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reserves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategic_petroleum_reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petroleum_refining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petroleum_refining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Petroleum refining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petroleum_refining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Consumption</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Consumption subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electricity_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Electricity generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Foreign trade</span> </div> </a> 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation_and_pricing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Taxation and pricing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation_and_pricing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_Gas_Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_Gas_Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>City Gas Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_Gas_Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petrol_stations_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petrol_stations_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Petrol stations in India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petrol_stations_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs attention from an expert in energy</b>. The specific problem is: <b>Use of non-standard units to quantify amounts of oil.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Throughout the article, units of weight, namely Mt (10<sup>6</sup> metric tons), are used to quantify the amount of oil. Most Wikipedia articles and general industry sources use the <i><a href="/wiki/Blue_barrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue barrel">bbl</a></i>, a unit of volume, to quantify the same. Since oils and especially petroleum products vary in their density, direct recovery of common volume units requires an expert review. The usefulness of the article to the international reader will be greatly improved by either replacing or augmenting the figures with <i>de facto</i> the units that are internationally accepted in the oil industry and trade.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Additionally, cited international sources sampled by me, such as,<sup id="cite_ref-bp20_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bp20-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use <i>bbbl</i> (10<sup>9</sup> <i>bbl</i>) as the units of measurement of oil quantity without referring to the particular oil variety or density, often being gross figures, strongly suggesting that at least some data in the article are both <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:OR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:OR">WP:OR</a> and inaccurate.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></span>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Energy" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Energy">WikiProject Energy</a> may be able to help recruit an expert.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry">petroleum industry</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></b> dates back to 1889 when the first <a href="/wiki/Oil_deposit" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil deposit">oil deposits</a> in the country were discovered near the town of <a href="/wiki/Digboi" title="Digboi">Digboi</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> industry in India began in the 1960s with the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Gas_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas field">gas fields</a> in Assam and <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mumbai_High_Field" title="Mumbai High Field">Mumbai High Field</a>). As on 31 March 2018, India had estimated <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude</a> <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a> of 594.49 million <a href="/wiki/Metric_tonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric tonne">metric tonnes</a> (Mt) and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas reserves">natural gas reserves</a> of 1339.57 <a href="/wiki/Billion_cubic_metres_of_natural_gas" title="Billion cubic metres of natural gas">billion cubic metres of natural gas</a> (BCM).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-png_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-png-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>India imports 82% of its oil needs and aims to bring that down to 67% by 2022 by replacing it with local <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">hydrocarbon exploration</a>, renewable energy and indigenous <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol fuel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-save1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-save1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India was the second top net crude oil (including crude oil products) importer of 205.3 Mt in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-bp20_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bp20-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By March 2021, India's domestic crude oil production output fell by 5.2% and natural gas production by 8.1% in the FY21 as producers extracted 30.4917 Mt of crude oil and 28.67 BCM of natural gas in the fiscal year.<sup id="cite_ref-indianexpress.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indianexpress.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2021, crude oil production decreased by 2.3%, but there was a 20.23% increase in homegrown natural gas.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_India" title="History of the oil industry in India">History of the oil industry in India</a></div> <p>The first oil deposits in India were discovered in 1889 near the town of Digboi in the state of Assam.<sup id="cite_ref-TERI_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TERI-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The natural gas industry in India began in the 1960s with the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_(observation)" title="Discovery (observation)">discovery</a> of gas fields in Assam and <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. Natural gas gained further significance after the discovery of large reserves in the South Basin fields by ONGC in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reserves">Reserves</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reserves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 1 April 2021, India had estimated crude oil reserves of 587.335 Mt, decreasing by 2.65% from the previous year. The largest reserves are found in the Western Offshore (37%) and Assam (27%). The estimated reserves of natural gas in India as of 1 April 2021 was 1,372.62 BCM, increasing by 0.52% from the previous year. The largest reserves of natural gas are located in the Eastern Offshore (40.6%) and the Western Offshore (23.7%).