CINXE.COM
Subject Guides - Guides & Tutorials - LibGuides at Portland State University
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <title>Subject Guides - Guides & Tutorials - LibGuides at Portland State University</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="robots" content="noarchive" /><!-- favicon.twig --> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/apps/common/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="//d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/apps/common/favicon/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="//d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/apps/common/favicon/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="//d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/apps/common/favicon/site.webmanifest"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="//d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/apps/common/favicon/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="//d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/apps/common/favicon/favicon.ico"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffc40d"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="//d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/apps/common/favicon/browserconfig.xml"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <!-- !favicon.twig --> <!-- public_metadata.twig --> <!-- auto generated dublin core metadata --> <meta name="DC.Title" content="LibGuides: Guides & Tutorials: Subject Guides"/> <meta name="DC.Creator" content="Mike Flakus"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" content=""/> <meta name="DC.Description" content=""/> <meta name="DC.Publishers" content="Portland State University"/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="Copyright Portland State University 2024"/> <meta name="DC.Language" content="en"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://guides.library.pdx.edu/home/subject"/> <meta name="DC.Date.Created" content="May 12, 2015"/> <meta name="DC.Date.Modified" content="Oct 22, 2024"/> <meta property="og:title" content="LibGuides: Guides & Tutorials: Subject Guides"> <meta property="og:description" content="LibGuides: Guides & Tutorials: Subject Guides"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://guides.library.pdx.edu/home/subject"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@springshare"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-assets-us.libguides.com/web/jquery/css/jquery-ui.min.css?2691" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://static-assets-us.libguides.com/web/slick-1.8.1/slick/slick.css"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://static-assets-us.libguides.com/web/slick-1.8.1/slick/slick-theme.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static-assets-us.libguides.com/web/css3.13.2/lg-public.min.css" /><script type="text/javascript" src="https://static-assets-us.libguides.com/web/jquery/js/1.12.4_jquery.min.js"></script><script> jQuery(document).ready(function () { jQuery(".dropdown-toggle").on("click",function(e){ jQuery(this).siblings("ul.s-lg-subtab-ul.dropdown-menu").toggle(); }) }); </script> <script src="//code.jquery.com/ui/1.13.2/jquery-ui.min.js"></script> <script> jQuery.ui || document.write('<script src="https://static-assets-us.libguides.com/web/jquery/js/jquery-ui.min.js?2691">\x3C/script>'); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://static-assets-us.libguides.com/web/js3.13.2/lg-public.min.js"></script><style>/** bootstrap_tab_css.twig **/ #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > a, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > button, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > a, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > button { border: 1px solid transparent; -webkit-border-radius: 0; -moz-border-radius: 0; border-radius: 0; background-color: #00759a; color: #fff; font-weight: bold; padding: 4px 15px; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs { border-bottom: 0; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li#s-lg-admin-tab-add > a { -webkit-border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0; -moz-border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0; border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > a:hover, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > button:hover, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > a:hover, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > button:hover { border: 1px solid transparent; -webkit-border-radius: 0; -moz-border-radius: 0; border-radius: 0; background-color: #6a7f10; color: #fff; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > .active > a, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > .active > button, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > .active > a, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > .active > button { color: #fff; cursor: default; background-color: #6a7f10; border: 1px solid transparent; -webkit-border-radius: 0; -moz-border-radius: 0; border-radius: 0; border-bottom-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > .active > .s-lg-subtab-ul > .active > a, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > .active > .s-lg-subtab-ul > .active > button { color: #fff; cursor: