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class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class="dcr-hlfdy3"><figure id="079ed94b-c704-439e-a3c8-e71c545d4f89" class="dcr-142siv7"><div id class="dcr-1t8m8f2"><picture class="dcr-evn1e9"><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Film/Pix/pictures/2000/10/09/triumph128.jpg?width=620&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 980px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 980px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Film/Pix/pictures/2000/10/09/triumph128.jpg?width=620&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 980px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Film/Pix/pictures/2000/10/09/triumph128.jpg?width=700&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 740px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 740px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Film/Pix/pictures/2000/10/09/triumph128.jpg?width=700&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 740px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Film/Pix/pictures/2000/10/09/triumph128.jpg?width=620&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Film/Pix/pictures/2000/10/09/triumph128.jpg?width=620&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 660px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Film/Pix/pictures/2000/10/09/triumph128.jpg?width=645&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Film/Pix/pictures/2000/10/09/triumph128.jpg?width=645&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 480px)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Film/Pix/pictures/2000/10/09/triumph128.jpg?width=465&dpr=2&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 320px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 320px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)"/><source srcSet="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Film/Pix/pictures/2000/10/09/triumph128.jpg?width=465&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" media="(min-width: 320px)"/><img alt="Triumph of the Will" src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/static/sys-images/Film/Pix/pictures/2000/10/09/triumph128.jpg?width=465&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none" width="465" height="465" loading="eager" class="dcr-evn1e9"/></picture><span class="dcr-v822l1"><div class="dcr-gup2gr"><div class="dcr-zy1nbx"><label for="the-checkbox" class="dcr-1xgwz8b"><svg width="6" height="14" fill="white" viewBox="0 0 6 14"><path d="M4.6 12l-.4 1.4c-.7.2-1.9.6-3 .6-.7 0-1.2-.2-1.2-.9 0-.2 0-.3.1-.5l2-6.7H.7l.4-1.5 4.2-.6h.2L3 12h1.6zm-.3-9.2c-.9 0-1.4-.5-1.4-1.3C2.9.5 3.7 0 4.6 0 5.4 0 6 .5 6 1.3c0 1-.8 1.5-1.7 1.5z"></path></svg></label><input type="checkbox" id="the-checkbox"/> <div id="the-caption"><figcaption data-spacefinder-role="inline" class="dcr-1e8cdhs"><span class="dcr-1inf02i"><svg width="18" height="13" viewBox="0 0 18 13"><path d="M18 3.5v8l-1.5 1.5h-15l-1.5-1.5v-8l1.5-1.5h3.5l2-2h4l2 2h3.5l1.5 1.5zm-9 7.5c1.9 0 3.5-1.6 3.5-3.5s-1.6-3.5-3.5-3.5-3.5 1.6-3.5 3.5 1.6 3.5 3.5 3.5z"></path></svg></span><span class="dcr-1qvd3m6">Monumental and hypnotic: a still from Triumph of the Will</span></figcaption></div></div></div></span></div><span class="dcr-n4pnam"><figcaption data-spacefinder-role="inline" class="dcr-1tx6u99"><span class="dcr-1inf02i"><svg width="18" height="13" viewBox="0 0 18 13"><path d="M18 3.5v8l-1.5 1.5h-15l-1.5-1.5v-8l1.5-1.5h3.5l2-2h4l2 2h3.5l1.5 1.5zm-9 7.5c1.9 0 3.5-1.6 3.5-3.5s-1.6-3.5-3.5-3.5-3.5 1.6-3.5 3.5 1.6 3.5 3.5 3.5z"></path></svg></span><span class="dcr-1qvd3m6">Monumental and hypnotic: a still from Triumph of the Will</span></figcaption></span></figure></div></div></div><aside style="--grid-area:title;" data-gu-name="title" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-10355cg"><div class="dcr-0"><span class="dcr-1v9xu6e"></span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/film" data-component="section" data-link-name="article section" class="content__label__link dcr-qmfkju"><span>Film</span></a></div></div></aside><div style="--grid-area:border;" data-gu-name="border" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-upmzd8"></div></div><div style="--grid-area:headline;" data-gu-name="headline" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class="dcr-cohhs3"><div class="dcr-notra3"><div aria-hidden="true" class="dcr-13832xi"><svg width="11" height="11" viewBox="0 0 11 11" fill="currentColor"><path d="M5.4 0C2.4 0 0 2.4 0 5.4s2.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4-2.4 5.4-5.4S8.4 0 5.4 0zm3 6.8H4.7V1.7h.7L6 5.4l2.4.6v.8z"></path></svg> This article is more than <strong>21 years old</strong></div></div><h1 class="dcr-u0152o">Leni Riefenstahl</h1><div class="dcr-1nvgr5i">This article is more than 21 years old</div></div></div></div><div style="--grid-area:standfirst;" data-gu-name="standfirst" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class=" dcr-4gwv1z">The German film director and photographer whose career was curtailed by antipathy to her status as Hitler's favourite film-maker</div></div><aside style="--grid-area:meta;" data-gu-name="meta" class="dcr-1fnjjtg"><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class="dcr-ich95x"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="100%" height="13" viewBox="0 0 1300 13" preserveAspectRatio="none" stroke="var(--article-border)" stroke-width="1" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="dcr-194w08h"><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="0.5" y2="0.