<sup id="cite_ref-EnergyStatistics_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnergyStatistics-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution_of_reserves_by_state/region"><span id="Distribution_of_reserves_by_state.2Fregion"></span>Distribution of reserves by state/region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution of reserves by state/region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table shows the estimated crude petroleum and natural gas reserves in India by state/region as on 31 March 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Region </th> <th>Crude oil reserves (<i>Mt</i>) </th> <th>Share of oil (%) </th> <th>Natural gas reserves (<i>BCM</i>) </th> <th>Share of gas (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Arunachal Pradesh </td> <td>1.52 </td> <td>0.25 </td> <td>0.93 </td> <td>0.07 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Andhra Pradesh </td> <td>8.15 </td> <td>1.35 </td> <td>48.31 </td> <td>3.75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Assam </td> <td>159.96 </td> <td>26.48 </td> <td>158.57 </td> <td>12.29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coal Bed Methane </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>106.58 </td> <td>8.26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eastern Offshore<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>40.67 </td> <td>6.73 </td> <td>507.76 </td> <td>39.37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gujarat </td> <td>118.61 </td> <td>19.63 </td> <td>62.28 </td> <td>4.83 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nagaland </td> <td>2.38 </td> <td>0.39 </td> <td>0.09 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rajasthan </td> <td>24.55 </td> <td>4.06 </td> <td>34.86 </td> <td>2.70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tamil Nadu </td> <td>9.00 </td> <td>1.49 </td> <td>31.98 </td> <td>2.48 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tripura </td> <td>0.07 </td> <td>0.01 </td> <td>36.10 </td> <td>2.80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Western Offshore<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>239.20 </td> <td>39.60 </td> <td>302.35 </td> <td>23.44 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>604.10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1,289.81 </th> <th>100 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategic_petroleum_reserves">Strategic petroleum reserves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Strategic petroleum reserves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Building petroleum reserves like underground tank storage, above-ground tank storage, and fully developed and ready-to-exploit <i>in situ</i> reserves is a lucrative proposition for an oil-importing country like India as the oil exporters charge exorbitant prices when the oil demand is little more than supply.<sup id="cite_ref-opc_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opc-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) is an emergency fuel store of total 5 Mt or 31.5 million <a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)#Oil_barrel" title="Barrel (unit)">barrels</a> (5.0 million <a href="/wiki/Cubic_metre" title="Cubic metre">cubic metres</a>) of strategic <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> enough to provide 10 days of consumption which are maintained by the Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Limited.<sup id="cite_ref-bs1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bs1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Strategic_reserve" title="Strategic reserve">Strategic crude oil storages</a> are at 3 underground locations in <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padoor,_Karnataka" title="Padoor, Karnataka">Padur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udupi_district" title="Udupi district">Udupi district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnatka" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnatka">Karnatka</a> with ready access to the refineries on the east and west coasts.<sup id="cite_ref-isprl1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isprl1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another method to build up strategic petroleum reserve at low cost is to develop a proven oil field for higher oil extraction rate and keeping it reserved for full production on an intermittent basis when the global <a href="/wiki/Oil_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil price">oil price</a> cross the set upper limit.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two more SPRs will add strategic petroleum reserves of 12 days in addition to 10 days of reserves achieved in Phase I. These SPRs under Phase II will be located at Chandikhol in Odisha and Padur in Karnataka. Indian refiners maintain 65 days of crude storage, and when added to the SPR storage planned and achieved takes the Indian crude storage tally to 87 days. This is very close to the storage of 90 days mandated by <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">IEA</a> for member countries.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total storage figure is excluding the storage capacity of petroleum products with the marketing agencies and bulk consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India is also considering to store crude oil in other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>India's domestic crude oil and natural gas production has declined steadily since 2011–12.<sup id="cite_ref-indianexpress.com_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indianexpress.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India produced 30.49 Mt of crude petroleum in 2020–21, declining by 5.21% over the previous fiscal. The production of natural gas was 28.67 BCM in 2020–21, declining by 8.05% over the previous year. Production of crude oil and natural gas declined by a <a href="/wiki/Compound_annual_growth_rate" title="Compound annual growth rate">compound annual growth rate</a> (CAGR) of 2.44% and 5.47% respectively over the previous decade.<sup id="cite_ref-EnergyStatistics_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnergyStatistics-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>India also produces <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum products">petroleum products</a> and produced 233.51 Mt in 2020–21, a decline of 11.19% over the previous year. Among petroleum products, high speed diesel oil accounted for 43%, followed by <a href="/wiki/Motor_gasoline" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor gasoline">motor gasoline</a> (15%). Production of petroleum products grew by a CAGR of 1.56% over the previous decade.<sup id="cite_ref-EnergyStatistics_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnergyStatistics-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/ONGC" class="mw-redirect" title="ONGC">ONGC</a> is developing the KG-DWN-98/2 block in <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Godavari_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna Godavari basin">Krishna Godavari basin</a> with capital expenditures of about US $5.07 billion (approximately INR 340 billion) leading to oil production from the field to the extent of 25 million tons and 45 billion m<sup>3</sup> natural gas .<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capex works out to nearly US$11 per barrel of oil equivalent (BOE) only for the total production of oil and gas. ONGC already has proved oil and gas reserves to the extent of 462.12 MMTOE at very low capex comparable with that of <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> countries.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aishwarya_Oil_Fields" title="Aishwarya Oil Fields">Oil fields in Rajasthan state</a> are emerging as a major oil and gas producer.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, Reliance BP also started production from Krishna Godavari basin gas fields substantially enhancing the indigenous gas production.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>India has deployed 159 rigs and drilled 545 production wells during 2017-18 which stands globally fifth but the oil and gas production is not commensurate with the wells drilled.