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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emphasis_on_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Emphasis on children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emphasis_on_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documenting_social_illnesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documenting_social_illnesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Documenting social illnesses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documenting_social_illnesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emphasis_on_prostitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emphasis_on_prostitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Emphasis on prostitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emphasis_on_prostitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminine_ideals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminine_ideals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Feminine ideals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminine_ideals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Teaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_religious_motives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_religious_motives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religion and religious motives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_religious_motives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peace_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Peace movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacifism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacifism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Pacifism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacifism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_and_"peaceweaving"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_and_"peaceweaving""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Philosophy and "peaceweaving"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_and_"peaceweaving"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eugenics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eugenics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Eugenics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eugenics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prohibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prohibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Prohibition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prohibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adult_life_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adult_life_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Adult life and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adult_life_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adult life and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adult_life_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Sociology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remembrances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remembrances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Remembrances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remembrances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_by_Jane_Addams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_by_Jane_Addams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Works by Jane Addams</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works_by_Jane_Addams-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works by Jane Addams subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works_by_Jane_Addams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaborative_Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaborative_Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Collaborative Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaborative_Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_Papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_Papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Personal Papers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_Papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archival_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archival_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Archival resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archival_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Biographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialty_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialty_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Specialty studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialty_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jane Addams</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B2" title="جين آدمز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جين آدمز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceyn_Addams" title="Ceyn Addams – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ceyn Addams" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B2" title="جین آدامز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جین آدامز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8" title="জেন অ্যাডামস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেন অ্যাডামস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Джейн Аддамс – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Джейн Аддамс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Джэйн Адамс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джэйн Адамс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B7" title="Джэйн Адамз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джэйн Адамз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Джейн Адамс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джейн Адамс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addamsov%C3%A1" title="Jane Addamsová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jane Addamsová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BD_%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%82" title="Τζέιν Άνταμς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζέιν Άνταμς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B2" title="جین آدامز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جین آدامز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8,_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="ॲडम्स, जेन – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ॲडम्स, जेन" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%B8_%EC%95%A0%EB%8D%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="제인 애덤스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제인 애덤스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BD" title="Ջեյն Ադամս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեյն Ադամս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="जेन एडम्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेन एडम्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Jane_Addams" title="Laura Jane Addams – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laura Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%A1" title="ג'יין אדמס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יין אדמס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჯეინ ადამსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯეინ ადამსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioanna_Addams" title="Ioanna Addams – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioanna Addams" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeina_Adamsa" title="Džeina Adamsa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džeina Adamsa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="जेन एडम्स – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जेन एडम्स" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ജെയ്ൻ ആഡംസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെയ്ൻ ആഡംസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B2" title="جين آدمز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جين آدمز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="जेन एडम्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जेन एडम्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%80%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA" title="ジェーン・アダムズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェーン・アダムズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਜੇਨ ਐਡਮਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੇਨ ਐਡਮਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%85%D8%B2" title="جین ایڈمز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جین ایڈمز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%90%D9%86_%D8%A7%DA%89%D9%85%D8%B2" title="جېن اډمز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جېن اډمز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Аддамс, Джейн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аддамс, Джейн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%85%D8%B2" title="جين ايڊمز – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جين ايڊمز" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addamsov%C3%A1" title="Jane Addamsová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jane Addamsová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%86_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3" title="جەن ئادامس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەن ئادامس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Џејн Адамс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џејн Адамс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜேன் ஆடம்ஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜேன் ஆடம்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Джейн Аддамс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Джейн Аддамс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="జేన్ ఆడమ్స్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జేన్ ఆడమ్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jane Addams" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American activist, sociologist and writer (1860–1935)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people with similar names, see <a href="/wiki/Jane_Adams_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Jane Adams (disambiguation)">Jane Adams</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jane Addams</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jane_Addams_-_Bain_News_Service.