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href="#Work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Work</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Work subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philosophical_hermeneutics_and_Truth_and_Method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_hermeneutics_and_Truth_and_Method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Philosophical hermeneutics and <i>Truth and Method</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_hermeneutics_and_Truth_and_Method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contributions_to_communication_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_to_communication_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Contributions to communication ethics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_to_communication_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Other works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prizes_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prizes_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prizes and awards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prizes_and_awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prizes and awards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prizes_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honorary_doctorates_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_doctorates_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Honorary doctorates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_doctorates_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hans-Georg Gadamer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="هانز جورج جادامير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هانز جورج جادامير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81-%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ханс-Георг Гадамер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ханс-Георг Гадамер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans Georg Gadamer – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hans Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%82-%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Χανς-Γκέοργκ Γκάνταμερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χανς-Γκέοργκ Γκάνταμερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3-%DA%AF%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1" title="هانس-گئورگ گادامر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هانس-گئورگ گادامر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EC%8A%A4%EA%B2%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC_%EA%B0%80%EB%8B%A4%EB%A8%B8" title="한스게오르크 가다머 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="한스게오르크 가다머" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD_%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A3_%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հանս Գեորգ Գադամեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հանս Գեորգ Գադամեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92_%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%A8" title="הנס גאורג גדמר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנס גאורג גדמר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81-%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ханс-Георг Гадамер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ханс-Георг Гадамер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81-%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ханс-Георг Гадамер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ханс-Георг Гадамер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Georgius_Gadamer" title="Ioannes Georgius Gadamer – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Georgius Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanss_Georgs_Gadamers" title="Hanss Georgs Gadamers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hanss Georgs Gadamers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="هانز جورج جادمير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هانز جورج جادمير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B2%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%80%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC" title="ハンス・ゲオルク・ガダマー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハンス・ゲオルク・ガダマー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81-%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Гадамер, Ханс-Георг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гадамер, Ханс-Георг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81-%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ҳанс-Георг Гадамер – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳанс-Георг Гадамер" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81-%D2%90%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%91_%D2%90%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ганс-Ґеорґ Ґадамер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ганс-Ґеорґ Ґадамер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hans-Georg Gadamer" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF-%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E4%BC%BD%E8%BE%BE%E9%BB%98%E5%B0%94" title="汉斯-格奥尔格·伽达默尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="汉斯-格奥尔格·伽达默尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF-%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E4%BC%BD%E8%BE%BE%E9%BB%98%E5%B0%94" title="汉斯-格奥尔格·伽达默尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汉斯-格奥尔格·伽达默尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76356#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Hans-Georg Gadamer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans-Georg_Gadamer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hans-Georg_Gadamer.jpg/220px-Hans-Georg_Gadamer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hans-Georg_Gadamer.jpg/330px-Hans-Georg_Gadamer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hans-Georg_Gadamer.jpg/440px-Hans-Georg_Gadamer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1219" data-file-height="1576" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Hans-Georg Gadamer, c. 2000</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1900-02-11</span>)</span>11 February 1900<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hesse-Nassau" title="Province of Hesse-Nassau">Province of Hesse-Nassau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 March 2002<span style="display:none">(2002-03-13)</span> (aged 102)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Breslau" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Breslau">University of Breslau</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ontological_hermeneutics#human_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontological hermeneutics">Ontological hermeneutics</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutic_phenomenology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermeneutic phenomenology">Hermeneutic phenomenology</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a> (1928–1938)<br /><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Leipzig University</a> (1938–1948)<br /><a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">Goethe University Frankfurt</a> (1948–1949)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">University of Heidelberg</a> (1949–2002)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>The Nature of Pleasure According to Plato's Dialogues</i> (1922)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Natorp" title="Paul Natorp">Paul Natorp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Guignon" title="Charles Guignon">Charles Guignon</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Lledo" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio Lledo">Emilio Lledo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Practical_philosophy" title="Practical philosophy">Practical philosophy</a><sup id="cite_ref-SEP_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="nowrap">Historically-effected <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_of_horizons" title="Fusion of horizons">Fusion of horizons</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hans-Georg Gadamer</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈɡaːdamɐ]</a></span>; 11 February 1900 – 13 March 2002) was a German <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">continental tradition</a>, best known for his 1960 <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnum opus">magnum opus</a></i></span> on <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutics</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Method" title="Truth and Method">Truth and Method</a></i> (<i>Wahrheit und Methode</i>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Georg_Gadamer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_early_life">Family and early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Georg_Gadamer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gadamer was born in <a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrondin200312_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrondin200312-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the son of Johannes Gadamer (1867–1928),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrondin200326,_33_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrondin200326,_33-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a pharmaceutical <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> professor who later also served as the <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a>. He was raised a Protestant Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gadamer resisted his father's urging to take up the <a href="/wiki/Natural_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural sciences">natural sciences</a> and became more and more interested in the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>. His mother, Emma Karoline Johanna Gewiese (1869–1904) died of <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> while Hans-Georg was four years old, and he later noted that this may have had an effect on his decision not to pursue scientific studies. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Grondin" title="Jean Grondin">Jean Grondin</a> describes Gadamer as finding in his mother "a poetic and almost religious counterpart to the iron fist of his father".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrondin200321_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrondin200321-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gadamer did not serve during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> for reasons of ill health<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrondin200345_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrondin200345-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and similarly was exempted from serving during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">polio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrondin200346_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrondin200346-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Georg_Gadamer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He later studied classics and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Breslau" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Breslau">University of Breslau</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrondin200337_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrondin200337-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under <a href="/wiki/Richard_H%C3%B6nigswald" title="Richard Hönigswald">Richard Hönigswald</a>, but soon moved back to the University of Marburg to study with the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Kantian">Neo-Kantian</a> philosophers <a href="/wiki/Paul_Natorp" title="Paul Natorp">Paul Natorp</a> (his <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral thesis">doctoral thesis</a> advisor) and <a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Hartmann" title="Nicolai Hartmann">Nicolai Hartmann</a>. He defended his <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a> <i>The Essence of Pleasure in Plato's Dialogues</i> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Wesen der Lust nach den Platonischen Dialogen</i></span>) in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesare20075–7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesare20075–7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly thereafter, Gadamer moved to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">Freiburg University</a> and began studying with <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>, who was then a promising young scholar who had not yet received a professorship. He became close to Heidegger, and when Heidegger received a position at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">Marburg</a>, Gadamer followed him there, where he became one of a group of students such as <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_L%C3%B6with" title="Karl