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The Chilling: A Global Study On Online Violence Against Women Journalists | International Center for Journalists
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class="region region-content"> <div class="container"> <h1 class="page-header">The Chilling: A Global Study On Online Violence Against Women Journalists</h1> </div> <article class="node node--type-program node--view-mode-full clearfix"> <div> <div class="program-page"> <div class="container container--fixed"> <div class="row row--two-column"> <div class="col-md-8 col-md-push-4"> <div class="block-region-column-right"><section class="block block-ctools-block block-entity-fieldnodebody"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><article alt="The cover of The Chilling: A global study of online violence against women journalists. Edited by Julie Posetti and Nabeelah Shabbir. Graphic image of woman's profile with several women's faces imposed on top of it." data-embed-button="images" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:media.large" data-entity-embed-display-settings="{"link_title":"","link_url":"","target":0}" data-entity-type="media" data-entity-uuid="8868d207-04c0-43ac-9ec5-4f505a704106" data-langcode="en" class="align-right embedded-entity"> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2022-11/Cover%20of%20The%20Chilling.PNG?itok=EHTLpls0" width="392" height="480" alt="The cover of The Chilling: A global study of online violence against women journalists. Edited by Julie Posetti and Nabeelah Shabbir. Graphic image of woman's profile with several women's faces imposed on top of it." typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive"> </div> </article> <p>With the support of UNESCO, the International Center for Journalists (ICFJ) has published a groundbreaking, book-length global study on online violence against women journalists, documenting alarming trends and offering solutions to this pernicious problem.<br> <br> <em>The Chilling: A global study of online violence against women journalists</em> is the most geographically, linguistically and ethnically diverse research ever published on the theme. Publication of the 300-page book concludes a three-year research project originally commissioned by UNESCO in 2019.<br> </p> <p>Edited by ICFJ’s Dr. Julie Posetti and Nabeelah Shabbir, the study draws on the testimonies of more than 850 international women journalists who were surveyed and interviewed by a team of international researchers led by ICFJ’s research division.<br> </p> <p class="text-align-center"><a a class="btn btn-blue" href="/sites/default/files/2023-02/ICFJ%20Unesco_TheChilling_OnlineViolence.pdf" now stories style="font-size:2.5rem" target="_blank" the title="“Read the Report">Read the Report</a></p> <p class="text-align-center"> </p> <p><strong>As part of the project, ICFJ and UNESCO have published the following resources:</strong></p> <div class="wrap-collabsible"><input class="toggle" id="collapsible" type="checkbox"> <label class="lbl-toggle" for="collapsible">Full book-length report (2022)</label> <div class="collapsible-content"> <div class="content-inner"> <p> </p> <p class="text-align-center"><a a class="button" href="/sites/default/files/2023-02/ICFJ%20Unesco_TheChilling_OnlineViolence.pdf" now style="font-size:2.5rem" target="_blank" title="Read the report"><b>Read the report</b></a></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap-collabsible"><input class="toggle" id="collapsible2" type="checkbox"> <label class="lbl-toggle" for="collapsible2">thematic chapters extracted from the book</label> <div class="collapsible-content"> <div class="content-inner"> <p> </p> <div class="wrap-collabsible"><input class="toggle" id="collapsible7" type="checkbox"> <label class="lbl-toggle2" for="collapsible7">What more can newsrooms do to combat gendered online violence against women journalists? (2022)</label> <div class="collapsible-content"> <div class="content-inner"> <p> </p> <p class="text-align-center"><a a class="button" href="/sites/default/files/2022-05/UNESCO_GlobalStudy_chapt.3-whatmore_V4.pdf" style="font-size:2.5rem" target="_blank" title="Read the chapter"><b>Read the report</b></a></p> <p> </p> <div class="bs_grid"> <div class="row row-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="content"> <article data-embed-button="images" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:media.large" data-entity-embed-display-settings="{"link_title":"","link_url":"","target":0}" data-entity-type="media" data-entity-uuid="fbe228a2-59c5-426f-b105-da312e75e716" data-langcode="en" class="align-center embedded-entity"> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2023-02/UNESCO_GlobalStudy_chapt.3-whatmore_V4%20%281%29.png?itok=-xZ3EXNm" width="340" height="480" alt typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive"> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap-collabsible"><input