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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Detail_of_Tree_of_Knowledge_after_Diderot_%26_d%27Alembert%27s_Encyclop%C3%A9die%2C_by_Chr%C3%A9tien_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Guillaume_Roth.jpg/250px-Detail_of_Tree_of_Knowledge_after_Diderot_%26_d%27Alembert%27s_Encyclop%C3%A9die%2C_by_Chr%C3%A9tien_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Guillaume_Roth.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Detail_of_Tree_of_Knowledge_after_Diderot_%26_d%27Alembert%27s_Encyclop%C3%A9die%2C_by_Chr%C3%A9tien_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Guillaume_Roth.jpg/375px-Detail_of_Tree_of_Knowledge_after_Diderot_%26_d%27Alembert%27s_Encyclop%C3%A9die%2C_by_Chr%C3%A9tien_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Guillaume_Roth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Detail_of_Tree_of_Knowledge_after_Diderot_%26_d%27Alembert%27s_Encyclop%C3%A9die%2C_by_Chr%C3%A9tien_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Guillaume_Roth.jpg/500px-Detail_of_Tree_of_Knowledge_after_Diderot_%26_d%27Alembert%27s_Encyclop%C3%A9die%2C_by_Chr%C3%A9tien_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Guillaume_Roth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="771" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Information mapping</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Topics and fields</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.9em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_decision_mapping" title="Business decision mapping">Business decision mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_and_information_visualization" title="Data and information visualization">Data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_communication" title="Graphic communication">Graphic communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infographic" title="Infographic">Infographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge visualization">Knowledge visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_model" title="Mental model">Mental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphological_analysis_(problem-solving)" title="Morphological analysis (problem-solving)">Morphological analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology (information science)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_(psychology)" title="Schema (psychology)">Schema (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_analytics" title="Visual analytics">Visual analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_language" title="Visual language">Visual language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Node–link approaches</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.9em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_map" title="Argument map">Argument map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_map" title="Cognitive map">Cognitive map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_lattice" class="mw-redirect" title="Concept lattice">Concept lattice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_map" title="Concept map">Concept map</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conceptual graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_tree" title="Decision tree">Decision tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrogram" title="Dendrogram">Dendrogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_drawing" title="Graph drawing">Graph drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_tree" title="Hyperbolic tree">Hyperbolic tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">Hypertext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issue-based_information_system" title="Issue-based information system">Issue map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issue_tree" title="Issue tree">Issue tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layered_graph_drawing" title="Layered graph drawing">Layered graph drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_map" title="Mind map">Mind map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-role_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-role modeling">Object-role modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_chart" title="Organizational chart">Organizational chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_network" title="Pathfinder network">Pathfinder network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_tree" title="Radial tree">Radial tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociogram" title="Sociogram">Sociogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">Topic map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">Tree structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZigZag_(software)" title="ZigZag (software)">ZigZag</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.9em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_rationale" title="Design rationale">Design rationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagrammatic_reasoning" title="Diagrammatic reasoning">Diagrammatic reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">Entity–relationship model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_concept-_and_mind-mapping_software" title="List of concept- and mind-mapping software">List of concept- and mind-mapping software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olog" title="Olog">Olog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_structuring_methods" title="Problem structuring methods">Problem structuring methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treemapping" title="Treemapping">Treemapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_problem" title="Wicked problem">Wicked problem</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:InfoMaps" title="Template:InfoMaps"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:InfoMaps" title="Template talk:InfoMaps"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:InfoMaps" title="Special:EditPage/Template:InfoMaps"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>conceptual graph</b> (<b>CG</b>) is a formalism for <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge representation">knowledge representation</a>. In the first published paper on CGs, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Sowa" title="John F. Sowa">John F. Sowa</a> used them to represent the <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_schema" title="Conceptual schema">conceptual schemas</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Database_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Database system">database systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowa1976_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESowa1976-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first book on CGs applied them to a wide range of topics in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowa1984_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESowa1984-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_branches">Research branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_graph&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Research branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1984, the model has been developed along three main directions: a graphical interface for <a href="/wiki/First-order_logic" title="First-order logic">first-order logic</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">diagrammatic</a> calculus of logics, and a <a href="/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)" title="Graph (discrete mathematics)">graph</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">knowledge representation and reasoning</a> model.