<sup id="cite_ref-indiatoday.in_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiatoday.in-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-png_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-png-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India has planned to produce 15 Mt/year of compressed <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a> (CBG), a carbon neutral fuel, by 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CBG replaces the <a href="/wiki/CNG" class="mw-redirect" title="CNG">CNG</a> which is imported in the form of <a href="/wiki/LNG" class="mw-redirect" title="LNG">LNG</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Petroleum_refining">Petroleum refining</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Petroleum refining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As on 31 March 2021, there were 23 crude oil refineries in India, of which 18 were state-owned, 3 were privately owned and 2 were joint ventures. The total oil refining capacity in India stood at 248.87 Mt per year, remaining unchanged from the previous year. Refineries in India processed 221.37 Mt of oil in 2020-21 achieving a capacity utilization of 88.8%. With a total refining capacity of 69.2288836p;<span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">MMTPA</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Unit of refining capacity is MMTPA (Million Metric Tonnes per Annum) (June 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Indian_Oil_Corporation" title="Indian Oil Corporation">Indian Oil Corporation</a> was the largest refiner in the country by capacity. Indian Oil's refineries processed 62.35 Mt of crude oil in 2020–21.<sup id="cite_ref-EnergyStatistics_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnergyStatistics-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many refineries are using the lower end residual oil with higher sulphur content to produce more lighter oils (petrol, diesel, etc.) by installing petroleum <a href="/wiki/Delayed_coking" class="mw-redirect" title="Delayed coking">coker units</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process generates a solid fuel called <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_coke" title="Petroleum coke">Pet coke</a> which has higher <a href="/wiki/Calorific_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Calorific value">calorific value</a> and sulphur. As developed countries have banned use of high sulphur pet coke and residual oils, these fuels further are converted in to <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_natural_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic natural gas">synthetic natural gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Methanation" title="Methanation">Methanation</a> plants to avoid their disposal problem.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly 38% of residual fuel oils are consumed in the shipping sector. The International Convention for Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), adopted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">IMO</a>, has mandated that marine vessels shall not consume residual fuel oils (<a href="/wiki/Bunker_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunker fuel">bunker fuel</a>, etc.) with a sulphur content greater than 0.1% from the year 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus complete use of residual oil or pet coke in <a href="/wiki/Coal_gasification" title="Coal gasification">gasification</a> unit would be part of petroleum refining complexes/plants in future to avoid waste products disposal.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic of 2020</a>, refineries are forced to operate at lower capacities as the demand for petroleum products (mainly <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">aviation turbine fuel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">petrol</a>) have fallen steeply. After the implementation of IMO rules restricting use of high sulfur fuel oil (HSFO) by the marine vessels, the prices of HSFO have fallen so low compared to crude oil and using it has become more economical by the advanced refineries with <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_distillation" title="Vacuum distillation">vacuum distillation</a> and coker units to produce petrol, diesel, pet coke, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pet coke is in high demand for use in cement production. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumption">Consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gas_cylinder_carrier_in_Hyderabad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gas_cylinder_carrier_in_Hyderabad.jpg/220px-Gas_cylinder_carrier_in_Hyderabad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gas_cylinder_carrier_in_Hyderabad.jpg/330px-Gas_cylinder_carrier_in_Hyderabad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gas_cylinder_carrier_in_Hyderabad.jpg/440px-Gas_cylinder_carrier_in_Hyderabad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4183" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Delivery of <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a> cylinders for cooking in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></figcaption></figure> <p>India is the third largest consumer of crude oil in the world, after the United States and China.<sup id="cite_ref-bp20_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bp20-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The estimated total consumption of crude oil in India rose from 204.12 Mt in 2011–12 to 221.77 Mt in 2020–21 with a CAGR of 0.93%. Consumption declined by 12.82% in 2020–21 compared to the previous fiscal primarily due to disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The estimated total consumption of natural gas was 60.64 BCM, declining by 0.67% over the previous fiscal year.<sup id="cite_ref-EnergyStatistics_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnergyStatistics-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High speed diesel oil accounted for 37.42% of total consumption of all types of petroleum products in 2020–21, followed by <a href="/wiki/Petrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol">petrol</a> (14.40%), <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a> (14%), <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_coke" title="Petroleum coke">petroleum coke</a> (8.03%), and <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a> (7%). The largest consumers of natural gas are the <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> industry (29%), power generation (18%), and transportation (15%). Natural gas is consumed for both energy (57.08%) and non-energy (35.45%) related uses.<sup id="cite_ref-EnergyStatistics_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnergyStatistics-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electricity_generation">Electricity generation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Electricity generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_India#Gas-based" title="List of power stations in India">List of power stations in India § Gas-based</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_India#Diesel-based" title="List of power stations in India">List of power stations in India § Diesel-based</a></div> <p>Crude oil and natural gas are the second and third largest sources of electricity generated in India, after coal. Crude oil accounted for 10.34% and natural gas accounted for 8.7% of the total electricity produced in 2017–18.<sup id="cite_ref-EnergyStatistics_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnergyStatistics-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 31 March 2021, the installed capacity of gas-based power plants in India was 24,924 MW, accounting for 6.5% of the total installed capacity. Most of these gas-based power plants are not working due to shortage of natural gas.