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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Historia azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Audio_digitaleko_disko_optikoen_prototipoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_digitaleko_disko_optikoen_prototipoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Audio digitaleko disko optikoen prototipoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_digitaleko_disko_optikoen_prototipoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lankidetza_eta_estandarizazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lankidetza_eta_estandarizazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lankidetza eta estandarizazioa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lankidetza_eta_estandarizazioa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Lankidetza eta estandarizazioa azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lankidetza_eta_estandarizazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Merkaturatzea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merkaturatzea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Merkaturatzea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merkaturatzea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funtzionamendua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funtzionamendua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Funtzionamendua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funtzionamendua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Motak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Motak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Motak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Motak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CD-ROM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CD-ROM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>CD-ROM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CD-ROM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CD-R" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CD-R"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>CD-R</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CD-R-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CD-RW" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CD-RW"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>CD-RW</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CD-RW-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disko_trinko_unitatea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disko_trinko_unitatea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Disko trinko unitatea</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disko_trinko_unitatea-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Disko trinko unitatea azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Disko_trinko_unitatea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Irakurgailua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irakurgailua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Irakurgailua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irakurgailua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salneurria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salneurria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Salneurria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salneurria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abantailak_eta_eragozpenak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abantailak_eta_eragozpenak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Abantailak eta eragozpenak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abantailak_eta_eragozpenak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Abantailak eta eragozpenak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Abantailak_eta_eragozpenak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abantailak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abantailak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Abantailak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abantailak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eragozpenak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eragozpenak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Eragozpenak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eragozpenak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Eduki-taula" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Disko trinko (CD)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 103 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-103" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">103 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserskyf" title="Laserskyf – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Laserskyf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc" title="Compact Disc – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Compact Disc" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B2%E1%8B%B2" title="ሲዲ – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሲዲ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_compacto" title="Disco compacto – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Disco compacto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B5_%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B7" title="قرص مضغوط – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قرص مضغوط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%A8%DC%90_%DC%9A%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%A8%DC%90" title="ܩܘܪܨܐ ܚܠܝܨܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܘܪܨܐ ܚܠܝܨܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discu_compautu" title="Discu compautu – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Discu compautu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="سی‌دی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سی‌دی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc" title="Compact Disc – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Compact Disc" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuompakt%C4%97nis_d%C4%97sks" title="Kuompaktėnis dėsks – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kuompaktėnis dėsks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Кампакт-дыск – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кампакт-дыск" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Кампакт-дыск – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кампакт-дыск" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Компактдиск – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Компактдиск" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="কমপ্যাক্ট ডিস্ক – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কমপ্যাক্ট ডিস্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Compact disc" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_compacte" title="Disc compacte – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Disc compacte" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%BE%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88" title="پەپکی پەستێنراو – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەپکی پەستێنراو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaktn%C3%AD_disk" title="Kompaktní disk – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kompaktní disk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crynoddisg" title="Crynoddisg – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Crynoddisg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd" title="Cd – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc" title="Compact Disc – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Compact Disc" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Compact disc" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompakta_disko" title="Kompakta disko – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kompakta disko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_compacto" title="Disco compacto – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disco compacto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87" title="لوح فشرده – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوح فشرده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-levy" title="CD-levy – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="CD-levy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disque_compact" title="Disque compact – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Disque compact" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dl%C3%BAthdhiosca" title="Dlúthdhiosca – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dlúthdhiosca" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_compacto" title="Disco compacto – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Disco compacto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jysk_cumir" title="Jysk cumir – manxera" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Jysk cumir" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="תקליטור – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקליטור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95" title="सघन चक – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सघन चक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_compacte" title="Disco compacte – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Disco compacte" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakram_padat" title="Cakram padat – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cakram padat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geisladiskur" title="Geisladiskur – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Geisladiskur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Compact disc" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF" title="コンパクトディスク – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンパクトディスク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D2%9B%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Ықшам дискі – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ықшам дискі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8" title="ស៊ីឌី – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស៊ីឌី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%A4%ED%8C%A9%ED%8A%B8_%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC" title="콤팩트 디스크 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콤팩트 디스크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Compact disc" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Компакт диск – komiera" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Компакт диск" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discus_compactus" title="Discus compactus – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Discus compactus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – lombardiera" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaktin%C4%97_plok%C5%A1tel%C4%97" title="Kompaktinė plokštelė – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kompaktinė plokštelė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaktdisks" title="Kompaktdisks – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kompaktdisks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Компакт-диск – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Компакт-диск" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Компактен диск – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Компактен диск" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="കോംപാക്റ്റ് ഡിസ്ക് – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോംപാക്റ്റ് ഡിസ്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakera_padat" title="Cakera padat – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cakera padat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – mirandesa" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="စီဒီဓာတ်ပြား – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စီဒီဓာတ်ပြား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc" title="Compact Disc – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Compact Disc" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="कम्प्याक्ट डिस्क – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कम्प्याक्ट डिस्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Compact disc" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaktplate" title="Kompaktplate – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kompaktplate" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95" title="ਕਮਪੈਕਟ ਡਿਸਕ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਮਪੈਕਟ ਡਿਸਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc" title="Compact Disc – pampangera" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Compact Disc" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampangera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82yta_kompaktowa" title="Płyta kompaktowa – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Płyta kompaktowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DA%88%DB%8C" title="سی ڈی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سی ڈی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%83%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%BC%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84%D9%89_(CD)" title="كېښكلى