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<span>Expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_Campus_and_FM_Approvals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_Campus_and_FM_Approvals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Research Campus and FM Approvals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_Campus_and_FM_Approvals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American mutual insurance company</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_bare_URLs plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-cleanup-link_rot" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>uses <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URLs</a>, which are uninformative and vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">link rot</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider converting them to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_styles" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citations</a> to ensure the article remains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiable</a> and maintains a consistent citation style. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index/Sources_of_articles#Examples" title="Wikipedia:Template index/Sources of articles">Several templates</a> and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as <span class="nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=FM_Global&defaults=y">reFill</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ReFill" title="Wikipedia:ReFill">documentation</a>)</span> and <span class="nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=FM_Global">Citation bot</a> (<a href="/wiki/User:Citation_bot" title="User:Citation bot">documentation</a>)</span>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22FM+Global%22">"FM Global"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22FM+Global%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22FM+Global%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22FM+Global%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22FM+Global%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22FM+Global%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">FM</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fm-global.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Fm-global.png/220px-Fm-global.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Fm-global.png/330px-Fm-global.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Fm-global.png/440px-Fm-global.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="347" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Private</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1835<span class="noprint">; 189 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1835</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Allen" title="Zachariah Allen">Zachariah Allen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Johnston,_Rhode_Island" title="Johnston, Rhode Island">Johnston, Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Malcolm Roberts (President and CEO)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,500</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fm.com">fm<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>FM</b> (formerly FM Global) is an American <a href="/wiki/Mutual_insurance" title="Mutual insurance">mutual insurance</a> company based in <a href="/wiki/Johnston,_Rhode_Island" title="Johnston, Rhode Island">Johnston, Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, with offices worldwide, that specializes in loss prevention services primarily to large corporations throughout the world in the <i>Highly Protected Risk</i> (HPR) property insurance market sector. "FM" is the communicative name of the company, whereas the legal name is "Factory Mutual Insurance Company". FM has been named the "Best Property Insurer in the World” by Euromoney Magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company employs a non-traditional business model whereby risk and premiums are determined by engineering analysis as opposed to historically based <a href="/wiki/Actuary" title="Actuary">actuarial</a> calculations.<sup id="cite_ref-sandia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This business approach is centered on the belief that property losses can be prevented or mitigated. FM engineering personnel regularly visit insured locations to evaluate hazards and recommend improvements to their property or work practices to reduce physical and financial risks if a loss occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FM_Global&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the depression of 1835, <a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Allen" title="Zachariah Allen">Zachariah Allen</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Textile_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile mill">textile mill</a> owner, attempted to reduce the insurance premium on his Rhode Island, USA, mill by making property improvements that he believed would minimize the damage in case of fire. At that time, insurance premium increases for losses were shared among all insureds, regardless of individual loss history. The concept of loss prevention and control was virtually unheard of at the time. To Allen, a proactive approach to preventing losses made good economic sense. </p><p>After making considerable improvements to his mill, Allen requested a reduction in his premium, but was denied. He called upon other local <a href="/wiki/Textile_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile mill">textile mill</a> owners who shared his loss prevention philosophy to create a mutual insurance company that would insure only factories with lower risks. This approach should result in fewer losses and smaller premium payments. Whatever premium remained at the end of the year would be returned to policyholders in the form of dividends. The group agreed, and by year's end, formed the Manufacturers Mutual Fire Insurance Company, the oldest predecessor of FM. </p><p>During the company's first 14 years, the mill owners and mutual policyholders of Manufacturers Mutual enjoyed an average 50% reduction in premiums compared with the premiums of other insurance companies. The fire prevention methods they developed, monitored by regular fire inspections for mill policyholders, resulted in fewer losses. Despite its initial success, one problem remained for the pioneer mutual insurance company: a single mutual insurance company could not withstand the financial cost of the loss of an entire plant. More insurance capacity was needed. In 1848, Allen formed Rhode Island Mutual. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expansion">Expansion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FM_Global&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1850, Boston Manufacturers Mutual Fire Insurance Company, the third-oldest FM Global predecessor, was created when Allen convinced a Boston merchant with significant cotton-mill ownership to form his own mutual insurance company with like-minded Boston mill owners. Throughout the next 20 years, other mutual insurance companies were added to the group roster. Together, these companies and the ones that later evolved soon became known as the Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies, or the Factory Mutuals, for short. </p><p>Loss information helped identify specific industry hazards and was used in developing loss control recommendations for policyholders in similar industries. Such information was shared among all the Factory Mutual (FM) insurance companies, and was utilized by the inspection teams. As the FM companies grew, the inspection workload became difficult to manage. By 1878, the FM companies formed a dedicated unit to handle the collective inspection activities for all the FM policyholders. This unique group of loss control specialists initially provided only inspection services. The group later began performing appraisals and adjustments, loss analysis and research activities associated with preventing fire and other hazards to benefit the mutual insurance company owners and their policyholders. Today, all of these services remain components to FM in the form of engineering and research. </p><p>The FM companies' main interests in the late 19th century and early 20th century remained focused on researching and developing products or techniques that would help mitigate property risks and advance the efforts of property conservation. In 1874, a revolutionary form of loss control entered the loss prevention scene: the fire sprinkler. While the invention was originally designed outside the realm of FM, FM's further development and promotion of the sprinkler head aided in its eventual widespread use and acceptance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>FM constructed a training and meeting space in Norwood, Massachusetts that is branded as a Four Points by Sheraton hotel. The facility includes convention/meeting spaces, guest rooms that are available to be booked by the public when not in use by FM, and an on-site restaurant, the One Bistro. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FM_Global&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beginning of the 20th century brought significant change to the FM companies. Where once the mutual insurance companies focused primarily on the familiar business of textiles primarily within the Northeast region of the US, new companies began to form that sought business beyond the traditional geographical boundaries. These mutuals began branching out into other industries, such as shoe and rubber manufacturers, <a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">foundries</a> and light, gas and power companies, while still maintaining their preference for low-risk properties. </p><p>During the next 75 to 80 years, the need for more comprehensive policyholder coverage grew, forcing a series of consolidations among the FM companies. By 1987, 42 separate mutual insurance companies had become three: Allendale Mutual Insurance Company, <a href="/wiki/Johnston,_Rhode_Island" title="Johnston, Rhode Island">Johnston</a>, R.I., USA; Arkwright-Boston Manufacturers Mutual Insurance Company, <a href="/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts" title="Waltham, Massachusetts">Waltham</a>, Mass., USA; and Protection Mutual Insurance Company, <a href="/wiki/Park_Ridge,_Illinois" title="Park Ridge, Illinois">Park Ridge</a>, Ill., USA. The three separate organizations found it difficult to deliver competitively priced, value-added engineering services in a marketplace full of increasing competition and a demand for more challenging property protection programs. The three companies were sharing the resources of an inspection group, yet were competing with one another for customers. To reduce competition and costs, in 1998 the CEOs announced their intent to merge the three companies to create FM Global. The merger was completed in 1999. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FM_Global&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FM is an international <a href="/wiki/Property_insurance" title="Property insurance">property insurance</a> and loss prevention engineering company with US$5.3 billion of in-force premium (FY2016), US$11.9 billion in policyholders' surplus (FY2016), with clients in more than 100 countries and 5500 employees.<sup id="cite_ref-fmglobal.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fmglobal.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FM awarded its largest ever membership credit in 2016 of US$407 million, intended to allow clients to share in the benefits of their risk improvement efforts, totalling nearly US$2.1 billion in total premium reduction via membership credits since 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-fmglobal.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fmglobal.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, Shivan Subramaniam resigned from his role as FM Global's CEO, but remained on the company's board of directors. His role was assigned to the company executive Thomas Lawson.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, FM appointed Malcolm C. Roberts as its president, effective August 1. Roberts will also become CEO, on January 1, 2022, following the retirement of chairman<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas A. Lawson as CEO.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_Campus_and_FM_Approvals">Research Campus and FM Approvals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FM_Global&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Research Campus and FM Approvals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FM's 1,600 acre (648 ha) Research Campus in <a href="/wiki/Glocester,_Rhode_Island" title="Glocester, Rhode Island">West Glocester</a>, Rhode Island, USA, conducts testing in fire and explosion hazards, hazards detection. These tests range from witnessing the difference in how products burn to how construction components perform in hurricane conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, FM entered into a <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Research_and_Development_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative Research and Development Agreement">Cooperative Research and Development Agreement</a> (CRADA) with <a href="/wiki/Sandia_National_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandia National Laboratory">Sandia National Laboratory</a> (US).