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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Hokuriku Japanese</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hokuriku_region" title="Hokuriku region">Hokuriku</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Japanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Japanese">Western Japanese</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Hokuriku Japanese</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hoku1242">hoku1242</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hokuriku_dialect.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hokuriku_dialect.png/320px-Hokuriku_dialect.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hokuriku_dialect.png/480px-Hokuriku_dialect.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hokuriku_dialect.png/640px-Hokuriku_dialect.png 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="965" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Hokuriku dialect</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>Hokuriku dialect</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">北陸方言</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hokuriku hōgen</i></span>)</span> is a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese dialect">Japanese dialect</a> group spoken in <a href="/wiki/Hokuriku_region" title="Hokuriku region">Hokuriku region</a>, consists of northern <a href="/wiki/Fukui_Prefecture" title="Fukui Prefecture">Fukui Prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishikawa_Prefecture" title="Ishikawa Prefecture">Ishikawa Prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyama_Prefecture" title="Toyama Prefecture">Toyama Prefecture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sado_Island" title="Sado Island">Sado Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Niigata_Prefecture" title="Niigata Prefecture">Niigata Prefecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mainland Niigata dialect is classified into <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkai-T%C5%8Dsan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōkai-Tōsan dialect">Tōkai-Tōsan dialect</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_dialect" title="Tōhoku dialect">Tōhoku dialect</a> and southern Fukui dialect is classified into <a href="/wiki/Kansai_dialect" title="Kansai dialect">Kansai dialect</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hokuriku_dialects&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaga_dialect" title="Kaga dialect">Kaga dialect</a> (southern <a href="/wiki/Ishikawa_Prefecture" title="Ishikawa Prefecture">Ishikawa Prefecture</a>, formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Kaga_Province" title="Kaga Province">Kaga Province</a>) <ul><li>Kanazawa dialect (<a href="/wiki/Kanazawa,_Ishikawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanazawa, Ishikawa">Kanazawa</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Noto dialect (northern Ishikawa Prefecture, formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Noto_Province" title="Noto Province">Noto Province</a>)</li> <li>Toyama dialect or Etchū dialect (<a href="/wiki/Toyama_Prefecture" title="Toyama Prefecture">Toyama Prefecture</a>, formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Etch%C5%AB_Province" title="Etchū Province">Etchū Province</a>)</li> <li>Fukui dialect (northern <a href="/wiki/Fukui_Prefecture" title="Fukui Prefecture">Fukui Prefecture</a>, formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Echizen_Province" title="Echizen Province">Echizen Province</a> except <a href="/wiki/Tsuruga,_Fukui" title="Tsuruga, Fukui">Tsuruga</a>)</li> <li>Sado dialect (<a href="/wiki/Sado_Island" title="Sado Island">Sado Island</a>, Niigata Prefecture)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hokuriku_dialects&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Hokuriku dialect, vowels at the end of monomoraic nouns often lengthen as well as Kansai dialect, while <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">vowel reduction</a> frequently occurs as well as Eastern Japanese including Standard Japanese. </p><p>Some phonetic features are close to Tōhoku dialect. The high vowels "i" and "u" are sometimes pronounced <a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">central vowels</a>. "shi" and "su", "chi" and "tsu", "ji" and "zu" are confused in Sado, Toyama, Noto dialects. "i" and "e" are also confused in Toyama and Noto dialects. </p><p>In Hokuriku region, various <a href="/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent" title="Japanese pitch accent">pitch accents</a> can be heard. Varieties of Kyoto-Osaka type accent are heard in Sado, Toyama and eastern Fukui such as <a href="/wiki/Katsuyama,_Fukui" title="Katsuyama, Fukui">Katsuyama</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cno,_Fukui" title="Ōno, Fukui">Ōno</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Izumi,_Fukui" title="Izumi, Fukui">Izumi</a>, easternmost village of Fukui, Tokyo type accent is heard. In central Fukui such as <a href="/wiki/Fukui,_Fukui" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukui, Fukui">Fukui city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Echizen,_Fukui" title="Echizen, Fukui">Echizen</a>, monotonous accent is heard - there is no contrast between words based on accent. In Noto, varieties of Kyoto-Osaka type, monotonous accent and Tokyo type accent are heard to each village. In Kaga and part of Fukui, an intermediate accent between Tokyo type and Kyoto-Osaka type is heard. </p><p>Except for Sado dialect, intonation in pause of phase is often undulated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hokuriku_dialects&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many grammatical features are common to other Western Japanese dialects and see <a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects#Eastern_and_Western_Japanese" title="Japanese dialects">Japanese dialects#Eastern and Western Japanese</a>. Special features of Hokuriku dialect are follows: </p> <ul><li>In Toyama and Ishikawa, the nominalization and question particle <i>no</i> is replaced with <i>ga</i>.</li> <li>Except for Sado, the interrogative particle <i>ke</i> is used as well as <i>ka</i>.</li> <li>Except for Sado, the sentence-final particle <i>ma</i> is added to imperative sentences.