ټيكلى (CD) – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="كېښكلى ټيكلى (CD)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Compact disc" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91it%27isqa_phiruru" title="Ñit'isqa phiruru – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñit'isqa phiruru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_compact" title="Disc compact – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Disc compact" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Компакт-диск – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Компакт-диск" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Компакт-диискэ – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Компакт-диискэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc" title="Compact Disc – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Compact Disc" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaktni_disk" title="Kompaktni disk – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kompaktni disk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="සංයුක්ත තැටිය – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංයුක්ත තැටිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Compact disc" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaktn%C3%BD_disk" title="Kompaktný disk – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kompaktný disk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgo%C5%A1%C4%8Denka" title="Zgoščenka – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgoščenka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disku_kompakt" title="Disku kompakt – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Disku kompakt" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Компакт-диск – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Компакт-диск" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diski_gandamize" title="Diski gandamize – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Diski gandamize" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="குறுந்தகடு – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குறுந்தகடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="కంపాక్ట్ డిస్క్ – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కంపాక్ట్ డిస్క్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="แผ่นซีดี – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แผ่นซีดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Компакт-диск – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Компакт-диск" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9_%DA%88%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="کمپیکٹ ڈسک – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کمپیکٹ ڈسک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompakt-disk" title="Kompakt-disk – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kompakt-disk" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99" title="סידי – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סידי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%84%E5%94%B1%E7%89%87" title="雷射唱片 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雷射唱片" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD" title="CD – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="CD" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34467#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Disko_trinko_(CD)" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eztabaida:Disko_trinko_(CD)" rel="discussion" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aldatu hizkuntza aldaera" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">euskara</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Ikusketak"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Disko_trinko_(CD)"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresnak" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresnak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Disko_trinko_(CD)"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&action=history"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Disko_trinko_(CD)" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Disko_trinko_(CD)" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&oldid=9343242" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Disko_trinko_%28CD%29&id=9343242&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDisko_trinko_%28CD%29"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDisko_trinko_%28CD%29"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Disko+trinko+%28CD%29"><span>Liburu bat sortu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Disko_trinko_%28CD%29&action=show-download-screen"><span>Deskargatu PDF formatuan</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inprimatzeko bertsioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" 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colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color:#66CDAA;">Disko trinko (CD)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;border-top: 2px solid #ADD8E6; border-bottom: 2px solid #ADD8E6; background-color:#B0E0E6;"><a href="/wiki/Disko_optiko_(informatika)" title="Disko optiko (informatika)">disko optikoa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine-readable_medium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Machine-readable medium (sortu gabe)">machine-readable medium</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048236?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Memoria_(informatika)" title="Memoria (informatika)">Memoria</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_storage_device&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audio storage device (sortu gabe)">audio storage device</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354004?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_%26_sound_recording_product&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music & sound recording product (sortu gabe)">music & sound recording product</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117208271?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:OD_Compact_disc.