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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_warming_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_warming_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Global warming views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_warming_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation_accepted_by_new_president_Obama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation_accepted_by_new_president_Obama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Resignation accepted by new president Obama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation_accepted_by_new_president_Obama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Research_and_Engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Research_and_Engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Research_and_Engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rocket_Lab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rocket_Lab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Rocket Lab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rocket_Lab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Griffin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مايكل دوغلاس غريفين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مايكل دوغلاس غريفين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="মাইকেল ডি গ্রিফিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাইকেল ডি গ্রিফিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Griffin" title="Michael Griffin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Michael Griffin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Griffin_(Physiker)" title="Michael Griffin (Physiker) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Michael Griffin (Physiker)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Griffin" title="Michael Griffin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Michael Griffin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مایکل گریفین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مایکل گریفین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Griffin" title="Michael Griffin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Michael Griffin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Griffin" title="Michael D. Griffin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Michael D. Griffin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Douglas_Griffin" title="Michael Douglas Griffin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Michael Douglas Griffin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9F" title="מייקל גריפין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מייקל גריפין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maikls_Grifins" title="Maikls Grifins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maikls Grifins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Griffin" title="Michael Griffin – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Michael Griffin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مايكل دوجلاس جريفين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مايكل دوجلاس جريفين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Griffin" title="Michael Griffin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Michael Griffin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Griffin" title="Michael Griffin – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Michael Griffin" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Griffin" title="Michael D. Griffin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Michael D. Griffin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Griffin" title="Michael Griffin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Michael Griffin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Гриффин, Майкл Дуглас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гриффин, Майкл Дуглас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Griffin" title="Michael D. Griffin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Michael D. Griffin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DA%B5_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مایکڵ دی گریفین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مایکڵ دی گریفین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Griffin" title="Michael D. Griffin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Michael D. Griffin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Griffin" title="Michael D. Griffin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Michael D. Griffin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ไมเคิล กริฟฟิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไมเคิล กริฟฟิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Griffin" title="Michael Griffin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Michael Griffin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%94%D1%83%D2%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D2%90%D1%80%D1%96%D1%84%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Майкл Дуґлас Ґріффін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Майкл Дуґлас Ґріффін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q357956#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Michael Griffin, see <a href="/wiki/Michael_Griffin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Michael Griffin (disambiguation)">Michael Griffin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Michael D. Griffin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_D._Griffin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Michael_D._Griffin.jpg/220px-Michael_D._Griffin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Michael_D._Griffin.jpg/330px-Michael_D._Griffin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Michael_D._Griffin.jpg/440px-Michael_D._Griffin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2018</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Research_and_Engineering" title="Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering">Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 19, 2018 – July 10, 2020</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heidi_Shyu" title="Heidi Shyu">Heidi Shyu</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">11th <a href="/wiki/List_of_Administrators_and_Deputy_Administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Administrators and Deputy Administrators of NASA">Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 13, 2005 – January 20, 2009</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shana_Dale" title="Shana Dale">Shana Dale</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sean_O%27Keefe" title="Sean O'Keefe">Sean