CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.berkeley.edu",cType: 'managed',cRay: '929dcb00d882ce2e',cH: '8QMihbq20T0hDg6c_vIwWj0cARaUm0NB93UpGoFp9zo-1743570345-1.2.1.1-mSInZcyqI9d3jHn6b90OhJDUnU7fmH5BPgwYItE7Kct68NkaayupDk9JQ8IqBoGq',cUPMDTk: "\/academics\/?__cf_chl_tk=ZrOnoo6jnpfII3psBJsavgB5bZv9SZTNhwAT5O7hdUY-1743570345-1.0.1.1-hPRedmF9xHoB2G5BHp_cZatLTm41aa.BxU9LkisdczU",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1743570345',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/academics\/?__cf_chl_f_tk=ZrOnoo6jnpfII3psBJsavgB5bZv9SZTNhwAT5O7hdUY-1743570345-1.0.1.1-hPRedmF9xHoB2G5BHp_cZatLTm41aa.BxU9LkisdczU",md: "0GUAoGY5seNVG3dVG2Qq91HfcY55znT0RDzNHKKBSj0-1743570345-1.2.1.1-oIgj8i7gHLJM2XaeZ7W4O_iBK5F04hJa0EvAVohVhIzEOgf2bLu.g4UZLOtJxCtYF2IRwwqfsACgOVbzzxs605JircnoA_s_SR9X6dWnB2kc81ytixJIiwUV3mRofqt2ZSS5azsQbvi2m0MmMaA12dPOSyiRvD0VY2aN3xBS9kJ6QOMoHufoDKV5LjWGHfz72wnDqu3txd5BBOUMk7_n3gCC61mXO8Ndy_LDvs4_hB6TMrC_HRyrQvE.k28y0sAGluo5QjeWEG1Yq3sivC5qk5L2THQOqF4wm5N5mpryKzOfvhKzzW3nvGFxUvVWM0_kPPDtn.Qbevvi.USk97k0p25qEdPKIxMFoIDlhQcHz9UeLHxHqIvUxKgvqQUJgyksXdV1E2yMIaMbytNlmD35IOnG.hXagGCsqFjGoo8O.RbLbRipS1mJCK9nPwH0bYSXpTkFbBDpdoRvg3CkQEgKKArLY_dIBQPIlTzRroVwiXTiESFCDssg_9l1dIE55kCwgFAdGkDzreVGJYzzt09ut5h1.P1_5Xdf7.XqI8yEAORHJidqSfyDYq716eeeGNs1Cm0e6vz7ysoicTtWgvQpvIFNevRn45dQ1d9vhe8jnzw2TV63RpXoS52jBvMtsFzMNuE2X2zEvjEqhUt.eEQqLpuojy3kMIoonkzywAciuGzSN9BzzTgUEs.IPGQcmenCRBVhEEha5v4UoGsEbb91gx3DHdjAS8OGBdYHWgJHwkU0lBKjuMB8k7KzzLKtRCBOlTZUSfdC2NCY7by6sy._ODUl8TwGqB2uyEgWjh33WHHok82DxgrAxS5ZoKXblSPTAp8.hNpHTjog.NuXfYUcrIR5oqMTqmfuWvDuzPxKLiz91p7ExQywJm8AiVANWPgsd2.5hFRwALjHPIvQVxk_HYRe1_iszzMaiVZFtpgmOxm5PjS6Xxbuy.d4RThUMUBVxfI1CO29V0DJ6I0KmoSFFIa4agfYz0GJTc0_ZyNzdPe0S9.okZ_aCV9_foCClBZpvl557lmrCjsR.xpqC99qJxJjUI7_a40BAHChG3mO9BbATcMdXZOW3_eVkDhIaJjF.j.7JLAqVbdXExL8nu9qdaUOrMSpXkvhT.bT0pW6OB.BYz7wHAGi.I86MheW1ucSeYsLVT2ziVXbtobCGG_Nrg17Gj32Lhhl4kjATRb7PIakTtnFBBKz6vAiVHJtacxd7uRHc0qvAG1ONLJAYOLHzGD0VUIOMlwVHsmKe08qm58",mdrd: "1SvGxAegrZzHrcblwDj5K8mUv6oZLI85YhJ7Wc2NTYw-1743570345-1.2.1.1-H5iqTDC_aaaPsKRtBC8Px2B5fCNMTaOuTdVkzqBqCV07feFV2gZHpPkvFq851Z01EOwW28TqPbQY5CTl3vVpUF55FbOFv5045iyjnhBOGauzKC6tzM5Ti.D12SOG2Ed9vpEQBixzTc9OH86F8f1YaFWNMnEp7t1Tx965bTskVNZLEXXteztAtG5qGhJ05gvorATnA33br0yF_wPUYT3ElALmR8B6YV..BAL27sSg4kkIimGVA8Eb7aTj5Hc9JGz.lQ0wlndRFUTiMvvTmysMxmvUocxi0EEHETfuwugBcEBdXbUWXf6JWChdOlyxF9C45Fbumi6GnLOj8sFkxK1l2SsxXoUN5vgdqCYJ45JY7062rMsrOyq8zhv0CySFdLZKZmZdnWbBEQMMvLUm15RJc2dzNrARY9THy1MriBckIAPyDEufDTAx12k9fHwgSkHaDhuQZCJ6didignXcvZFg2tv.kQzrwy16XGHnLMFc6vzGeBkezFiPpUvaLEabroVBC_JgT7cPi.xfXGOjDZyE9NZYzd4IsNRB_R2t9ZvVCOnfhnq151.1lzXbgR67SEzdrl.fqVdDa8sUc6HqbuACQEo03Ds0c.Ipixuf1C1dAJUs8lIsMW9PyC59U1TxZ89ysiOyYJHrjF6yMAl.SdF3ByEuuZVH3oIT8PqL37wAhskkXn6LFakNlJpIsFDPLkHAWmU_7X2ly36Nd9eRfvy8xGnYzAVzYuTi3zy9exoALjamjkZHnG_LhHkQsWLceLHeyJfV8kt_R.ZubvhktlgHnVQgacmbaLkplg6jbp250usLl8E9bKvPrbeaKYbjMZsQSjyyfCMInVCKU3QHtW6gA03zmSIJ.BGHGjwC57Rb6ShzL8uyuWTmPJSHeo._IJ3dsfS_gYKKhz4jKSqwWaOs.X1nLbN8mSbaooxGWP78BaFfRpY7hqWLOVXqBm3WM_AduMKsP_I0LdhCo29EkpZOwg1nZaRZI40RXVSKP_rBkvT0gse2zdu9DWzDII_3.cQser3DW93jkqPt49fgcD1Bh9zIeaaw6PVDZfARzWx2JpiSk6ckfW3IegTXxoQXtcgmLLTRuBUxN1R4LlyVbDnwUC0sK9FWrqWa8LZetQA7xBRWF5kjirnj1AEqoX_12l_ykbnwhkj6yx5fYPaCwjEbqmFl5K7SmmDI5FG0DwM4OnVD1YFymmyvUlFESlpXp9vXkgYCgsoxq72BwISh7sRy_tIHdF.bRFK3v904Qpnmq2QMe33Ew6.noqBBPPjhIUL.zWnEZWeOANF1uRs34rWlHHTy1nRUA3wkBh42v84_cCEUlWvHh7x83QpdpXySec6gLAN7JfxG2dix1cwuBJstWagZotQ6fTn_D6YKJ.M33agSZ.gOtQtln7QkOVOLILoTOq.c7fYHNk9JjFhZPO3ENuqWRZOwIRF_0O2AQe_qG2i6OZYvjErOnPhv70NEcqORr6llgi96gt7MkTrl0rpAO_tAttU7_107Bqn7kmhw9FuUv5gyL9YvHC40.UHyQ7yFoDJsekcfgnVV21Cup7AJrcPP.9zuVq1Y4miyKnko0JMwDeU4OSS5NJCQdhOGpYkwogKXW0fyJCuc10Fv2_i3l4nPxoukAsitff8Rb0599c2XEiFpDzTQAoKIj8XbvOyGeuJ.nEQQ0kspw4mtEMBQoefdPirRwLEV4ofSAhQEJ5oKBD3NPHxj7dycO5Yuy539MmRg0KuLCjvemUC2am0mOr8e6lNsvWkPFqwJns8TEaGfJtDn8SqBM1vunIYmLdsSVqJRWIgNiWoDXfMo5agmfBByRlPgVO5naO6C3KdEp89VdMF45vSupOQi5JYDzwIr2JFSiq6RzAft0afm.bAbuj9W1ncIanhy1hJmACJsBYLDCTrexygt5ZyCg9k5tBdZngEfrUDBpybbQXkUN3XMgf8neWA_aUeOCt.CDlRA8T.h84GyMEPej8A54Pa_4X0ZS3.UkiKRtwjgztdgzfrrdsLGcviILwEUgf1gtV055vMML7HS4JmS43s41e_R_q7bvyuaKcLlWIBgiTVKqg.1p79I5GYSnnd7qEH6YyLDPsA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=929dcb00d882ce2e';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/academics\/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=ZrOnoo6jnpfII3psBJsavgB5bZv9SZTNhwAT5O7hdUY-1743570345-1.0.1.1-hPRedmF9xHoB2G5BHp_cZatLTm41aa.BxU9LkisdczU" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>