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/OD_Compact_disc.svg/285px-OD_Compact_disc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="285" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/OD_Compact_disc.svg/428px-OD_Compact_disc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/OD_Compact_disc.svg/570px-OD_Compact_disc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Compact_discs" title="c:Category:Compact discs"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/10px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Compact_discs" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Compact discs">Irudi gehiago</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Compact_Disc_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Compact_Disc_wordmark.svg/100px-Compact_Disc_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Compact_Disc_wordmark.svg/150px-Compact_Disc_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Compact_Disc_wordmark.svg/200px-Compact_Disc_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="213" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:#66CDAA;">Fabrikazioa</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Sortzailea</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_Natuurkundig_Laboratorium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium (sortu gabe)">Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1741148?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Diseinatzailea</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kees_Schouhamer_Immink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kees Schouhamer Immink (sortu gabe)">Kees Schouhamer Immink</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Russell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Russell (sortu gabe)">James Russell</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308724?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Ikonoa</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:CD-ROM_Icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/CD-ROM_Icon.png/80px-CD-ROM_Icon.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/CD-ROM_Icon.png/120px-CD-ROM_Icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/CD-ROM_Icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:#66CDAA;">Historia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Aurrekoa</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Binilozko_disko" class="mw-redirect" title="Binilozko disko">binilozko disko</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Disko_fonografiko" title="Disko fonografiko">disko fonografiko</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Hurrengoa</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr><td><b>Sorrera</b></td><td>1979</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Jabea</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> -</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Disko trinko</b>a edo <b>disko konpaktu</b>a,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ingeles" title="Ingeles">ingelesezko</a> <b>CD</b> siglez ezagunagoa, datuak gordetzeko euskarria da, <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> konpainiak, <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> konpainiaren laguntzaz, musika formatu digitalean gordetzeko asmoz sortua eta lehenengo aldiz <a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982an</a> merkaturatua. 12 <a href="/wiki/Zentimetro" title="Zentimetro">cm</a>-ko diametroko disko zirkularra da, erdian zulo bat eta 1,2 <a href="/wiki/Milimetro" title="Milimetro">mm</a>-ko sakonera duena. 80 minutuko audioa edo 700 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a> datu gorde ditzake. Mini-CDek 8 cm dituzte, eta sinpleak eta kontrolatzaileak banatzeko erabiltzen dira 24 minutuko audioa edo 210 MBko datuak gordeta. </p><p>CD teknologia, hasieran, <a href="/wiki/Audio" title="Audio">audiorako</a> erabili zen, eta ondoren hedatu, eta egokitu zen <a href="/wiki/Datu_(informatika)" title="Datu (informatika)">datuak</a> (CD-ROM), <a href="/wiki/Bideo" title="Bideo">bideoak</a> (VCD eta SVCD), <a href="/wiki/Grabazio" title="Grabazio">etxeko grabazioak</a> (CD-R eta CD-RW) eta datu mistoak (CD-i, Photo CD eta CD EXTRA) biltegiratzeko. <a href="/wiki/Bideojoko" title="Bideojoko">Bideojokoen</a> kontsoletan, kartutxoak ordezkatzeko ere erabiltzen hasi zen, eta <a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStationen</a> kasua izan zen arrakastatsuena. </p><p>Disko trinkoak ospea du egungo munduan,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bereziki <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a>: hor, bere arrakastak bere horretan segitzen du.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007an</a> sortu zenetik, mundu osoan 200.000 milioi ale saldu dira. Hala ere, disko trinkoak beste banaketa digital eta biltegiratze mota batzuekin osatzen dira, hala nola <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> memoriak, <a href="/wiki/SD_txartel" class="mw-redirect" title="SD txartel">SD</a> txartelak, <a href="/wiki/Disko_gogor" title="Disko gogor">disko gogorrak</a>, hodeiko biltegiratzea eta egoera solidoko unitateak. 2000. urtean gailurra jo zuenetik, CDren salmentek % 50 inguru egin dute behera.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Disko trinkoa laserdiscaren bilakaera naturala da. Prototipoak Philipsek eta Sonyk garatu zituzten, lehenik modu independentean eta ondoren, elkarrekin. 1980ko ekainean, industriara aurkeztu zen, eta mundu osoko 40 konpainia atxiki zitzaizkion produktu berriari erreproduzitzaileak eta diskoak ekoizteko lizentziak eskuratuz. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Schouhamerimmink.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Schouhamerimmink.jpg/220px-Schouhamerimmink.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Schouhamerimmink.jpg/330px-Schouhamerimmink.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Schouhamerimmink.jpg/440px-Schouhamerimmink.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kees_Schouhamer_Immink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kees Schouhamer Immink (sortu gabe)">Kees Schouhamer Immink</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmy_saria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emmy saria (sortu gabe)">Emmy saria</a> jaso zuen disko trinkoari egindako ekarpen sortzaileengatik, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> disc.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio_digitaleko_disko_optikoen_prototipoak">Audio digitaleko disko optikoen prototipoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Audio digitaleko disko optikoen prototipoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Audio digitaleko disko optikoen prototipoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1974an, Phillipseko Korporazio Teknologikoaren barruan audio-industriako taldearen zuzendari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lou_Ottens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lou Ottens (sortu gabe)">Lou Ottensek</a> zazpi pertsonako proiektu-talde bat sortzeko ekimena aurkeztu zuen <a href="/wiki/Disko_fonografiko" title="Disko fonografiko">binilozko disko</a> handi eta hauskorrek baino soinu-kalitate hobeagoko 20 cm-ko diametroa duen audio optikoko disko bat garatzeko. 