O'Keefe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bolden" title="Charles Bolden">Charles Bolden</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Michael Douglas Griffin</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1949-11-01</span>) </span>November 1, 1949<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 75)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen,_Maryland" title="Aberdeen, Maryland">Aberdeen, Maryland</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MS</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America" title="Catholic University of America">Catholic University of America</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science_in_Engineering" title="Master of Science in Engineering">MSE</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland, College Park</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MS</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MS</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyola_University_Maryland" title="Loyola University Maryland">Loyola University Maryland</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">MBA</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Michael Douglas Griffin</b> (born November 1, 1949)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an American <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerospace engineer">aerospace engineer</a> who served as the <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Research_and_Engineering" title="Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering">Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering</a> from 2018 to 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-USDappointment_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDappointment-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He previously served as deputy of technology for the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a>, and as <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration">administrator</a> of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> from April 13, 2005, to January 20, 2009. As NASA administrator, Griffin oversaw such areas as <a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">private spaceflight</a>, future <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, and the fate of the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble telescope</a>. </p><p>While he describes himself as a "simple aerospace engineer from a small town", Griffin has held several high-profile political appointments. In 2007 he was included in the <a href="/wiki/Time_100" title="Time 100"><i>TIME</i> 100</a>, the magazine's list of the 100 most influential people.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Griffin's appointment as administrator was associated with a significant shift in the direction of the agency. He began signaling intended changes at his Senate confirmation hearing. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_D._Griffin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Griffin's early career began at <a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">APL</a> in the 1980s, where he helped design the successful Delta 180 series of <a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">missile defense</a> technology satellites for the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO)</a>. Griffin soon rose to deputy for technology, where he conceived and directed the first space-to-space interception of a ballistic missile in powered flight, and the first space-borne reconnaissance of ballistic missile targets in boost phase and mid-course flight.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, Griffin was the president and CTO of <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital Sciences">Orbital Sciences</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then a small entrepreneurial space launch company In 1995, Griffin authored a report published by <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a>, "Ending America's Vulnerability to Ballistic Missiles", offering recommendations for advancing the recently cancelled <a href="/wiki/Brilliant_Pebbles" title="Brilliant Pebbles">Brilliant Pebbles</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he advocated for a new proliferated <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> constellation of sensors and space-based interceptor weapons to defend against ballistic missiles. </p><p>In early 2002 he met entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> and accompanied him on a trip to <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, where they attempted to purchase <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">ICBMs</a>. The unsuccessful trip is credited as directly leading to the formation of <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Musk offered Griffin the title of chief engineer at the company,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Griffin instead became president and COO of <a href="/wiki/In-Q-Tel" title="In-Q-Tel">In-Q-Tel</a>, a private enterprise funded by the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> to identify and invest in companies developing cutting-edge technologies that serve national security interests.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, he was appointed NASA administrator, where he pushed for commercial cargo and crew transportation services.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>After NASA lost a GAO protest from SpaceX on a sole-source contract to RocketPlane Kistler, Griffin led a reorganization of the contract into a competition called the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a> (COTS) program. Twenty aerospace companies applied to the COTS program, of which two companies, RocketPlane Kistler and <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> were selected by NASA.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2008, NASA awarded <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital Sciences">Orbital Sciences</a> contracts with a combined value of $3.5 billion as part of the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services" title="Commercial Resupply Services">Commercial Resupply Services</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2018, Griffin was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Research_and_Engineering" title="Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering">Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering</a> by <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>. One of his first actions was to create the <a href="/wiki/Space_Development_Agency" title="Space Development Agency">Space Development Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization was tasked with procuring a proliferated constellation of <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> satellites to detect Chinese and Russian hypersonic weapons. Commercial contracts for the constellation were given to <a href="/wiki/L3Harris" title="L3Harris">L3Harris</a> and <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> to build <a href="/wiki/Starlink#Military_capabilities" title="Starlink">Starlink military satellites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> Director <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> called the project a “Strategic Defense Initiative for our time, the SDI II".