World</i></a>. Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-2709-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-2709-7"><bdi>978-1-4402-2709-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tactical+Small+Arms+of+the+21st+Century%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+Small+Arms+From+Around+the+World&rft.place=Iola%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Gun+Digest+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4402-2709-7&rft.aulast=Cutshaw&rft.aufirst=Charles+Q&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D55szjc6g520C%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmachine+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jane's_Guns_Recognition_Guide_2005._page_192-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jane's_Guns_Recognition_Guide_2005._page_192_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jane's_Guns_Recognition_Guide_2005._page_192_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jane's Guns Recognition Guide. by Ian Hogg & Terry Gander. HarperCollins Publishers. 2005. page 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dockery2007-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dockery2007_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDockery2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Dockery_(author)" title="Kevin Dockery (author)">Dockery, Kevin</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_BJgKhwD2o4C&pg=PT383"><i>Future Weapons</i></a>. New York: Penguin Group US. pp. 383–385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-20618-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-20618-8"><bdi>978-1-101-20618-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Future+Weapons&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=383-385&rft.pub=Penguin+Group+US&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-101-20618-8&rft.aulast=Dockery&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_BJgKhwD2o4C%26pg%3DPT383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmachine+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrius_Genys2010" class="citation book cs1">Andrius Genys (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4W-iAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT2"><i>Submachine Guns and Assault Rifles</i></a>. Andrius Genys. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Submachine+Guns+and+Assault+Rifles&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Andrius+Genys&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Andrius+Genys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4W-iAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmachine+gun" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109005400/http://www.izhmash.ru/eng/product/vityaz.shtml">https://web.archive.org/web/20111109005400/http://www.izhmash.ru/eng/product/vityaz.shtml</a> Izhmash product page Vityaz SMG</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inmoscowsshadows.wordpress.com/2008/10/23/new-guns-for-russias-cops-so-what/">"New guns for Russia's cops – so what? - In Moscow's Shadows"</a>. <i>In Moscow's Shadows</i>. 23 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=In+Moscow%27s+Shadows&rft.atitle=New+guns+for+Russia%27s+cops+%E2%80%93+so+what%3F+-+In+Moscow%27s+Shadows&rft.date=2008-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finmoscowsshadows.wordpress.com%2F2008%2F10%2F23%2Fnew-guns-for-russias-cops-so-what%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmachine+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150121133947/http://army.lv/ru/pp-19-01/istorija/625/617">"Исторические сведения ПП-19-01 "Витязь"/"Витязь-СН" - пистолет-пулемёт"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://army.lv/ru/pp-19-01/istorija/625/617">the original</a> on 2015-01-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9F%D0%9F-19-01+%22%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C%22%2F%22%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C-%D0%A1%D0%9D%22+-+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D1%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmy.lv%2Fru%2Fpp-19-01%2Fistorija%2F625%2F617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmachine+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kriss-products-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kriss-products_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120031635/http://kriss-usa.com/products">"Products"</a>. KRISS Arms. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kriss-usa.com/products">the original</a> on 20 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Berkley Trade. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780425217504" title="Special:BookSources/9780425217504">9780425217504</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-milrev-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-milrev_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tirans, Ivars (2009). "Baltic Defence Research and Technology 2009 Conference Proceedings". 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