1974ko martxoan, audio-taldearen bilera batean, Philipseko ikerketa-laborategiko bi ingeniarik 20 cm-ko disko optikoan formatu digital bat erabiltzea gomendatu zuten, akatsak zuzentzeko kode bat gehitu baitzekiokeen. Audio digital optikoko disko txiki bat eta erreproduzitzaile txiki bat sortzeko, taldeko zuzendariek ez zuten laborategi bat sortzea erabaki 1977ra arte. «<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disko trinko</a>»<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lokuzioa aukeratu zen Philipsen beste produktu batekin bat etorriz, kasete trinkoarekin. 20 cm-ko tamaina originalaren ordez, disko trinko horren diametroa 11,5 cm-koa zen, kasete trinko baten diagonalaren tamaina baitzen. </p><p>Bitartean, Sonyk 1976ko irailean, audio digital optikoko disko bat jendaurrean lehen aldiz erakutsi zuen. Geroago, 1978ko irailean, konpainiak audio digital optikoko disko bat erakutsi zuen 150 minutuko erreprodukzio-denborarekin, 44.056 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz-eko</a> audio-seinaleen laginketa-abiadurarekin grabatua, 16 <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">biteko</a> bereizmen lineala eta gurutzatze-elkartuaren erroreen zuzenketa-kodearekin; geroago, 1980an, Compact Discen formatuan ezarriko ziren zehaztapenen antzekoak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lankidetza_eta_estandarizazioa">Lankidetza eta estandarizazioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Lankidetza eta estandarizazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Lankidetza eta estandarizazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geroago, 1979an, Sonyk eta Philipsek, elkarrekin, ingeniari talde bat sortu zuten audio digitaleko disko berri bat diseinatzeko. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kees_Schouhamer_Immink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kees Schouhamer Immink (sortu gabe)">Kees Schouhamer Immink</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toshitada_Doi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toshitada Doi (sortu gabe)">Toshitada Doi</a> buru zirela, ikerketak <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laserraren</a> teknologia eta bi enpresek modu independentean hasitako disko optikoa bultzatu zuen. Esperimentazio eta eztabaida urte baten ondoren, lantaldeak CD-DA estandarraren Liburu Gorria ekoitzi zuen. 1980an argitaratu zen lehen aldiz eta, 1987an, <a href="/wiki/Nazioarteko_Batzorde_Elektroteknikoa" title="Nazioarteko Batzorde Elektroteknikoa">Nazioarteko Batzorde Elektroteknikoak</a> formalki onartu zuen nazioarteko estandar gisa. Zenbait zuzenketa egin eta gero, 1996an, arauaren parte izaten hasi zen. </p><p>Philipsek manufaktura orokorrean lagundu zuen, LaserDiscen teknologian oinarrituta, zortzitik hamalaura bitarteko modulazioa (EFM ingelesezko sigletan) sartzeko. Horrek urraduren eta hatz-marken aurkako nolabaiteko erresistentzia eskaintzen zien; Sonyk, bitartean, CIRC erroreen zuzenketa-metodoari ekin zion. </p><p>Konpaktuen historiak,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lantaldeko kide ohi batek kontatuta, erabaki tekniko ugariei buruzko aurrekariak ematen ditu, laginketa-maiztasuna, erreprodukzio-denbora eta diskoaren diametroa barne. Lantaldea lau edo zortzi lagunen artean zegoen osatua, baina, Philipsen arabera, disko trinkoa «talde gisa lan egiten zuen talde handi batek asmatu zuen, taldean». </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merkaturatzea">Merkaturatzea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Merkaturatzea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Merkaturatzea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1981ean, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a> orkestra-zuzendariak, disko trinkoen balioaz konbentzituta, <a href="/wiki/Salzburgo" title="Salzburgo">Salzburgoko Jaialdian</a> sustatu zituen, eta une horretatik aurrera hasi zen haren arrakasta. <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europan</a>, disko trinkoetan grabatutako lehen izenburuak hauek izan ziren: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Straussen</a> <a href="/wiki/Alpeetako_Sinfonia" title="Alpeetako Sinfonia">Alpeetako sinfonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Arrau" title="Claudio Arrau">Claudio Arrau</a> <a href="/wiki/Piano-jotzaile" title="Piano-jotzaile">piano-jotzaile</a> <a href="/wiki/Txiletar" title="Txiletar">txiletarrak</a> interpretatutako <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopinen</a> <a href="/wiki/Bals" title="Bals">balsak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/ABBA" title="ABBA">ABBAren</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Visitors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Visitors (sortu gabe)"><i>The Visitors</i> albuma</a>. 1983an, <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBSk</a> (egun, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony Music</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">Estatu Batuetan</a> egindako lehen disko trinkoa ekoitzi zuen, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joelen</a> album bat.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disko trinkoen ekoizpena Estatu Batuetan eta <a href="/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania">Alemanian</a> kontzentratu zen hainbat urtez, eta handik zabaltzen ziren mundu osora. </p><p>1982ko urrian hasi ziren Sony eta Philips disko trinkoa merkaturatzen. 