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Griffin has encouraged the development of boost-glide <a href="/wiki/Hypersonic_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersonic weapons">hypersonic weapons</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/AGM-183_ARRW" title="AGM-183 ARRW">AGM-183 ARRW</a>. In 2020, he signaled that the United States would be making a major investment in production of hypersonic weaponry at scale.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before his appointment as NASA administrator, Griffin was president-elect of <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics" title="American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a> (AIAA). He is a member of <a href="/wiki/American_Astronautical_Society" title="American Astronautical Society">American Astronautical Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Academy_of_Astronautics" title="International Academy of Astronautics">International Academy of Astronautics</a>. Griffin had worked at NASA prior to serving as NASA administrator, including as associate administrator for exploration. When he was nominated as NASA chief, he was head of the Space Department at the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> <a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">Applied Physics Laboratory</a> (APL) in <a href="/wiki/Laurel,_Maryland" title="Laurel, Maryland">Laurel, Maryland</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Griffin has been a professor at various universities, teaching courses in spacecraft design, Applied Math, guidance and navigation, compressible flow, <a href="/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics" title="Computational fluid dynamics">computational fluid dynamics</a>, spacecraft attitude control, aerodynamics, and introductory aerospace engineering. He is lead author of more than two dozen technical papers, and is co-author with <a href="/wiki/James_R._French" title="James R. French">James R. French</a> of the astronautical engineering textbook, <i>Space Vehicle Design</i>. <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Griffin is also a general aviation flight Instructor and Pilot, and owner of a small airplane, a Beech Bonanza. In 2004 Griffin was named head of the Space Department at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> APL.<sup id="cite_ref-buckley_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buckley-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In or before 2023 Griffin joined the board of Castelion, a defense manufacturing company.<sup id="cite_ref-Castelion_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castelion-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_D._Griffin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Griffin holds seven <a href="/wiki/Academic_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic degrees">academic degrees</a> that he earned throughout his career.<sup id="cite_ref-a_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He earned a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> from <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> in 1971; a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science_in_Engineering" title="Master of Science in Engineering">MSE</a> degree in aerospace science from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America" title="Catholic University of America">Catholic University of America</a> in 1974; a <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">aerospace engineering</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland">University of Maryland</a> in 1977;<sup id="cite_ref-thesis-griffin-1977_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesis-griffin-1977-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MS</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> in 1979; an MS degree in <a href="/wiki/Applied_physics" title="Applied physics">applied physics</a> from Johns Hopkins University in 1983; an <a href="/wiki/MBA" class="mw-redirect" title="MBA">MBA</a> degree from <a href="/wiki/Loyola_University_Maryland" title="Loyola University Maryland">Loyola University Maryland</a> in 1990; and an MS degree in <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> from <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-a_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Griffin was also working toward an MS degree in <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> at Johns Hopkins University before being appointed as NASA chief. </p><p>In April 2009, Griffin was named eminent scholar and a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_in_Huntsville" title="University of Alabama in Huntsville">University of Alabama in Huntsville</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Long-term_vision_for_space">Long-term vision for space</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_D._Griffin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Long-term vision for space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2004 testimony to Congress on the future of human spaceflight, he stated, "For me, the single overarching goal of human space flight is the human settlement of the Solar System, and eventually beyond. I can think of no lesser purpose sufficient to justify the difficulty of the enterprise, and no greater purpose is possible." In his testimony he also advocated heavy-lift launch capabilities, development of space qualified nuclear power systems, <a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a> resource utilization, and cost-effective medium-size transport to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>. Griffin told a Senate subcommittee that the first book he ever received was a book on astronomy and space when he was five years old, and "I was absolutely fascinated by it, and from that time forward, I never considered for myself anything other than being a Scientist or Engineer or Mathematician and involving myself in the space business." </p><p>Griffin has collaborated with several space advocacy organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Society" title="National Space Society">National Space Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary Society">Planetary Society</a>: </p> <ul><li>Griffin and Astronaut <a href="/wiki/Owen_K._Garriott" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen K. Garriott">Owen K. Garriott</a> were team co-leaders for a study commissioned by the Planetary Society entitled "Extending Human Presence Into the Solar System" in 2004. Griffin cited this study in his first press conference as NASA administrator to answer a question about sending humans to Mars, saying "I would urge you to download that report from the website because I don't have any better thinking to offer you than what I put into that report."