Löwith">Karl Löwith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>. It was Heidegger's influence that gave Gadamer's thought its distinctive cast and led him away from the earlier neo-Kantian influences of Natorp and Hartmann. Gadamer studied Aristotle both under <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a> and under Heidegger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesare20077–8_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesare20077–8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Georg_Gadamer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gadamer <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitated</a> in 1929 and spent most of the early 1930s lecturing in Marburg. Unlike Heidegger, who joined the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> in May 1933 and continued as a member until the party was dissolved following World War II, Gadamer was silent on <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, and he was not politically active during <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi rule</a>. Gadamer did not join the Nazis, and he did not serve in the army because of the polio he had contracted in 1922. He joined the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Teachers_League" title="National Socialist Teachers League">National Socialist Teachers League</a> in August 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1933 Gadamer signed the <i><a href="/wiki/Vow_of_allegiance_of_the_Professors_of_the_German_Universities_and_High-Schools_to_Adolf_Hitler_and_the_National_Socialistic_State" title="Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State">Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State</a></i>. </p><p>In April 1937 he became a temporary professor at Marburg,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesare200717_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesare200717-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then in 1938 he received a professorship at <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Leipzig University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From an <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a></i>-point of view Gadamer was classified as neither supportive nor disapproving in the "<i>SD-Dossiers über Philosophie-Professoren"</i> (i.e. SD-files concerning philosophy professors) that were set up by the <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst"><i>SS</i>-Security-Service (SD)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946, he was found by the American occupation forces to be untainted by Nazism and named rector of the university. </p><p>The level of Gadamer's involvement with the Nazis has been disputed in the works of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wolin" title="Richard Wolin">Richard Wolin</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Teresa Orozco.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrozco1995_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrozco1995-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orozco alleges, with reference to Gadamer's published works, that Gadamer had supported the Nazis more than scholars had supposed. Gadamer scholars have rejected these assertions: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Grondin" title="Jean Grondin">Jean Grondin</a> has said that Orozco is engaged in a "witch-hunt"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrondin2003165_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrondin2003165-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Donatella_Di_Cesare" title="Donatella Di Cesare">Donatella Di Cesare</a> said that "the archival material on which Orozco bases her argument is actually quite negligible".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesare200730_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesare200730-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cesare and Grondin have argued that there is no trace of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> in Gadamer's work, and that Gadamer maintained friendships with Jews and provided shelter for nearly two years for the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Klein_(philosopher)" title="Jacob Klein (philosopher)">Jacob Klein</a> in 1933 and 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrondin2003153–154_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrondin2003153–154-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gadamer also reduced his contact with Heidegger during the Nazi era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesare200714–15_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesare200714–15-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At_Heidelberg">At Heidelberg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Georg_Gadamer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: At Heidelberg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war Gadamer left for West Germany, accepting first a position in <a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">Goethe University Frankfurt</a> and then the succession of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Karl Jaspers</a> as the philosophy chair in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">University of Heidelberg</a> in 1949, retiring in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained in this position, as emeritus, until his death in 2002 at the age of 102.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost_obit_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost_obit-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian_obit_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_obit-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-independent_obit_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent_obit-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also an Editorial Advisor of the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_(journal)" title="Dionysius (journal)">Dionysius</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during this time that he completed his <i><a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnum opus">magnum opus</a></i>, <i>Truth and Method</i> (1960), and engaged in his famous debate with <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> over the possibility of transcending history and culture in order to find a truly objective position from which to critique society. The debate was inconclusive, but marked the beginning of warm relations between the two men. It was Gadamer who secured Habermas's first professorship in the University of Heidelberg. </p><p>In 1968, Gadamer invited <a href="/wiki/Tomonobu_Imamichi" title="Tomonobu Imamichi">Tomonobu Imamichi</a> for lectures at Heidelberg, but their relationship became very cool after Imamichi alleged that Heidegger had taken his concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></i> out of <a href="/wiki/Okakura_Kakuzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Okakura Kakuzo">Okakura Kakuzo</a>'s concept of <i>das in-der-Welt-sein</i> (to be in the <a href="/wiki/Being_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Being in the world">being in the world</a>) expressed in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Tea" title="The Book of Tea">The Book of Tea</a></i>, which Imamichi's teacher had offered to Heidegger in 1919, after having followed lessons with him the year before.<sup id="cite_ref-Imamichi_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imamichi-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imamichi and Gadamer renewed contact four years later during an international congress.<sup id="cite_ref-Imamichi_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imamichi-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981, Gadamer attempted to engage with <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a> at a conference in Paris but it proved less enlightening because the two thinkers had little in common. A last meeting between Gadamer and Derrida was held at the Stift of Heidelberg in July 2001, coordinated by Derrida's students Joseph Cohen and Raphael Zagury-Orly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This meeting marked, in many ways, a turn in their philosophical encounter. After Gadamer's death, Derrida called their failure to find common ground one of the worst debacles of his life and expressed, in the main obituary for Gadamer, his great personal and philosophical respect. <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Bernstein" title="Richard J. Bernstein">Richard J. Bernstein</a> said that "[a] genuine dialogue between Gadamer and Derrida has never taken place. This is a shame because there are crucial and consequential issues that arise between hermeneutics and deconstruction".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_doctorates">Honorary doctorates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Georg_Gadamer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Honorary doctorates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gadamer received honorary doctorates from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bamberg" title="University of Bamberg">University of Bamberg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="University of Wrocław">University of Wrocław</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_College" title="Boston College">Boston College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_University_in_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles University in Prague">Charles University in Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_College" title="Hamilton College">Hamilton College</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a> (1999) the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University">Saint Petersburg State University</a> (2001), the <a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesare200727_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesare200727-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Georg_Gadamer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 11 February 2000, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">University of Heidelberg</a> celebrated Gadamer's 100th birthday with a ceremony and conference. Gadamer's last academic engagement was in the summer of 2001, at the age of 101, at an annual symposium on hermeneutics organized by two of his American students. On 13 March 2002, Gadamer died at Heidelberg's University Clinic at the age of 102.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried in the Köpfel cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Ziegelhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziegelhausen">Ziegelhausen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesare200727–28_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesare200727–28-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Georg_Gadamer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_hermeneutics_and_Truth_and_Method">Philosophical hermeneutics and <i>Truth and Method</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Georg_Gadamer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Philosophical hermeneutics and Truth and Method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gadamer's philosophical project, as explained in <i><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Method" title="Truth and Method">Truth and Method</a></i>, was to elaborate on the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">philosophical hermeneutics</a>", which Heidegger initiated but never dealt with at length. Gadamer's goal was to uncover the nature of human understanding. In <i>Truth and Method</i>, Gadamer argued that "truth" and "method" were at odds with one another. For Gadamer, "the experience of art is exemplary in its provision of truths that are inaccessible by scientific methods, and this experience is projected to the whole domain of human sciences."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was critical of two approaches to the <a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">human sciences</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaften</a></i>). On the one hand, he was critical of modern approaches to humanities that modeled themselves on the natural sciences, which simply sought to "objectively" observe and analyze texts and art. On the other hand, he took issue with the traditional German approaches to the humanities, represented for instance by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Wilhelm Dilthey</a>, who believed that meaning, as an object, could be found within a text through a particular process that allowed for a connection with the author's thoughts that led to the creation of a text (Schleiermacher),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchleiermacherWojcikHaas19785,_10_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchleiermacherWojcikHaas19785,_10-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the situation that led to an expression of human inner life (Dilthey).