<sup id="cite_ref-sandia_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CRADA will develop advanced diagnostics and modeling of catastrophic fires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FM_Global&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_insurance" title="Property insurance">Property insurance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FM_Global&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20080424006052&newsLang=en">http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20080424006052&newsLang=en</a> FM Global named "Best Property Insurer in the World” by Euromoney Magazine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sandia-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sandia_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sandia_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://share.sandia.gov/news/resources/releases/2004/other/fmglobal-crada.html">"Sandia establishes CRADA with FM Global"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083841/https://share.sandia.gov/news/resources/releases/2004/other/fmglobal-crada.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandia_National_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandia National Laboratory">Sandia National Laboratory</a> press release, June 24, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705065336/http://www.fmglobal.com/pdfs/bestreview.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmglobal.com/pdfs/bestreview.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmglobal.com%2Fpdfs%2Fbestreview.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFM+Global" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span>- RIMS: <i>FM Global Finds Engineering Study Superior to Actuarial Predictions</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fmglobal.com-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fmglobal.com_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fmglobal.com_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.fmglobal.com/about-us/our-business/financial-health/annual-report">https://www.fmglobal.com/about-us/our-business/financial-health/annual-report</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimaldi2014" class="citation web cs1">Grimaldi, Paul (2014-12-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.providencejournal.com/article/20141229/BUSINESS/312299969">"FM Global CEO Subramaniam stepping down after 40-year career"</a>. <i>providencejournal.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=providencejournal.com&rft.atitle=FM+Global+CEO+Subramaniam+stepping+down+after+40-year+career&rft.date=2014-12-29&rft.aulast=Grimaldi&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.providencejournal.com%2Farticle%2F20141229%2FBUSINESS%2F312299969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFM+Global" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2021" class="citation news cs1">Lucas, Paul (2021-01-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insurancebusinessmag.com/us/news/breaking-news/fm-global-introduces-another-major-name-to-its-board-243459.aspx">"FM Global introduces another major name to its board"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=FM+Global+introduces+another+major+name+to+its+board&rft.date=2021-01-13&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insurancebusinessmag.com%2Fus%2Fnews%2Fbreaking-news%2Ffm-global-introduces-another-major-name-to-its-board-243459.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFM+Global" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbn.com/roberts-named-president-of-fm-global-will-succeed-lawson-as-ceo/">"Commercial property insurer FM Global appoints Malcolm C. Roberts as president"</a>. <i>Providence Business News</i>. 2021-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Providence+Business+News&rft.atitle=Commercial+property+insurer+FM+Global+appoints+Malcolm+C.+Roberts+as+president&rft.date=2021-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpbn.com%2Froberts-named-president-of-fm-global-will-succeed-lawson-as-ceo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFM+Global" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.structuremag.org/archives/2006/August-2006/SF-FM-Global-Test-Center-Aug-06.pdf">FM Global Test Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060930050558/http://www.structuremag.org/archives/2006/August-2006/SF-FM-Global-Test-Center-Aug-06.pdf">Archived</a> 2006-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - FM Global's Research Campus</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FM_Global&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmglobal.com/">FM Global</a> - Official Web site</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aflac" title="Aflac">Aflac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambac" title="Ambac">Ambac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Insurance" title="American Family Insurance">American Family Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_International_Group" title="American International Group">American International Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkshire_Hathaway" title="Berkshire Hathaway">Berkshire Hathaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chubb_Limited" title="Chubb Limited">Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigna" title="Cigna">Cigna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNA_Financial" title="CNA Financial">CNA Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUNA_Mutual_Group" title="CUNA Mutual Group">CUNA Mutual Group</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">FM Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hartford" title="The Hartford">The Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humana" title="Humana">Humana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Mutual" title="Liberty Mutual">Liberty Mutual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Markel Corporation">Markel Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manulife" title="Manulife">Manulife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MassMutual" title="MassMutual">MassMutual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetLife" title="MetLife">MetLife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_of_America" title="Mutual of America">Mutual of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_of_Omaha" title="Mutual of Omaha">Mutual of Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Life_Group" title="National Life Group">National Life Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_Mutual_Insurance_Company" title="Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company">Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Life_Insurance_Company" title="New York Life Insurance Company">New York Life Insurance Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Mutual" title="Northwestern Mutual">Northwestern Mutual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_National_Life_Insurance_Company" title="Ohio National Life Insurance Company">Ohio National Life Insurance Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Life" title="Pacific Life">Pacific Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Corporation" title="Progressive Corporation">Progressive Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudential_Financial" title="Prudential Financial">Prudential Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Farm" title="State Farm">State Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Life_Financial" title="Sun Life Financial">Sun Life Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnitedHealth_Group" title="UnitedHealth Group">UnitedHealth Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unum" title="Unum">Unum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USAA" title="USAA">USAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_%26_Southern_Financial_Group" title="Western & Southern Financial Group">Western & Southern Financial Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Europe,_the_Middle_East_and_Africa" title="Europe, the Middle East and Africa">EMEA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegon_N.V." class="mw-redirect" title="Aegon N.V.">Aegon N.V.