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="4.5" y2="4.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="8.5" y2="8.5"></line><line x1="0" x2="1300" y1="12.5" y2="12.5"></line></svg></div></div><div class="dcr-14emo0l"><div class=" dcr-1v9sla6"><div class="dcr-5oiine"><div class="dcr-1kpcv08"><div><address aria-label="Contributor info" data-component="meta-byline" data-link-name="byline"><div class=" dcr-1cfpnlw"><span>Richard Falcon</span></div></address><div style="--mobile-color:inherit;" class="dcr-1pexjb9">Tue 9 Sep 2003 15.57 BST</div></div></div><div data-print-layout="hide" class="dcr-9dgpdq"><div class=" dcr-16lnb0w"><gu-island name="ShareButton" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"pageId":"film/2003/sep/09/world.news1","webTitle":"Obituary: Leni Riefenstahl","format":{"design":0,"display":0,"theme":3},"context":"ArticleMeta"}"><a href="mailto:?subject=Obituary: Leni Riefenstahl&body=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2003/sep/09/world.news1?CMP=share_btn_url" type="button" class="dcr-bao4ku">Share<div class="src-button-space"></div><svg viewBox="-3 -3 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M19 16c1.675 0 3 1.35 3 3 0 1.675-1.325 3-3 3a2.97 2.97 0 0 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Riefenstahl, who has died aged 101, will be remembered for two innovative, visually eloquent and lavishly funded documentaries, Triumph of the Will (1935) and the two-part Olympia (1938).</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">The former, a monumental, hypnotic account of the massive 1934 Nazi party rally in Nuremberg which glorified Nazi pageantry and deified Adolf Hitler, earned her a place in film history and the status of a post-war pariah.</p><div id="sign-in-gate"><gu-island name="SignInGateSelector" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"contentType":"Article","sectionId":"film","tags":[{"id":"film/film","type":"Keyword","title":"Film"},{"id":"world/world","type":"Keyword","title":"World 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class="dcr-s3ycb2">She was the first female film director to attract international acclaim, but her career was curtailed by public, industry and official antipathy owing to her status as "Hitler's favourite film-maker".</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">Both Triumph of The Will and Olympia are permeated by Riefenstahl's intense feeling for the expressive power of bodies in motion, whether they be marching Nazis or high divers.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">Born in Berlin, Riefenstahl achieved fame as a "free" dancer in the style of Isadora Duncan, touring Europe by the age of 22 and gaining employment with Max Reinhardt.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">Her film ambitions were prompted by "father of the mountain film" Arnold Fanck's 1924 Mountain of Fate, starring the Tyrolean outdoors hero Luis Trencker. The "mountain film" genre's use of cinematic technique - filters, special film stock, slow motion - to endow magnificent natural scenery with dramatic stature - provided her with key elements of her towering visual style and fostered her technical skill.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">She made contact with Trencker. He later became her lover and, in 1946, her antagonist when he published a fake intimate diary purportedly by Hitler's mistress Eva Braun. This claimed that Riefenstahl had also been Hitler's mistress- an allegation she furiously denied but which pursued her for life.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">But it was Fanck, a geologist, adventurer and technical perfectionist, who became her film mentor, writing The Holy Mountain as her film debut. This film, opens with Riefenstahl's performance of a dance of the sea on a rocky outcrop in Heligoland amidst crashing waves. According to her memoirs, this was what made Hitler an admirer. It was later to prompt Siegfried Kracauer to discern, in its "idolatry of glaciers and rocks", a proto-Nazi irrationalism where modern viewers are likely to see only kitsch.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">More mountain films followed including a starring role in the genre's finest and most successful entry, The White Hell of Piz Pal眉 (1929), co-directed by Fanck and G W Pabst.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">Fanck had surrounded himself with the best cameramen available - the Freiburg school, including Hans "The Snowflea" Schneeburger, another of Riefenstahl's lovers. Many of them would work for her after she began directing with The Blue Light in 1932.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">Riefenstahl would frequently invoke The Blue Light as evidence of the non-political nature of her talent. A fairytale starring the director as an outcast young woman luring young men to their deaths with her secret cave of blue crystals in the Tyrolean mountains, it was co-written by the leftwing Jewish intellectual and theorist B茅la B脿lazs. After the war, she would conceive of the outcast heroine's loss of her "magic cavern" as a metaphor for her own disenfranchisement as a film-maker.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">Riefenstahl had the first of her numerous meetings with Hitler when she was summoned to a resort near Wilmershaven while she was en route to Greenland to star in Fanck's SOS Eisberg (1933), which was made simultaneously in an American version by Tay Garnett. She had, by her own account, been "mesmerised" by his oratory at a Nazi meeting at the Berlin Sportpalast some months earlier, prompting her to write an admiring letter requesting a meeting.