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowa1984_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESowa1984-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphical_interface_for_first-order_logic">Graphical interface for first-order logic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_graph&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Graphical interface for first-order logic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat-on-mat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cat-on-mat.svg/250px-Cat-on-mat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cat-on-mat.svg/375px-Cat-on-mat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cat-on-mat.svg/500px-Cat-on-mat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption>Elsie the cat is sitting on a mat</figcaption></figure> <p>In this approach, a formula in <a href="/wiki/First-order_logic" title="First-order logic">first-order logic</a> (predicate calculus) is represented by a labeled graph. </p><p>A linear notation, called the Conceptual Graph Interchange Format (CGIF), has been standardized in the <a href="/wiki/ISO_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO standard">ISO standard</a> for <a href="/wiki/Common_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Common logic">common logic</a>. </p><p>The diagram above is an example of the <i>display form</i> for a conceptual graph. Each box is called a <i>concept node</i>, and each oval is called a <i>relation node</i>. In CGIF, this CG would be represented by the following statement: </p><p><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">[Cat Elsie] [Sitting *x] [Mat *y] (agent ?x Elsie) (location ?x ?y)</code> </p><p>In CGIF, brackets enclose the information inside the concept nodes, and parentheses enclose the information inside the relation nodes. The letters x and y, which are called <i>coreference labels</i>, show how the concept and relation nodes are connected. In CLIF, those letters are mapped to variables, as in the following statement: </p><p><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">(exists ((x Sitting) (y Mat)) (and (Cat Elsie) (agent x Elsie) (location x y)))</code> </p><p>As this example shows, the asterisks on the coreference labels <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">*x</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">*y</code> in CGIF map to existentially quantified variables in CLIF, and the question marks on <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">?x</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">?y</code> map to bound variables in CLIF. A universal quantifier, represented <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">@every*z</code> in CGIF, would be represented <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">forall (z)</code> in CLIF. </p><p>Reasoning can be done by translating graphs into logical formulas, then applying a logical <a href="/wiki/Inference_engine" title="Inference engine">inference engine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagrammatic_calculus_of_logics">Diagrammatic calculus of logics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_graph&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diagrammatic calculus of logics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another research branch continues the work on <a href="/wiki/Existential_graph" title="Existential graph">existential graphs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a>, which were one of the origins of conceptual graphs as proposed by Sowa. In this approach, developed in particular by Dau (<a href="#CITEREFDau2003">Dau 2003</a>), conceptual graphs are conceptual <a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">diagrams</a> rather than graphs in the sense of <a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">graph theory</a>, and reasoning operations are performed by operations on these diagrams. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graph-based_knowledge_representation_and_reasoning_model">Graph-based knowledge representation and reasoning model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_graph&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Graph-based knowledge representation and reasoning model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Key features of GBKR, the graph-based knowledge representation and reasoning model developed by Chein and Mugnier and the Montpellier group, can be summarized as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheinMugnier2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheinMugnier2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>All kinds of knowledge (ontology, rules, constraints and facts) are labeled graphs, which provide an intuitive and easily understandable means to represent knowledge.</li> <li>Reasoning mechanisms are based on graph notions, basically the classical notion of <a href="/wiki/Graph_homomorphism" title="Graph homomorphism">graph homomorphism</a>; this allows, in particular, to link basic reasoning problems to other fundamental problems in computer science (e.g., problems concerning <a href="/wiki/Conjunctive_query" title="Conjunctive query">conjunctive queries</a> in <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational databases</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Constraint_satisfaction_problem" title="Constraint satisfaction problem">constraint satisfaction problems</a>).</li> <li>The formalism is logically founded, i.e., it has a semantics in <a href="/wiki/First-order_logic" title="First-order logic">first-order logic</a> and the inference mechanisms are sound and complete with respect to deduction in first-order logic.</li> <li>From a computational viewpoint, the graph homomorphism notion was recognized in the 1990s as a central notion, and complexity results and efficient algorithms have been obtained in several domains.</li></ul> <p>COGITANT and COGUI are tools that implement the GBKR model. COGITANT is a library of <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> classes that implement most of the GBKR notions and reasoning mechanisms. COGUI is a graphical user interface dedicated to the construction of a GBKR knowledge base (it integrates COGITANT and, among numerous functionalities, it contains a translator from GBKR to <a href="/wiki/RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">RDF/S</a> and conversely). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_graph&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_of_human_thought" title="Alphabet of human thought">Alphabet of human thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunking_(psychology)" title="Chunking (psychology)">Chunking (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">Resource Description Framework</a> (RDF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a> (Graph Query Language)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic network</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_graph&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESowa1976-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowa1976_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSowa1976">Sowa 1976</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESowa1984-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowa1984_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowa1984_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSowa1984">Sowa 1984</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheinMugnier2009-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheinMugnier2009_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheinMugnier2009">Chein & Mugnier 2009</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_graph&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCheinMugnier2009" class="citation book cs1">Chein, Michel; Mugnier, Marie-Laure (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lirmm.fr/gbkrbook/"><i>Graph-based Knowledge Representation: Computational Foundations of Conceptual Graphs</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-84800-286-9">10.1007/978-1-84800-286-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84800-285-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84800-285-2"><bdi>978-1-84800-285-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graph-based+Knowledge+Representation%3A+Computational+Foundations+of+Conceptual+Graphs&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-84800-286-9&rft.isbn=978-1-84800-285-2&rft.aulast=Chein&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.au=Mugnier%2C+Marie-Laure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lirmm.fr%2Fgbkrbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConceptual+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDau2003" class="citation book cs1">Dau, F. (2003). <i>The Logic System of Concept Graphs with Negation and Its Relationship to Predicate Logic</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lecture_Notes_in_Computer_Science" title="Lecture Notes in Computer Science">Lecture Notes in Computer Science</a>. Vol. 2892. Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Logic+System+of+Concept+Graphs+with+Negation+and+Its+Relationship+to+Predicate+Logic&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Dau&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConceptual+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowa1976" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Sowa" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sowa">Sowa, John F.</a> (July 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/204/ibmrd2004E.pdf">"Conceptual Graphs for a Data Base Interface"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IBM Journal of Research and Development</i>. <b>20</b> (4): 336–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Frd.204.0336">10.1147/rd.204.0336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM+Journal+of+Research+and+Development&rft.atitle=Conceptual+Graphs+for+a+Data+Base+Interface&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=336-357&rft.date=1976-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1147%2Frd.204.0336&rft.aulast=Sowa&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.ibm.com%2Fjournal%2Frd%2F204%2Fibmrd2004E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConceptual+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowa1984" class="citation book cs1">Sowa, John F. (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conceptualstruct0000sowa"><i>Conceptual Structures: Information Processing in Mind and Machine</i></a></span>. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-14472-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-14472-7"><bdi>978-0-201-14472-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conceptual+Structures%3A+Information+Processing+in+Mind+and+Machine&rft.place=Reading%2C+MA&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-201-14472-7&rft.aulast=Sowa&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconceptualstruct0000sowa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConceptual+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelardiPazienzaDe'_Giovanetti1988" class="citation journal cs1">Velardi, Paola; Pazienza, Maria Teresa; De' Giovanetti, Mario (March 1988). "Conceptual graphs for the analysis and generation of sentences". <i>IBM Journal of Research and Development</i>. <b>32</b> (2). IBM Corp. Riverton, NJ, USA: 251–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Frd.322.0251">10.1147/rd.322.0251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM+Journal+of+Research+and+Development&rft.atitle=Conceptual+graphs+for+the+analysis+and+generation+of+sentences&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=251-267&rft.date=1988-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1147%2Frd.322.0251&rft.aulast=Velardi&rft.aufirst=Paola&rft.au=Pazienza%2C+Maria+Teresa&rft.au=De%27+Giovanetti%2C+Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConceptual+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_graph&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conceptualgraphs.org">Conceptual Graphs Home Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/streams/conf/iccs">Annual international conferences (ICCS)</a> at <a href="/wiki/DBLP" title="DBLP">DBLP</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfsowa.com/cg/index.htm">Conceptual Graphs on John F. Sowa's Website</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_graph&oldid=1234241798">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_graph&oldid=1234241798</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knowledge_representation" title="Category:Knowledge representation">Knowledge representation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Diagrams" title="Category:Diagrams">Diagrams</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Application-specific_graphs" title="Category:Application-specific graphs">Application-specific graphs</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 July 2024, at 09:40<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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