</li> <li>In Sado, Toyama and Noto, the emphatic sentence-final particle <i>cha</i> is used.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_differences">Regional differences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hokuriku_dialects&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Regional differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fukui">Fukui</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hokuriku_dialects&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fukui"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dialects of Fukui Prefecture are <b>Fukui dialect</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">福井弁</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Fukui-ben</i></span>)</span> spoken in the northern part, and the <b>Wakasa dialect</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">若狭弁</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Wakasa-ben</i></span>)</span> spoken in the southern part. Because Fukui is close to Kansai on the south, Wakasa-ben resembles Kansai-ben closely, while Fukui-ben exhibits changes in pronouncing the sounds of words to make the pronunciation more convenient. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Fukui dialect </th> <th>Standard Japanese </th> <th>English meaning (rough translation) </th></tr> <tr> <td>ほやほや (hoyahoya) </td> <td>はい (hai) or そうですよ <p>(soodesuyo) </p> </td> <td>"Yes," or "That's true." </td></tr> <tr> <td>つるつるいっぱい (tsurutsuruippai) </td> <td> </td> <td>used when a cup is very full, almost overflowing </td></tr> <tr> <td>もつけねー (motsukenee) </td> <td>ざんねん（ですね）(zannen) (desune) </td> <td>"That's too bad." </td></tr> <tr> <td>てきねー (tekinee) </td> <td>きぶんがわるい (kibungawarui) </td> <td>"I don't feel good." </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぎょうさん (gyoosan) </td> <td>たくさん (takusan) </td> <td>many </td></tr> <tr> <td>おおきに (ookini) </td> <td>ありがとう (arigatoo) </td> <td>"Thank you." </td></tr> <tr> <td>きんの (kinno) </td> <td>きのう <p>(kinoo) </p> </td> <td>yesterday </td></tr> <tr> <td>ものごい (monogoi) or えらい (erai) </td> <td>つらい (tsurai) </td> <td>painful </td></tr> <tr> <td>ねまる (nemaru) </td> <td>すわる (suwaru) </td> <td>sit down </td></tr> <tr> <td>おぞい (ozoi) </td> <td>ふるい (furui) or よくない (yokunai) </td> <td>old, or not good </td></tr> <tr> <td>じゃみじゃみ (jamijami) </td> <td>すなあらし (sunaarashi) </td> <td>TV static (onomatopoeia) </td></tr> <tr> <td>てなわん (tenawan) </td> <td>いじわるい (ijiwarui) or やんちゃな (yanchana) </td> <td>naughty or mischievous </td></tr> <tr> <td>えん (en) </td> <td>いない (inai) </td> <td>is not (people or animals only) </td></tr> <tr> <td>もたもた (motamota) </td> <td>ぐずぐず (guzuguzu) </td> <td>slowly </td></tr> <tr> <td>よさり (yosari) </td> <td>よる (yoru) </td> <td>night </td></tr> <tr> <td>なげる (nageru) </td> <td>すてる (suteru) </td> <td>throw away </td></tr> <tr> <td>おとましい (otomashii) </td> <td>もったいない (mottainai) </td> <td>wasteful </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ishikawa">Ishikawa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hokuriku_dialects&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ishikawa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dialects of Ishikawa Prefecture are <b>Kaga dialect</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">加賀弁</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kaga-ben</i></span>)</span>, spoken in the southern part, and the <b>Noto dialect</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">能登弁</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Noto-ben</i></span>)</span>,　spoken in the northern part. Kaga-ben has the <b>Kanazawa dialect</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">金沢弁</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kanazawa-ben</i></span>)</span> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Kanazawa,_Ishikawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanazawa, Ishikawa">Kanazawa</a> and the <b>Shiramine dialect</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">白峰弁</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shiramine-ben</i></span>)</span>, also <b>Gige dialect</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ジゲ弁</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Gige-ben</i></span>)</span> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Shiramine,_Ishikawa" title="Shiramine, Ishikawa">Shiramine</a>, a village at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Haku" title="Mount Haku">Mount Haku</a>. Kanazawa is a capital of Ishikawa, so Kanazawa-ben is an influential dialect. </p><p>The most famous phrase in Kanazawa-ben is the soft imperative suffix -<i>masshi</i> (～まっし), meaning -<i>nasai</i> (～なさい) in standard Japanese. This phrase is often used in catch phrases for visitors of Kanazawa, for example, <i>Kimasshi Kanazawa!</i> (来まっし、金沢! <i>Come to Kanazawa!</i>). </p><p>Recent works on Kanazawa-ben </p> <ul><li>Savage, Colin (2009). 金沢弁の本 - The Dialect of Kanazawa. London (UK) and Los Angeles (USA): Lulu Publishing Inc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toyama">Toyama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hokuriku_dialects&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Toyama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dialect of Toyama is called <b>Toyama dialect</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">富山弁</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Toyama-ben</i></span>)</span> or <b>Etchu dialect</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">越中弁</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Etchu-ben</i></span>)</span> and consists of West (Gosei, 呉西), East (Gotō, 呉東) and <a href="/wiki/Gokayama" title="Gokayama">Gokayama</a>. </p><p>Instead of the colloquial <i>shitte iru ka?</i> (知っているか？ <i>Do you know?</i>), speakers of the Toyama-ben will ask, <i>shittokke?</i> (知っとっけ？). </p><p>When expressing that something is incorrect, instead of saying the standard phrase <i>iie</i> (いいえ), users of the dialect will say <i>naan</i> (なあん), with a rising tone. </p><p>Other regional distinctions include words like <i>kitokito</i> (キトキト <i>fresh</i> or <i>delicious</i>) and <i>ikiiki</i> (イキイキ <i>energetic</i>). </p><p>Other features : "kore" (これ "this")/"ka" or "ko", "sore" (それ "that")/"sa" or "so". </p><p>Toyama-ben speakers sometimes put "ze" instead of "ne" at the end of the sentence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hokuriku_dialects&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOnishi2017" class="citation book cs1">Onishi, Takuichiro (2017-12-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118827628.ch35">"Dialects of Japanese"</a>. In Boberg, Charles; Nerbonne, John; Watt, Dominic (eds.). <i>The Handbook of Dialectology</i> (1 ed.). Wiley. pp. 559–570. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118827628.ch35">10.1002/9781118827628.ch35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-82755-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-82755-0"><bdi>978-1-118-82755-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dialects+of+Japanese&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Dialectology&rft.pages=559-570&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118827628.ch35&rft.isbn=978-1-118-82755-0&rft.aulast=Onishi&rft.aufirst=Takuichiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118827628.ch35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHokuriku+dialects" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hokuriku_dialects&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fukuiben.com/index-e.html">Modern Fukui dialect Course</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090408084117/http://web3.incl.ne.jp/gr07p8n3/index.html">Let's all use Kanazawa speech</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3335033/Verb_inflection_in_classical_Gokayama_dialect">Verb Inflection in Classical Gokayama Dialect</a>, KUROKI Kunihiko (2013)</li> <li>The Dialect of Kanazawa, Colin Savage (2009) (Lulu Publishing)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_language" title="Template:Japanese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_language" title="Template talk:Japanese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earlier forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Japanese" title="Early Middle Japanese">Early Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Japanese" title="Late Middle Japanese">Late Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Japanese" title="Early Modern Japanese">Early Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects"><b>Eastern</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_dialects" title="Hokkaido dialects">Hokkaidō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_dialect" title="Tōhoku dialect"><b>Tōhoku</b></a> <ul><li>Northern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanbu_dialect" title="Nanbu dialect">Nanbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsugaru_dialect" title="Tsugaru dialect">Tsugaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akita_dialect" title="Akita dialect">Akita</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kesen_dialect" title="Kesen dialect">Kesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairiku_dialect" title="Nairiku dialect">Nairiku</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantō dialect"><b>Kantō</b></a> <ul><li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunma_dialect" title="Gunma dialect">Gunma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_dialect" title="Kanagawa dialect">Kanagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_dialect" title="Tokyo dialect">Tokyo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibaraki_dialect" title="Ibaraki dialect">Ibaraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tochigi_dialect" title="Tochigi dialect">Tochigi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Izu_Archipelago_dialects" title="Northern Izu Archipelago dialects">Northern Izu Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkai%E2%80%93T%C5%8Dsan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōkai–Tōsan dialect"><b>Tōkai–Tōsan</b></a> <ul><li>Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_dialect" title="Shizuoka dialect">Shizuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada_dialect" title="Narada dialect">Narada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Echigo <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagaoka_dialect" title="Nagaoka dialect">Nagaoka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Gifu-Aichi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya_dialect" title="Nagoya dialect">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikawa_dialect" title="Mikawa dialect">Mikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mino_dialect" title="Mino dialect">Mino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hida_dialect" title="Hida dialect">Hida</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects"><b>Western</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokuriku_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokuriku dialect"><b>Hokuriku</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaga_dialect" title="Kaga dialect">Kaga</a> <ul><li>Kanazawa</li> <li>Shiramine</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansai_dialect" title="Kansai dialect"><b>Kansai</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaji_dialect" title="Awaji dialect">Awaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansh%C5%AB_dialect" title="Banshū dialect">Banshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%AB_dialect" title="Kishū dialect">Kishū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okuyoshino_dialect" title="Okuyoshino dialect">Okuyoshino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikoku_dialect" title="Shikoku dialect"><b>Shikoku</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iyo_dialect" title="Iyo dialect">Iyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosa_dialect" title="Tosa dialect">Tosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanuki_dialect" title="Sanuki dialect">Sanuki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABgoku_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chūgoku dialect"><b>Chūgoku</b></a> <ul><li>San'yō <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bingo_dialect" title="Bingo dialect">Bingo</a></li></ul></li> <li>East San'in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insh%C5%AB_dialect" title="Inshū dialect">Inshū</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpaku_dialect" title="Umpaku