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Griffin was one of the original signatories of the Mars Society, which is dedicated to human settlement of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. Mars Society president <a href="/wiki/Robert_Zubrin" title="Robert Zubrin">Robert Zubrin</a> recounts in his 1996 book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Mars" title="The Case for Mars">The Case for Mars</a></i>, that in 1991, after Zubrin presented his ideas about a Mars mission architecture with Griffin, then NASA Associate Administrator for Exploration, Griffin presented these ideas to then NASA Administrator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldin" title="Daniel Goldin">Daniel Goldin</a>.</li> <li>Griffin shared the plenary talk with <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> at the fourth <a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a> gathering in 2001. It was here that Musk announced his plan to grow plants on Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="NASA_administrator">NASA administrator</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_D._Griffin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: NASA administrator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_D._Griffin_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Michael_D._Griffin_official_portrait.jpg/220px-Michael_D._Griffin_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Michael_D._Griffin_official_portrait.jpg/330px-Michael_D._Griffin_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Michael_D._Griffin_official_portrait.jpg/440px-Michael_D._Griffin_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3998" data-file-height="4997" /></a><figcaption>Griffin's official portrait as NASA administrator</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MichaelGriffinDickCheney2005-06-28.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MichaelGriffinDickCheney2005-06-28.jpeg/220px-MichaelGriffinDickCheney2005-06-28.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MichaelGriffinDickCheney2005-06-28.jpeg/330px-MichaelGriffinDickCheney2005-06-28.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MichaelGriffinDickCheney2005-06-28.jpeg/440px-MichaelGriffinDickCheney2005-06-28.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2052" /></a><figcaption>Michael Griffin was formally sworn in by Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> on June 28, 2005.</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 11, 2005, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> announced his intention to nominate Griffin to serve as the 11th Administrator of NASA. He was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/US_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="US Senate">Senate</a> on April 13, 2005. Griffin was subsequently sworn in by Vice-president <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, a rarity for a NASA administrator and signifying the importance NASA held to the Bush Administration. Administration even recalled its former NASA transition Team Director and Chief of Staff, <a href="/wiki/Courtney_Stadd" title="Courtney Stadd">Courtney Stadd</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to assist Griffin.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 28, 2007, Griffin said that NASA aims to put a man on Mars by 2037.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an interview with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> in July 2008 Griffin stated, in <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Space_Shuttle_program" title="Criticism of the Space Shuttle program">criticism of the Space Shuttle program</a>, that an opportunity to push on to Mars by extending the Apollo program was squandered by a change in focus to Shuttle and space station programs that only reached orbit: "I spent some time analysing what we could have done had we used the budgets we received to explore the capabilities inherent in the Apollo hardware after it was built. The short answer is we would have been on Mars 15 or 20 years ago, instead of circling endlessly in low Earth orbit."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Questions_concerning_NASA_budget_management">Questions concerning NASA budget management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_D._Griffin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Questions concerning NASA budget management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Griffin has been criticized by space research organizations such as <a href="/wiki/NASA_Ames_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Ames Research Center">NASA Ames Research Center</a> life sciences group for shifting portions of NASA's budget from science to human spaceflight. Griffin had stated that he would not shift "one thin dime" of funding from science to human spaceflight, but less than six months later, in February 2006, after NASA Constellation funding did not reach requested levels, NASA revealed a budget that reduced space research funding by about 25%, including indefinite deferrals of planned programs such as the <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter">Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Planet_Finder" title="Terrestrial Planet Finder">Terrestrial Planet Finder</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Space_Interferometry_Mission" title="Space Interferometry Mission">Space Interferometry Mission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The logic was that funding <a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Project Constellation</a>, a presidentially mandated program, was the top priority of the space agency. Funding for a New York Company to research the <a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Prometheus</a> space nuclear program has also been put on hold, although Griffin has said he is anxious to pursue Prometheus after the earlier-priority development of the new spacecraft is completed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Which spacecraft? (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Earlier, in November 2005, funding for life science research conducted largely out of Ames Research Center was cut by 80%, prompting representatives of the Ames life sciences group to write a scathing letter to Griffin criticizing this cut.