default; background-color: #6a7f10; border-bottom-color: transparent; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > .active > a:hover, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > .active > a:hover, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > .active > button:hover, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > .active > button:hover { color: #fff; cursor: pointer; background-color: #6a7f10; border: 1px solid transparent; -webkit-border-radius: 0; -moz-border-radius: 0; border-radius: 0; border-bottom-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav .dropdown-toggle .caret { border-top-color: #e1e1e1; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs button.dropdown-toggle .caret { margin-left: 2px; margin-top: -3px; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > a.s-lg-tab-drop { border-radius: 0; padding: 4px 6px 4px 3px; border-left: 1px solid transparent; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > button.s-lg-tab-drop { border-radius: 0; padding: 4px 6px 0px 3px; border-left: 1px solid transparent; margin-right: 2px; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > a.s-lg-tab-drop:hover { border-radius: 0; border-left: 1px solid #bbb; padding: 4px 6px 4px 3px; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > button.s-lg-tab-drop:hover { border-radius: 0; border-left: 1px solid #bbb; padding: 4px 6px 0px 3px; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > a.s-lg-tab-top-link, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > a.s-lg-tab-top-link:hover, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > button.s-lg-tab-top-link, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > button.s-lg-tab-top-link:hover { border-radius: 0; font-weight: bold; padding: 4px 5px 4px 10px; } .nav-tabs > li > a.s-lg-tab-top-link, .nav-tabs > li > button.s-lg-tab-top-link { margin-right: 0px; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > a.s-lg-tab-drop, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > button.s-lg-tab-drop { border-radius: 0; padding: 4px 8px 4px 8px; border-left: 1px solid transparent; position: absolute; right: 0; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > a.s-lg-tab-drop:hover, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > button.s-lg-tab-drop:hover { border-radius: 0; border-left: 1px solid #bbb; padding: 4px 8px 4px 8px; } #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > a.s-lg-tab-top-link, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > a.s-lg-tab-top-link:hover, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > button.s-lg-tab-top-link, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > button.s-lg-tab-top-link:hover { width: 100%; float: left; border-radius: 0; font-weight: bold; padding: 4px 15px 4px 15px; } /** !bootstrap_tab_css.twig **/ .s-lib-box {border-color: #cccccc; border-width: 1px; box-shadow: 0 8px 6px -6px #AAAAAA; border-radius: 0; background-color: #fff; } .s-lib-box-std .s-lib-box-title {background-color: #f5f5f5; background-image: none;color: #474334; border-bottom: 1px solid #cccccc; } .s-lib-box .s-lib-box-title {background-color: #f5f5f5; background-image: none;color: #474334; border-bottom: 1px solid #cccccc; border-radius: 0; } .s-lib-box .s-lg-box-footer { border-radius: 0; }</style><!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="https://library.pdx.edu/wp-content/themes/psu_library/js/html5.js"></script> <![endif]--> <script>(function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js#xfbml=1&version=v2.6"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk'));</script> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//ajax.googleapis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//ws.sharethis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//content.library.pdx.edu' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//maps.googleapis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdnjs.cloudflare.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s.w.org' /> <!-- This site uses the Google Analytics by MonsterInsights plugin v7.0.9 - Using Analytics tracking - https://www.monsterinsights.com/ --> <script type="text/javascript" data-cfasync="false"> var mi_track_user = true; var mi_no_track_reason = ''; var disableStr = 'ga-disable-UA-18681531-1'; /* Function to detect opted out users */ function __gaTrackerIsOptedOut() { return document.cookie.indexOf(disableStr + '=true') > -1; } /* Disable tracking if the opt-out cookie exists. */ if ( __gaTrackerIsOptedOut() ) { window[disableStr] = true; } /* Opt-out function */ function __gaTrackerOptout() { document.cookie = disableStr + '=true; expires=Thu, 31 Dec 2099 23:59:59 UTC; path=/'; window[disableStr] = true; } if ( mi_track_user ) { (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','__gaTracker'); __gaTracker('create', 'UA-18681531-1', 'auto', {'allowLinker':true}); __gaTracker('set', 'forceSSL', true); __gaTracker('require', 'GTM-THT27T2'); __gaTracker('send','pageview'); } else { console.log( "" ); (function() { /* https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/collection/analyticsjs/ */ var noopfn = function() { return null; }; var noopnullfn = function() { return null; }; var Tracker = function() { return null; }; var p = Tracker.prototype; p.get = noopfn; p.set = noopfn; p.send = noopfn; var __gaTracker = function() { var len = arguments.length; if ( len === 0 ) { return; } var f = arguments[len-1]; if ( typeof f !