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer196998_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer196998-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Gadamer argued meaning and understanding are not objects to be found through certain methods, but are inevitable phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1969163_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1969163-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hermeneutics is not a process in which an interpreter finds a particular meaning, but "a philosophical effort to account for understanding as an ontological—the ontological—process of man."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1969163_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1969163-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Gadamer is not giving a prescriptive method on how to understand, but rather he is working to examine how understanding, whether of texts, artwork, or experience, is possible at all. Gadamer intended <i>Truth and Method</i> to be a description of what we always do when we interpret things (even if we do not know it): "My real concern was and is philosophic: not what we do or what we ought to do, but what happens to us over and above our wanting and doing".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Category:Conservatism in Germany">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Germany</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/120px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/250px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_German-speaking_countries" title="Monarchism in German-speaking countries">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Right-Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Historical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="German Historical School">Historical School</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft" title="Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft"><i>Gemeinschaft</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/In_Treue_fest" title="In Treue fest">In Treue fest</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Kultur</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#Germany" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology#Germany" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy#Germany" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Geist#Volksgeist" title="Geist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Laws" title="Anti-Socialist Laws">Anti-Socialist Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erkl%C3%A4rung_2018" title="Erklärung 2018"><i>Erklärung</i> 2018</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German <i>Reich</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Manifesto" title="Heidelberg Manifesto">Heidelberg Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junker_(Prussia)" title="Junker (Prussia)">The Junkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Bavaria_after_1918" title="Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918">Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oster_conspiracy" title="Oster conspiracy">Oster conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George-Kreis" title="George-Kreis">George-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture#Berlin's_reputation_for_decadence" title="Weimar culture">Perceived Weimar decadence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_school_(sociology)" title="Leipzig school (sociology)">Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wandervogel" title="Wandervogel">Wandervogel</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Bolz" title="Norbert Bolz">Norbert Bolz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerich_Coreth" title="Emerich Coreth">Emerich Coreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henning_Eichberg" title="Henning Eichberg">Eichberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Freyer" title="Hans Freyer">Freyer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_August_Graf_von_Galen" title="Clemens August Graf von Galen">von Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gogarten" title="Friedrich Gogarten">Gogarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hielscher" title="Friedrich Hielscher">Hielscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger (Ernst)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_J%C3%BCnger" title="Friedrich Georg Jünger">Jünger (Friedrich)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kantorowicz" title="Ernst Kantorowicz">Kantorowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Klages" title="Ludwig Klages">Klages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kommerell" title="Max Kommerell">Kommerell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Lilienfeld" title="Paul von Lilienfeld">von Lilienfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_L%C3%B6with" title="Karl Löwith">Löwith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%BCbbe" title="Hermann Lübbe">Lübbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a> (early)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Moeller van den Bruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Nolte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Plessner" title="Helmuth Plessner">Plessner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">von Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Reck-Malleczewen" title="Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen">Reck-Malleczewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Rehberg" title="August Wilhelm Rehberg">Rehberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ritter" title="Gerhard Ritter">Ritter (Gerhard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Ritter" title="Joachim Ritter">Ritter (Joachim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R%C3%BCstow" title="Alexander Rüstow">Rüstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">von Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schelsky" title="Helmut Schelsky">Schelsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Peter_Sieferle" title="Rolf Peter Sieferle">Sieferle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Spaemann" title="Robert Spaemann">Spaemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Steinbuch" title="Karl Steinbuch">Steinbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">von Treitschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Weber" title="Alfred Weber">Weber</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Addresses_to_the_German_Nation" title="Addresses to the German Nation">Addresses to the German Nation</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1806)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_System_of_Political_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="The National System of Political Economy">The National System</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1837)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(Nordau)" title="Degeneration (Nordau)">Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1892)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment_(book)" title="Ressentiment (book)">Ressentiment</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_of_a_Nonpolitical_Man" title="Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man">Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1918)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1918, 1922)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Utopia" title="Ideology and Utopia">Ideology and Utopia</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_and_Technics" title="Man and Technics">Man and Technics</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1931)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political" title="The Concept of the Political">The Concept of the Political</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1932)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Marble_Cliffs" title="On the Marble Cliffs">On the Marble Cliffs</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man._His_Nature_and_Place_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Man. His Nature and Place in the World">Man</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1940)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Man_in_Despair" title="Diary of a Man in Despair">Diary of a Man in Despair</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1947)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Questionnaire_(Salomon_novel)" title="The Questionnaire (Salomon novel)">The Questionnaire</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Its_Epoch" title="Fascism in Its Epoch">Fascism in Its Epoch</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1963)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Envy:_A_Theory_of_Social_Behavior" title="Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior">Envy</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1966)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_und_Hypermoral" title="Moral und Hypermoral">Moral und Hypermoral</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1969)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rules_for_the_Human_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules for the Human Park">Rules for the Human Park</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germany_Abolishes_Itself" title="Germany Abolishes Itself">Germany Abolishes Itself</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2010)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finis_Germania" title="Finis Germania">Finis Germania</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2017)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Anrich" title="Ernst Anrich">Anrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Aust" title="Stefan Aust">Aust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_M._Broder" title="Henryk M. Broder">Broder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Deschner" title="Günther Deschner">Deschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fasbender" title="Thomas Fasbender">Thomas Fasbender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Herman" title="Eva Herman">Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_H%C3%B6hler" title="Gertrud Höhler">Höhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Krause_Landt" title="Andreas Krause Landt">Krause Landt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Kuby" title="Gabriele Kuby">Kuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%B6ns" title="Hermann Löns">Hermann Löns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Gerhard Löwenthal">Löwenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Maschke" title="Günter Maschke">Maschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golo_Mann" title="Golo Mann">Mann (Golo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Maurer" title="Reinhart Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilman_Nagel" title="Tilman Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Nebel" title="Gerhard Nebel">Nebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Noelle-Neumann" title="Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann">Noelle-Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Otte" title="Max Otte">Otte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akif_Pirin%C3%A7ci" title="Akif Pirinçci">Pirinçci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Rainer_R%C3%B6hl" title="Klaus Rainer Röhl">Röhl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Safranski" title="Rüdiger Safranski">Safranski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thilo_Sarrazin" title="Thilo Sarrazin">Sarrazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_von_Schrenck-Notzing" title="Caspar von Schrenck-Notzing">von Schrenck-Notzing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimo_Schwilk" title="Heimo Schwilk">Schwilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Stein" title="Dieter Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_Strauss" title="Botho Strauss">Strauss (Botho)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Michael Stürmer">Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Tichy" title="Roland Tichy">Tichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Wei%C3%9Fmann" title="Karlheinz Weißmann">Weißmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zehrer" title="Hans Zehrer">Zehrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Zitelmann" title="Rainer Zitelmann">Zitelmann</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ancillon" title="Friedrich Ancillon">Ancillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Barschel" title="Uwe Barschel">Barschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">von Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Bose" title="Herbert von Bose">von Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fehrenbach" title="Constantin Fehrenbach">Fehrenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger" title="Hans Filbinger">Filbinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_von_Gerlach" title="Ernst