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Jane_Addams_-_Bain_News_Service.jpg/220px-Jane_Addams_-_Bain_News_Service.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Jane_Addams_-_Bain_News_Service.jpg/330px-Jane_Addams_-_Bain_News_Service.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Jane_Addams_-_Bain_News_Service.jpg/440px-Jane_Addams_-_Bain_News_Service.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2961" data-file-height="4347" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Addams <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1926</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Laura Jane Addams</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1860-09-06</span>)</span>September 6, 1860<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Cedarville,_Illinois" title="Cedarville, Illinois">Cedarville, Illinois</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 21, 1935<span style="display:none">(1935-05-21)</span> (aged 74)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Chicago, Illinois, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Female_Seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockford Female Seminary">Rockford Female Seminary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Social worker and political activist</li><li>author and lecturer</li><li>community organizer</li><li>public intellectual</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Addams" title="John H. Addams">John H. Addams</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Haldeman" title="Alice Haldeman">Alice Haldeman</a> (sister)</li><li><a href="/wiki/James_Weber_Linn" title="James Weber Linn">James Weber Linn</a> (nephew)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> (1931)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jane_Addams_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jane_Addams_signature.svg/150px-Jane_Addams_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jane_Addams_signature.svg/225px-Jane_Addams_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jane_Addams_signature.svg/300px-Jane_Addams_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="133" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait114.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Portrait114.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Jane Addams, from a <a href="/wiki/Charcoal_drawing" class="mw-redirect" title="Charcoal drawing">charcoal drawing</a> in 1892 by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Kellogg_Tyler" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice Kellogg Tyler">Alice Kellogg Tyler</a>. Source: <i>Addams: Twenty Years at Hull House</i> (1910), p. 114</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Laura Jane Addams</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (September 6, 1860 – May 21, 1935) was an American <a href="/wiki/Settlement_movement" title="Settlement movement">settlement activist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Social reform">reformer</a>, social worker,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Public_administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Public administrator">public administrator</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> philosopher,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and author. She was a leader in the history of <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social work</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1889, Addams co-founded <a href="/wiki/Hull_House" title="Hull House">Hull House</a>, one of America's most famous <a href="/wiki/Settlement_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement house">settlement houses</a>, in Chicago, Illinois, providing extensive social services to poor, largely immigrant families. Philosophically a "radical <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatist</a>", she was arguably the first woman <a href="/wiki/Public_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Public philosopher">public philosopher</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a>, when even presidents such as <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> identified themselves as reformers and might be seen as social activists, Addams was one of the most prominent reformers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An advocate for <a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">world peace</a>, and recognized as the founder of the social work profession in the United States, in 1931 Addams became the first American woman to be awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier, Addams was awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree from <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> in 1910, becoming the first woman to receive an honorary degree from the school.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920, she was a co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> (ACLU).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Addams helped America address and focus on issues that were of concern to mothers or extensions of the domestic-work assigned to women, such as the needs of children, local public health, and world peace. In her essay "Utilization of Women in City Government", Addams noted the connection between the workings of government and the household, stating that many departments of government, such as sanitation and the schooling of children, could be traced back to traditional women's roles in the private sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When she died in 1935, Addams was the best-known female public figure in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jane_Addams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Jane_Addams.jpg/220px-Jane_Addams.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Jane_Addams.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Jane Addams as a young woman, undated studio portrait by Cox, Chicago</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jane_Addams_Birthplace.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jane_Addams_Birthplace.gif/220px-Jane_Addams_Birthplace.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Jane_Addams_Birthplace.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Birthplace of Jane Addams in Cedarville, Illinois. <i>Source</i> Addams: <i>Twenty Years at Hull House</i> (1910), in the public domain.</figcaption></figure> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Cedarville,_Illinois" title="Cedarville, Illinois">Cedarville, Illinois</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont_2000_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont_2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jane Addams was the youngest of eight children born into a prosperous northern Illinois family of <a href="/wiki/English-American" class="mw-redirect" title="English-American">English-American</a> descent which traced back to colonial Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-linn_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linn-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1863, when Addams was two years old, her mother, Sarah Addams (<a href="/wiki/Married_and_maiden_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Married and maiden names">née</a> Weber), died while pregnant with her ninth child. Thereafter Addams was cared for mostly by her older sisters. By the time Addams was eight, four of her siblings had died: three in infancy and one at the age of 16.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-linn_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linn-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kloppenberg_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kloppenberg-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Addams spent her childhood playing outdoors, reading indoors, and attending <a href="/wiki/Sunday_school" title="Sunday school">Sunday school</a>. When she was four she contracted <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> of the spine, known as <a href="/wiki/Pott_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pott disease">Potts's disease</a>, which caused a curvature in her spine and lifelong health problems. This made it complicated as a child to function with the other children, considering she had a limp and could not run as well.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a child, she thought she was ugly and later remembered wanting not to embarrass her father, when he was dressed in his Sunday best, by walking down the street with him.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jane Addams adored her father, <a href="/wiki/John_H._Addams" title="John H. Addams">John H. Addams</a>, when she was a child, as she made clear in the stories in her memoir, <i>Twenty Years at Hull House</i> (1910).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a founding member of the Illinois <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, served as an <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois State Senator</a> (1855–70), and supported his friend <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> in his candidacies for senator (1854) and the presidency (1860). He kept a letter from Lincoln in his desk, and Addams loved to look at it as a child.