dialect"><b>Umpaku</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects"><b>Kyūshū</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnichi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hōnichi dialect"><b>Hōnichi</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cita_dialect" title="Ōita dialect">Ōita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hichiku_dialect" title="Hichiku dialect"><b>Hichiku</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chikuzen_dialect" title="Chikuzen dialect">Chikuzen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakata_dialect" title="Hakata dialect">Hakata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumamoto_dialect" title="Kumamoto dialect">Kumamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_dialect" title="Nagasaki dialect">Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_dialect" title="Saga dialect">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsushima_dialect" title="Tsushima dialect">Tsushima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_dialect" title="Kagoshima dialect"><b>Satsugū</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Other</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_Japanese" title="Amami Japanese">Amami Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_Japanese" title="Okinawan Japanese">Okinawan Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese-based_creole_languages" title="Japanese-based creole languages">Pidgins and creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_English" title="Bamboo English">Bamboo English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonin_English" title="Bonin English">Bonin English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_loanwords_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese loanwords in Hawaii">Hawaiian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyowa-go" title="Kyowa-go">Kyowa-go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Chinese" title="Pseudo-Chinese">Pseudo-Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yilan_Creole_Japanese" title="Yilan Creole Japanese">Yilan Creole Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Pidgin_Japanese" title="Yokohama Pidgin Japanese">Yokohama Pidgin Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Old_Japanese" title="Eastern Old Japanese">Eastern Old Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_language" title="Hachijō language">Hachijō</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_grammar" title="Hachijō grammar">grammar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ryukyuan_languages" title="Northern Ryukyuan languages">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language" title="Amami Ōshima language">Amami Ōshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language" title="Southern Amami Ōshima language">Southern Amami Ōshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikai_language" title="Kikai language">Kikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunigami_language" title="Kunigami language">Kunigami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinoerabu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinoerabu language">Okinoerabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokunoshima_language" title="Tokunoshima language">Tokunoshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoron_language" title="Yoron language">Yoron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ryukyuan_languages" title="Southern Ryukyuan languages">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miyakoan_language" title="Miyakoan language">Miyako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarama_language" title="Tarama language">Tarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaeyama_language" title="Yaeyama language">Yaeyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonaguni_language" title="Yonaguni language">Yonaguni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Writing system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_script_reform" title="Japanese script reform">Script reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">Kanbun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_by_stroke_count" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kanji by stroke count">by stroke count</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kanji radicals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_radicals_by_frequency" title="List of kanji radicals by frequency">by frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_radicals_by_stroke_count" title="List of kanji radicals by stroke count">by stroke count</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokuji" title="Kokuji">Kokuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryakuji" title="Ryakuji">Ryakuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ateji" title="Ateji">Ateji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furigana" title="Furigana">Furigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okurigana" title="Okurigana">Okurigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goj%C5%ABon" title="Gojūon">Gojūon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_ligature" title="Kana ligature">Kana ligature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Braille</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanazukai" title="Kanazukai">Kanazukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_kana_orthography" title="Historical kana orthography">Historical kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_kana_usage" title="Modern kana usage">Modern kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddai_Tokushu_Kanazukai" title="Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai">Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yotsugana" title="Yotsugana">Yotsugana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Japanese" title="Transcription into Japanese">Transcription into Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Encoding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code" title="Extended Unix Code">EUC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code#EUC-JP" title="Extended Unix Code">EUC-JP</a></li></ul></li> <li>ISO/IEC <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li>JIS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0201" title="JIS