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA field centers focused mainly on science rather than on human spaceflight, such as Ames and <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center" title="Glenn Research Center">Glenn Research Center</a>, have seen general budgetary downsizing, and many science contracts with outside researchers have been canceled.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Griffin attributed these cuts, along with cuts in the human spaceflight budget, as being necessitated by a $3.2 billion shortfall.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">National Research Council</a> also concluded that NASA's total funding has not been enough to fulfill all its mandates and remain strong in science.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, during Griffin's term, science budgets were, as a percentage of NASA's total budget, in line with those during Project Apollo. There has been some discussion, after the release of the Summary Report by the Human Space Flight Committee<sup id="cite_ref-SR-2009_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SR-2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that NASA has not been funded sufficiently to pursue a strong science program while continuing to focus on aeronautics and space exploration, the two key mission of the NASA. Limitations on NASA's budget include a mandated continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> program, including safety upgrades and testing; the mandated construction of the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>; the mandated development of the Vision for Space Exploration architecture; programs outside of human spaceflight, consisting of science research and aeronautics research; and an ever-increasing share of NASA's budget devoted to line-item earmarks sometimes characterized as <a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">pork barrel</a> spending.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struggles_to_complete_ISS_before_Shuttle_program_termination">Struggles to complete ISS before Shuttle program termination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_D._Griffin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Struggles to complete ISS before Shuttle program termination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a>, announced by President Bush in 2004, mandated that NASA must use the Space Shuttle to finish construction of the International Space Station by the end of 2010. By June 2006, due to ongoing concerns with the safety of the Shuttle in the wake of the <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a></i> disaster, only one flight had been performed. Per the Presidential mandate of the Vision for Space Exploration, Griffin mandated that 18 more Space Shuttle flights be performed in the remaining four and a half years. </p><p>Griffin approved the launch of Space Shuttle <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a></i> for July 2006 to perform the second return-to-flight mission, overriding the NASA Chief Safety and Mission Assurance Officer, <a href="/wiki/Bryan_D._O%27Connor" title="Bryan D. O'Connor">Bryan O'Connor</a>. Although O'Connor said there were still unresolved concerns that foam insulation could break off of <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank" title="Space Shuttle external tank">external fuel tank</a> and damage the orbiter, Griffin characterized the risk as acceptable, arguing that it would be better to test one change at a time. With that flight NASA was testing the removal of protuberance air-load ramps from cable and fuel line fittings on the exterior of the external fuel tank.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This launch proved that the changes made to prevent shedding of foam at the air-load ramps were successful, allowing the Shuttle program to work towards completion of the ISS by the presidentially mandated year of 2010. The construction of the ISS was completed in early 2011, and then the Space Shuttle was retired. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_warming_views">Global warming views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_D._Griffin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Global warming views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a follow-up interview to his May 31 interview with <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">NPR</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Steve_Inskeep" title="Steve Inskeep">Steve Inskeep</a> airing June 1, 2007, on NPR News' <i><a href="/wiki/Morning_Edition" title="Morning Edition">Morning Edition</a></i>, Griffin said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have no doubt that global—that a trend of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> exists. I am not sure that it is fair to say that it is a problem we must wrestle with. To assume that it is a problem is to assume that the state of Earth's climate today is the optimal climate, the best climate that we could have or ever have had and that we need to take steps to make sure that it doesn't change. First of all, I don't think it's within the power of human beings to assure that the climate does not change, as millions of years of history have shown, and second of all, I guess I would ask which human beings -where and when-are to be accorded the privilege of deciding that this particular climate that we have right here today, right now is the best climate for all other human beings. I think that's a rather arrogant position for people to take.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some climate scientists referred to his remarks as ignorant.<sup id="cite_ref-MSNBC_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, <a href="/wiki/James_E._Hansen" class="mw-redirect" title="James E. Hansen">James E. Hansen</a>, NASA's top official on climate change, said Griffin's comments showed "arrogance and ignorance", as millions will likely be harmed by global warming.