== 'object' || f === null || typeof f.hitCallback !== 'function' ) { console.log( 'Not running function __gaTracker(' + arguments[0] + " ....) because you are not being tracked. " + mi_no_track_reason ); return; } try { f.hitCallback(); } catch (ex) { } }; __gaTracker.create = function() { return new Tracker(); }; __gaTracker.getByName = noopnullfn; __gaTracker.getAll = function() { return []; }; __gaTracker.remove = noopfn; window['__gaTracker'] = __gaTracker; })(); } </script> <!-- / Google Analytics by MonsterInsights --> <!-- Google tag (gtag.js) --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-4W430HSKFD"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-4W430HSKFD'); </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='q-a-plus-css' href='https://library.pdx.edu/wp-content/plugins/q-and-a/css/q-a-plus.css?ver=1.0.6.2' type='text/css' media='screen' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cpsh-shortcodes-css' href='https://library.pdx.edu/wp-content/plugins/column-shortcodes//assets/css/shortcodes.css?ver=1.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='page-list-style-css' href='https://library.pdx.edu/wp-content/plugins/page-list/css/page-list.css?ver=5.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='googlefonts-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700&subset=latin' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='psu-library-css' href='https://library.pdx.edu/wp-content/themes/psu_library/style.css?ver=20180719' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='flaticons-css' href='https://library.pdx.edu/wp-content/themes/psu_library/css/flaticon.css?ver=2018-08-09' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ubermenu-css' href='https://library.pdx.edu/wp-content/plugins/ubermenu/pro/assets/css/ubermenu.min.css?ver=3.4.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ubermenu-black-white-2-css' href='https://library.pdx.edu/wp-content/plugins/ubermenu/assets/css/skins/blackwhite2.css?ver=4.9.8' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ubermenu-font-awesome-all-css' href='https://library.pdx.edu/wp-content/plugins/ubermenu/assets/fontawesome/css/all.min.css?ver=4.9.8' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ggclp-style-css' href='https://library.pdx.edu/wp-content/plugins/grid-gallery-custom-links-pro/css/grid-gallery-with-custom-links-pro.css?ver=1.2.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='editoria11y-css' href='https://content.library.pdx.edu/static/css/editoria11y.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var monsterinsights_frontend = {"js_events_tracking":"true","is_debug_mode":"false","download_extensions":"doc,docx,pdf,ppt,pptx,zip,xls,xlsx","inbound_paths":"","home_url":"https:\/\/library.pdx.edu","track_download_as":"event","internal_label":"int","hash_tracking":"false"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://library.pdx.edu/wp-content/plugins/google-analytics-for-wordpress/assets/js/frontend.js?ver=1535415149'></script> <script id='st_insights_js' type='text/javascript' src='https://ws.sharethis.com/button/st_insights.js?publisher=4d48b7c5-0ae3-43d4-bfbe-3ff8c17a8ae6&product=simpleshare'></script> <link rel='https://api.w.org/' href='https://library.pdx.edu/wp-json/' /> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://library.pdx.edu/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel="wlwmanifest" type="application/wlwmanifest+xml" href="https://library.pdx.edu/wp-includes/wlwmanifest.xml" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 4.9.8" /> <!-- Q & A --> <noscript><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://library.pdx.edu/wp-content/plugins/q-and-a/css/q-a-plus-noscript.css?ver=1.0.6.2" /></noscript><!-- Q & A --><style id="ubermenu-custom-generated-css"> /** Font Awesome 4 Compatibility **/ .fa{font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-family:FontAwesome;} /** UberMenu Custom Menu Styles (Customizer) **/ /* main */ .ubermenu.ubermenu-main { background:none; border:none; box-shadow:none; } .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0 > .ubermenu-target { border:none; box-shadow:none; background:#ffffff; } .ubermenu.ubermenu-main.ubermenu-horizontal .ubermenu-submenu-drop.ubermenu-submenu-align-left_edge_bar, .ubermenu.ubermenu-main.ubermenu-horizontal .ubermenu-submenu-drop.ubermenu-submenu-align-full_width { left:0; } .ubermenu.ubermenu-main.ubermenu-horizontal .ubermenu-item-level-0.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-submenu-drop, .ubermenu.ubermenu-main.ubermenu-horizontal:not(.ubermenu-transition-shift) .ubermenu-item-level-0 > .ubermenu-submenu-drop { margin-top:0; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0 > .ubermenu-target { font-size:18px; text-transform:none; color:#080808; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-nav .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-level-0 > .ubermenu-target { font-weight:normal; } .