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father was an agricultural businessman with large timber, cattle, and agricultural holdings; flour and timber mills and a wool factory. He was the president of The Second National Bank of <a href="/wiki/Freeport,_Illinois" title="Freeport, Illinois">Freeport, Illinois</a>. He remarried in 1868 when Addams was eight years old. His second wife was Anna Hosteler Haldeman, the widow of a miller in Freeport.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During her childhood, Addams had big dreams of doing something useful in the world. As a voracious reader, she became interested in the poor from her reading of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>. Inspired by his works and by her own mother's kindness to the Cedarville poor, Addams decided to become a doctor so that she could live and work among the poor. </p><p>Addams's father encouraged her to pursue higher education but close to home. She was eager to attend the new college for women, <a href="/wiki/Smith_College" title="Smith College">Smith College</a> in Massachusetts; but her father required her to attend nearby Rockford Female Seminary (now <a href="/wiki/Rockford_University" title="Rockford University">Rockford University</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois">Rockford, Illinois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont_2000_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont_2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her experience at Rockford put her in a first wave of U.S. women to receive a college education. She excelled in this all women environment. She edited the college newspaper, was the valedictorian, participated in the debate club and led the class of 1881. Addams recognized that she and others who were engaged in post secondary education would have new opportunities and challenges. She expressed this in <i>Bread Givers</i> (1880), a speech she gave her junior year.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She noted the "change which has taken place<span class="nowrap"> </span>... in the ambition and aspirations of women."<sup id="cite_ref-breadgivers_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-breadgivers-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the process of developing their intellect and direct labor, something new was emerging. Educated women of her generation wished "not to be a man nor like a man" but claim "the same right to independent thought and action." Each young woman was gaining "a new confidence in her possibilities, and a fresher hope in her steady progress."<sup id="cite_ref-breadgivers_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-breadgivers-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 20, Addams recognized a changing cultural environment and was learning the skills at Rockford to lead the future settlement movement.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whilst at Rockford, her readings of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> and others became significant influences.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After graduating from Rockford in 1881,<sup id="cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont_2000_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont_2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a collegiate certificate and membership in <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a>, she still hoped to attend Smith to earn a proper B.A. That summer, her father died unexpectedly from a sudden case of <a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">appendicitis</a>. Each child inherited roughly $50,000 (equivalent to $1.63 million in 2016). </p><p>That fall, Addams, her sister Alice, Alice's husband Harry, and their stepmother, Anna Haldeman Addams, moved to Philadelphia so that the three young people could pursue medical educations. Harry was already trained in medicine and did further studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. Jane and Alice completed their first year of medical school at the <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Medical_College_of_Pennsylvania" title="Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania">Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont_2000_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont_2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Jane's health problems, a spinal operation<sup id="cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont_2000_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont_2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Nervous_breakdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Nervous breakdown">nervous breakdown</a> prevented her from completing the degree. She was filled with sadness at her failure. Her stepmother Anna was also ill, so the entire family canceled their plans to stay two years and returned to Cedarville.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> her brother-in-law Harry performed surgery on her back, to straighten it. He then advised that she not pursue studies but, instead, travel. In August 1883, she set off for a two-year tour of Europe with her stepmother, traveling some of the time with friends and family who joined them. Addams decided that she did not have to become a doctor to be able to help the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon her return home in June 1887, she lived with her stepmother in Cedarville and spent winters with her in Baltimore. Addams, still filled with vague ambition, sank into depression, unsure of her future and feeling useless leading the conventional life expected of a well-to-do young woman. She wrote long letters to her friend from Rockford Seminary, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Gates_Starr" title="Ellen Gates Starr">Ellen Gates Starr</a>, mostly about Christianity and books but sometimes about her despair.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her nephew was <a href="/wiki/James_Weber_Linn" title="James Weber Linn">James Weber Linn</a> (1876–1939) who taught English at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> and served in the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_General_Assembly" title="Illinois General Assembly">Illinois General Assembly</a>. Linn also wrote books and newspaper articles.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Settlement_house">Settlement house</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Settlement house"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, Addams gathered inspiration from what she read. Fascinated by the early Christians and Tolstoy's book <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/My_Religion" class="extiw" title="s:My Religion">My Religion</a></i>, she was baptized a Christian in the Cedarville Presbyterian Church in the summer of 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reading <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a>'s <i>Duties of Man</i>, she began to be inspired by the idea of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> as a social ideal. Yet she felt confused about her role as a woman. <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Subjection_of_Women" title="The Subjection of Women">The Subjection of Women</a></i> made her question the social pressures on a woman to marry and devote her life to family.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the summer of 1887, Addams read in a magazine about the new idea of starting a <a href="/wiki/Settlement_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement house">settlement house</a>. She decided to visit the world's first, <a href="/wiki/Toynbee_Hall" title="Toynbee Hall">Toynbee Hall</a>, in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. She and several friends, including <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Gates_Starr" title="Ellen Gates Starr">Ellen Gates Starr</a>, traveled in Europe from December 1887 through the summer of 1888. After watching a <a href="/wiki/Spanish-style_bullfighting" title="Spanish-style bullfighting">bullfight</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, fascinated by what she saw as an exotic tradition, Addams condemned this fascination and her inability to feel outraged at the suffering of the horses and bulls. At first, Addams told no one about her dream to start a settlement house; but, she felt increasingly guilty for not acting on her dream.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Believing that sharing her dream might help her to act on it, she told Ellen Gates Starr. Starr loved the idea and agreed to join Addams in starting a settlement house.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Addams and another friend traveled to London without Starr, who was busy.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visiting Toynbee Hall, Addams was enchanted. She described it as "a community of University men who live there, have their recreation clubs and society all among the poor people, yet, in the same style in which they would live in their own circle. It is so free of 'professional doing good,' so unaffectedly sincere and so productive of good results in its classes and libraries seems perfectly ideal." Addams's dream of the classes mingling socially to mutual benefit, as they had in early Christian circles seemed embodied in the new type of institution.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The settlement house as Addams discovered was a space within which unexpected cultural connections could be made and where the narrow boundaries of culture, class, and education could be expanded. They doubled as community arts centers and social service facilities. They laid the foundations for American civil society, a neutral space within which different communities and ideologies could learn from each other and seek common grounds for collective action. The role of the settlement house was an "unending effort to make culture and 'the issue of things' go together." The unending effort was the story of her own life, a struggle to reinvigorate her own culture by reconnecting with diversity and conflict of the immigrant communities in America's cities and with the necessities of social reform.