Ludwig von Gerlach">von Gerlach</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Goerdeler" title="Carl Friedrich Goerdeler">Goerdeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Held" title="Heinrich Held">Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">von Hindenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Hugenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Jongen" title="Marc Jongen">Jongen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jung" title="Edgar Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kapp" title="Wolfgang Kapp">Kapp</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Krah" title="Maximilian Krah">Krah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">von Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Lengsfeld" title="Vera Lengsfeld">Lengsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Maa%C3%9Fen" title="Hans-Georg Maaßen">Maaßen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz" title="Hans-Joachim von Merkatz">von Merkatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Merz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis">Michaelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">von Papen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frauke_Petry" title="Frauke Petry">Petry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Radowitz" title="Joseph von Radowitz">von Radowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Rauschning" title="Hermann Rauschning">Rauschning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ritter_von_Kahr" title="Gustav Ritter von Kahr">Ritter von Kahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Roon" title="Albrecht von Roon">von Roon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Schäffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sch%C3%A4ffler" title="Frank Schäffler">Schäffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">von Schleicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom und zum Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Stresemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Stoecker" title="Adolf Stoecker">Stoecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_von_Storch" title="Beatrix von Storch">von Storch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Weidel" title="Alice Weidel">Weidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuno_von_Westarp" title="Kuno von Westarp">von Westarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Winnig" title="August Winnig">Winnig</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst-Wolfgang_B%C3%B6ckenf%C3%B6rde" title="Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde">Böckenförde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Gierke" title="Otto von Gierke">von Gierke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_M%C3%B6ser" title="Justus Möser">Möser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">von Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kohlmann" title="Martin Kohlmann">Kohlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Kubitschek" title="Götz Kubitschek">Kubitschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Sabaditsch-Wolff" title="Elisabeth Sabaditsch-Wolff">Sabaditsch-Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Seibt" title="Naomi Seibt">Seibt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Six" title="Billy Six">Billy Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">von Stauffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrzenberger" title="Michael Stürzenberger">Stürzenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Elisabeth von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Elisabeth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Gloria von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Gloria)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(AfD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bavaria Party</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(BP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Deutschland" title="Bündnis Deutschland">Bündnis Deutschland</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(BD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(CDU)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(CSU)</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(ÖDP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Party_of_Germany" title="Family Party of Germany">Family Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Germany)" title="The Republicans (Germany)">The Republicans</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(REP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_Union" title="Values Union">Values Union</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(WU)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Citizens_(Germany)" title="We Citizens (Germany)">We Citizens</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(WB)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(BVP)</span> 1918-1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Prussia)" title="Conservative Party (Prussia)">Conservative Party</a> 1848-1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Conservative_Party" title="Free Conservative Party">Free Conservative Party</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(FKP)</span> 1866-1918</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Conservative_Party" title="German Conservative Party">German Conservative Party</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(DkP)</span> 1876-1918</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Freedom_Party" title="German Freedom Party">German Freedom Party</a> 2010-2016</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(DNVP)</span> 1918-1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">German Party</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(DP)</span> 1947-1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(DVP)</span> 1918-1933</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_Vereinigung" title="Aufbau Vereinigung">Aufbau Vereinigung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bibliothek_des_Konservatismus" title="Bibliothek des Konservatismus">Bibliothek des Konservatismus</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung" title="Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung">Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Deutschen_Konservativen" title="Die Deutschen Konservativen">Die Deutschen Konservativen</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_German_Catholics" title="Forum of German Catholics">Forum of German Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal_Prize" title="Gerhard Löwenthal Prize">Gerhard Löwenthal Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Burschenschaft" title="German Burschenschaft">German Burschenschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Movement_Pax_Europa" title="Citizens' Movement Pax Europa">Citizens' Movement Pax Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Seidel_Foundation" title="Hanns Seidel Foundation">Hanns Seidel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger_Foundation" title="Hans Filbinger Foundation">Hans Filbinger Foundation</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement#Germany" title="Identitarian movement">Identitäre Aktion</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Staatspolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut für Staatspolitik">Institut für Staatspolitik</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida">PEGIDA</a></i></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Studienzentrum_Weikersheim" title="Studienzentrum Weikersheim">Studienzentrum Weikersheim</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Tradition_und_Leben" title="Tradition und Leben">Tradition und Leben</a></i></span></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_Foundation" title="Germany Foundation">Germany Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Louise_League" title="Queen Louise League">Queen Louise League</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Achse_des_Guten" title="Die Achse des Guten">Die Achse des Guten</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antaios_(magazine)" title="Antaios (magazine)">Antaios</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bild" title="Bild">Bild</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Cato_(Magazin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cato (Magazin)">Cato</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero_(magazine)" title="Cicero (magazine)">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(German_magazine)" title="Compact (German magazine)">COMPACT</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Rundschau" title="Deutsche Rundschau">Deutsche Rundschau</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Junge_Freiheit" title="Junge Freiheit">Junge Freiheit</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kreuzzeitung" title="Kreuzzeitung">Kreuzzeitung</a></i></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politically_Incorrect_(blog)" title="Politically Incorrect (blog)">Politically Incorrect</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fische_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung">Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Monatshefte" title="Süddeutsche Monatshefte">Süddeutsche Monatshefte</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_T%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Türmer">Der Türmer</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Verlag_Antaios" class="mw-redirect" title="Verlag Antaios">Verlag Antaios</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Welt_am_Sonntag" title="Welt am Sonntag">Welt am Sonntag</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; 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border-top:1px solid #154E9D; border-bottom:1px solid #154E9D"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/14px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/21px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/28px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/17px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/26px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/34px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As a result of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>'s temporal analysis of human existence, Gadamer argued that people have a so-called historically-effected <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> (<i>wirkungsgeschichtliches Bewußtsein</i>), and that they are embedded in the particular history and culture that shaped them. However the historical consciousness is not an object over and against our existence, but "a stream in which we move and participate, in every act of understanding."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1969117_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1969117-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, people do not come to any given thing without some form of preunderstanding established by this historical stream. The tradition in which an interpreter stands establishes "prejudices" that affect how he or she will make interpretations. For Gadamer, these prejudices are not something that hinders our ability to make interpretations, but are both integral to the reality of being, and "are the basis of our being able to understand history at all."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1969182_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1969182-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gadamer criticized Enlightenment thinkers for harboring a "prejudice against prejudices".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzales2006328_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzales2006328-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Gadamer, interpreting a text involves a <a href="/wiki/Fusion_of_horizons" title="Fusion of horizons">fusion of horizons</a> (<i>Horizontverschmelzung</i>). Both the text and the interpreter find themselves within a particular historical tradition, or "horizon". Each horizon is expressed through the medium of language, and both text and interpreter belong to and participate in history and language. This "belongingness" to language is the common ground between interpreter and text that makes understanding possible. As an interpreter seeks to understand a text, a common horizon emerges. This fusion of horizons does not mean the interpreter now fully understands some kind of objective meaning, but is "an event in which a world opens itself to him."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1969209_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1969209-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result is a deeper understanding of the subject matter. </p><p>Gadamer further explains the hermeneutical experience as a dialogue. To justify this, he uses <a href="/wiki/Plato#The_dialogues" title="Plato">Plato's dialogues</a> as a model for how we are to engage with written texts. To be in conversation, one must take seriously "the truth claim of the person with whom one is conversing."