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0:hover > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target { color:#080808; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0.ubermenu-current-menu-item > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0.ubermenu-current-menu-parent > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0.ubermenu-current-menu-ancestor > .ubermenu-target { color:#080808; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-level-0 > .ubermenu-highlight { color:#080808; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0 > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0 > .ubermenu-custom-content.ubermenu-custom-content-padded { padding-top:32px; padding-bottom:32px; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-drop { background-color:#ffffff; border:1px solid #979797; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0 > .ubermenu-submenu-drop { box-shadow:none; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item-header > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-tab > .ubermenu-target { font-size:18px; text-transform:none; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item-header > .ubermenu-target { color:#080808; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item-header > .ubermenu-target:hover { color:#080808; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item-header.ubermenu-current-menu-item > .ubermenu-target { color:#080808; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-nav .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item-header > .ubermenu-target { font-weight:normal; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item-header.ubermenu-has-submenu-stack > .ubermenu-target { border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-normal > .ubermenu-target { color:#080808; font-size:16px; font-weight:normal; text-transform:none; } .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-normal > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-normal.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target { color:#080808; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-normal.ubermenu-current-menu-item > .ubermenu-target { color:#080808; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-normal > .ubermenu-target:hover > .ubermenu-target-text { text-decoration:underline; } .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-divider > hr { border-top-color:#dd9933; } /** UberMenu Custom Menu Item Styles (Menu Item Settings) **/ /* 114 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-114.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-114 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-114.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-114 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#650360; } .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-114.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-114:hover > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-114.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-114:hover > .ubermenu-target { color:#ffffff; } /* 476 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-476.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-476 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-476.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-476 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#6a7f10; } .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-476.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-476:hover > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-476.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-476:hover > .ubermenu-target { color:#ffffff; } /* 475 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-475.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-475 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-475.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-475 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#00759a; } .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-475.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-475:hover > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-475.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-475:hover > .ubermenu-target { color:#ffffff; } /* 111 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-111.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-111 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-111.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-111 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#60351d; } .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-111.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-111:hover > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-111.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-111:hover > .ubermenu-target { color:#ffffff; } /* Status: Loaded from Transient */ </style><style type='text/css' media='screen'> body{ font-family:"Lato", arial, sans-serif;} </style> <!