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hull_House">Hull House</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hull House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hull_House" title="Hull House">Hull House</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hull_House_Entrance.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hull_House_Entrance.gif/220px-Hull_House_Entrance.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Hull_House_Entrance.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Main entrance to Hull House. <i>Source</i> Addams: <i>Twenty Years at Hull House</i> (1910), p.128</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doorway_at_Hull_House.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Doorway_at_Hull_House.gif" decoding="async" width="169" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="169" data-file-height="171" /></a><figcaption>A Doorway in Hull House Court. <i>Source</i> Addams: <i>Twenty Years at Hull House</i> (1910), p.149</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jane_Addams_in_a_car_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jane_Addams_in_a_car_%28cropped%29.jpg/280px-Jane_Addams_in_a_car_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jane_Addams_in_a_car_%28cropped%29.jpg/420px-Jane_Addams_in_a_car_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Jane_Addams_in_a_car_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Jane Addams, 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1889<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Addams and her college friend and paramour <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Gates_Starr" title="Ellen Gates Starr">Ellen Gates Starr</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> co-founded <a href="/wiki/Hull_House" title="Hull House">Hull House</a>, a settlement house in Chicago. The run-down mansion had been built by Charles Hull in 1856 and needed repairs and upgrading. Addams at first paid for all of the capital expenses (repairing the roof of the porch, repainting the rooms, buying furniture) and most of the operating costs. However gifts from individuals supported the House beginning in its first year and Addams was able to reduce the proportion of her contributions, although the annual budget grew rapidly. Some wealthy women became long-term donors to the House, including <a href="/wiki/Helen_Culver" title="Helen Culver">Helen Culver</a>, who managed her first cousin Charles Hull's estate, and who eventually allowed the contributors to use the house rent-free. Other contributors were <a href="/wiki/Louise_DeKoven_Bowen" title="Louise DeKoven Bowen">Louise DeKoven Bowen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Rozet_Smith" title="Mary Rozet Smith">Mary Rozet Smith</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Wilmarth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Wilmarth (page does not exist)">Mary Wilmarth</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Addams and Starr were the first two occupants of the house, which would later become the residence of about 25 women. At its height,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hull House was visited each week by some 2,000 people. Hull House was a center for research, empirical analysis, study, and debate, as well as a pragmatic center for living in and establishing good relations with the neighborhood. Among the aims of Hull House was to give privileged, educated young people contact with the real life of the majority of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residents of Hull House conducted investigations on housing, <a href="/wiki/Midwifery" title="Midwifery">midwifery</a>, fatigue, tuberculosis, <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid</a>, garbage collection, cocaine, and <a href="/wiki/Truancy" title="Truancy">truancy</a>. The core Hull House residents were well-educated women bound together by their commitment to labour unions, the <a href="/wiki/National_Consumers_League" title="National Consumers League">National Consumers League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">suffrage movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Rice" title="Harriet Rice">Dr. Harriett Alleyne Rice</a> joined Hull House to provide medical treatment for poor families.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its facilities included a night school for adults, clubs for older children, a public kitchen, an <a href="/wiki/Art_gallery" title="Art gallery">art gallery</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gym" title="Gym">gym</a>, a girls' club, a bathhouse, a <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">book bindery</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">music school</a>, a drama group and a theater, apartments, a library, meeting rooms for discussion, clubs, an employment bureau, and a lunchroom.<sup id="cite_ref-Academic_Search_Premier_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Academic_Search_Premier-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her adult night school was a forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">continuing education</a> classes offered by many universities today. In addition to making available social services and cultural events for the largely immigrant population of the neighborhood, Hull House afforded an opportunity for young social workers to acquire training. Eventually, Hull House became a 13-building settlement complex, which included a playground and a summer camp (known as <a href="/wiki/Bowen_Park_(Waukegan)" title="Bowen Park (Waukegan)">Bowen Country Club</a>). </p><p>One aspect of the Hull House that was very important to Jane Addams was the Art Program. The art program at Hull House allowed Addams to challenge the system of industrialized education, which "fitted" the individual to a specific job or position. She wanted the house to provide a space, time and tools to encourage people to think independently. She saw art as the key to unlocking the diversity of the city through collective interaction, mutual self-discovery, recreation and the imagination. Art was integral to her vision of community, disrupting fixed ideas and stimulating the diversity and interaction on which a healthy society depends, based on a continual rewriting of cultural identities through variation and <a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">interculturalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Academic_Search_Premier_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Academic_Search_Premier-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With funding from Edward Butler, Addams opened an art exhibition and studio space as one of the first additions to Hull House. On the first floor of the new addition there was a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Public_Library" title="Chicago Public Library">Chicago Public Library</a>, and the second was the Butler Art Gallery, which featured recreations of famous artwork as well as the work of local artists. Studio space within the art gallery provided both Hull House residents and the entire community with the opportunity to take art classes or to come in and hone their craft whenever they liked. As Hull House grew, and the relationship with the neighborhood deepened, that opportunity became less of a comfort to the poor and more of an outlet of expression and exchange of different cultures and diverse communities. Art and culture was becoming a bigger and more important part of the lives of immigrants within the 19th ward, and soon children caught on to the trend. These working-class children were offered instruction in all forms and levels of art. Places such as the Butler Art Gallery or the Bowen Country Club often hosted these classes, but more informal lessons would often be taught outdoors. Addams, with the help of Ellen Gates Starr, founded the Chicago Public School Art Society (CPSAS) in response to the positive reaction the art classes for children caused. The CPSAS provided public schools with reproductions of world-renowned pieces of art, hired artists to teach children how to create art, and also took the students on field trips to Chicago's many art museums.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Near_west_side_neighborhood">Near west side neighborhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Near west side neighborhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polk_street_opposite_Hull_House.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Polk_street_opposite_Hull_House.gif/220px-Polk_street_opposite_Hull_House.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Polk_street_opposite_Hull_House.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>Polk Street opposite Hull House. <i>Source</i> Addams: <i>Twenty Years at Hull House</i> (1910), p.95</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Halsted_Street_Opposite_Hull_House.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/South_Halsted_Street_Opposite_Hull_House.gif/220px-South_Halsted_Street_Opposite_Hull_House.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/South_Halsted_Street_Opposite_Hull_House.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="130" /></a><figcaption>South Halsted Street opposite Hull House. <i>Source</i> Addams: <i>Twenty Years at Hull House</i>. (1910), p. 96</figcaption></figure> <p>The Hull House neighborhood was a mix of European ethnic groups that had immigrated to Chicago around the start of the 20th century. That mix was the ground where Hull House's inner social and philanthropic elitists tested their theories and challenged the establishment. The ethnic mix is recorded by the Bethlehem-Howard Neighborhood Center: "Germans and Jews resided south of that inner core (south of Twelfth Street) ... The Greek delta formed by Harrison, <a href="/wiki/Halsted_Street" title="Halsted Street">Halsted Street</a>, and Blue Island Streets served as a buffer to the Irish residing to the north and the French Canadians to the northwest."