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">In 1933, when the Nazis had consolidated their grip on power with the March elections and begun their official anti-semitic campaigns with boycotts of Jewish businesses and the introduction of the Aryan clause, which banned Jews from working in the film industry, Hitler commissioned her to make Victory Of Faith, a record of the 1933 Nazi Party rally.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">Rediscovered in the early 1980s, this precursor to Triumph Of The Will reveals a clumsiness, both in the construction of the film and in the Nazi's staging of the rally, highlighting the achievements of the later film.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">In Triumph of the Will, feature-film techniques - including rhythmic montage to Herbert Windt's Wagnerian score - produce moments of extraordinary cinematic power. Its immediate purpose was to demonstrate a united monolithic Nazi party in the wake of Hitler's 1934 murder of Ernst R枚hm and his SA streetfighters.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">In its cinematic mastery, though, it renders the event and the film indivisible. It remains the most vivid proof of the German Marxist critic Walter Benjamin's contention that "fascism is the aestheticisation of politics". How much was later staged or reshot became a hot issue in debates about its value as a film or its status as either documentary or propaganda.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">Riefenstahl suggested, somewhat naively, that its lack of a voiceover disqualified it from being propaganda, but when the historian Erwin Leiser intercut sequences from the film with harrowing concentration camp footage in his 1960 documentary Mein Kampf, she sued the producers over breach of copyright.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">Her undoubted masterpiece, the two-part Olympia (Festival Of Nations/ Festival Of Beauty) was commissioned by the International Olympic Committee but funded by the Nazis to foster the image of a modern, powerful Germany abroad. With a vast budget, the greatest technicians of the day, state-of-the-art equipment, unprecedented access to the sporting events in the Berlin Olympia stadium and an artistic brief, Riefenstahl produced a lavish hymn to sporting prowess and physical beauty and strength.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">Conceiving of the athletes in a prologue as classical divine messengers, Riefenstahl's mythologising imagery - at its most lucidly effective in the marathon and high-diving sections - extended, uncomfortably for the Nazi's racist ideology - to the great American black athlete Jesse Owens. Owens broke 11 Olympic records and the Nazi leader could neither bear to shake hands or be photographed with him.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">After Riefenstahl had spent nearly two years editing 250 miles of raw footage, it was premiered with Hitler as guest of honour on his 49th birthday in 1938. Riefenstahl toured with Olympia, following its success at the Venice Biennale, throughout Europe then to the United States, where she was accompanied by, among others, her old friend Ernst Jaeger. He was ex-editor of the influential Film-Kurier and had lost this post when he had defied an order by propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels to divorce his Jewish wife.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">They arrived in the US in the immediate aftermath of the November 1938 Kristallnacht, "the night of the broken glass" when Nazi youths murdered and brutalised Jews throughout Germany.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">Riefenstahl was met with hostility - only Hal Roach and Walt Disney publicly received her. Jaeger stayed behind in the US to pen a series of articles for the Hollywood Tribune accusing her of having been not only a mistress to Hitler and Goebbels - with whom she professed to have a relationship of mutual hatred, although none of this appears in Goebbels' journals - but also to Hermann Goering. This character assassination was, for Riefenstahl, a taste of things to come.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">During the war, Riefenstahl became, briefly, a war correspondent. She witnessed the massacre of Polish civilians by German soldiers in the town of Konskie and a German soldier's snapshot of her horrified reaction was later used in a counter-productive blackmail attempt.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">Retreating to Spain to pick up an old project - the opera film Tiefland (Lowlands) - Riefenstahl devoted the rest of the war to this troubled project. It remained unfinished in 1945 when she was arrested at her chalet in Kitzb眉hel in the Tyrol by US soldiers, including the screenwriter Budd Schulberg, who had been involved in organising the pre-war Hollywood protests against her. Schulberg echoed Jaeger's condemnation, dubbing her contemptuously "the Nazi pin-up girl".</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">Riefenstahl had never been a Nazi party member and was cleared of active involvement by a de-Nazification tribunal, although, after three years house arrest, she was declared a Mitl盲ufer or fellow traveller, which disbarred her from ever seeking public office.