-- LibGuides 2 Fixes --> <style> .row {display:block;} /* heading for psu library theme 2018 * 75% */ h1 {font-size: 24px !important} h2 {font-size: 19.5px !important} /* remove border from the navbar */ .navbar {border:none; background-color: transparent;} /* skip link */ #s-lg-public-skiplink {top:-45px;} /* set default padding and font size */ body {padding:0; font-size:16px;} /* paragraphs */ .row p {margin: 0 0 10px;} /* buttons */ button, button:hover, button:focus {box-shadow:none;} /* homepage */ /* hide alerts and search box */ #psulib_lg_homepage .alert {display:none;} #s-lg-guide-header-search {display:none;} /* breadcrumbs */ .breadcrumb>li+li:before {content: '→'; font-size:14px; color:#474334;} /* URL */ #s-lg-guide-header-url {list-style-type:none; display:inline;} .s-lg-h-separator {border-right:none;} /* Homepage Adjustments */ .panel-default > .panel-heading a, .s-lib-box.s-lib-border-round.s-lib-box-idx-guide-list {transition: 0.4s; -moz-transition: 0.4s; -webkit-transition: 0.4s;} .panel-heading {} .panel-heading > a.collapsed {border-left-width: 0;} .panel-default > .panel-heading .badge {background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin-top:2px;} /* icons in tab menus */ #s-lg-guide-tabs .nav-tabs a .fa {color:#FFF;} /* accessibility */ .nav>li>a:hover, .nav>li>a:focus {outline: dotted 1px #FFF;} #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > .active > a, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > .active > button, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > .active > a, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > .active > button {text-decoration:underline;} #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > a:hover, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-tabs > li > button:hover, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > a:hover, #s-lg-tabs-container .nav-pills > li > button:hover {text-decoration:underline;} .psulib-footer-content a:focus {outline-offset: 1px; outline: solid 1px #FFF; display:block;} #psulib-font-attribution a:focus {outline-offset: 1px; outline: solid 1px #FFF;} button:hover, button:focus, input[type='button']:hover, input[type='button']:focus, input[type='submit']:hover, input[type='submit']:focus, button.psulib-primary-button:hover, button:focus, input[type='button'].psulib-primary-button:hover, input[type='button'].psulib-primary-button:focus, input[type='submit'].psulib-primary-button:hover, input[type='submit'].psulib-primary-button:focus, a.psulib-primary-button:hover, a.psulib-primary-button:focus, a.psulib-button:hover, a.psulib-button:focus { box-shadow: 0 4px #005E7A !important; } </style> <script> jQuery( document ).ready(function($) { // accessibility workaround to force focus to the top when scroll to top link is clicked $("#s-lib-scroll-top a").on("click",function(){$("#s-lib-bc-customer a").focus();}); // remove wordpress skip link jQuery(".skip-link").remove(); // change favicon jQuery('head').append('<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="//library.pdx.edu/favicon.ico">'); $("#s-lib-bc-customer a").html("Library Home"); // change breadcrumb label for LibGuides Homepage $("#s-lib-bc-site").html('<a title="Research Guides & Tutorials" href="http://guides.library.pdx.edu">Research Guides & Tutorials</a>'); $("#s-lg-guide-header-url").insertAfter("#s-lg-guide-desc-container"); /* homepage accordion */ $("a[data-toggle='collapse']").click(function() { var prev_expanded = $(this).attr("aria-expanded"); /* $(this).attr("aria-hidden","true"); $(this).attr("aria-expanded","false"); $(this).attr("aria-selected","false"); $(this).addClass("collapsed"); */ // close all $("a[data-toggle='collapse']").each(function( index ) { if(prev_expanded == "true" && $(this).attr("id") == subject_id) { // skip this one and let it close naturally } else { $(this).attr("aria-hidden","true"); $(this).attr("aria-expanded","false"); $(this).attr("aria-selected","false"); $(this).addClass("collapsed"); } }); $(".panel-collapse").each(function( index ) { if($(this).hasClass("in")) { $(this).removeClass("in"); $(this).attr("aria-hidden","true"); $(this).attr("aria-expanded","false"); $(this).attr("aria-selected","false"); } }); if(prev_expanded == "true") { $(this).attr("aria-hidden","false"); $(this).attr("aria-expanded","true"); $(this).attr("aria-selected","true"); $(this).removeClass("collapsed"); } else { $(this).attr("aria-hidden","false"); $(this).removeClass("collapsed"); $(this).attr("aria-expanded","true"); $(this).attr("aria-selected","true"); } $(".collapsed").attr("aria-hidden","false"); }); }); </script> <script> /* convert all tables to responsive tables */ jQuery( document ).ready(function($) { jQuery( "table" ).each(function( index ) { // remove hard-coded width styling // jQuery(this).css("width","auto"); // add tablesaw classes // jQuery(this).addClass("tablesaw").addClass("tablesaw-stack").attr("data-mode","stack"); }); }); </script><script> var springStats = springStats || {}; springStats.saConfig = springStats.saConfig || { site_id: 752, tracking_parameters: {"_st_guide_id":265596,"_st_page_id":1775704,"_st_site_id":752}, tracking_server_host: "libguides-proc.springyaws.com" }; </script> <script src="https://static-assets-us.libguides.com/web/js/sa.min.js?3116"></script> <script> springSpace.Common = springSpace.Common || { }; springSpace.Common.constant = { PROCESSING: { ACTION_DISPLAY_POLL: 159 } }; springSpace.Common.baseURL = "https://guides.library.pdx.edu/"; handleScroll=function() { if (false) { var target_elt = "#s-lg-page-section-1775704"; jQuery("html, body").animate({ scrollTop: jQuery(target_elt).offset().top }, 750); if (jQuery(this).scrollTop() > 220) { jQuery("#s-lib-scroll-top").fadeIn(750); } } } </script> <script> // Enable tooltips. jQuery(function () { try { springSpace.UI.initPopOvers(); jQuery(".az-bs-tooltip").tooltip(); } catch (e) { } }); jQuery(document).ready(function () { springSpace.springTrack.trackPage({_st_type_id: '1',_st_guide_id: '265596',_st_page_id: '1775704'}); }); jQuery(document).ready(function() { handleScroll(); }); </script></head> <body class="s-lg-guide-body"> <a id="s-lg-public-skiplink" class="alert-info" href="#s-lg-guide-main">Skip to Main Content</a><!