<sup id="cite_ref-hhm_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hhm-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italians resided within the inner core of the Hull House Neighborhood ... from the river on the east end, on out to the western ends of what came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Little_Italy,_Chicago" title="Little Italy, Chicago">Little Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> and Jews, along with the remnants of other immigrant groups, began their exodus from the neighborhood in the early 20th century. Only Italians continued as an intact and thriving community through the Great Depression, World War II, and well beyond the ultimate d three "ethical principles" for social settlements: "to teach by example, to practice cooperation, and to practice social democracy, that is, egalitarian, or democratic, social relations across class lines."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Hull House offered a comprehensive program of civic, cultural, recreational, and educational activities and attracted admiring visitors from all over the world, including <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>, a graduate student from Harvard University who later became prime minister of Canada. In the 1890s <a href="/wiki/Julia_Lathrop" title="Julia Lathrop">Julia Lathrop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence_Kelley" title="Florence Kelley">Florence Kelley</a>, and other residents of the house made it a world center of social reform activity. Hull House used the latest methodology (pioneering in statistical mapping) to study overcrowding, truancy, typhoid fever, cocaine, children's reading, newsboys, infant mortality, and midwifery. Starting with efforts to improve the immediate neighborhood, the Hull House group became involved in city and statewide campaigns for better housing, improvements in public welfare, stricter child-labor laws, and protection of working women. Addams brought in prominent visitors from around the world and had close links with leading Chicago intellectuals and philanthropists. In 1912, she helped start the new <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive Party</a> and supported the presidential campaign of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>. </p><p>"Addams' philosophy combined feminist sensibilities with an unwavering commitment to social improvement through cooperative efforts. Although she sympathized with feminists, socialists, and pacifists, Addams refused to be labeled. This refusal was pragmatic rather than ideological."<sup id="cite_ref-WWU_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWU-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emphasis_on_children">Emphasis on children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Emphasis on children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:In_the_Hull_House_Music_School.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/In_the_Hull_House_Music_School.gif/220px-In_the_Hull_House_Music_School.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/In_the_Hull_House_Music_School.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption>In the Hull House Music School. <i>Source</i> Addams: <i>Twenty Years at Hull House</i> (1910), p. 383</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sick_Mother_%26_Children.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sick_Mother_%26_Children.gif/220px-Sick_Mother_%26_Children.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Sick_Mother_%26_Children.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>In a Tenement House, Sick Mother and Children. <i>Source</i> Addams: <i>Twenty Years at Hull House</i> (1910), p. 164</figcaption></figure> <p>Hull House stressed the importance of the role of children in the Americanization process of new immigrants. This philosophy also fostered the play movement and the research and service fields of leisure, youth, and human services. Addams argued in <i>The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets</i> (1909) that play and recreation programs are needed because cities are destroying the spirit of youth. Hull House featured multiple programs in art and drama, kindergarten classes, boys' and girls' clubs, language classes, reading groups, college extension courses, along with public baths, a gymnasium, a labor museum and playground, all within a free-speech atmosphere. They were all designed to foster democratic cooperation, collective action and downplay individualism. She helped pass the first model tenement code and the first factory laws. </p><p>Along with her colleagues from Hull House, in 1901 Jane Addams founded what would become the <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_Protective_Association" title="Juvenile Protective Association">Juvenile Protective Association</a>. JPA provided the first probation officers for the first Juvenile Court in the United States until this became a government function. From 1907 until the 1940s, JPA engaged in many studies examining such subjects as racism, child labor and exploitation, drug abuse and prostitution in Chicago and their effects on child development. Through the years, their mission has now become improving the social and emotional well-being and functioning of vulnerable children so they can reach their fullest potential at home, in school, and in their communities.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documenting_social_illnesses">Documenting social illnesses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Documenting social illnesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Addams and her colleagues documented the communal geography of typhoid fever and reported that poor workers were bearing the brunt of the illness. She identified the political corruption and business avarice that caused the city bureaucracy to ignore health, sanitation, and building codes. Linking <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> and municipal reform, she eventually defeated the bosses and fostered a more equitable distribution of city services and modernized inspection practices.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Addams spoke of the "undoubted powers of public recreation to bring together the classes of a community in the keeping them apart."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Addams worked with the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Board_of_Health" title="Chicago Board of Health">Chicago Board of Health</a> and served as the first vice-president of the Playground Association of America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emphasis_on_prostitution">Emphasis on prostitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Emphasis on prostitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1912, Addams published <i>A New Conscience and Ancient Evil</i>, about prostitution. This book was extremely popular. Addams believed that prostitution was a result of kidnapping only.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her book later inspired <a href="/wiki/Stella_Wynne_Herron" title="Stella Wynne Herron">Stella Wynne Herron</a>'s 1916 short story <i>Shoes</i>, which <a href="/wiki/Lois_Weber" title="Lois Weber">Lois Weber</a> adapted into a groundbreaking <a href="/wiki/Shoes_(1916_film)" title="Shoes (1916 film)">1916 film of the same name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminine_ideals">Feminine ideals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Feminine ideals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Addams and her colleagues originally intended Hull House as a transmission device to bring the values of the college-educated high culture to the masses, including the <a href="/wiki/Efficiency_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Efficiency Movement">Efficiency Movement</a>, a major movement in industrial nations in the early 20th century that sought to identify and eliminate waste in the economy and society, and to develop and implement best practices.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, over time, the focus changed from bringing art and culture to the neighborhood (as evidenced in the construction of the Butler Building) to responding to the needs of the community by providing childcare, educational opportunities, and large meeting spaces. Hull House became more than a proving ground for the new generation of college-educated, professional women: it also became part of the community in which it was founded, and its development reveals a shared history.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smithsonian_-_NPG_-_Jane_Addams_and_Alva_Belmont_-_NPG.95.54.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A sketch of Jane Addams and Alva Belmont sitting side by side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Smithsonian_-_NPG_-_Jane_Addams_and_Alva_Belmont_-_NPG.95.54.jpg/220px-Smithsonian_-_NPG_-_Jane_Addams_and_Alva_Belmont_-_NPG.95.54.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Smithsonian_-_NPG_-_Jane_Addams_and_Alva_Belmont_-_NPG.95.54.jpg/330px-Smithsonian_-_NPG_-_Jane_Addams_and_Alva_Belmont_-_NPG.95.54.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Smithsonian_-_NPG_-_Jane_Addams_and_Alva_Belmont_-_NPG.95.54.jpg/440px-Smithsonian_-_NPG_-_Jane_Addams_and_Alva_Belmont_-_NPG.95.54.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3035" /></a><figcaption>A 1912 sketch of Addams with <a href="/wiki/Alva_Belmont" title="Alva Belmont">Alva Vanderbilt Belmont</a>, both members of the <a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a>. Addams was a vice president of the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Addams called on women, especially middle-class women with leisure time and energy as well as rich philanthropists, to exercise their civic duty to become involved in municipal affairs as a matter of "civic housekeeping". Addams thereby enlarged the concept of civic duty to include roles for women beyond motherhood (which involved child rearing). Women's lives revolved around "responsibility, care, and obligation", which represented the source of women's power.