1984an, <a href="/wiki/Informatika" title="Informatika">informatikaren</a> mundura atera ziren, eta 650 MB (74 min.) biltegiratzea ahalbidetzen zuen eta, 1990eko hamarkadaren amaieran, 700 MB (80 min.) gordetzeko aukera </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funtzionamendua">Funtzionamendua</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Funtzionamendua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Funtzionamendua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CD baten lan egiteko era berez oso sinplea da. Laser argi bat jaurtitzen da <a href="/wiki/Disko_optiko_(informatika)" title="Disko optiko (informatika)">diskoaren</a> gainazaleraren aurka eta diodo bat arduratzen da erreflektatutako argia aztertzeaz. Islatutako argia altua edo baxua izango da eta irakurketa egin ondoren <a href="/wiki/PUZ" class="mw-redirect" title="PUZ">PUZari</a> zerokoak edo batekoak itzultzen dizkio. Oso txikia izateak egitura hori guzti berezia egiten du. </p><p>Hasieran, CDaren grabaketa lantegian egin behar da, disko maisu batean, laser oso ahaltsu batez, bertan informazioa gordetzen duten zuloak egiteko. Disko maisua molde bat egiteko erabiltzen da: kopia guztiak egiteko erabiliko da. </p><p>CDaren oinarrizko osagaia 1,2 mm-ko sakonerako <a href="/wiki/Polikarbonato" title="Polikarbonato">polikarbonatozko</a> pieza zirkular bat da. Moldea erabiliz, pieza hartan zuloak “kopiatzen” dira, ez laser bidez, presio bidez baizik. Zulatutako eskualdeak <a href="/wiki/Pit_(cd)" title="Pit (cd)"><i>pit</i></a> dira eta zulatu gabeak, <a href="/wiki/Pit_(cd)" title="Pit (cd)"><i>land</i></a>. Zulaketaren ondoren, polikarbonatozko pieza hori soilik 125 nm zabalerako <a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">aluminiozko</a> pieza batez estaltzen da. Horren gainean, <a href="/wiki/Akriliko" class="mw-disambig" title="Akriliko">akrilikozko</a> pieza garden bat jartzen da, babesteko. Azkenik, akrilikoaren gainean etiketa bat jartzen zaio. </p><p>CDa irakurtzean, <i>land</i> eta <i>pit</i> horiek 0 eta 1era pasa behar dira, ordenagailuak uler ditzan. Horretarako, oinarrizkoa da CD irakurgailuetako laser argia. Laser argi hori potentzia baxuko argi infragorria da eta CDaren azpiko aldera zuzentzen da. Argiak polikarbonatozko geruza zeharkatzen du eta aluminiozko geruzaren aurka talka egiten du. Argiak putzu bat (<i>pit</i>) aurkitu badu, islatutako argia oso txikia da. Bestalde, <i>land</i> batekin topo egiten badu argi asko islatutako da. Argi hori diodo batek aztertzen du, eta jasotako argi kopuruaren arabera, oso erraz jakin dezake <i>land</i> edo <i>pit</i> batera zuzendu den. </p><p><i>Land</i>ak eta <i>pit</i>ak ez dira zuzenean 0 eta 1-era pasatzen. Hau da, <i>land</i> batek ez du 0 balio logikoa ezta <i>pit</i>ak 1-ekoa ere: <i>land</i> batek aurreko egoera logikoa mantentzen du eta <i>pit</i> batek, irauli. Horrela, CD batean egin behar diren zuloak minimizatzea lortzen da, grabaketa prozesua azkartuz. </p><p>CDak pista bakarra du, kiribilean, CDaren erdialdetik kanpoalderaino. Kiribila hain da estua (0,5 μm), ezen zuzen batean jarriko balitz, 5 km-ko luzera izango bailuke. Gainera, itzuli bakoitza eta aurrekoaren arteko distantzia ere oso txikia da: 1,6 μm. Horrek argi uzten du CD batean sar daitekeen informazio andana. </p><p>Informazioa dentsitate lineal konstantean gordetzen da, hots, kiribilaren luzera bera hartuta, bai erdian bai kanpoan, <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a> kopuru bera dago. Horren eraginez, diskoaren erdialdean informazio gutxiago dago kanpoaldean baino, erdialdea kiribilaren itzuliaren distantzia txikiagoa delako. CDa irakurtzean, aitzitik, datuen gainetik laserrak abiadura berean iragan behar du. Horren ondorioz, irakurgailuak biratzeko abiadura aldatu behar du, segundo bakoitzean beti bit kopuru bera irakurtzeko. Abiadura altuagoa da erdialdean (500 RPM) kanpoaldean baino (200 RPM). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motak">Motak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Motak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Motak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «CD-ROM»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: CD-ROM"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CD-ROMa datuak eta programak biltzeko CDaren aldaera teknologikoa da. CD-ROM batek 870 MB-eraino informazio gorde dezake, nahiz eta gaur egun arruntenak 700 MB-ekoak diren. Entzuteko CD batekiko alde nabarmenena bertan datuak biltegiratzeko moduan dago. Datuen eskualdea CD-ROM batean sektoretan banatuta dago eta sektore bakoitzak informazio mota berdina gordetzen du. Sektore bakoitza 2352 <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytekoa</a> da eta honela banatzen da: </p> <ul><li>12 byte sinkronizaziorako</li> <li>4 byte identifikaziorako</li> <li>2048 byte erabiltzailearen datuetarako</li> <li>288 byte erroreen detekzio eta zuzenketarako</li></ul> <p>Hala ere, erabiltzaileak ez ditu sektoreak erabiltzen, hauek baina abstraktuagoak diren eta giza ulermenetik gertuago dauden fitxategiekin lan egiten du. Fitxategiak erabiltzeko estandarrak finkatuta daude eta erabiliena ISO 9660 da. Bertan, fitxategiak nola sailkatu behar diren eta zein ezaugarri izan behar dituzten zehazten da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CD-R">CD-R</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «CD-R»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: CD-R"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CDak datu handiak gordetzeko euskarri aproposa dira baina interesa galduko lukete fabrikan bakarrik grabatu ahalko balira. Horregatik, CD-R direlakoak (<i>Compact Disc Recordable</i> edo CD grabagarria) sortu ziren. Horrela, CD-R bat etxeko PCtik bertatik grabatu daiteke, baina behin idatzitakoan, ez daiteke ezer ezaba. Hori dela eta, WORM (<i>Write Once, Read Multiple</i>) motakoak direla ere esaten da. </p><p>Diskoan dauden datua ezabatu ezin daitekeen arren, bertan aldi anitzetan gorde daitezke datuak. Horrela, erabiltzaileak nahi dituen datuak saio batean gordetzen ditu eta gehiago sartu ditzake ondorengo saioetan. </p><p>CD-R bakoitzak aurretik grabatutako espiral bat dauka, baina ez dago aluminioz osatuta, pigmentu zehargarri batez, baizik, geruza islatzaile batez inguratua. Idazteko laserrak osagai horren aurka talka egiten duenean, hau berotu eta koloregabetu egiten du. Irakurtzerako garaian, argiak geruza zehargarria iragaten du eta geruza islatzailearen islatzen da. Argiaren itzuleran, koloregabetutako eskualde batean baldin badago argiak nahiko intentsitate galtzen du eta bestela oso intentsitate gutxi galtzen du. Modu horretan, putzuak (<i>pit</i>), koloregabetutako eskualdeak, eta eskualde lauak (<i>land</i>), erre gabeko guneak, simulatzen dira. Irakurketan gertatzen diren argi aldaketak fabrikan egindako CDetan gertatzen direnen oso antzekoak direnez, CD-ROM irakurgailu arruntetatik oso erraz erabili daiteke, inongo arazorik gabe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CD-RW">CD-RW</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «CD-RW»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: CD-RW"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gordetako informazioa ezabatu ahal izateko eta berriro bertan idatzi ahal izateko sortu ziren CD-RW (CD re-writable, edo behin eta berriz graba daitezkeen CDak). Espirala osatzen duen substantzia berezi batean oinarritzen da. Sustantzia horrek fase aldaketak jasaten ditu. Hau da, berezko egoeran —kristalinoan, alegia— argia islatzen du. Berotzen bada (laserraren bitartez) sustantzia egoera amorfo batera pasatzen da eta ez du argirik islatzen, modu horretara <i>pit</i>-ak simulatuz. Baina CD-RWaren berezitasuna honakoa da; sustantzia hori bigarren tenperatura batera (altuagoa) berotzen bada eta hozten utzi, honek egoera kristalinoa berreskuratzen du. Horrela, berriro bertan grabatzeko aukera emanaz. Prozesu hau askotan (milaka alditan) errepikatu ondoren, sustantzia honek bere propietateak galtzen ditu. Hots, sustantziak egoeraz ez aldatzeko joera erakusten du, erroreak agertu daitezkeelarik. Errore hauek asko izatera iristen direnean, disko hau ezingo da gehiago erabili. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disko_trinko_unitatea">Disko trinko unitatea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Disko trinko unitatea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Disko trinko unitatea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irakurgailua">Irakurgailua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Irakurgailua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Irakurgailua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:LectoraCD.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/LectoraCD.PNG/400px-LectoraCD.PNG" decoding="async" width="400" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/LectoraCD.PNG/600px-LectoraCD.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/LectoraCD.PNG 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption>Disko trinkoak irakurtzeko gailu baten xehetasunak.</figcaption></figure> <p>CD <a href="/wiki/Irakurgailu_automatiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Irakurgailu automatiko">irakurgailua</a>, CD erreproduzitzailea ere deitua, gailu optikoa da, eta audioko, bideoko, datuetako eta abarretako CDak erreproduzitzeko gai da disko horietan dagoen informazioa irakurtzeko laser bat erabiliz. </p><p>Disko trinkoen irakurgailuak osagai hauek ditu: </p> <ul><li><b>Irakurketa buru bat</b>, non laser-izpien igorle bat dagoen, diskoaren gainazalerantz argi-sorta bat jaurtitzen duena; halaber, fotorrezeptore (foto-diodo) bat ere badu, diskoaren gainazalean errebotatzen duen argi-sorta jasotzen duena. Laserra AlGaAs diodo bat izaten da, airean 780 <a href="/wiki/Nanometro" title="Nanometro">nm</a>-ko uhin-luzera duena. (<a href="/wiki/Infragorri" title="Infragorri">Infragorrietatik</a> hurbil, gure ikusmen-tartea 700 nm-raino iristen da, gutxi gorabehera); beraz, giza begiarentzat, argi ikusezina da, baina ez, hala, kaltegabea. Laser sorta baterantz begiratzea, beti saihestu behar da. <a href="/wiki/Polikarbonato" title="Polikarbonato">Polikarbonatoaren</a> barruko <a href="/wiki/Uhin-luzera" title="Uhin-luzera">uhin-luzerak</a> airean baino <a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a>=1.55 faktore txikiagoa du, hau da, 500 nm.</li> <li>Disko trinkoa birarazten duen <b>motor bat</b>, eta burua erradialki mugitzen duen beste bat. Bi mekanismo horiekin, disko osorako sarbidea dago. Motorra CLVaz (<i>Constant Linear Velocity</i>) arduratzen da, eta, abiadura lineala beti konstantea izan dadin, motorraren abiadura doitzen duen sistema da. Horrela, irakurketa-burua ertzetik gertu dagoenean, motorrak astiroago biratzen du erdigunetik gertu dagoenean baino. Horrek asko zailtzen du irakurgailua eraikitzea, baina datuak sisteman sartzeko tasa konstantea izango dela ziurtatzen du. Kasu horretan, <a href="/wiki/Mikrokontrolagailu" title="Mikrokontrolagailu">mikrokontrolagailu</a> batek kontrolatzen du errotazio-abiadura, eta irakurketa-buruaren posizioaren arabera jarduten du datuetara ausaz sartu ahal izateko. CD-ROMek, gainera, abiadura angeluarra konstante mantentzea ahalbidetzen dute, CAVa (Constant Angular Velocity). Garrantzitsua da hori kontuan hartzea CD-ROMak irakurtzeko abiadurei buruz hitz egiten denean.</li> <li><b>DAC bat</b>, CD-audioen kasuan eta ia CD-ROM guztietan. DAC (<i>Digital to Analogical Converter</i>) seinale <a href="/wiki/Sistema_digital" title="Sistema digital">digitaletik</a> seinale <a href="/wiki/Analogiko" title="Analogiko">analogikorako</a> bihurgailua da, <a href="/wiki/Bozgorailu" title="Bozgorailu">bozgorailuetara</a> bidaltzen dena. DACak <a href="/wiki/Soinu-txartel" title="Soinu-txartel">soinu-txarteletan</a> ere daude eta, gehienek ADC bat dute, prozesua alderantzizkoa egiten duena, analogikotik digitalera.</li> <li>Beste <a href="/wiki/Serbosistema" title="Serbosistema">serbosistema</a> batzuk, adibidez, laserra espiralean zehar gidatzen duena; diskoaren eta buruaren arteko distantzia zehatza ziurtatzen duena; laserra diskora primeran iristeko edo akatsak zuzentzen dituena, eta abar.</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Lector_CD.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lector_CD.JPG/600px-Lector_CD.JPG" decoding="async" width="600" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lector_CD.JPG/900px-Lector_CD.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lector_CD.JPG/1200px-Lector_CD.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1756" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>CD-ROM irakurgailu baten burua: 1. Laser diodoa, 2. Fokuen lentea, 3. Ray Divisor, 4. Ispilua (laserra gorantz zuzentzen du, non foku lentea dagoen eta azkenik CDa), 5. Fotodetektagailua (fotoDiodoak), 6. Datuen busa, 7. Plastikozko estalkia, 8. Imanak, 9. Bobinak (fokua eta jarraipena lentea mugitzeko balio dute), 10. Kremailera eta zirrikitua (buruaren mugikortasuna CD-ROM zabaleran baimentzen du).</figcaption></figure> <p>Irakurketa buruak CD bat irakurtzeko jarraitzen dituen urratsak: </p> <ol><li>infragorrien <a href="/wiki/Diodo" title="Diodo">diodo</a> batek argi-sorta koherente bat (<a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laserra</a>) igortzen du irakurketa-buruaren parte den ispilu baterantz. Ispilu hori linealki mugitzen da diskoaren gainazalean zehar.</li> <li>Argiak sorta-zatitzaile bat zeharkatzen du, sarrerako <a href="/wiki/Sorta" title="Sorta">sorta</a> hirukoizten duena.</li> <li>Hiru sortak diskoaren gainazalean <a href="/wiki/Fokuratze" class="mw-redirect" title="Fokuratze">fokuratzen</a> dira sistema optiko baten bidez; erdiko sorta pistaren gainean mantentzen da; beste biak bi alboetan geratzen dira, eta pistaren jarraipen automatikoko sistemarako erabiltzen dira (autotracking).