-- BEGIN: Page Header --> <div id="psulib-banner" role="banner"> <div id="psulib-top-bar"> <div id="psulib-top-bar-hours"> <a href="https://library.pdx.edu/about/hours/"> <span id="psulib-top-bar-hours-label">TODAY'S HOURS</span> <span id="psulib-top-bar-hours-value"></span> </a> </div> <nav id="psulib-top-bar-nav" aria-label="Ancillary"> <div class="psulib-top-bar-nav-icon-links"> <a id="psulib-top-bar-nav-account" class="psulib-top-bar-nav-link" href="https://library.pdx.edu/MyAccounts"><img src="https://library.pdx.edu//wp-content/uploads/header_icon_my_accounts.png" alt=""><span>My Accounts</span></a> <a id="psulib-top-bar-nav-ask" class="psulib-top-bar-nav-link" href="https://library.pdx.edu/services/ask-a-librarian/"><img src="https://library.pdx.edu//wp-content/uploads/header_icon_ask_a_librarian.png" alt=""><span>Ask a Librarian</span></a> <a id="psulib-top-bar-nav-chat" class="psulib-top-bar-nav-link" href="javascript:OpenLNetWindow();"><img src="https://library.pdx.edu//wp-content/uploads/header_icon_chat.png" alt=""><span>Chat</span></a> </div> <a id="psulib-top-bar-nav-give" class="psulib-primary-button" href="https://library.pdx.edu/about/giving-opportunities/">Give to the Library</a> </nav> </div> <div id="psulib-header"> <div id="psulib-header-logo"> <a href="https://www.pdx.edu" alt="Portland State University Homepage"> <img id="psu-logo-img" class="desktop-only" width="230" height="73" src="https://library.pdx.edu/wp-content/themes/psu_library/img/psu_logo.png" alt="Portland State University logo" srcset="https://library.pdx.edu/wp-content/themes/psu_library/img/psu_logo.png 1x, https://library.pdx.edu/wp-content/themes/psu_library/img/psu_logo@2x.png 2x"> <img id="psu-logo-img-mobile" class="mobile-only" src="https://library.pdx.edu/wp-content/themes/psu_library/img/psu-logo-mobile.png" alt="Portland State University logo"> </a> <div id="psulib-header-logo-separator"></div> <div id="psulib-header-title"><a href="https://library.pdx.edu">Library</a></div> </div> <div id="psulib-header-nav"> <div id="ubermenu" role="navigation" aria-label="Main"></div> </div> </div> </div> <a name="content"></a> <div id="psulib-page"> <div id="psulib-page-content" style="display:block" role="main"><!-- END: Page Header --> <!-- BEGIN: Guide Info Header --> <div id="s-lg-guide-header" class="container s-lib-header s-lib-side-borders"> <nav id="s-lib-bc" aria-label="breadcrumb"> <ol id="s-lib-bc-list" class="breadcrumb"><li id="s-lib-bc-customer" class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://library.pdx.edu">Portland State University</a></li><li id="s-lib-bc-site" class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://guides.library.pdx.edu/">LibGuides</a></li><li id="s-lib-bc-guide" class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="https://guides.library.pdx.edu/home">Guides & Tutorials</a></li><li id="s-lib-bc-page" class="active breadcrumb-item">Subject Guides</li></ol> </nav> <div class="pull-right"> <div id="s-lg-guide-header-search"> <div id="s-lg-guide-search-box"> <form role="search" id="s-lg-guide-search-form" action="https://guides.library.pdx.edu/srch.php" method="GET"> <div class="input-group input-group-sm"> <input type="text" id="s-lg-guide-search-terms" name="q" class="form-control" maxlength="260" placeholder="Enter Search Words"> <label class="sr-only" for="s-lg-guide-search-terms">Enter Search Words</label><span class="input-group-btn"><button class="btn btn-default" type="submit">Search</button></span></div></form></div> </div> </div> <div id="s-lg-guide-header-info"> <h1 id="s-lg-guide-name">Guides & Tutorials: Subject Guides</h1> <div id="s-lg-guide-desc-container"> <span id="s-lg-guide-description"></span> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END: Guide Info Header --> <div id="s-lg-tabs-container" class="container s-lib-side-borders pad-top-med"> <div id="s-lg-guide-tabs" class="tabs" role="navigation" aria-label="Guide Pages"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs split-button-nav"> <li class="active"><a title="" class="active" href="https://guides.library.pdx.edu/home/subject" ><span>Subject Guides</span></a></li><li class=""><a title="" class="" href="https://guides.library.pdx.edu/home/course" ><span>Course Guides</span></a></li><li class=""><a title="" class="" href="https://guides.library.pdx.edu/home/howto" ><span>How to Guides & Tutorials</span></a></li><li class=""><a title="" class="" href="https://guides.library.pdx.edu/home/topics" ><span>Special Topics</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="s-lg-guide-tabs-title-bar" class="container s-lib-side-borders"></div> <!-- BEGIN: Guide Content --> <div id="s-lg-guide-main" class="container s-lib-main s-lib-side-borders" tabindex="-1"> <div class="row s-lg-row"><div id="s-lg-col-126" class="col-md-12"><div class="s-lg-col-boxes s-lg-box-special"><div id="s-lg-box-wrapper-6608662" class="s-lg-box-wrapper-6608662"><div id="s-lg-box-5616991-container" class="s-lib-box-container"> <div id="s-lg-box-5616991" class="s-lib-box s-lib-box-std"> <h2 class="s-lib-box-title">What are Subject, Course, and How to Guides?