class="toggle" id="collapsible8" type="checkbox"> <label class="lbl-toggle2" for="collapsible8">Assessing Big Tech's response to online violence against women journalists (2022)</label> <div class="collapsible-content"> <div class="content-inner"> <p> </p> <p class="text-align-center"><a a class="button" href="/sites/default/files/2022-05/UNESCO_GlobalStudy_chapt.4-platforms-vectors_V4.pdf" style="font-size:2.5rem" target="_blank" title="Read the chapter"><b>Read the report</b></a></p> <p> </p> <div class="bs_grid"> <div class="row row-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="content"> <article data-embed-button="images" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:media.large" data-entity-embed-display-settings="{"link_title":"","link_url":"","target":0}" data-entity-type="media" data-entity-uuid="0502a296-6028-405e-957a-fc7cd843674a" data-langcode="en" class="align-center embedded-entity"> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2023-02/UNESCO_GlobalStudy_chapt.4-platforms-vectors_V4%20%281%29.png?itok=xhQVR9NL" width="340" height="480" alt typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive"> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap-collabsible"><input class="toggle" id="collapsible9" type="checkbox"> <label class="lbl-toggle2" for="collapsible9"> Legal and normative frameworks for combating online violence against women journalists (2022) </label> <div class="collapsible-content"> <div class="content-inner"> <p> </p> <p class="text-align-center"><a a class="button" href="/sites/default/files/2023-05/UNESCO_GlobalStudy_LegalChapter_v3.pdf" style="font-size:2.5rem" target="_blank" title="Read the chapter"><b>Read the report</b></a></p> <p> </p> <div class="bs_grid"> <div class="row row-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="content"> <article data-embed-button="images" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:media.large" data-entity-embed-display-settings="{"link_title":"","link_url":"","target":0}" data-entity-type="media" data-entity-uuid="0915a849-239e-4567-8ba6-ec87dc5b924b" data-langcode="en" class="align-center embedded-entity"> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2023-02/legal%20frameworks.png?itok=wEsJsi8u" width="340" height="480" alt typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive"> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap-collabsible"><input class="toggle" id="collapsible10" type="checkbox"> <label class="lbl-toggle2" for="collapsible10">Recommendations for action (2022)</label> <div class="collapsible-content"> <div class="content-inner"> <p> </p> <p class="text-align-center"><a a class="button" href="/sites/default/files/2023-05/UNESCO_GlobalStudy_Recommendations_v10.pdf" style="font-size:2.5rem" target="_blank" title="Read the chapter"><b>Read the report</b></a></p> <p> </p> <p class="text-align-center"><a a class="button" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000383788_ara?mc_cid=025212d660&mc_eid=UNIQID" style="font-size:2.5rem" target="_blank" title="Read in Arabic"><b>Read in Arabic</b></a></p> <p> </p> <p class="text-align-center"><a a class="button" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000383788_chi?mc_cid=025212d660&mc_eid=UNIQID" style="font-size:2.5rem" target="_blank" title="Read in Chinese"><b>Read in Chinese</b></a></p> <p> </p> <p class="text-align-center"><a a class="button" font-size:2.5rem href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000383788_fre?mc_cid=025212d660&mc_eid=UNIQID” style="><b>Read in French</b></a></p> <p> </p> <p class="text-align-center"><a a class="button" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000383788_rus?mc_cid=025212d660&mc_eid=UNIQID" style="font-size:2.5rem" target="_blank" title="Read in Russian"><b>Read in Russian</b></a></p> <p> </p> <p class="text-align-center"><a a class="button" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000383788_spa?mc_cid=025212d660&mc_eid=UNIQID" style="font-size:2.5rem" target="_blank" title="Read in Spanish"><b>Read in Spanish</b></a></p> <p> </p> <div class="bs_grid"> <div class="row row-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="content"> <article data-embed-button="images" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:media.large" data-entity-embed-display-settings="{"link_title":"","link_url":"","target":0}" data-entity-type="media" data-entity-uuid="81ecf54e-7b5d-4505-9c0e-9e885d088d0b" data-langcode="en" class="align-center embedded-entity"> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2023-02/recommendations%20cover.png?itok=I6HU8jCG" width="339" height="480" alt typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive"> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap-collabsible"><input class="toggle" id="collapsible3" type="checkbox"> <label class="lbl-toggle" for="collapsible3">GLOBAL TRENDS IN ONLINE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN JOURNALISTS</label> <div class="collapsible-content"> <div