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This notion provided the foundation for the municipal or civil housekeeping role that Addams defined and gave added weight to the women's suffrage movement that Addams supported. Addams argued that women, as opposed to men, were trained in the delicate matters of human welfare and needed to build upon their traditional roles of housekeeping to be civic housekeepers. Enlarged housekeeping duties involved reform efforts regarding poisonous sewage, impure milk (which often carried tuberculosis), smoke-laden air, and unsafe factory conditions. Addams led the "garbage wars"; in 1894 she became the first woman appointed as sanitary inspector of Chicago's 19th Ward. With the help of the Hull House Women's Club, within a year over 1,000 health department violations were reported to city council and garbage collection reduced death and disease.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Addams had long discussions with philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> in which they redefined democracy in terms of pragmatism and civic activism, with an emphasis more on duty and less on rights.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two leading perspectives that distinguished Addams and her coalition from the modernizers more concerned with <a href="/wiki/Efficiency_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Efficiency Movement">efficiency</a> were the need to extend to social and economic life the democratic structures and practices that had been limited to the political sphere, as in Addams's programmatic support of trade unions and second, their call for a new social ethic to supplant the individualist outlook as being no longer adequate in modern society.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Addams's construction of womanhood involved daughterhood, sexuality, wifehood, and motherhood. In both of her autobiographical volumes, <i>Twenty Years at Hull-House</i> (1910) and <i>The Second Twenty Years at Hull-House</i> (1930), Addams's gender constructions parallel the Progressive-Era ideology she championed. In <i>A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil</i> (1912) she dissected the social pathology of sex slavery, prostitution and other sexual behaviors among working-class women in American industrial centers from 1890 to 1910. Addams's autobiographical persona manifests her ideology and supports her popularized public activist persona as the "Mother of Social Work", in the sense that she represents herself as a celibate matron who served the suffering immigrant masses through Hull House, as if they were her own children. Although not a mother herself, Addams became the "mother to the nation", identified with motherhood in the sense of protective care of her people.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teaching">Teaching</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Teaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jane_Addams,_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Jane_Addams%2C_1906.jpg/220px-Jane_Addams%2C_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Jane_Addams%2C_1906.jpg/330px-Jane_Addams%2C_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Jane_Addams%2C_1906.jpg/440px-Jane_Addams%2C_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption> Jane Addams, 1906, by <a href="/wiki/George_de_Forest_Brush" title="George de Forest Brush">George de Forest Brush</a> (1855–1941), National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution</figcaption></figure> <p>Addams kept up her heavy schedule of public lectures around the country, especially at college campuses.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, she offered college courses through the Extension Division of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She declined offers from the university to become directly affiliated with it, including an offer from <a href="/wiki/Albion_Small" class="mw-redirect" title="Albion Small">Albion Small</a>, chair of the Department of Sociology, of a graduate faculty position. She declined in order to maintain her independent role outside of academia. Her goal was to teach adults not enrolled in formal academic institutions, because of their poverty and/or lack of credentials. Furthermore, she wanted no university controls over her political activism.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Addams was appointed to serve on the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Board_of_Education" title="Chicago Board of Education">Chicago Board of Education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Addams was a charter member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="American Sociological Society">American Sociological Society</a>, founded in 1905. She gave papers to it in 1912, 1915, and 1919. She was the most prominent woman member during her lifetime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships">Relationships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally, Addams was close to a wide set of other women and was very good at eliciting their involvement from different classes in Hull House's programs. Nevertheless, throughout her life Addams did have romantic relationships with a few of these women, including <a href="/wiki/Mary_Rozet_Smith" title="Mary Rozet Smith">Mary Rozet Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Starr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellen Starr">Ellen Starr</a>. Her relationships offered her the time and energy to pursue her social work while being supported emotionally and romantically. From her exclusively romantic relationships with women, she would most likely be described as a <a href="/wiki/Lesbianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbianism">lesbian</a> in contemporary terms, similar to many leading figures in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a> of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her first romantic partner was <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Starr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellen Starr">Ellen Starr</a>, with whom she founded Hull House, who she met when both were students at Rockford Female Seminary. In 1889, the two visited Toynbee Hall together and started their settlement house project, purchasing a house in Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her second romantic partner was <a href="/wiki/Mary_Rozet_Smith" title="Mary Rozet Smith">Mary Rozet Smith</a>, who was wealthy and supported Addams's work at Hull House, and with whom she shared a house.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Lilian Faderman wrote that Jane was in love and she addressed Mary as "My Ever Dear", "Darling" and "Dearest One", and concluded that they shared the intimacy of a married couple. They remained together until 1934, when Mary died of pneumonia, after 40 years together.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was said that, "Mary Smith became and always remained the highest and clearest note in the music that was Jane Addams' personal life".<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together they owned a summer house in <a href="/wiki/Bar_Harbor,_Maine" title="Bar Harbor, Maine">Bar Harbor, Maine</a>. When apart, they would write to each other at least once a day – sometimes twice. Addams would write to Smith, "I miss you dreadfully and am yours 'til death".<sup id="cite_ref-Loerzel_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loerzel-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letters also show that the women saw themselves as a married couple: "There is reason in the habit of married folks keeping together", Addams wrote to Smith.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_religious_motives">Religion and religious motives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religion and religious motives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Addams's religious beliefs were shaped by her wide reading and life experience.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She saw her settlement work as part of the "<a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">social Christian</a>" movement.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Addams learned about social Christianity from the co-founders of <a href="/wiki/Toynbee_Hall" title="Toynbee Hall">Toynbee Hall</a>, Samuel and Henrietta Barnett. The Barnetts held a great interest in converting others to Christianity, but they believed that Christians should be more engaged with the world and, in the words of one of the leaders of the social Christian movement in England, W. H. Fremantle, "imbue all human relations with the spirit of Christ's self-renouncing love". </p><p>According to Christie and Gauvreau (2001), while the Christian settlement houses sought to Christianize, Jane Addams "had come to epitomize the force of secular humanism." Her image was, however, "reinvented" by the Christian churches.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Joslin (2004), "The new humanism, as [Addams] interprets it comes from a secular, and not a religious, pattern of belief".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Jane Addams Hull-House Museum, "Some social settlements were linked to religious institutions. Others, like Hull-House [co-founded by Addams], were secular."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hilda Satt Polacheck, a former resident of Hull House, stated that Addams firmly believed in religious freedom and bringing people of all faiths into the social, secular fold of Hull House. The one exception, she notes, was the annual Christmas Party, although Addams left the religious side to the church.