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzales2006322–323_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzales2006322–323-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, each participant in the conversation relates to one another insofar as they belong to the common goal of understanding one another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzales2006323_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzales2006323-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, for Gadamer, the most important dynamic of conversation as a model for the interpretation of a text is "the give-and-take of question and answer."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzales2006323_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzales2006323-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, the interpretation of a given text will change depending on the questions the interpreter asks of the text. The "meaning" emerges not as an object that lies in the text or in the interpreter, but rather an event that results from the interaction of the two. </p><p><i>Truth and Method</i> was published twice in English, and the revised edition is now considered authoritative. The German-language edition of Gadamer's Collected Works includes a volume in which Gadamer elaborates his argument and discusses the critical response to the book. Finally, Gadamer's essay on <a href="/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan">Celan</a> (entitled "Who Am I and Who Are You?") has been considered by many—including Heidegger and Gadamer himself—as a "second volume" or continuation of the argument in <i>Truth and Method</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contributions_to_communication_ethics">Contributions to communication ethics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Georg_Gadamer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contributions to communication ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gadamer's <i>Truth and Method</i> has become an authoritative work in the <a href="/wiki/Communication_ethics" title="Communication ethics">communication ethics</a> field, spawning several prominent ethics theories and guidelines. The most profound of these is the formulation of the dialogic coordinates, a standard set of prerequisite communication elements necessary for inciting dialogue. Adhering to Gadamer's theories regarding bias, communicators can better initiate dialogic transaction, allowing biases to merge and promote mutual understanding and learning.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Georg_Gadamer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gadamer also added philosophical substance to the notion of human health. In <i>The Enigma of Health</i>, Gadamer explored what it means to heal, as a patient and a provider. In this work the practice and art of medicine are thoroughly examined, as is the inevitability of any cure.<sup id="cite_ref-Dostal-intro_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dostal-intro-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to his work in hermeneutics, Gadamer is also well known for a long list of publications on Greek philosophy. Indeed, while <i>Truth and Method</i> became central to his later career, much of Gadamer's early life centered on studying Greek thinkers, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> specifically. In the Italian introduction to <i>Truth and Method</i>, Gadamer said that his work on Greek philosophy was "the best and most original part" of his career.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesare20071_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesare20071-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His book <i>Plato's Dialectical Ethics</i> looks at the <i><a href="/wiki/Philebus" title="Philebus">Philebus</a></i> dialogue through the lens of <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a> and the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dostal-intro_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dostal-intro-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prizes_and_awards">Prizes and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Georg_Gadamer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prizes and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>1971: <a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reuchlin_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reuchlin Prize (page does not exist)">Reuchlin Prize</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuchlin-Preis" class="extiw" title="de:Reuchlin-Preis">de</a>]</span></dd> <dd>1972: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Great Cross of Merit with Star of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a></dd> <dd>1979: <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud_Prize" title="Sigmund Freud Prize">Sigmund Freud Prize</a> for scientific prose and <a href="/wiki/Hegel_Prize" title="Hegel Prize">Hegel Prize</a></dd> <dd>1986: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers_Prize" title="Karl Jaspers Prize">Karl Jaspers Prize</a></dd> <dd>1990: Great Cross of Merit with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</dd> <dd>1993: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</dd> <dd>12 January 1996: appointed an honorary member of the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon Academy of Sciences">Saxon Academy of Sciences</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_doctorates_2">Honorary doctorates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Georg_Gadamer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Honorary doctorates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>1995: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="University of Wrocław">University of Wrocław</a></dd> <dd>1996: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a></dd> <dd>1999: <a href="/wiki/Philipps-University_Marburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipps-University Marburg">Philipps-University Marburg</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Georg_Gadamer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Primary</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Method" title="Truth and Method">Truth and Method</a></i>. (1st English ed., 1975, trans. by W, Glen-Doepel, ed. by John Cumming and Garret Barden)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Hegel's Dialectic: Five Hermeneutical Studies</i>. Trans. P. Christopher Smith. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1976.</li> <li><i>Dialogue and Dialectic: Eight Hermeneutical Studies on Plato</i>. Trans. and ed. by P. Christopher Smith. New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, 1980.</li> <li><i>The Idea of the Good in Platonic-Aristotelian Philosophy</i>. Trans. <a href="/w/index.php?title=P._Christopher_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P. Christopher Smith (page does not exist)">P. Christopher Smith</a>. New Haven, CT: 1986.</li> <li><i>Gadamer on Celan: 'Who Am I and Who Are You?' and Other Essays</i>. By Hans-Georg Gadamer. Trans. and ed. Richard Heinemann and Bruce Krajewski. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1997.</li> <li><i>Heidegger's Ways</i>. Trans. John W. Stanley. New York: SUNY Press, 1994.</li> <li><i>Literature and Philosophy in Dialogue: Essays in German Literary Theory</i>. Trans. Robert H. Paslick. New York: SUNY Press, 1993.</li> <li><i>Philosophical Apprenticeships</i>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985 (Gadamer's memoirs, translated by Robert R. Sullivan.)</li> <li><i>The Enigma of Health: The Art of Healing in a Scientific Age</i>. Trans. John Gaiger and Richard Walker. Oxford: Polity Press, 1996.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_Hermeneutics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophical Hermeneutics (page does not exist)">Philosophical Hermeneutics</a></i>. Trans. and ed. by David Linge. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.</li> <li><i>Plato's "Parmenides" and Its Influence</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_(journal)" title="Dionysius (journal)">Dionysius</a></i>, Volume VII (1983): 3–16<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reason_in_the_Age_of_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reason in the Age of Science (page does not exist)">Reason in the Age of Science</a></i>. Trans. by Frederick Lawrence. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1981.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Relevance_of_the_Beautiful_and_Other_Essays&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Relevance of the Beautiful and Other Essays (page does not exist)">The Relevance of the Beautiful and Other Essays</a></i>. Trans. N. Walker. ed. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bernasconi" title="Robert Bernasconi">R. Bernasconi</a>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praise_of_Theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praise of Theory (page does not exist)">Praise of Theory</a></i>. Trans. Chris Dawson. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Secondary</dt></dl> <ul><li>Arthos, John. <i>The Inner Word in Gadamer's Hermeneutics.</i> South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2009.</li> <li>Cercel, Larisa (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090723001927/http://www.zetabooks.com/zeta-series-in-translation-studies.html"><i>Übersetzung und Hermeneutik / Traduction et herméneutique</i></a>, Bucharest, Zeta Books, 2009, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-199-706-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-199-706-3">978-973-199-706-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Davey,_Nicholas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Davey, Nicholas (page does not exist)">Davey, Nicholas</a>. <i>Unquiet Understanding: Gadamer's Philosophical Hermeneutics.</i> New York: SUNY Press, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791468425" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791468425">978-0791468425</a>.</li> <li>Davey, Nicholas. <i>Unfinished Worlds. Hermeneutics, Aesthetics, and Gadamer.</i> Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748686223" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748686223">978-0748686223</a>.</li> <li>Dostal, Robert L. ed. <i>The Cambridge Companion to Gadamer</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.</li> <li>Drechsler, Wolfgang. <i>Gadamer in Marburg</i>. Marburg: Blaues Schloss, 2013.</li> <li>Code, Lorraine. ed. <i>Feminist Interpretations of Hans-Georg Gadamer</i>. University Park: Penn State Press, 2003.</li> <li>Coltman, Rodney. <i>The Language of Hermeneutics: Gadamer and Heidegger in Dialogue</i>. Albany: State University Press, 1998.</li> <li>Grondin, Jean. <i>The Philosophy of Gadamer</i>. trans. Kathryn Plant. New York: McGill-Queens University Press, 2002.</li> <li>Grondin, Jean. <i><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer:_A_Biography" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer: A Biography">Hans-Georg Gadamer: A Biography</a></i> trans. Joel Weinsheimer. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.</li> <li>Kögler, Hans-Herbert. <i>The Power of Dialogue: Critical Hermeneutics after Gadamer and Foucault</i> trans. Paul Hendrickson. MIT Press, 1996.</li> <li>Krajewski, Bruce (ed.), <i>Gadamer's Repercussions: Reconsidering Philosophical Hermeneutics</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Lawn_(philosopher)" title="Chris Lawn (philosopher)">Lawn, Chris</a>.<i>Wittgenstein and Gadamer: Towards a Post-Analytic Philosophy of Language</i>, Continuum Press, 2005</li> <li>Lawn, Chris. <i>Gadamer: A Guide for the Perplexed</i>. (Guides for the perplexed) London: Continuum, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8461-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8461-1">978-0-8264-8461-1</a></li> <li>Lawn, Chris, and <a href="/wiki/Niall_Keane" title="Niall Keane">Niall Keane</a>, <i>The Gadamer Dictionary</i>, A&C Black. 2011</li> <li>Malpas, Jeff, and Santiago Zabala (eds),<i>Consequences of Hermeneutics: Fifty Years after Truth and Method</i>, (Northwestern University Press, 2010).</li> <li>Malpas, Jeff, Ulrich Arnswald and Jens Kertscher (eds.). <i>Gadamer's Century: Essays in Honour of Hans-Georg Gadamer</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002.</li> <li>Risser, James. <i>Hermeneutics and the Voice of the other: Re-reading Gadamer's Philosophical Hermeneutics</i>. Albany: SUNY Press, 1997.</li> <li>Sullivan, Robert R., <i>Political Hermeneutics, The Early Thinking of Hans-Georg Gadamer</i>. Univ. Park, Penn State Press,1989.</li> <li>Warnke, Georgia. "Gadamer: Hermeneutics, Tradition and Reason". Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987.</li> <li>Weinsheimer, Joel. <i>Gadamer's Hermeneutics: A Reading of "Truth and Method"</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wierci%C5%84ski" title="Andrzej Wierciński">Wierciński, Andrzej</a>. <i>Gadamer's Hermeneutics and the Art of Conversation</i> Germany, Münster: LIT Verlag, 2011.