class="content-inner"> <p class="text-align-center"><a a class="button" href="/sites/default/files/2021-04/The%20Chilling_POSETTI%20ET%20AL_FINAL.pdf" now style="font-size:2.5rem" target="_blank" title="Read the report"><b>Read the report</b></a></p> <p> </p> <div class="bs_grid"> <div class="row row-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="content"> <article data-embed-button="images" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:media.large" data-entity-embed-display-settings="{"link_title":"","link_url":"","target":0}" data-entity-type="media" data-entity-uuid="265de23c-68b5-480d-9b9c-76f4800f900c" data-langcode="en" class="align-center embedded-entity"> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2023-02/global%20trends%20cover.png?itok=2ZxAUwnQ" width="340" height="480" alt typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive"> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap-collabsible"><input class="toggle" id="collapsible1" type="checkbox"> <label class="lbl-toggle" for="collapsible1">Global snapshot of incidents and impacts</label> <div class="collapsible-content"> <div class="content-inner"> <p class="text-align-center"><a a class="button" href="/sites/default/files/2020-12/UNESCO%20Online%20Violence%20Against%20Women%20Journalists%20-%20A%20Global%20Snapshot%20Dec9pm.pdf" now style="font-size:2.5rem" target="_blank" title="Read the report"><b>Read the report</b></a></p> <p> </p> <p class="text-align-center"><a a class="button" href="/sites/default/files/2021-03/Online%20Violence%20Against%20Women%20Journalists%20Global%20Snapshot%20Arabic.pdf" now style="font-size:2.5rem" target="_blank" title="Read the Arabic"><b>Read in Arabic</b></a></p> <p> </p> <p class="text-align-center"><a a class="button" href="/sites/default/files/2021-03/Online%20Violence%20Against%20Women%20Journalists%20Global%20Snapshot%20French.pdf" now style="font-size:2.5rem" target="_blank" title="Read the French"><b>Read in French</b></a></p> <p> </p> <p class="text-align-center"><a a class="button" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000375136_por.locale=en" now style="font-size:2.5rem" target="_blank" title="Read the Portuguese"><b>Read in Portuguese</b></a></p> <p> </p> <p class="text-align-center"><a a class="button" href="/sites/default/files/2021-03/Online%20Violence%20Against%20Women%20Journalists%20Global%20Snapshot%20Spanish.pdf" now style="font-size:2.5rem" target="_blank" title="Read the Spanish"><b>Read in Spanish</b></a></p> <p> </p> <div class="bs_grid"> <div class="row row-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="content"> <article data-embed-button="images" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:media.large" data-entity-embed-display-settings="{"link_title":"","link_url":"","target":0}" data-entity-type="media" data-entity-uuid="7ba823dd-ab7d-49fc-aca0-51fb7ffd3ae3" data-langcode="en" class="align-center embedded-entity"> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2023-02/global%20snapshots.png?itok=6YQSCSsI" width="340" height="480" alt typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive"> </div> </article> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <blockquote> <p>The Chilling is a vital, at times gut-wrenching call to action - one that we cannot afford to ignore. -- Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Maria Ressa</p> </blockquote> <p>The women journalists who took part in the research said they had been subjected to a wide range of online violence, including threats of sexual assault and physical violence, abusive language, harassing private messages, threats to damage their professional or personal reputations, digital security attacks, misrepresentation via manipulated images and financial threats.<br> <br> The Chilling illuminates the evolving challenges faced by women journalists dealing with prolific and/or sustained online violence around the world, including the ways that disinformation and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic deepen the problem. It also pays careful attention to the nature of intersectional abuse – for example, where racism and bigotry overlap with misogyny as features of online attacks.<br> <br> <strong>The full study includes the following:</strong></p> <ul> <li>35 key findings that point to the need for responses to online violence to be strengthened in technological sophistication and collaborative coordination</li> <li>106 recommendations for action tailored for intergovernmental organizations, States, Big Tech, the news industry, legal and judicial actors, and civil society</li> <li>A 25-step tool for developing online violence responses that respect freedom of expression</li> <li>Analysis of 10 global trends in gender-based online violence</li> <li>A taxonomy of 12 globally recognizable types and methods of attack to prepare for</li> <li>A detailed assessment of international legal frameworks for addressing gender-based online violence against women journalists, as the UN recasts its decade-old Plan of Action for the Safety of Journalists</li> </ul> <h3><br> <strong>Top findings from the 2020 global survey</strong></h3> <ul> <li>Nearly three in four women respondents (73%) said they had experienced online violence.