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Mahlman" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Mahlman">Jerry Mahlman</a>, a scientist at the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research" title="National Center for Atmospheric Research">National Center for Atmospheric Research</a>, said that Griffin was either "totally clueless" or "a deep antiglobal warming ideologue".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a closed-door meeting on June 4, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>, Griffin said: </p> <blockquote><p>"Unfortunately, this is an issue which has become far more political than technical, and it would have been well for me to have stayed out of it." "All I can really do is apologize to all you guys. ... I feel badly that I caused this amount of controversy over something like this."<sup id="cite_ref-MSNBC_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation_accepted_by_new_president_Obama">Resignation accepted by new president Obama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_D._Griffin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Resignation accepted by new president Obama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was widely known that Griffin hoped to keep his job under President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> so that Constellation and NASA's other programs could maintain their steady progress.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a phone call on the day after the election, Senator <a href="/wiki/Bill_Nelson_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Nelson (politician)">Bill Nelson</a> (D, FL) requested of <a href="/wiki/Lori_Garver" title="Lori Garver">Lori Garver</a>, who led the incoming Obama Administration's Transition Team, that the Administration allow Griffin to remain as NASA administrator to provide programmatic and management continuity. However, his resignation (required of and offered by all agency heads due to an incoming president) was accepted. In part, this was because of disagreements between Griffin and Garver over the state of Project Constellation. Griffin gave a farewell address to NASA on January 16, 2009, in which he praised NASA for its recovery from the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i> disaster</a> and urged employees to support the new administrator, whoever it may be.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left office the day President Obama was inaugurated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_career">Later career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_D._Griffin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On April 14, 2009, Griffin accepted a position as eminent scholar and Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_in_Huntsville" title="University of Alabama in Huntsville">University of Alabama in Huntsville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university established the eminent scholar position in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Griffin has established the Center for System Studies at the university, which will address the need for "<a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">systems thinking</a>" in industry and the government. System studies involve research to understand the many complex ways that technology, nature, people, and society interact so that the workings of an engineered solution are more predictable and more desirable. UA Huntsville is a Space Grant university, and has a history of cooperation with both NASA at the nearby <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Aviation_and_Missile_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command">U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command</a> at <a href="/wiki/Redstone_Arsenal" title="Redstone Arsenal">Redstone Arsenal</a>. The campus serves as the anchor tenant in <a href="/wiki/Cummings_Research_Park" title="Cummings Research Park">Cummings Research Park</a>, the second-largest university research park in the USA. In a 2010 <a href="/wiki/Space_Foundation" title="Space Foundation">Space Foundation</a> survey, Griffin was ranked as the #7 most popular space hero.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 14, 2012, the Schafer Corporation announced that Griffin would assume the role of chairman and CEO at the company.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Schafer Corporation is a technology company providing products and professional services to Government and Industry customers. It was founded in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Research_and_Engineering">Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_D._Griffin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 4, 2017, Reuters reported that Griffin was nominated by President Donald Trump to be <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Research_and_Engineering" title="Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering">Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering</a> (USD(R&E)).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> confirmed him by voice vote on February 15, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-USDappointment_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDappointment-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (January 2019)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> As the USD(R&E), Griffin established technology modernization priorities for the DoD.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 23, 2020, Griffin announced that he was leaving his position as USD(R&E) to pursue a private sector opportunity.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His deputy, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Porter" title="Lisa Porter">Lisa Porter</a>, announced her departure on the same date. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rocket_Lab">Rocket Lab</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_D._Griffin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rocket Lab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2020, Griffin joined the board of directors at <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab" title="Rocket Lab">Rocket Lab</a>, a recent <a href="/wiki/Special-purpose_acquisition_company" title="Special-purpose acquisition company">SPAC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of December 12, 2022, Griffin has sold all company shares granted to him. The stock had lost more than 60% of its value since it became publicly traded in November 2020. Mike Griffin left the board in September 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_D._Griffin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Griffin is the recipient of numerous honors and awards, including the Defense Department's highest award which can be conferred on a Non-Government employee, Distinguished Public Service Medal (1986); AIAA Space Systems Medal (1988), Significant Technical Accomplishment Award (Delta 183 Mission Team) from American Defense Preparedness Association (1989); <a href="/wiki/NASA_Exceptional_Achievement_Medal" title="NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal">NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal</a> (1994); Goddard Astronautics Award (2007); and selection by <i>Time Magazine</i> as one of the 100 Most Influential People of 2008. Griffin received the Rotary National Award for Space Achievement's National Space Trophy in May 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 13, 2008, Griffin was awarded the title of 74th Honorary Chancellor at <a href="/wiki/Florida_Southern_College" title="Florida Southern College">Florida Southern College</a> during its annual Founder's Day Ceremony. On May 22, 2011, Griffin was awarded honorary DE degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 11, 2018, asteroid <a href="/wiki/159999_Michaelgriffin" class="mw-redirect" title="159999 Michaelgriffin">159999 Michaelgriffin</a> was named after him. The <a href="/wiki/Main-belt_asteroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Main-belt asteroid">main-belt asteroid</a> was discovered by astronomer <a href="/wiki/Marc_Buie" title="Marc Buie">Marc Buie</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Kitt_Peak_National_Observatory" title="Kitt Peak National Observatory">Kitt Peak National Observatory</a>, Arizona, in 2006. </p><p>On January 1, 2020, Michael Griffin was named an IEEE fellow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_D._Griffin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michael-Griffin">"Michael Griffin | Biography, NASA, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. October 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Michael+Griffin+%26%23124%3B+Biography%2C+NASA%2C+%26+Facts&rft.date=2023-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMichael-Griffin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+D.+Griffin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDappointment-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USDappointment_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDappointment_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTritten" class="citation news cs1">Tritten, Travis J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/senate-picks-up-the-pace-with-confirmations-of-pentagon-chief-manager-top-air-force-weapons-buyer/article/2649295">"Senate picks up the pace with confirmations of Pentagon Chief Manager, top Air Force weapons buyer"</a>. <i>Washington Examiner</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Examiner&rft.atitle=Senate+picks+up+the+pace+with+confirmations+of+Pentagon+Chief+Manager%2C+top+Air+Force+weapons+buyer&rft.aulast=Tritten&rft.aufirst=Travis+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonexaminer.com%2Fsenate-picks-up-the-pace-with-confirmations-of-pentagon-chief-manager-top-air-force-weapons-buyer%2Farticle%2F2649295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+D.+Griffin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080502081200/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/completelist/0,,1733748,00.html">"The 2008 Time 100"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/completelist/0,,1733748,00.html">the original</a> on May 2, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+2008+Time+100&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2F2007%2Fcompletelist%2F0%2C%2C1733748%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+D.+Griffin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Department_of_Defense2020" class="citation news cs1">U.S. Department of Defense (April 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1992/11/04/another-orbital-sciences-rocket-failed-last-month-pentagon-says/fc6d19bc-c896-46e2-9f5a-adfc150f3ec2/">"Michael D. Griffin, Former Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Michael+D.+Griffin%2C+Former+Under+Secretary+of+Defense+for+Research+and+Engineering&rft.date=2020-04-01&rft.au=U.S.+Department+of+Defense&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fbusiness%2F1992%2F11%2F04%2Fanother-orbital-sciences-rocket-failed-last-month-pentagon-says%2Ffc6d19bc-c896-46e2-9f5a-adfc150f3ec2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+D.+Griffin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathy_Sawyer1999" class="citation news cs1">Kathy Sawyer (May 11, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/may99/rockets11.htm">"Rocket Failures Shake Space Industry, Washington Post"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Rocket+Failures+Shake+Space+Industry%2C+Washington+Post&rft.date=1999-05-11&rft.au=Kathy+Sawyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fnational%2Fdaily%2Fmay99%2Frockets11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+D.+Griffin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Douglas_Griffin1996" class="citation web cs1">Michael Douglas Griffin (March 15, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA338693.pdf">"Defending America: Ending America's Vulnerability to Ballistic Missiles"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125005016/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA338693.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Defending+America%3A+Ending+America%27s+Vulnerability+to+Ballistic+Missiles&rft.date=1996-03-15&rft.au=Michael+Douglas+Griffin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FADA338693.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+D.+Griffin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Chang2020" class="citation web cs1">Kenneth Chang (May 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200602022132/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/30/science/spacex-nasa-astronauts.html">"Entrepreneur Tries His Midas Touch in Space, New York Times"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rotary+National+Award+for+Space+Achievement+%28RNASA%29+-+2009+National+Space+Trophy+Recipient&rft.date=2009-02-27&rft.au=Marianne+Dyson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frnasa.org%2F2009Files%2Fwinner2009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+D.+Griffin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813213048/http://commencement.nd.edu/archives/honorary-degrees/">"University of Notre Dame"</a>. <i>Honorary Degrees</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commencement.nd.edu/archives/honorary-degrees/">the original</a> on August 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Honorary+Degrees&rft.atitle=University+of+Notre+Dame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommencement.nd.edu%2Farchives%2Fhonorary-degrees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+D.