</li> <li>Wright, Kathleen ed. <i>Festivals of Interpretation: Essays on Hans-Georg Gadamer's Work</i>. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1990.</li> <li>P. Della Pelle, <i>La dimensione ontologica dell'etica in Hans-Georg Gadamer</i>, FrancoAngeli, Milano 2013.</li> <li>P. Della Pelle, <i>La filosofia di Platone nell'interpretazione di Hans-Georg Gadamer</i>, Vita e Pensiero, Milano 2014.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Palmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard E. Palmer (page does not exist)">Richard E. Palmer</a>. (ed.) <i>The Gadamer Reader: A Bouquet of the Later Writings</i>. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2007.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Georg_Gadamer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gadamer%E2%80%93Derrida_debate" title="Gadamer–Derrida debate">Gadamer–Derrida debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limit_situation" title="Limit situation">Limit situation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Georg_Gadamer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Georg_Gadamer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeff Malpas, Hans-Helmuth Gande (eds.), <i>The Routledge Companion to Hermeneutics</i>, Routledge, 2014, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans-Georg Gadamer, "Towards a phenomenology of ritual and language", in Lawrence Kennedy Schmidt (ed.), <i>Language and Linguisticality in Gadamer's Hermeneutics</i>, Lexington Books, 2000, p. 30; James Hans, "Hans-Georg Gadamer and Hermeneutic Phenomenology," <i>Philosophy Today</i> 22 (1978), 3–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEP-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SEP_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/gadamer/">"Hans-Georg Gadamer"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07DrmAkIoE4&t=0m29s"><span class="plainlinks">Gadamer: Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrondin200312-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrondin200312_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrondin2003">Grondin 2003</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrondin200326,_33-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrondin200326,_33_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrondin2003">Grondin 2003</a>, pp. 26, 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGadamer1986" class="citation book cs1">Gadamer, Hans-Georg (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timothyquigley.net/ipa/gadamer-rb.pdf"><i>The Relevance of the Beautiful and Other Essays</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521339537" title="Special:BookSources/9780521339537"><bdi>9780521339537</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2018</span>. <q>As a Protestant, I have always found especially significant the controversy over the Last Supper, which raged in the Protestant Church, particularly between Luther and Zwingli.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Relevance+of+the+Beautiful+and+Other+Essays&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780521339537&rft.aulast=Gadamer&rft.aufirst=Hans-Georg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimothyquigley.net%2Fipa%2Fgadamer-rb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Georg+Gadamer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrondin200321-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrondin200321_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrondin2003">Grondin 2003</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrondin200345-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrondin200345_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrondin2003">Grondin 2003</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrondin200346-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrondin200346_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrondin2003">Grondin 2003</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrondin200337-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrondin200337_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrondin2003">Grondin 2003</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesare20075–7-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesare20075–7_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesare2007">Cesare 2007</a>, p. 5–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesare20077–8-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesare20077–8_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesare2007">Cesare 2007</a>, p. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ideologische Mächte im deutschen Faschismus Band 5: Heidegger im Kontext: Gesamtüberblick zum NS-Engagement der Universitätsphilosophen, George Leaman, Rainer Alisch, Thomas Laugstien, Verlag: Argument Hamburg, 1993, p. 105, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3886192059" title="Special:BookSources/3886192059">3886192059</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesare200717-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesare200717_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesare2007">Cesare 2007</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDostal2002" class="citation book cs1">Dostal, Robert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Byz-nfrKQkC&pg=PA21"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Gadamer</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521000416" title="Special:BookSources/0521000416"><bdi>0521000416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Gadamer&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0521000416&rft.aulast=Dostal&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Byz-nfrKQkC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Georg+Gadamer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leaman, Georg / Simon, Gerd: Deutsche Philosophen aus der Sicht des Sicherheitsdienstes des Reichsführers SS. Jahrbuch für Soziologie-Geschichte 1992, pages 261–292</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Wolin, ‚Nazism and the complicities of Hans-Georg Gadamer. Untruth and Method', <i>The New Republic</i>, 15 May 2000, pp. 36–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrozco1995-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrozco1995_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrozco1995">Orozco 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrondin2003165-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrondin2003165_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrondin2003">Grondin 2003</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesare200730-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesare200730_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesare2007">Cesare 2007</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrondin2003153–154-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrondin2003153–154_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrondin2003">Grondin 2003</a>, pp. 153–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesare200714–15-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesare200714–15_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesare2007">Cesare 2007</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavietes2002" class="citation news cs1">Lavietes, Stuart (25 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/25/world/hans-georg-gadamer-102-who-questioned-fixed-truths.html">"Hans-Georg Gadamer, 102, Who Questioned Fixed Truths"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hans-Georg+Gadamer%2C+102%2C+Who+Questioned+Fixed+Truths&rft.date=2002-03-25&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Lavietes&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F03%2F25%2Fworld%2Fhans-georg-gadamer-102-who-questioned-fixed-truths.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Georg+Gadamer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-washingtonpost_obit-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost_obit_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2002/03/16/hans-georg-gadamer-dies/2e97acf4-16f2-4a24-9ca0-c2d730918700/">"Hans-Georg Gadamer Dies; Noted German Philosopher"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. 16 March 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Hans-Georg+Gadamer+Dies%3B+Noted+German+Philosopher&rft.date=2002-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flocal%2F2002%2F03%2F16%2Fhans-georg-gadamer-dies%2F2e97acf4-16f2-4a24-9ca0-c2d730918700%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Georg+Gadamer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian_obit-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_obit_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts,_Julian2002" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Julian (18 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/mar/18/guardianobituaries.obituaries">"Hans-Georg Gadamer"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hans-Georg+Gadamer&rft.date=2002-03-18&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2002%2Fmar%2F18%2Fguardianobituaries.obituaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Georg+Gadamer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent_obit-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-independent_obit_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111012053133/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/hansgeorg-gadamer-729860.html">"Hans-Georg Gadamer"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 26 March 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/hansgeorg-gadamer-729860.html">the original</a> on 12 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Hans-Georg+Gadamer&rft.date=2002-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fhansgeorg-gadamer-729860.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Georg+Gadamer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.dal.ca/Journals/Dionysius/Editorial_Board.php">"Department of Classics"</a>. <i>Dalhousie University</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dalhousie+University&rft.atitle=Department+of+Classics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.dal.ca%2FJournals%2FDionysius%2FEditorial_Board.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Georg+Gadamer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Imamichi-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Imamichi_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Imamichi_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFImamichiFagot-Largeault2004" class="citation web cs1">Imamichi, Tomonobu; Fagot-Largeault, Anne (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101228124437/http://www.college-de-france.fr/media/bio_med/UPL8933_AFL_res_0607.pdf">"In Search of Wisdom. One Philosopher's Journey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Le Devenir Impensable</i>. Tokyo, International House of Japan: <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.college-de-france.fr/media/bio_med/UPL8933_AFL_res_0607.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Devenir+Impensable&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+Wisdom.+One+Philosopher%27s+Journey&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Imamichi&rft.aufirst=Tomonobu&rft.au=Fagot-Largeault%2C+Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.college-de-france.fr%2Fmedia%2Fbio_med%2FUPL8933_AFL_res_0607.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Georg+Gadamer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_J._Bernstein2002" class="citation book cs1">Richard J. Bernstein (2002). "Hermeneutics, Critical Theory and Deconstruction". <i>The Cambridge Companion to Gadamer</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521801931" title="Special:BookSources/0521801931"><bdi>0521801931</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hermeneutics%2C+Critical+Theory+and+Deconstruction&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Gadamer&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0521801931&rft.au=Richard+J.+Bernstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Georg+Gadamer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesare200727-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesare200727_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesare2007">Cesare 2007</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarucio" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marucio, Fernando. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091018215428/http://geocities.com/fdomauricio/Gadamer.htm">"Hans-Georg Gadamer, 1900–2002"</a>. <i>Geocities</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geocities.com/fdomauricio/Gadamer.htm">the original</a> on 18 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geocities&rft.atitle=Hans-Georg+Gadamer%2C+1900%E2%80%932002&rft.aulast=Marucio&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeocities.com%2Ffdomauricio%2FGadamer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Georg+Gadamer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesare200727–28-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesare200727–28_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesare2007">Cesare 2007</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skorin-Kapov, Jadranka (2016), "The Intertwining of Aesthetics and Ethics: Exceeding of Expectations, Ecstasy, Sublimity," Lexington Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1498524568" title="Special:BookSources/978-1498524568">978-1498524568</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchleiermacherWojcikHaas19785,_10-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchleiermacherWojcikHaas19785,_10_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchleiermacherWojcikHaas1978">Schleiermacher, Wojcik & Haas 1978</a>, pp. 5, 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer196998-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer196998_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1969">Palmer 1969</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1969163-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1969163_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1969163_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1969">Palmer 1969</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Truth and Method 2nd ed. Sheed and Ward, London 1989 XXVIII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1969117-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1969117_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1969">Palmer 1969</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1969182-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1969182_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1969">Palmer 1969</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzales2006328-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzales2006328_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzales2006">Gonzales 2006</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1969209-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1969209_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1969">Palmer 1969</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzales2006322–323-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzales2006322–323_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzales2006">Gonzales 2006</a>, pp. 322–323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzales2006323-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzales2006323_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzales2006323_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzales2006">Gonzales 2006</a>, p. 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Communication Ethics Literacy: Dialogue and Difference Arnett, Harden Fritz & Bell, Los Angeles 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dostal-intro-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dostal-intro_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dostal-intro_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_J._Dostal2002" class="citation book cs1">Robert J. Dostal (2002). "Introduction". <i>The Cambridge Companion to Gadamer</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521801931" title="Special:BookSources/0521801931"><bdi>0521801931</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Gadamer&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0521801931&rft.au=Robert+J.+Dostal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Georg+Gadamer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesare20071-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesare20071_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCesare2007">Cesare 2007</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2nd revised translation 1989 by J. Weinsheimer and D.G. Marshall, New York: Crossroad 2004; since its first appearance the book has been republished in various formats by Continuum, and more recently Bloomsbury, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-7697-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-7697-5">978-0-8264-7697-5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/082647697X">excerpt</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.dal.ca/Journals/Dionysius/Index_to_Volumes_I-X.php">"Department of Classics"</a>. <i>Dalhousie University</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dalhousie+University&rft.atitle=Department+of+Classics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.dal.ca%2FJournals%2FDionysius%2FIndex_to_Volumes_I-X.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Georg+Gadamer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Georg_Gadamer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCesare2007" class="citation book cs1">Cesare, Donatella Di (2007). <i>Gadamer: A Philosophical Portrait</i>. Translated by Keane, Niall. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-25300-763-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-25300-763-6"><bdi>978-0-25300-763-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gadamer%3A+A+Philosophical+Portrait&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-25300-763-6&rft.aulast=Cesare&rft.aufirst=Donatella+Di&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Georg+Gadamer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGonzales2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gonzales, Francisco J. (2006). "Dialectic and Dialogue in the Hermeneutics of Paul Ricouer and H.G. Gadamer". <i>Continental Philosophy Review</i>. <b>39</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">313–</span>345. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11007-006-9031-4">10.1007/s11007-006-9031-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170800798">170800798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Continental+Philosophy+Review&rft.atitle=Dialectic+and+Dialogue+in+the+Hermeneutics+of+Paul+Ricouer+and+H.G.+Gadamer&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E313-%3C%2Fspan%3E345&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11007-006-9031-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170800798%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gonzales&rft.aufirst=Francisco+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Georg+Gadamer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrondin2003" class="citation book cs1">Grondin, Jean (2003). <i>Hans-Georg Gadamer: A Biography</i>. Translated by Weinsheimer, Joel. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30009-841-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30009-841-9"><bdi>978-0-30009-841-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hans-Georg+Gadamer%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-30009-841-9&rft.aulast=Grondin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Georg+Gadamer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrozco1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Orozco, Teresa (1995). <i>Platonische Gewalt: Gadamers politische Hermeneutik der NS-Zeit</i> (in German). Hamburg; Berlin: Argument Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88619-240-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88619-240-3"><bdi>978-3-88619-240-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Platonische+Gewalt%3A+Gadamers+politische+Hermeneutik+der+NS-Zeit&rft.place=Hamburg%3B+Berlin&rft.pub=Argument+Verlag&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3-88619-240-3&rft.aulast=Orozco&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Georg+Gadamer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1969" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Richard (1969). <i>Hermeneutics: Interpretation Theory in Schleiermacher, Dilthey, Heidegger, and Gadamer</i>. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81010-459-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81010-459-4"><bdi>978-0-81010-459-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hermeneutics%3A+Interpretation+Theory+in+Schleiermacher%2C+Dilthey%2C+Heidegger%2C+and+Gadamer&rft.place=Evanston%2C+IL&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-81010-459-4&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans-Georg+Gadamer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchleiermacherWojcikHaas1978" class="citation journal cs1">Schleiermacher, Friedrich D.E.; Wojcik, Jan; Haas, Roland (1978). "The Hermeneutics: Outline of the 1819 Lectures". <i>New Literary History</i>. <b>10</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F468302">10.2307/468302</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/468302">468302</a>.</cite><span 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Gadamer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.gadamer-gesellschaft.de/en/hans-georg-gadamer-society/">https://www.gadamer-gesellschaft.de/en/hans-georg-gadamer-society/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231028071030/https://www.gadamer-gesellschaft.de/en/hans-georg-gadamer-society/">Archived</a> 28 October 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/gadamer/">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Malpas" title="Jeff Malpas">Jeff Malpas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/gadamer/">Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900—2002)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Swayne_Barthold" title="Lauren Swayne Barthold">Lauren Swayne Barthold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YTtiTgStBYE">Gadamer's Hermeneutics</a> (introductory lecture by Henk de Berg, 2015)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121219025523/http://www.ms.kuki.tus.ac.jp/KMSLab/makita/gdmhp/ghp_kchrono_d.html">Chronology (in German)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121219011628/http://www.ms.kuki.tus.ac.jp/KMSLab/makita/gdmhp/ghp_wwerk_d.html">Works by Gadamer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721074007/http://emc.elte.hu/~hargitai/mmi/segedanyagok/platoasportratist.pdf">Hans-Georg Gadamer: Plato as portratist</a></li> <li>Miguel Ángel Quintana Paz: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uned.es/dpto_fil/revista/polemos/articulos/MA_Quintana_On%20Hermeneutical%20Ethics%20&%20Education%20(Internet)2.doc">"On Hermeneutical Ethics and Education"</a>, a paper on the relevance of Gadamer's Hermeneutics for our understanding of music, ethics and education in both.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bildung" title="Bildung">Bildung</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_of_horizons" title="Fusion of horizons">Fusion of horizons</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limit_situation" title="Limit situation">Limit situation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_hermeneutics" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical hermeneutics">Philosophical hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Method" title="Truth and Method">Truth and 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title="Reason in the Age of Science (page does not exist)">Reason in the Age of Science</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gadamer_scholars" title="Category:Gadamer scholars">Gadamer scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadamer%E2%80%93Derrida_debate" title="Gadamer–Derrida debate">Gadamer–Derrida debate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer:_A_Biography" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer: A Biography">Hans-Georg Gadamer: A Biography</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_language338" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_language" title="Template:Philosophy of language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_language" title="Template talk:Philosophy of language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_language338" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Index_of_language_articles" title="Index of language articles">Index of language articles</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_language" title="List of philosophers of language">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratylus" title="Cratylus">Cratylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eubulides" title="Eubulides">Eubulides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Cronus" title="Diodorus Cronus">Diodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkins" title="John Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lancelot" title="Claude Lancelot">Lancelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Mauthner" title="Fritz Mauthner">Mauthner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">de Saussure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Frege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Boas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Sapir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Bloomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky">Vygotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lee_Whorf" title="Benjamin