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diesel is a minor source for electricity generation in India. The total installed capacity of diesel-based power plants in utility sector of India is 927.89 MW accounting for a mere 0.3% of total installed capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Excluding the utility sector DG sets, there are more than 90,000 MW DG sets (above 100 kVA capacity range) installed for back up power needs which is nearly 36% of the total installed capacity in utility sector of India.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, there are innumerable DG sets of capacity less than 100 kVA to cater to emergency power needs during the <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">power outages</a> in all sectors such as industrial, commercial, domestic and agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">India's electricity sector</a> consumed 24.28% of the natural gas produced in the country in 2016–17.<sup id="cite_ref-EnergyStatistics_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnergyStatistics-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, at least one KL<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> per GW×h (nearly 1 Mt per year) of fuel oil is consumed as secondary fuel by coal fired power plants for start-up and low-load operations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_trade">Foreign trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Foreign trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>India is the second biggest oil importer after China and is highly dependent on imported crude oil.<sup id="cite_ref-bp20_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bp20-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The net imports of crude oil rose from 171.73 Mt during 2011–12 to 226.95 Mt during 2020–21. The net imports of natural gas increased from 18 BCM in 2011–12 to 32.86 BCM in 2020–21, recording a CAGR of 9.44%. Despite the dependence on imports, India has developed sufficient processing capacity over the years to produce different petroleum products. As result, India is a net exporter of petroleum products. The export of petroleum products increased from 38.94 Mt in 2008–09 to 56.76 Mt during 2020–21.<sup id="cite_ref-EnergyStatistics_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnergyStatistics-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>India has an 82.8% import dependence for crude oil and 45.3% for natural gas.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to lack of adequate petroleum reserves, India has to depend mostly on crude oil imports for the near future till its renewable energy resources, such as solar, wind, hydro and biomass, are developed adequately to achieve <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">energy security</a> by replacing petroleum products consumption, which also significantly contributes to air pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_imports_by_source_country">Oil imports by source country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oil imports by source country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>India was the third largest crude oil importer in the world in 2023. By value, the following 15 countries were the largest sources of crude oil imports into India, providing 96.4% of all Indian crude oil imported in that year.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Import value </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Russia</td> <td>$45.4 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Iraq</td> <td>$28.5 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Saudi Arabia</td> <td>$23.5 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>United Arab Emirates</td> <td>$8.6 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>United States</td> <td>$6.9 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Kuwait</td> <td>$5.2 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>South Korea</td> <td>$2.7 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Nigeria</td> <td>$2.6 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Angola</td> <td>$2.5 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Mexico</td> <td>$1.83 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Colombia</td> <td>$1.75 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>Turkey</td> <td>$1.6 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Brazil</td> <td>$1.4 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Qatar</td> <td>$1.3 billion </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>Greece</td> <td>$1.1 billion </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2023, Imports from the Middle East declined by about 28% to 1.97 million barrels per day, dragging down the region's share in India's overall oil imports to 44% from 60% during the same year-ago period. </p><p>The share of oil from the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), which include Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Russia, nearly doubled to 43% mainly due to higher purchases from Moscow, the data shows.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trading">Trading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Trading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crude_oil_trading">Crude oil trading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Crude oil trading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By transacting in crude <a href="/wiki/Futures_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Futures trading">futures trading</a> in <a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">MCX</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">BSE</a>, crude oil products consumers (petrol, diesel, jet fuel, etc.) in India can hedge their risk while purchasing the crude oil products in Indian currency.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The futures trading is cash settled on expiry date taking <a href="/wiki/West_Texas_Intermediate" title="West Texas Intermediate">WTI crude</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brent_crude" class="mw-redirect" title="Brent crude">Brent crude</a> settlement price as reference.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_crude_oil_products" title="List of crude oil products">quality of crude oil</a> which is imported by India from <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> is called <a href="/wiki/Indian_Basket" title="Indian Basket">Indian Basket</a> crude.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is weighted average of <a href="/wiki/DME_Oman_Crude_Oil_Futures_Contract" title="DME Oman Crude Oil Futures Contract">Dubai and Oman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sour_crude_oil" title="Sour crude oil">sour</a>) and the Brent Crude (<a href="/wiki/Sweet_crude_oil" title="Sweet crude oil">sweet</a>) <a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">crude oil prices</a>. However, the exporting countries charge premium or give rebate on the Indian Basket price by declaring official selling price (OSP) depending on market conditions every month.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_gas_trading">Natural gas trading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Natural gas trading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indian Gas Exchange (IGX) is the online trading platform for natural gas with delivery hubs at <a href="/wiki/Dabhol" title="Dabhol">Dabhol</a> and Jaigad, both in <a href="/wiki/Ratnagiri" title="Ratnagiri">Ratnagiri</a>, Maharashtra; <a href="/wiki/Dahej" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahej">Dahej</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazira" title="Hazira">Hazira</a> in Gujarat; and <a href="/wiki/Kakinada" title="Kakinada">Kakinada</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) was created in the year 2005 to regulate downstream activities in the petroleum and natural gas sector.