X 0201">0201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0208" title="JIS X 0208">0208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0211" title="JIS X 0211">0211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0212" title="JIS X 0212">0212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0213" title="JIS X 0213">0213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_JIS" title="Shift JIS">Shift JIS</a></li></ul></li> <li>Unicode <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana_(Unicode_block)" title="Hiragana (Unicode block)">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Extended-A" title="Kana Extended-A">Kana Extended-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Extended-B" title="Kana Extended-B">Kana Extended-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Supplement" title="Kana Supplement">Kana Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Kana_Extension" title="Small Kana Extension">Small Kana Extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana_(Unicode_block)" title="Katakana (Unicode block)">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana_Phonetic_Extensions" title="Katakana Phonetic Extensions">Katakana Phonetic Extensions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARIB_STD_B24_character_set" title="ARIB STD B24 character set">ARIB STD B24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_CJK_Letters_and_Months" title="Enclosed CJK Letters and Months">Enclosed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_Ideographic_Supplement" title="Enclosed Ideographic Supplement">EIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_shinjitai" title="Extended shinjitai">Extended shinjitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms" title="Halfwidth and fullwidth forms">Half/Full</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Grammar and<br />vocabulary</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_verb_conjugation" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese verb conjugation">Verb conjugations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_godan_and_ichidan_verbs" title="Japanese godan and ichidan verbs">Godan and ichidan verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_irregular_verbs" title="Japanese irregular verbs">Irregular verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pronouns" title="Japanese pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_adjectives" title="Japanese adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_possessives" title="Japanese possessives">Possessives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_particles" title="Japanese particles">Particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_marker" title="Topic marker">Topic marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_counter_word" title="Japanese counter word">Counter words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_numerals" title="Japanese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_kotoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamato kotoba">Native words (<i>yamato kotoba</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Sino-Japanese vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gairaigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gairaigo">Loan words (<i>gairaigo</i>)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_words_of_Dutch_origin" title="Glossary of Japanese words of Dutch origin">from Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_words_of_Portuguese_origin" title="Glossary of Japanese words of Portuguese origin">from Portuguese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasei-eigo" title="Wasei-eigo">Wasei-eigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasei-kango" title="Wasei-kango">Wasei-kango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorific_speech_in_Japanese" title="Honorific speech in Japanese">Honorific speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_honorifics" title="Japanese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C5%8Db%C5%8D_kotoba" title="Nyōbō kotoba">Court lady language (<i>nyōbō kotoba</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuwarigo" title="Yakuwarigo">Role language (<i>yakuwarigo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_Japanese" title="Gender differences in Japanese">Gender differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dictionary" title="Japanese dictionary">Dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent" title="Japanese pitch accent">Pitch accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendaku" title="Rendaku">Rendaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sound_symbolism" title="Japanese sound symbolism">Sound symbolism</a></li> <li>Kanji pronunciation sources <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go-on" title="Go-on">Go-on</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kan-on" title="Kan-on">Kan-on</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8D-on" title="Tō-on">Tō-on</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transliteration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSL_romanization" title="JSL romanization">JSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81puro_r%C5%8Dmaji" title="Wāpuro rōmaji">Wāpuro rōmaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_of_the_Japanese_language_in_Esperanto" title="Transcription of the Japanese language in Esperanto">In Esperanto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Japanese" title="Cyrillization of Japanese">Cyrillization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polivanov_system" title="Polivanov system">Polivanov system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_poetry" title="Japanese poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_writers" title="List of Japanese writers">Writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_speculative_fiction_writers" title="List of Japanese speculative fiction writers">Speculative fiction writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese" title="Classical Japanese">Classical Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_Japanese_texts" title="List of classical Japanese texts">texts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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