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bible served Addams as both a source of inspiration for her life of service and a manual for pursuing her calling. The emphasis on following Jesus' example and actively advancing the establishment of God's Kingdom on earth is also evident in Addams's work and the Social Gospel movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jane_Addams_%26_Mary_Rozet_Smith,_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jane_Addams_%26_Mary_Rozet_Smith%2C_1923.jpg/220px-Jane_Addams_%26_Mary_Rozet_Smith%2C_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jane_Addams_%26_Mary_Rozet_Smith%2C_1923.jpg/330px-Jane_Addams_%26_Mary_Rozet_Smith%2C_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jane_Addams_%26_Mary_Rozet_Smith%2C_1923.jpg/440px-Jane_Addams_%26_Mary_Rozet_Smith%2C_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Jane Addams [left] & Mary Rozet Smith, 1923 (Jane Addams Collection/Swarthmore College Peace Collection.)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_movement">Peace movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Peace movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jane_Addams_and_Miss_Elizabeth_Burke_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Jane_Addams_and_Miss_Elizabeth_Burke_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Jane_Addams_and_Miss_Elizabeth_Burke_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Jane_Addams_and_Miss_Elizabeth_Burke_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>Delegation to the Women's Suffrage Legislature Jane Addams (left) and Miss Elizabeth Burke of the University of Chicago, 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1898, Addams joined the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Imperialist_League" title="American Anti-Imperialist League">Anti-Imperialist League</a>, in opposition to the U.S. annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. A staunch supporter of the Progressive Party, she nominated Theodore Roosevelt for the presidency during the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_National_Convention,_1912&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progressive National Convention, 1912 (page does not exist)">Party Convention</a>, held in Chicago in August 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She signed up on the party platform, even though it called for building more <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a>. She went on to speak and campaign extensively for Roosevelt's 1912 presidential campaign. </p><p>In January 1915, she became involved in the <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Peace_Party" title="Woman's Peace Party">Woman's Peace Party</a> and was elected national chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont_2000_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont_2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Addams was invited by <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> women peace activists to preside over the <a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Women" title="International Congress of Women">International Congress of Women</a> in The Hague, April 28–30, 1915,<sup id="cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont_2000_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont_2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was chosen to head the commission to find an end to the war. This included meeting ten leaders in neutral countries as well as those at war to discuss mediation. This was the first significant international effort against the war. Addams, along with co-delegates <a href="/wiki/Emily_Balch" class="mw-redirect" title="Emily Balch">Emily Balch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alice_Hamilton" title="Alice Hamilton">Alice Hamilton</a>, documented their experiences of this venture, published as a book, <i>Women at The Hague</i> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her journal, Balch recorded her impression of Jane Addams (April 1915): </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jane-Addams-by-Manuel-Rosenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jane-Addams-by-Manuel-Rosenberg.jpg/220px-Jane-Addams-by-Manuel-Rosenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jane-Addams-by-Manuel-Rosenberg.jpg/330px-Jane-Addams-by-Manuel-Rosenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jane-Addams-by-Manuel-Rosenberg.jpg/440px-Jane-Addams-by-Manuel-Rosenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2841" data-file-height="3638" /></a><figcaption>Jane Addams signed drawing by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rosenberg" title="Manuel Rosenberg">Manuel Rosenberg</a> 1917</figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p>Miss Addams shines, so respectful of everyone's views, so eager to understand and sympathize, so patient of anarchy and even ego, yet always there, strong, wise and in the lead. No 'managing', no keeping dark and bringing things subtly to pass, just a radiating wisdom and power of judgement.<sup id="cite_ref-spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Addams was elected president of the International Committee of Women for a Permanent Peace, established to continue the work of the Hague Congress, at a conference in 1919 in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, Switzerland. The International Committee developed into the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a> (WILPF).<sup id="cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont_2000_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont_2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Addams continued as president, a position that entailed frequent travel to Europe and Asia. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Congress_of_Women1915_(22785230005).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/International_Congress_of_Women1915_%2822785230005%29.jpg/320px-International_Congress_of_Women1915_%2822785230005%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/International_Congress_of_Women1915_%2822785230005%29.jpg/480px-International_Congress_of_Women1915_%2822785230005%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/International_Congress_of_Women1915_%2822785230005%29.jpg/640px-International_Congress_of_Women1915_%2822785230005%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2620" data-file-height="1291" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Women_at_the_Hague" title="Women at the Hague">International Congress of Women in 1915</a>. left to right:1. <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Thoumaian" title="Lucy Thoumaian">Lucy Thoumaian</a> – Armenia, 2. <a href="/wiki/Leopoldine_Kulka" title="Leopoldine Kulka">Leopoldine Kulka</a>, 3. <a href="/wiki/Laura_Hughes_(activist)" title="Laura Hughes (activist)">Laura Hughes</a> – Canada, 4. <a href="/wiki/Rosika_Schwimmer" title="Rosika Schwimmer">Rosika Schwimmer</a> – Hungary, 5. <a href="/wiki/Anita_Augspurg" title="Anita Augspurg">Anita Augspurg</a> – Germany, 6. Jane Addams – USA, 7. <a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Hamer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenie Hamer">Eugenie Hanner</a>, 8. <a href="/wiki/Aletta_Jacobs" title="Aletta Jacobs">Aletta Jacobs</a> – Netherlands, 9. <a href="/wiki/Chrystal_Macmillan" title="Chrystal Macmillan">Chrystal Macmillan</a> – UK, 10. <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Genoni" title="Rosa Genoni">Rosa Genoni</a> – Italy, 11. <a href="/wiki/Anna_Kleman" title="Anna Kleman">Anna Kleman</a> – Sweden, 12. <a href="/wiki/Thora_Daugaard" title="Thora Daugaard">Thora Daugaard</a> – Denmark, 13. <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Keilhau" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisa Keilhau">Louise Keilhau</a> – Norway</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1917, she also became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Reconciliation" title="Fellowship of Reconciliation">Fellowship of Reconciliation</a> USA (American branch of the <a href="/wiki/International_Fellowship_of_Reconciliation" title="International Fellowship of Reconciliation">International Fellowship of Reconciliation</a> founded in 1919) and was a member of the Fellowship Council until 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the US joined the war in 1917, Addams started to be strongly criticized. She faced increasingly harsh rebukes and criticism as a pacifist. Her 1915 speech on pacifism at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a> received negative coverage by newspapers such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, which branded her as unpatriotic.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, during her travels, she spent time meeting with a wide variety of diplomats and civic leaders and reiterating her Victorian belief in women's special mission to preserve peace. Recognition of these efforts came with the award of the Nobel Peace Prize to Addams in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the first U.S. woman to win the prize, Addams was applauded for her "expression of an essentially American democracy."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She donated her share of the prize money to the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont_2000_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont_2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacifism">Pacifism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pacifism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Addams was a major synthesizing figure in the domestic and international peace movements, serving as both a figurehead and leading theoretician; she was influenced especially by Russian novelist <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> and by the pragmatism of philosophers <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">George Herbert Mead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her books, particularly <i>Newer Ideals of Peace</i> and <i>Peace and Bread in Time of War</i>, and her peace activism informed early feminist theories and perspectives on peace and war.