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">Cherished film projects - notably her version of Penthesilia - were never completed, but Riefenstahl managed to rescue her mistreated Tiefland footage from the French authorities. Jean Cocteau much admired Tiefland, comparing its imagery to Breughel, and insisted it be shown at the 1954 Cannes film festival of which he was president.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">In the postwar film world those interested in Riefenstahl's work divided into apologists or detractors. In 1960, the National Film Theatre invited Riefenstahl to give a lecture, its then controller Stanley Reed declaring that "Satan himself is welcome at the NFT if he makes good pictures" but the invitation was hurriedly withdrawn.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">In the 1960s, Riefenstahl discovered Africa and reinvented herself as a still photographer. When her project about the slave trade, Black Freight, was stillborn, and after recovering from a serious car accident, she sought out the Nuba tribe in southern Sudan.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">The Nuba were, in the 1960s, cut off from the outside world and they fascinated Riefenstahl with their athletic bodies and developed artistic practices: the Nuba consider their bodies the highest form of art, their faces a blank canvas for elaborate painted masks.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">At the age of 60, Riefenstahl lived with the Nuba for six months and the relationship produced 3,000 metres of (unseen) film footage and two successful and accomplished books of photographs, The Last of The Nuba (1974), followed in 1976 by People of Kau. In the 1990s, she added Leni Riefenstahl's Africa and Vanishing Africa.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">The Last of The Nuba occasioned Susan Sontag's famous 1974 essay Fascinating Fascism. This attacked Riefenstahl for a perceived continuity of her "fascist aesthetic"- of her obsession with strength, youth and beauty - across her career.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">Riefenstahl photographed the ill-fated 1972 Munich Olympics for the Sunday Times as well as a spread featuring Mick and Bianca Jagger, but she remained a difficult figure for Germans. She was an unwelcome reminder of a past, which many, who continued to thrive in less visible sectors than the film industry (and less visibly within that industry), had disavowed.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">Riefenstahl successfully took the filmmaker Nina Gladitz to court for suggesting in a documentary that she had promised the Gypsy extras from concentration camps who worked on Tiefland their freedom, when many later died in the camps. This was the most damaging post-war accusation against her.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">A major revival of interest in Riefenstahl occurred in the early 1990s. International stars flocked to her 90th birthday party, Helmut Newton photographed her for Vanity Fair, her long-awaited 1987 memoirs were translated into English as The Sieve of Time, and Ray M眉ller's documentary TheWonderful, Horrible Life of Leni Rienstahl featured a lengthy, intensive interview with the defiantly unapologetic nonagenarian.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">Despite taking refuge in underwater photography with her companion Horst Kettner (Riefenstahl, remarkably, took up diving in her 70s), she remained a magnet for controversy to the last. The first German commercial exhibition of her photographs in Hamburg in 1997 drew fierce protests as did a retrospective of her films at the Filmmuseum in Potsdam in 1998.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">The final controversy occurred in 2000 when Riefenstahl revisited the Nuba. Since 1985, the tribe has been in armed struggle with the Arab-orientated Islamic government in Khartoum, which has been accused of conducting genocide. Riefenstahl agreed to visit only those areas controlled by the Sudanese government, thus attracting the criticism that she was acting as a figleaf for a repressive regime.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">Interest in Leni Riefenstahl's life and works shows no sign of abating. Both Madonna and Jodie Foster had vied for the rights to Riefenstahl's memoirs since the early 1990s. Foster is now set to produce, direct and star in a Riefenstahl biopic.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2">One wonders what lessons the film will draw from a life, whose greatest achievements survive time's sieve by pre-empting the gigantism of the Hollywood megabuck movie, the mythic use of the camera in sports coverage and even the primacy of the "image" in politics. The films remain as a challenge to historians and cinephiles alike, posing difficult questions about the relationship between the 20th century's greatest tragedy and its most powerful art form.</p><p class="dcr-s3ycb2"><strong>路</strong> Leni (H茅l猫ne Bertha Amelia) Riefenstahl, film-maker, born August 22 1902; died September 8 2003</p></div></div><gu-island name="SlotBodyEnd" priority="feature" deferUntil="visible" props="{"contentType":"Article","contributionsServiceUrl":"https://contributions.guardianapis.com","idApiUrl":"https://idapi.theguardian.com","isMinuteArticle":false,"isPaidContent":false,"pageId":"film/2003/sep/09/world.news1","sectionId":"film","shouldHideReaderRevenue":false,"tags":[{"id":"film/film","type":"Keyword","title":"Film"},{"id":"world/world","type":"Keyword","title":"World 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