</li> <li>Threats of physical (25%) and sexual violence (18%) plagued the women journalists surveyed.</li> <li>One in five women respondents (20%) said they had been attacked or abused offline in incidents seeded online.</li> <li>The mental health impacts of online violence were the most frequently identified (26%) consequence. Twelve percent of respondents said they had sought medical or psychological help due to the effects of online violence, and 11% said they had taken days off work as a result.</li> <li>Almost half (48%) of the women reported being harassed with unwanted private messages.</li> <li>The story theme most often identified in association with increased attacks was gender (47%), followed by politics and elections (44%), and human rights and social policy (31%).</li> <li>Forty-one percent of women respondents said they had been the targets of online attacks that appeared to be linked to orchestrated disinformation campaigns.</li> <li>Political actors were the second most frequently noted sources (37%) of attacks and abuse after “anonymous or unknown attackers” (57%).</li> <li>Facebook was rated the least safe of the top five platforms or apps used by participants, with nearly double the number of respondents describing Facebook as “very unsafe” compared to Twitter. It also attracted disproportionately higher rates of incident reporting among the respondents (39% compared to Twitter’s 26%).</li> <li>Only 25% of respondents reported incidents of online violence to their employers. The top responses they said they received were: no response (10%) and advice like “grow a thicker skin” or “toughen up” (9%). Two percent said they were asked what they did to provoke the attack.</li> <li>The women journalists surveyed most frequently indicated (30%) that they respond to the online violence they experience by self-censoring on social media. Twenty percent described how they withdrew from all online interaction, and 18% specifically avoided audience engagement.</li> <li>Online violence significantly impacts the employment and productivity of the women respondents. In particular, 11% reported missing work, 38% retreated from visibility (e.g. by asking to be taken off air and retreating behind pseudonyms online), 4% quit their jobs, and 2% even abandoned journalism altogether.<br> <p><strong>For inquiries, please contact:</strong></p> <p>ICFJ: Dr. Julie Posetti (jposetti@icfj.org) or Fatima Bahja (fbahja@icfj.org)</p> <p>UNESCO: Saorla McCabe (s.mccabe@unesco.org) or Theresa Chorbacher (t.chorbacher@unesco.org)</p> <p>Note: If you've found this content distressing or difficult to discuss, you're not alone. There are resources available to help. Start by <a href="https://dartcenter.org/resources/online-threats-create-new-dangers-reporters-sri-lanka">exploring the resources</a> from the Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma, and please seek psychological support if needed. Your privacy is of the utmost importance to us and we have worked with the University of Sheffield’s Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM) to ensure that this research meets the highest ethical standards.</p> <p>We are supported in our work by the following project partners: the Ethical Journalism Network (<a href="https://ethicaljournalismnetwork.org/">EJN</a>), the <a href="https://dartcenter.org/asia-pacific">Dart Center Asia Pacific</a>, and the International Association of Women in Radio and Television (<a href="https://www.iawrt.org/">IAWRT</a>).</p> <p>*From an original sample of 1,210 self-selecting international survey respondents, 901 were accepted as valid detailed analysis. This report is based on a gender-disaggregated analysis of the 714 women-identifying respondents</p> </li> </ul> <style type="text/css">input[type='checkbox'] { display: none; } .wrap-collabsible { margin: 1.2rem 0; } .lbl-toggle { display: block; font-weight: bold; font-size: 2rem; text-transform: uppercase; padding: 1rem; color: #DDD; background: #149ee7; cursor: pointer; border-radius: 7px; transition: all 0.25s ease-out; } .lbl-toggle2 { display: block; font-weight: bold; font-size: 2rem; text-transform: uppercase; padding: 1rem; color: #DDD; background: #149ee7; cursor: pointer; border-radius: 7px; transition: all 0.25s ease-out; } .lbl-toggle:hover { color: white; } .lbl-toggle::before { content: ' '; display: inline-block; border-top: 5px solid transparent; border-bottom: 5px solid transparent; border-left: 5px solid currentColor; vertical-align: middle; margin-right: .7rem; transform: translateY(-2px); transition: transform .2s ease-out; } .lbl-toggle2:hover { color: white; } 