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buyers can transport the purchased natural gas from these hubs on a daily basis to their consumption points through the existing cross country gas pipelines (owned by GAIL and others) for a fee.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxation_and_pricing">Taxation and pricing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Taxation and pricing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In India, the pricing of fuel varies by state, though central taxes still are part of the pump price of fuel. The Central and State Government's taxes make up nearly half of petrol's pump price. The Central government has different taxes, which amount to about 24–26% of the final cost. The states taxes vary, but on average end up making about 20–25% of the final cost. In addition, royalty and oil development tax is collected on oil and natural gas produced locally. As a result, approximately 50% of the pump cost goes to the government in the form of different taxes. </p><p>For example, in <a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> as of May 16, 2011, price of petrol was <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>71.09</span> (85¢ US) per litre. Out of this, <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>17.06</span> (20¢ US) went to <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> in the form of excise and customs tax. <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>16.63</span> (20¢ US) was collected by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Karnataka" title="Government of Karnataka">state government</a> in the form of sales tax and entry tax. Thus, a total of <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>33.69</span> (40¢ US) was collected as various taxes that amounted to approximately 47% of the retail price.<sup id="cite_ref-Half_of_what_you_pay_for_petrol_is_taxes_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Half_of_what_you_pay_for_petrol_is_taxes-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Delhi petrol per liter price on April 2, 2018, the price charged to dealers was <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>31.08</span> (37¢ US), while central government excise tax and local tax was <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>19.48</span> (23¢ US), state government <a href="/wiki/Value-added_tax" title="Value-added tax">VAT</a> was <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>15.70</span> (19¢ US) and dealer commission was <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>3.60</span> (4.3¢ US). So the price of petrol for the end user was <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>73.83</span> (88¢ US).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The natural gas purchase price from the natural gas producers, like ONGC, Oil India Ltd. and private companies, is fixed by the government based on prices prevailing in the US, Russia, the UK and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LNG price is linked to the prevailing crude oil price in global markets.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The purchase price would be cut to around US$2.5 per million <a href="/wiki/British_thermal_unit" title="British thermal unit">BTU</a> for the six-month period beginning April 1, 2020 compared to US$3.23 for the earlier period.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2020, India announced that is increasing taxes on petrol and diesel to raise government revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2020, global crude oil consumption fell substantially, causing oil prices to decline steeply due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Indian government has not passed the benefit to the retail buyers /consumers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="City_Gas_Distribution">City Gas Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: City Gas Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>City Gas Distribution (CGD) Projects, under <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_and_Natural_Gas" title="Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas">Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas</a>, are network of gas pipelines planned across the country to improve connectivity to piped (<a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">PNG</a>) and compressed (<a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">CNG</a>) natural gas fillings stations<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Petrol_stations_in_India">Petrol stations in India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Petrol stations in India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BPCL_Retail_Outlet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BPCL_Retail_Outlet.jpg/220px-BPCL_Retail_Outlet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BPCL_Retail_Outlet.jpg/330px-BPCL_Retail_Outlet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BPCL_Retail_Outlet.jpg/440px-BPCL_Retail_Outlet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>An ordinary BPCL Petrol pump found out throughout the country</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorbike_fuel_from_plastic_bottle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Motorbike_fuel_from_plastic_bottle.jpg/220px-Motorbike_fuel_from_plastic_bottle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Motorbike_fuel_from_plastic_bottle.jpg/330px-Motorbike_fuel_from_plastic_bottle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Motorbike_fuel_from_plastic_bottle.jpg/440px-Motorbike_fuel_from_plastic_bottle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3372" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>Street vendor refuelling a motorbike with petrol from a water bottle</figcaption></figure> <p>India had 60,799 petrol stations as of November 2017. 26,849 of these belonged to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Oil_Corporation" title="Indian Oil Corporation">Indian Oil</a> (IOCL), 14,675 to <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Petroleum" title="Bharat Petroleum">Bharat Petroleum</a> (BPCL) and 14,161 to <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Petroleum" title="Hindustan Petroleum">Hindustan Petroleum</a> (HP).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> state of India has approximately 3,300 petrol stations, and the state of <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> alone has more than 2,500. Many additional auto <a href="/wiki/Liquid_petroleum_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid petroleum gas">LPG</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">CNG</a> stations have been planned due to high crude prices.<sup id="cite_ref-png_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-png-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reliance_Industries" title="Reliance Industries">Reliance Industries Ltd</a> and <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP plc</a> have opened petrol stations as <a href="/wiki/Jio-bp" title="Jio-bp">Jio-bp</a> also known as Reliance Petroleum. It has 1427 outlets as of September 2021 </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nayara_Energy" title="Nayara Energy">Nayara Energy</a> operates 6386 fuel stations in the country. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a> also opened <a href="/wiki/Filling_station" title="Filling station">petrol stations</a> in India. Shell currently has around 350 stations majorly present in the South and Western States of the country i.e. <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> <sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Essar_Group" title="Essar Group">Essar</a> had 2,225 petrol stations in India which were supplied with petrol and <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a> from its 280,000 barrels per day (45,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d) refinery in <a href="/wiki/Vadinar" title="Vadinar">Vadinar</a>, Gujarat.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indraprastha_Gas" title="Indraprastha Gas">Indraprastha Gas Limited</a> has opened exclusive <a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">CNG</a> fuel stations in India, particularly in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. In recent years, state oil marketing companies have been opening petrol stations, constructed with minimal investment,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="If implies low quality, say so (June 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in remote rural areas to help local farmers. These stations sell <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">lanterns</a>, and other goods that are needed by farmers besides petrol and diesel. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrol_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Petrol_Station.jpg/220px-Petrol_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Petrol_Station.jpg/330px-Petrol_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Petrol_Station.jpg/440px-Petrol_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Shell petrol station in Bangalore</figcaption></figure> <p>The numbers of petrol stations per owning company in the <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">states and union territories of India</a> as of 31 March 2016 were:<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Oil Company/State/UT </th> <th><a href="/wiki/IOCL" class="mw-redirect" title="IOCL">IOCL</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/HPCL" class="mw-redirect" title="HPCL">HPCL</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/BPCL" class="mw-redirect" title="BPCL">BPCL</a> </th> <th>Others <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Industries" title="Reliance Industries">RIL</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nayara_Energy" title="Nayara Energy">Nayara Energy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell</a>/<a href="/wiki/ONGC" class="mw-redirect" title="ONGC">ONGC</a> </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>Andhra Pradesh </td> <td>1199 </td> <td>929 </td> <td>720 </td> <td>210 </td> <td>3050 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arunachal Pradesh </td> <td>48 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>71 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Assam </td> <td>503 </td> <td>91 </td> <td>129 </td> <td>65 </td> <td>788 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bihar </td> <td>1351 </td> <td>475 </td> <td>610 </td> <td>75 </td> <td>2511 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chhattisgarh </td> <td>481 </td> <td>329 </td> <td>275 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>1108 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Delhi </td> <td>189 </td> <td>97 </td> <td>107 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>393 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Goa </td> <td>31 </td> <td>36 </td> <td>47 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>114 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gujarat </td> <td>1274 </td> <td>738 </td> <td>771 </td> <td>601 </td> <td>3384 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Haryana </td> <td>1334 </td> <td>666 </td> <td>385 </td> <td>151 </td> <td>2536 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Himachal Pradesh </td> <td>218 </td> <td>109 </td> <td>62 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>396 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jammu & Kashmir </td> <td>221 </td> <td>130 </td> <td>134 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>485 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jharkhand </td> <td>496 </td> <td>265 </td> <td>319 </td> <td>71 </td> <td>1151 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Karnataka </td> <td>1803 </td> <td>888 </td> <td>966 </td> <td>179 </td> <td>3836 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kerala </td> <td>885 </td> <td>587 </td> <td>457 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Madhya Pradesh </td> <td>1295 </td> <td>814 </td> <td>917 </td> <td>243 </td> <td>3269 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maharashtra </td> <td>1846 </td> <td>1542 </td> <td>1678 </td> <td>353 </td> <td>5419 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manipur </td> <td>69 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>85 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Meghalaya </td> <td>116 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>39 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>190 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mizoram </td> <td>30 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nagaland </td> <td>45 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>69 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Odisha </td> <td>748 </td> <td>314 </td> <td>414 </td> <td>84 </td> <td>1560 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Punjab </td> <td>1685 </td> <td>878 </td> <td>610 </td> <td>143 </td> <td>3316 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rajasthan </td> <td>1630 </td> <td>977 </td> <td>819 </td> <td>310 </td> <td>3736 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sikkim </td> <td>16 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>47 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tamil Nadu </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>1158 </td> <td>1317 </td> <td>236 </td> <td>4702 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Telangana </td> <td>911 </td> <td>644 </td> <td>565 </td> <td>108 </td> <td>2228 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tripura </td> <td>62 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>67 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uttar Pradesh </td> <td>3394 </td> <td>1374 </td> <td>1313 </td> <td>535 </td> <td>6616 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uttarakhand </td> <td>242 </td> <td>166 </td> <td>114 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>551 </td></tr> <tr> <td>West Bengal </td> <td>1119 </td> <td>488 </td> <td>563 </td> <td>74 </td> <td>2244 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Andaman & Nicobar </td> <td>10 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chandigarh </td> <td>20 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>41 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dadra & Nagar Haveli </td> <td>11 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>31 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Daman & Diu </td> <td>11 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>31 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lakshadweep </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Puducherry </td> <td>79 </td> <td>39 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>156 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grand Total </td> <td>25364 </td> <td>13802 </td> <td>13439 </td> <td>3586 </td> <td>56191 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_and_Natural_Gas" title="Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas">Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Godavari_Basin" title="Krishna