</h2><div id="s-lg-box-collapse-5616991" > <div class="s-lib-box-content"> <div id="s-lg-content-11099633" class=" clearfix"> <p><strong>Subject</strong>, <strong>Course</strong> and <strong>How to...</strong> guides are created by Portland State librarians to help you! These guides provide helpful resources, strategies for research, and tutorials.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div><div class="row s-lg-row"><div id="s-lg-col-1" class="col-md-9"><div class="s-lg-col-boxes"><div id="s-lg-box-wrapper-6384351" class="s-lg-box-wrapper-6384351"><div id="s-lg-box-5427198-container" class="s-lib-box-container"> <div id="s-lg-box-5427198" class="s-lib-box s-lib-box-std"> <h2 class="s-lib-box-title">Guides by Subject</h2><div id="s-lg-box-collapse-5427198" > <div class="s-lib-box-content"> <div id="s-lg-content-10698020" class=" clearfix"> <style> /* remove redundant breadcrumb link */ #s-lib-bc-site {display:none;} </style> <script> jQuery( document ).ready(function($) { $("#s-lib-footer-login-link > a").attr("href","https://pdx.libapps.com/libapps/login.php?site_id=752"); }); </script> <p style="margin:0"><script src="//library.pdx.edu/libguides/homepage_research_guides_lg2.php"></script></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div><div id="s-lg-col-2" class="col-md-3"><div class="s-lg-col-boxes"><div id="s-lg-box-wrapper-22593967" class="s-lg-box-wrapper-22593967"><div id="s-lg-box-19255380-container" class="s-lib-box-container"> <div id="s-lg-box-19255380" class="s-lib-box s-lib-box-std"> <h2 class="s-lib-box-title">Who is Your Subject Librarian?</h2><div id="s-lg-box-collapse-19255380" > <div class="s-lib-box-content"> <div class=""><ul id="s-lg-link-list-45613523" class="s-lg-link-list s-lg-link-list-2"><li class=""><div id="s-lg-content-42717573" class=""><span><a href="https://library.pdx.edu/services/ask-a-librarian/librarians-by-subject/" onclick="return springSpace.springTrack.trackLink({link: this,_st_type_id: '2',_st_content_id: '42717573',_st_inc_return: this});">Librarians by Subject</a></span></div></li></ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div><div id="s-lg-box-wrapper-6608678" class="s-lg-box-wrapper-6608678"><div id="s-lg-box-5617007-container" class="s-lib-box-container"> <div id="s-lg-box-5617007" class="s-lib-box s-lib-box-std"> <h2 class="s-lib-box-title">Find by Type</h2><div id="s-lg-box-collapse-5617007" > <div class="s-lib-box-content"> <div id="s-lg-content-23568366" class=" clearfix"> <ul> <li><a href="http://guides.library.pdx.edu/ebooks">Ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="http://guides.library.pdx.edu/newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="https://guides.library.pdx.edu/images">Images</a></li> <li><a href="http://guides.library.pdx.edu/maps">Maps & Cartographic Information</a></li> <li><a href="https://guides.library.pdx.edu/usingfilm/findfilms">Streaming Media</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div><div id="s-lg-box-wrapper-6608656" class="s-lg-box-wrapper-6608656"><div id="s-lg-box-5616987-container" class="s-lib-box-container"> <div id="s-lg-box-5616987" class="s-lib-box s-lib-box-std"> <h2 class="s-lib-box-title">Course Guides</h2><div id="s-lg-box-collapse-5616987" > <div class="s-lib-box-content"> <div id="s-lg-content-11099624" class=" clearfix"> <p>Guides for specific courses are also available:</p> <ul> <li><strong><a href="http://guides.library.pdx.edu/c.php?g=265596&p=1775706" target="_self">View all course guides</a></strong></li> </ul> <p><img alt="Historical photo" src="https://lgimages.s3.amazonaws.com/data/imagemanager/43258/rs8074_pdx_2329_04-scr.jpg" style="border: 1px solid black; vertical-align: bottom;" /></p> <p>Image: Freshman advising, 1977. University Archives, Portland State University</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div><div id="s-lg-box-wrapper-8501567" class="s-lg-box-wrapper-8501567"><div id="s-lg-box-7225179-container" class="s-lib-box-container"> <div id="s-lg-box-7225179" class="s-lib-box s-lib-box-std"> <h2 class="s-lib-box-title">Special Topics</h2><div id="s-lg-box-collapse-7225179" > <div class="s-lib-box-content"> <div id="s-lg-content-23568390" class=" clearfix"> <ul> <li><a href="http://guides.library.pdx.edu/portland">Portland & Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="http://guides.library.pdx.edu/fakenews">Identify & Challenge Fake News</a></li> <li><a href="https://guides.library.pdx.edu/copyright-guidance">Copyright </a></li> <li><a href="http://guides.library.pdx.edu/oers">Open Educational Resources</a></li> <li><a href="http://guides.library.pdx.edu/culturallyresponsivecurriculum">Culturally Responsive & Inclusive Curriculum Resources</a></li> <li><a href="http://guides.library.pdx.edu/immigration">Immigration </a></li> <li><a href="https://guides.library.pdx.edu/cannabis">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="http://guides.library.pdx.edu/elections">Elections & Politics</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div><div class="row s-lg-row"><div id="s-lg-col-127" class="col-md-12"><div class="s-lg-col-boxes"></div></div></div> <ul id="s-lg-page-prevnext" class="pager s-lib-hide"><li class="previous"></li><li class="next"><a href="https://guides.library.pdx.edu/home/course"><strong>Next:</strong> Course Guides >></a></li></ul></div> <!