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class="views-row"><div><h4 class="program-menu-title"><a href="/our-work/icfj-online-violence-project" hreflang="en">The ICFJ Online Violence Project</a></h4></div><div><span><div class="view view-programs view-id-programs view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-8b03cdc11a79027ed6cfd36b7facd733f410ed9721a46b821974b880f7e94c13"> <div class="view-content"> <div> <ul class="link-list link-list--menu"> <li class="list--item"><a href="/our-work/online-violence-alert-and-response-system" hreflang="en">Online Violence Alert and Response System</a></li> <li class="list--item"><a href="/our-work/online-violence-big-data-case-studies" hreflang="en">Online Violence Big Data Case Studies</a></li> <li class="list--item"><a href="/our-work/chilling-global-study-online-violence-against-women-journalists" hreflang="en">The Chilling: A Global Study On Online Violence Against Women Journalists</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="view-footer"> <a class="btn btn-blue btn-more btn-expand">Expand</a> </div> </div> </span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="block block-ctools-block block-entity-fieldnodefield-con clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title">Contact Info</h2> <div class="field field--name-field-con field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field--item"><p><strong>ICFJ</strong><br> <strong>Dr. Julie Posetti</strong><br> Global Director of Research<br> <a href="mailto:jposetti@icfj.org">jposetti@icfj.org</a></p> <p><strong>UNESCO</strong><br> <strong>Saorla McCabe</strong><br> <a href="mailto:s.mccabe@unesco.org">s.mccabe@unesco.org</a></p> <p><strong>Theresa Chorbacher</strong><br> <a href="mailto:t.chorbacher@unesco.org">t.chorbacher@unesco.org</a></p> </div> </section> <section class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockprograms-block-6 clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title">News about this program</h2> <div class="form-group"><div class="view view-programs view-id-programs view-display-id-block_6 js-view-dom-id-4396387556d6d2b786edb78d1fb767a3d787d78b57c5f212a6e7e4860c144797"> <div class="attachment attachment-before"> <div class="views-element-container form-group"><div class="view view-programs view-id-programs view-display-id-attachment_1 js-view-dom-id-cd47eda6e9d153f3d552455adb2e0c4a230fc8cae2de194db285c2b8397f0c43"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-view"><span class="field-content"><div class="view view-programs view-id-programs view-display-id-block_7 js-view-dom-id-c2940e8de30837629b66156fbebda2c68d4f923ecaf77bc4d70e673a971c4005"> </div> </span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-view"><span class="field-content"><div class="view view-programs view-id-programs view-display-id-block_7 js-view-dom-id-2520a7a3748a914eb203e0c85d0e207824bab96b9f50f9a9157983869166d5c7"> <div class="view-header"> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div> <ul class="link-list link-list--news"> <li class="list--item"><div class="field--item field--item--pub-date">November 9, 2023</div><h4 class="field--item field--item--news-title"><a href="/news/carmen-aristegui-case-study" hreflang="en">Carmen Aristegui: A Prime Target of Online Violence in the Deadliest Country to Practice Journalism Outside a War Zone</a></h4></li> <li class="list--item"><div class="field--item field--item--pub-date">March 7, 2023</div><h4 class="field--item field--item--news-title"><a href="/news/new-research-illuminates-escalating-online-violence-musks-twitter" hreflang="en">New Research Illuminates Escalating Online Violence on Musk’s Twitter</a></h4></li> <li class="list--item"><div class="field--item field--item--pub-date">February 14, 2023</div><h4 class="field--item field--item--news-title"><a href="/news/how-disinformation-fuels-online-violence-storms-targeting-women-journalists" hreflang="en">How Disinformation Fuels Online Violence Storms Targeting Women Journalists</a></h4></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="view-footer"> <a href="/news?field_related_programs_target_id=The ICFJ Online Violence Project" class="btn btn-blue btn-more">More News</a> </div> </div> </span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row row--fixed"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="block-region-row-fixed"><section class="block block-ctools-block block-entity-fieldnodefield-sponsor clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-field-sponsor field--type-entity-reference field--label-inline"> <div class="field--label">Sponsored by</div> <div class="field--items"> <div class="field--item"><div class="node node--type-partner-funder-sponsor node--view-mode-logo ds-1col clearfix"> <a href="http://www.unesco.org" target="_blank"> <div class="field field--name-field-featured-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field--item"><div> <img loading="lazy" 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