Godavari Basin">Krishna Godavari Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOPEC" class="mw-redirect" title="NOPEC">NOPEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_West_Gas_Pipeline_(India)" title="East West Gas Pipeline (India)">East West Gas Pipeline (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Industry_Safety_Directorate" title="Oil Industry Safety Directorate">Oil Industry Safety Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_And_Explosives_Safety_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum And Explosives Safety Organisation">Petroleum And Explosives Safety Organisation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes joint ventures/private parties for Crude Oil and includes West Bengal for Natural Gas</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes Bombay High offshore, Rajasthan and joint venture companies for Crude Oil, and Bombay High offshore, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh for Natural Gas</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bp20-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bp20_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bp20_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bp20_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bp20_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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.cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf">"Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 (page 31)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919060352/https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistical+Review+of+World+Energy+2020+%28page+31%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bp.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fbp%2Fbusiness-sites%2Fen%2Fglobal%2Fcorporate%2Fpdfs%2Fenergy-economics%2Fstatistical-review%2Fbp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+and+gas+industry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibef.org/industry/oil-gas-india.aspx">"Oil & Gas Industry in India"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515165022/https://www.ibef.org/industry/oil-gas-india.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India%27+crude+oil%2C+gas+production+falters&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2Findustry%2Fenergy%2Findia-crude-oil-gas-production-falters-11618926662880.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+and+gas+industry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deccan.news/crude-oil-production-in-india-falls-5-percent-in-november/">"Crude oil production in India falls 5 percent in November"</a>. 22 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200801/https://deccan.news/crude-oil-production-in-india-falls-5-percent-in-november/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cost+of+producing+a+barrel+of+oil+and+gas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgraphics.wsj.com%2Foil-barrel-breakdown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+and+gas+industry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bs1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bs1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2015" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Sudheer Pal (23 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/land-acquisition-woes-push-filling-of-strategic-reserves-to-march-115122200213_1.html">"Filling of strategic oil reserves delayed"</a>. <i>Business Standard India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151225041908/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/land-acquisition-woes-push-filling-of-strategic-reserves-to-march-115122200213_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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NDTV. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160211091020/http://profit.ndtv.com/news/industries/article-store-our-oil-and-take-two-thirds-for-free-uaes-offer-to-india-1275964">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-02-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coronavirus%3A+Global+oil+storage+infrastructure+in+trouble+like+never+before&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenergy.economictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Foil-and-gas%2Fcoronavirus-global-oil-storage-infrastructure-in-trouble-like-never-before%2F74757763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+and+gas+industry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/market/commodities/india-to-store-crude-oil-in-us-11595142580582.html">"India to store crude oil in US"</a>. 19 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200719174226/https://www.livemint.com/market/commodities/india-to-store-crude-oil-in-us-11595142580582.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India+looks+to+store+cheap+oil+in+United+States+-+oil+ministere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenergy.economictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Foil-and-gas%2Findia-looks-to-store-cheap-oil-in-united-states-oil-minister%2F75979637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+and+gas+industry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/ongc-starts-pumping-gas-from-kg-block/74674818">"ONGC starts pumping gas from KG block"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181729/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/ongc-starts-pumping-gas-from-kg-block/74674818">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+True+Cost+of+Providing+Energy+to+Telecom+Towers+in+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsma.com%2Fmembership%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F01%2Ftrue-cost-providing-energy-telecom-towers-india.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+and+gas+industry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldoil.com/news/2021/3/9/india-searches-for-new-energy-sources-as-global-oil-prices-rise">"India searches for new energy sources as global oil prices rise"</a>. 9 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201050/https://www.worldoil.com/news/2021/3/9/india-searches-for-new-energy-sources-as-global-oil-prices-rise">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India+searches+for+new+energy+sources+as+global+oil+prices+rise&rft.date=2021-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldoil.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F3%2F9%2Findia-searches-for-new-energy-sources-as-global-oil-prices-rise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+and+gas+industry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://helioscsp.com/an-entirely-renewable-energy-future-is-possible/">"An entirely renewable energy future is possible"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305075620/http://helioscsp.com/an-entirely-renewable-energy-future-is-possible/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+entirely+renewable+energy+future+is+possible&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhelioscsp.com%2Fan-entirely-renewable-energy-future-is-possible%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+and+gas+industry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorkman2022" class="citation web cs1">Workman, Daniel (2022-06-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstopexports.com/crude-oil-imports-by-country/">"Crude Oil Imports by Country"</a>. <i>Observatory for Economic