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageas" title="Ageas">Ageas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allianz" title="Allianz">Allianz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aon_(company)" title="Aon (company)">Aon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assicurazioni_Generali" title="Assicurazioni Generali">Assicurazioni Generali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviva" title="Aviva">Aviva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axa" title="Axa">Axa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A2loise" title="Bâloise">Bâloise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNP_Assurances" title="CNP Assurances">CNP Assurances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksam" title="Folksam">Folksam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupama" title="Groupama">Groupama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4hiTapiola" title="LähiTapiola">LähiTapiola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapfre" title="Mapfre">Mapfre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutua_Madrile%C3%B1a" title="Mutua Madrileña">Mutua Madrileña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NN_Group" title="NN Group">NN Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mutual" title="Old Mutual">Old Mutual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Group" title="Phoenix Group">Phoenix Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudential_plc" title="Prudential plc">Prudential plc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_London_Group" title="Royal London Group">Royal London Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSA_Insurance_Group" title="RSA Insurance Group">RSA Insurance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampo_Group" title="Sampo Group">Sampo Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storebrand" title="Storebrand">Storebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suva_(insurer)" title="Suva (insurer)">Suva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Life" title="Swiss Life">Swiss Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varma_Mutual_Pension_Insurance_Company" title="Varma Mutual Pension Insurance Company">Varma Mutual Pension Insurance Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurich_Insurance_Group" title="Zurich Insurance Group">Zurich Insurance Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">APAC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIA_Group" title="AIA Group">AIA Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Life_Insurance_Company" title="China Life Insurance Company">China Life Insurance Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Pacific_Insurance_Company" title="China Pacific Insurance Company">China Pacific Insurance Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai-ichi_Life" title="Dai-ichi Life">Dai-ichi Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Life" title="Great Eastern Life">Great Eastern Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyobo_Life_Insurance" title="Kyobo Life Insurance">Kyobo Life Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Insurance_Corporation" title="Life Insurance Corporation">Life Insurance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Yasuda_Life" title="Meiji Yasuda Life">Meiji Yasuda Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS%26AD_Insurance_Group" title="MS&AD Insurance Group">MS&AD Insurance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Life" title="Nippon Life">Nippon Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_Insurance" title="Income Insurance">Income Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping_An_Insurance" title="Ping An Insurance">Ping An Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QBE_Insurance" title="QBE Insurance">QBE Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singlife" title="Singlife">Singlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOMPO_Holdings" title="SOMPO Holdings">SOMPO Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Life" title="Sumitomo Life">Sumitomo Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%26D_Holdings" title="T&D Holdings">T&D Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taikang_Life_Insurance" title="Taikang Life Insurance">Taikang Life Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokio_Marine" title="Tokio Marine">Tokio Marine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Reinsurance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_Capital_Group" title="Arch Capital Group">Arch Capital Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axa_XL" title="Axa XL">Axa XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Re" title="China Re">China Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everest_Group" title="Everest Group">Everest Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Insurance_Corporation_of_India" title="General Insurance Corporation of India">General Insurance Corporation of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannover_Re" title="Hannover Re">Hannover Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Resseguros_do_Brasil" title="Instituto de Resseguros do Brasil">Instituto de Resseguros do Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Reinsurance" title="Korean Reinsurance">Korean Reinsurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London" title="Lloyd's of London">Lloyd's of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Re" title="Munich Re">Munich Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Group_of_America" title="Reinsurance Group of America">Reinsurance Group of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RenaissanceRe" title="RenaissanceRe">RenaissanceRe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCOR_SE" title="SCOR SE">SCOR SE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Re" title="Swiss Re">Swiss Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransRe" title="TransRe">TransRe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small><i>Methodology: <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Wealth_Fund_Institute" title="Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute">SWFI</a> ranking by Total Assets</i></small><br /> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> 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