-- END: Guide Content --> <!-- BEGIN: Page Footer --> <div id="s-lib-footer-public" class="s-lib-footer footer container s-lib-side-borders"> <div id="s-lg-guide-header-meta" class="pad-top-sm pad-left-med clearfix"> <ul id="s-lg-guide-header-attributes" class=""> <li id="s-lg-guide-header-updated" class="s-lg-h-separator"> <span class="s-lg-guide-label">Last Updated:</span> <span class="s-lg-text-greyout">Oct 22, 2024 7:21 AM</span> </li> <li id="s-lg-guide-header-url" class="s-lg-h-separator"> <span class="s-lg-guide-label">URL:</span> <span class="s-lg-text-greyout">https://guides.library.pdx.edu/home</span> </li> <li id="s-lg-guide-print-url"> <a href="javascript: window.print();"><i class="fa fa-print" aria-hidden="true" title="Print Page"></i> Print Page</a> </li> </ul> <div id="s-lib-footer-login-link" class="pull-right pad-right-med"> <a href="https://pdx.libapps.com/libapps/login.php?site_id=752&target64=L2xpYmd1aWRlcy9hZG1pbl9jLnBocD9nPTI2NTU5NiZwPTE3NzU3MDQ=">Login to LibApps</a> </div> </div> <div class="pad-bottom-sm clearfix"> <div id="s-lib-footer-support-link" class="pull-right pad-right-med"> </div> <div id="s-lg-guide-header-subjects" class="pad-top-sm pad-left-med pad-right-med pull-left"> </div> <div id="s-lg-guide-header-tags" class="pad-top-sm pad-left-med"> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END: Page Footer --> <!-- scroll_top.twig --> <div id="s-lib-scroll-top"> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="jQuery('body').focus();" title="Back to Top" aria-label="Back to Top"> <span class="fa-stack fa-lg" aria-hidden="true"> <i class="fa fa-square-o fa-stack-2x"></i> <i class="fa fa-angle-double-up fa-stack-1x" style="position:relative; bottom:2px;"></i> </span> </a> </div> <!-- !scroll_top.twig --> <div id="s-lib-alert" title=""><div id="s-lib-alert-content"></div></div> <!-- BEGIN: Custom Footer --> </div> </div> <div id="psulib-page-footer"></div> <footer class="site-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div id="psulib-footer"> <div id="psulib-footer-left"> <div class="psulib-footer-content"> <div class="psulib-footer-content-header"> <h2>Contact</h2> </div> <div class="psulib-footer-content-body"> <a href="https://library.pdx.edu/about/contact/"><div class="psulib-footer-content-text">Staff Directory</div></a> <a href="https://library.pdx.edu/about/directions/"><div class="psulib-footer-content-text">Maps & Directions</div></a> <div class="psulib-footer-content-text">Portland State University Library</div> <div class="psulib-footer-content-text">1875 SW Park Avenue</div> <div class="psulib-footer-content-text">Portland, OR 97201</div> </div> </div> <div class="psulib-footer-content"> <div class="psulib-footer-content-header"> <h2>Hours</h2> </div> <div class="psulib-footer-content-body"> <div id="psulib-footer-hours"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="psulib-footer-right"> <div class="psulib-footer-content"> <div class="psulib-footer-content-header"> <h2>Quick Links</h2> </div> <div class="psulib-footer-content-body"> <a href="https://library.pdx.edu/services/checkout-return/overdue-fines-replacement-charges/"><div class="psulib-footer-content-text">Fines & Charges</div></a> <a href="https://library.pdx.edu/services/accessibility/"><div class="psulib-footer-content-text">Library Accessibility</div></a> <a href="https://www.pdx.edu/accessibility/concerns"><div class="psulib-footer-content-text">ADA Accessibility Inquiries</div></a> <a href="https://library.pdx.edu/about/suggestions/"><div class="psulib-footer-content-text">Comments & Suggestions</div></a> </div> </div> <div class="psulib-footer-content"> <div class="psulib-footer-content-header"> <h2>Connect</h2> </div> <div class="psulib-footer-content-body"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/psulibrary/"><div class="psulib-footer-content-text">Instagram</div></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="psulib-bottom-bar"> <div>© 2021 Portland State University Library</div> </div> </footer> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://library.pdx.edu/wp-content/plugins/q-and-a/js/q-a-plus.js?ver=1.0.6.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://library.pdx.edu/wp-content/themes/psu_library/js/psulib_hours.js?ver=20240904'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://content.library.pdx.edu/static/js/chat_libanswers.js?ver=20200527'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://library.pdx.edu/wp-content/themes/psu_library/js/tabs.js?ver=20180719'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://library.pdx.edu/wp-content/themes/psu_library/js/aria_slider.js?ver=20180824'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://content.library.pdx.edu/static/js/ubermenu.js?ver=20230512'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://library.pdx.edu/wp-content/plugins/ubermenu/assets/js/ubermenu.js?ver=3.7.3'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://library.pdx.edu/wp-includes/js/wp-embed.js?ver=4.9.8'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://content.library.pdx.edu/static/js/editoria11y.js'></script> <!-- END: Custom Footer --> </body> </html>