Complexity</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627093956/https://www.worldstopexports.com/crude-oil-imports-by-country/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Observatory+for+Economic+Complexity&rft.atitle=Crude+Oil+Imports+by+Country&rft.date=2022-06-24&rft.aulast=Workman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldstopexports.com%2Fcrude-oil-imports-by-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+and+gas+industry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerma2023" class="citation web cs1">Verma, Nidhi (20 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/india/russia-makes-up-40-indian-oil-imports-dents-opecs-share-2023-10-20/#:~:text=India%20imported%20on%20average%201.76,data%20from%20industry%20sources%20showed.">"Russia makes up 40% of Indian oil imports, dents OPEC's share"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231104191536/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/russia-makes-up-40-indian-oil-imports-dents-opecs-share-2023-10-20/#:~:text=India%20imported%20on%20average%201.76,data%20from%20industry%20sources%20showed.">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russia+makes+up+40%25+of+Indian+oil+imports%2C+dents+OPEC%27s+share&rft.date=2023-10-20&rft.aulast=Verma&rft.aufirst=Nidhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Findia%2Frussia-makes-up-40-indian-oil-imports-dents-opecs-share-2023-10-20%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIndia%2520imported%2520on%2520average%25201.76%2Cdata%2520from%2520industry%2520sources%2520showed.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+and+gas+industry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahgal" class="citation news cs1">Sahgal, Ram. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/news/how-to-trade-in-crude-oil-futures/articleshow/74452172.cms?from=mdr">"How to trade in crude oil futures"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805053634/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/news/how-to-trade-in-crude-oil-futures/articleshow/74452172.cms?from=mdr">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=How+to+trade+in+crude+oil+futures&rft.aulast=Sahgal&rft.aufirst=Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fmarkets%2Fcommodities%2Fnews%2Fhow-to-trade-in-crude-oil-futures%2Farticleshow%2F74452172.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+and+gas+industry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/brent-crude-futures-the-ideal-choice-for-indian-hedgers/75550624">"Brent Crude Futures: The Ideal Choice for Indian Hedgers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200517144201/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/brent-crude-futures-the-ideal-choice-for-indian-hedgers/75550624">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brent+Crude+Futures%3A+The+Ideal+Choice+for+Indian+Hedgers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenergy.economictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Foil-and-gas%2Fbrent-crude-futures-the-ideal-choice-for-indian-hedgers%2F75550624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+and+gas+industry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahgal" class="citation news cs1">Sahgal, Ram. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/news/big-brokers-might-knock-hc-today-to-stop-crude-payout-on-mcx/articleshow/75285474.cms">"Big brokers might knock HC door today to stop crude oil payout on MCX"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200424210558/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/news/big-brokers-might-knock-hc-today-to-stop-crude-payout-on-mcx/articleshow/75285474.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Big+brokers+might+knock+HC+door+today+to+stop+crude+oil+payout+on+MCX&rft.aulast=Sahgal&rft.aufirst=Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fmarkets%2Fcommodities%2Fnews%2Fbig-brokers-might-knock-hc-today-to-stop-crude-payout-on-mcx%2Farticleshow%2F75285474.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+and+gas+industry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/commodities/news/wti-oil-price-fall-negative-100-barrel-next-month-mizuho-2020-4-1029118352">"Oil could hit negative $100 per barrel next month, according to one analyst"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200424033858/https://markets.businessinsider.com/commodities/news/wti-oil-price-fall-negative-100-barrel-next-month-mizuho-2020-4-1029118352">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oil+could+hit+negative+%24100+per+barrel+next+month%2C+according+to+one+analyst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarkets.businessinsider.com%2Fcommodities%2Fnews%2Fwti-oil-price-fall-negative-100-barrel-next-month-mizuho-2020-4-1029118352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+and+gas+industry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ppac.gov.in/content/149_1_PricesPetroleum.aspx">"Indian Basket Crude price"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519025347/https://www.ppac.gov.in/content/149_1_PricesPetroleum.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IGX+commences+natural+gas+trade+from+two+new+hubs+in+Maharashtra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenergy.economictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Foil-and-gas%2Figx-commences-natural-gas-trade-from-two-new-hubs-in-maharashtra%2F82183488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+and+gas+industry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1167477996/legis1167478048_Legislative_Brief_PNGRB_Bill_2005.pdf">"The Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Bill, 2005"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225133620/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1167477996/legis1167478048_Legislative_Brief_PNGRB_Bill_2005.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Gas+Exchange&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.igxindia.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F06%2FIGX-Launch-Presentation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+and+gas+industry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Half_of_what_you_pay_for_petrol_is_taxes-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Half_of_what_you_pay_for_petrol_is_taxes_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYousaf2011" class="citation news cs1">Yousaf, Shamsheer (May 16, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073348/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/161967/half-you-pay-petrol-taxes.html">"Half of what you pay for petrol is taxes"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deccanherald.com/content/161967/half-you-pay-petrol-taxes.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oil+prices+decoded%3A+Who+gets+what+when+you+fill+up+your+vehicle+with+a+litre+of+fuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moneycontrol.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Foil-prices-decoded-who-gets-what-when-you-fill-up-your-vehicle-with-a-litre-of-fuel-petrol-diesel-2540707.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+and+gas+industry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/gas-price-for-ongc-to-inch-up-to-1-82-fall-below-4-for-reliance-bp/81650087">"Gas price for ONGC to inch up to $1.82, fall below $4 for Reliance-BP"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323111053/https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/gas-price-for-ongc-to-inch-up-to-1-82-fall-below-4-for-reliance-bp/81650087">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oil and gas industry in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Myanmar" title="Oil and gas industry in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in the Philippines (page does not exist)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and gas industry in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" 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