+Griffin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_D._Griffin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Nature 434, 261 (March 17, 2005); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F434261a">10.1038/434261a</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_D._Griffin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Michael_D._Griffin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Michael D. Griffin">Michael D. Griffin</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1013778">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sean_O%27Keefe" title="Sean O'Keefe">Sean O'Keefe</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration">Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> </b><br />2005–2009 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bolden" title="Charles Bolden">Charles Bolden</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Research_and_Engineering" title="Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering">Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering</a> </b><br />2018–2020 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kratsios" title="Michael Kratsios">Michael Kratsios</a> (acting)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASAadmin" title="Template:NASAadmin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASAadmin" title="Template talk:NASAadmin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASAadmin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASAadmin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrators and deputy administrators of NASA</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_NASA" title="Administrator of NASA">Administrators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T._Keith_Glennan" title="T. Keith Glennan">T. Keith Glennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James E. Webb">James E. Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine" title="Thomas O. Paine">Thomas O. Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Fletcher" title="James C. Fletcher">James C. Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Frosch" title="Robert A. Frosch">Robert A. Frosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Beggs" title="James M. Beggs">James M. Beggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Fletcher" title="James C. Fletcher">James C. Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Truly" title="Richard H. Truly">Richard H. Truly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldin" title="Daniel Goldin">Daniel Goldin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_O%27Keefe" title="Sean O'Keefe">Sean O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael D. Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bolden" title="Charles Bolden">Charles Bolden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bridenstine" title="Jim Bridenstine">Jim Bridenstine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Nelson" title="Bill Nelson">Bill Nelson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acting administrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Latimer_Dryden" title="Hugh Latimer Dryden">Hugh Dryden</a></li> <li>Thomas Paine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Low" title="George Low">George Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_M._Lovelace" title="Alan M. Lovelace">Alan M. Lovelace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Graham" title="William Robert Graham">William Robert Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_D._Myers" title="Dale D. Myers">Dale D. Myers</a></li> <li>Richard Truly</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Mulville" title="Daniel Mulville">Daniel Mulville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Gregory" title="Frederick D. Gregory">Frederick D. Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Scolese" title="Christopher Scolese">Christopher Scolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Lightfoot_Jr." title="Robert M. Lightfoot Jr.">Robert M. Lightfoot Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jurczyk" title="Steve Jurczyk">Steve Jurczyk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Administrator_of_NASA" title="Deputy Administrator of NASA">Deputy administrators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hugh Dryden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Seamans" title="Robert Seamans">Robert Seamans</a></li> <li>Thomas Paine</li> <li>George Low</li> <li>Alan Lovelace</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Mark" title="Hans Mark">Hans Mark</a></li> <li>William Graham</li> <li>Dale Myers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Thompson_Jr." title="James R. Thompson Jr.">James R. Thompson Jr.</a></li> <li>Frederick Gregory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shana_Dale" title="Shana Dale">Shana Dale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_Garver" title="Lori Garver">Lori Garver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dava_Newman" title="Dava Newman">Dava Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Morhard" title="James Morhard">James Morhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Melroy" title="Pamela Melroy">Pamela Melroy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acting deputy administrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Cohen_(Deputy_NASA_administrator)" title="Aaron Cohen (Deputy NASA administrator)">Aaron Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Dailey" title="John R. Dailey">John R. Dailey</a></li> <li>Daniel Mulville</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesa_Roe" title="Lesa Roe">Lesa Roe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357956#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357956#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357956#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/172616115">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90711825">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12399387q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12399387q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007379269605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0567514X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:griffin.michael-d">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1121878">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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