</li> <li>Argi intzidente hori <a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">aluminiozko</a> geruzan islatzen da polikarbonatozko estaldura zeharkatuz. Putzuen altuera (<i>pit</i>) berdina da guztietan, eta kontu handiz aukeratuta dago polikarbonatoan laserraren uhin-luzeraren ¼ izan dadin. Ideia da putzu batean islatzen den argia uhin luzera ¼ + ¼ = ½ abiadura handiagoan bidaia dezan lau (<i>land</i>) batean islatzen den argia baino.</li> <li>Islatutako argia, <a href="/wiki/Leiar" title="Leiar">Leiar</a> eta ispilu batzuen bidez, koadroan muntatutako lau <a href="/wiki/Fotodetektagailu" title="Fotodetektagailu">fotodetektagailutara</a> bideratzen da.</li> <li>Putzua-laua edo laua-putzua trantsizioa gertatzen denean, bien artean uhin-luzera ertaineko desfasea dagoenez, interferentzia suntsitzailea gertatzen da, eta ondoriozko intentsitatea ia nulua da. Putzu batean zehar edo lau batean zehar, ez dago aldaketarik, eta horren ondoriozko intentsitatea maximoa da. Fotodetektagailuek <a href="/wiki/Argi-intentsitate" title="Argi-intentsitate">argi-intentsitatearen</a> aldaketa hori sumatuko dute, eta <a href="/wiki/Energia_elektriko" title="Energia elektriko">energia elektriko</a> bihurtuko dute.</li> <li>Seinalea berreskuratzeko, lau fotodetektagailuen irteerak batu behar dira. Putzu-laua edo laua-putzua trantsizioei 1 esleitzen zaie (gutxieneko intentsitatea), eta, putzu edo lau baten barrualdeari, 0 (gehieneko intentsitatea).</li> <li>Horrela irakurritako bit-fluxua kodetu den alderantzizko ordenan deskodetzen da: lehenik EFM deskodetzaile batetik igarotzen da; gero, erroreak detektatzeko, bi mailatatik (Reed-Solomon), eta, azkenik, erroreak zuzentzeko, etapa batetik.</li> <li>Autotracking-a sentsore bakoitzak hautemandako intentsitatearen arteko aldearekin berrelikatzen da laserra pistaren gainean fokuratuta mantentzeko.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Salneurria">Salneurria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Salneurria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Salneurria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:025er_geschlossen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/025er_geschlossen.png/150px-025er_geschlossen.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/025er_geschlossen.png/225px-025er_geschlossen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/025er_geschlossen.png/300px-025er_geschlossen.png 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="1567" /></a><figcaption>CD bobina bat</figcaption></figure> <p>CDak banaka eta multzoan saltzen dira. Banaka saltzen direnean, kaxarekin etorri ohi dira. Multzoan badatoz, ordea, kaxarekin edo gabe eros daitezke, bobina batzuetan. Bobina horiek 25 edo 50 diskotakoak izaten dira, eta merkeago saltzen dira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abantailak_eta_eragozpenak">Abantailak eta eragozpenak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Abantailak eta eragozpenak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Abantailak eta eragozpenak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abantailak">Abantailak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Abantailak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Abantailak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Merkea. Euskarri hau, duen adina dela eta, oso zabaldua dago, eta beraz, edozein ordenagailuk onartzen du. Aproposak dira datu iraunkorrak mantentzeko. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eragozpenak">Eragozpenak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Eragozpenak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Eragozpenak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Idazteko motelak dira, prozesu eta software bereziak behar dira. CD-R eta CD-RW motako diskoak hauskorragoak dira: argiak eta tenperatura altuek izorratu ditzakete, kolpe fisikoek ere bai. CD-RW ezabatzerako garaian dena batera ezabatu behar da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zientzia.net/artikulua.asp?Artik_kod=3530">Zientzia.net atariko artikulua: "CD-ROMa hil da, gora DVDa!" </a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: otsaila 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disko_trinko_(CD)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/index.php?option=com_hiztegianbilatu&task=bilaketa&Itemid=1693&lang=eu&nondik=0&zenbat=100&entryId=29116&query=konpaktu">Konpaktu</a> (euskaltzaindia.eus)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFClark2022-09-05">Clark, Brian.  (2022-09-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musicianwave.com/do-people-still-buy-cds/">«Do People Still Buy CDs?»</a> <i>Musician Wave</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-28)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/new-york-times-syndicate/el-cd-sigue-siendo-el-rey-en-japon/">«El CD sigue siendo el rey… en Japón»</a> <i>El Financiero</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-28)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noticiascol.com/">«Hace 35 años se creó el primer CD»</a> <i>Noticiascol.com</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-28)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141104160226/http://www.exp-math.uni-essen.de/~immink/pdf/cdstory.htm">«THE CD STORY»</a> <i>web.archive.org</i> 2014-11-04 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-28)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/innovation/research.html">«Philips Research»</a> <i>Philips</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-28)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div class="navbox-styles"><style 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hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34467" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q34467">Q34467</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Compact_discs">Compact discs</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q34467%22">Q34467</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4522869-3">4522869-3</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh86000125">sh86000125</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575736">00575736</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121753">ph121753</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Architecture_Thesaurus" title="Art & Architecture Thesaurus">AAT</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300028673">300028673</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/compact-disc">url</a></span></li> <li><b>Medikuntzako identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span 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