Lee Whorf">Whorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaakko_Hintikka" title="Jaakko Hintikka">Hintikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Grice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Watzlawick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_language" title="Category:Theories of language">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causal_theory_of_reference" title="Causal theory of reference">Causal theory of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastivism" title="Contrastivism">Contrast theory of meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastivism" title="Contrastivism">Contrastivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventionalism" title="Conventionalism">Conventionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratylism" title="Cratylism">Cratylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptivist_theory_of_names" title="Descriptivist theory of names">Descriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_reference_theory" title="Direct reference theory">Direct reference theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatism" title="Dramatism">Dramatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_semantics" title="Dynamic semantics">Dynamic semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressivism" title="Expressivism">Expressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisitive_semantics" title="Inquisitive semantics">Inquisitive semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediated_reference_theory" title="Mediated reference theory">Mediated reference theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phallogocentrism" title="Phallogocentrism">Phallogocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relevance_theory" title="Relevance theory">Relevance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_externalism" title="Semantic externalism">Semantic externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_holism" title="Semantic holism">Semantic holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_semantics" title="Situation semantics">Situation semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supposition_theory" title="Supposition theory">Supposition theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosism" title="Symbiosism">Symbiosism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions" title="Theory of descriptions">Theory of descriptions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Definite_description" title="Definite description">Definite description</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_language" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verification theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cant_(language)" title="Cant (language)">Cant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(philosophy)" title="Class (philosophy)">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_resemblance" title="Family resemblance">Family resemblance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intension" title="Intension">Intension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity" title="Linguistic relativity">Linguistic relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_form" title="Logical form">Logical form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalanguage" title="Metalanguage">Metalanguage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modality_(natural_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modality (natural language)">Modality (natural language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presupposition" title="Presupposition">Presupposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Principle of compositionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_and_reference" title="Sense and reference">Sense and reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">Sentence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)" title="Sign (semiotics)">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_act" title="Speech act">Speech act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_(logic)" title="Statement (logic)">Statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth-bearer" title="Truth-bearer">Truth-bearer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use%E2%80%93mention_distinction" title="Use–mention distinction">Use–mention distinction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_language_articles" title="Index of philosophy of language articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(n.d.)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_Grammar" title="Port-Royal Grammar">Port-Royal Grammar</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1660)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Arte_Combinatoria" title="De Arte Combinatoria">De Arte Combinatoria</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1666)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Towards_a_Real_Character,_and_a_Philosophical_Language" title="An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language">An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1668)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alciphron_(book)" title="Alciphron (book)">Alciphron</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1732)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_Denoting" title="On Denoting">On Denoting</a>" <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1905)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus" title="Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus">Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1921)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Language,_Truth,_and_Logic" title="Language, Truth, and Logic">Language, Truth, and Logic</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Dogmas_of_Empiricism" title="Two Dogmas of Empiricism">Two Dogmas of Empiricism</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Investigations" title="Philosophical Investigations">Philosophical Investigations</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Of_Grammatology" title="Of Grammatology">Of Grammatology</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naming_and_Necessity" title="Naming and Necessity">Naming and Necessity</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1980)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wittgenstein_on_Rules_and_Private_Language" title="Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language">Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1982)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limited_Inc" title="Limited Inc">Limited Inc</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1988)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_logic" title="Philosophical logic">Philosophical logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">School of Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(natural_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantics (natural language)">Semantics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal semantics (linguistics)">Formal semantics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_language" title="Category:Philosophy of language">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Language" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Language">Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Continental_philosophy154" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continental_philosophy" title="Template talk:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continental_philosophy154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Bachelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Blanchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Dilthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Kojève</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9" title="Alexandre Koyré">Koyré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Serres" title="Michel Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-philosophy" title="Non-philosophy">Non-philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism" title="Philosophical pessimism">Philosophical pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_realism" title="Speculative realism">Speculative realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always_already" title="Always already">Always already</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_oppositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary oppositions">Binary oppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">Critique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanent_critique" title="Immanent critique">Immanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of God">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff%C3%A9rance" title="Différance">Différance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_(philosophy)" title="Difference (philosophy)">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology" title="Hauntology">Hauntology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(philosophy)" title="Interpellation (philosophy)">Interpellation (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">Intersubjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Master–slave dialectic">Master–slave dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">Master–slave morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic">Ontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontopoetics" title="Ontopoetics">Ontopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(deconstruction)" title="Trace (deconstruction)">Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaluation_of_values" title="Transvaluation of values">Transvaluation of values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">Will to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_suspicion" title="Hermeneutics of suspicion">Hermeneutics of suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic theory">Linguistic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">Linguistic turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Continental_philosophy" title="Category:Continental philosophy">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_continental_philosophy_articles" title="Index of continental philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76356#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4373" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121468698">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108229357">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/54/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcWqBcCBb3CYRHDfgt3Qq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118537032">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50000244">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11903814g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11903814g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00440368">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gadamer, Hans-Georg"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV027382">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35108735">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000601681&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX934391">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/29448">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068344406">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p237932253">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90086997">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000010282&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000101901&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000080941">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=177480">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199609548">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx002t44npmw86">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810675950705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/103387">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007261413505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521547806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14661036">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00349794?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=231758">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500208442">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/76ad9641-5144-4604-8e3f-d9697128b416">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118537032">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/829195">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118537032.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118537032">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026877791">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bg6sfc">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=25464">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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