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She envisioned democracy, social justice and peace as mutually reinforcing; they all had to advance together to achieve any one. Addams became an anti-war activist from 1899, as part of the anti-imperialist movement that followed the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. Her book <i>Newer Ideals of Peace</i><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1907) reshaped the peace movement worldwide to include ideals of social justice. She recruited social justice reformers like Alice Hamilton, <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a>, Florence Kelley, and <a href="/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch" title="Emily Greene Balch">Emily Greene Balch</a> to join her in the new international women's peace movement after 1914. Addams's work came to fruition after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, when major institutional bodies began to link peace with social justice and probe the underlying causes of war and conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1899 and 1907, world leaders sought peace by convening an innovative and influential peace conference at The Hague. These conferences produced <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a>. A 1914 conference was canceled due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The void was filled by an unofficial conference convened by <a href="/wiki/Women_at_the_Hague" title="Women at the Hague">Women at the Hague</a>. At the time, both the US and The Netherlands were neutral. Jane Addams chaired this pathbreaking International Congress of Women at the Hague, which included almost 1,200 participants from 12 warring and neutral countries.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their goal was to develop a framework to end the violence of war. Both national and international political systems excluded women's voices. The women delegates argued that the exclusion of women from policy discourse and decisions around war and peace resulted in flawed policy. The delegates adopted a series of resolutions addressing these problems and called for extending the franchise and women's meaningful inclusion in formal international peace processes at war's end.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the conference, Addams and a congressional delegation traveled throughout Europe meeting with leaders, citizen groups, and wounded soldiers from both sides. Her leadership during the conference and her travels to the capitals of the war-torn regions were cited in nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Addams was opposed to U.S. <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">interventionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionism</a> and ultimately was against those who sought American dominance abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1915, she gave a speech at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a> and was booed offstage for opposing U.S. intervention into World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Addams damned war as a cataclysm that undermined human kindness, solidarity, and civic friendship, and caused families across the world to struggle. In turn, her views were denounced by patriotic groups and newspapers during World War I (1917–18). <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Garrison_Villard" title="Oswald Garrison Villard">Oswald Garrison Villard</a> came to her defense when she suggested that armies gave liquor to soldiers just before major ground attacks. "Take the case of Jane Addams for one. With what abuse did not the [New York] <i>Times</i> cover her, one of the noblest of our women, because she told the simple truth that the Allied troops were often given liquor or drugs before charging across <a href="/wiki/No_Man%27s_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="No Man's Land">No Man's Land</a>. Yet when the facts came out at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Philip_Gibbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Philip Gibbs">Sir Philip Gibbs</a> and others not one word of apology was ever forthcoming."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after the war, the WILPF's program of peace and disarmament was characterized by opponents as radical, Communist-influenced, unpatriotic, and unfeminine. Young veterans in the <a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion</a>, supported by some members of the <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a> (DAR) and the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters" title="League of Women Voters">League of Women Voters</a>, were ill-prepared to confront the older, better-educated, more financially secure and nationally famous women of the WILPF. Nevertheless, the DAR could and did expel Addams from membership in their organization.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Legion's efforts to portray the WILPF members as dangerously naive females resonated with working class audiences, but President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> and the middle classes supported Addams and her WILPF efforts in the 1920s to prohibit <a href="/wiki/Poison_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Poison gas">poison gas</a> and outlaw war. After 1920, however, she was widely regarded as the greatest woman of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1931, the award of the Nobel Peace prize earned her near-unanimous acclaim.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_and_"peaceweaving""><span id="Philosophy_and_.22peaceweaving.22"></span>Philosophy and "peaceweaving"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Philosophy and "peaceweaving""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jane Addams was also a philosopher of peace.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peace theorists often distinguish between <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies#Conceptions_of_peace" title="Peace and conflict studies">negative and positive peace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negative peace deals with the absence of violence or war. Positive peace is more complicated. It deals with the kind of society we aspire to, and can take into account concepts like justice, cooperation, the quality of relationships, freedom, order and harmony. Jane Addams's philosophy of peace is a type of positive peace. Patricia Shields and Joseph Soeters (2017) have summarized her ideas of peace using the term <i>Peaceweaving</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They use weaving as a metaphor because it denotes connection. Fibers come together to form a cloth, which is both flexible and strong. Further, weaving is an activity in which men and women have historically engaged. Addams's <i>peaceweaving</i> is a process which builds "the fabric of peace by emphasizing relationships. Peaceweaving builds these relationships by working on practical problems, engaging people widely with sympathetic understanding while recognizing that progress is measured by the welfare of the vulnerable" <sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eugenics">Eugenics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Eugenics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eugenics" title="Category:Eugenics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Historical trajectory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_trium_liberorum#Eugenic_implications" title="Jus trium liberorum">Jus trium liberorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Papia_Poppaea" title="Lex Papia Poppaea">Lex Papia Poppaea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_incest" title="Jewish views on incest">Jewish views on incest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest in the Bible</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics#United_Kingdom" title="History of eugenics">British eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_League" title="Malthusian League">Malthusian League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">Racial hygiene</a>" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Prevention_of_Hereditarily_Diseased_Offspring" title="Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring">Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily<br />Diseased Offspring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Health_Court" title="Hereditary Health Court">Hereditary Health Courts</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">US eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">Slave breeding in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Survey_of_Vermont" title="Eugenics Survey of Vermont">Eugenics Survey of Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_stirpiculture" title="Oneida stirpiculture">Oneida stirpiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterilization_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sterilization law in the United States">Sterilization law in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buck_v._Bell" title="Buck v. Bell">Buck v. Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doe_ex._rel._Tarlow_v._District_of_Columbia" title="Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia">Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_v._Quilligan" title="Madrigal v. Quilligan">Madrigal v. Quilligan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poe_v._Lynchburg_Training_School_%26_Hospital" title="Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital">Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinner_v._Oklahoma" title="Skinner v. Oklahoma">Skinner v. Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stump_v._Sparkman" title="Stump v. Sparkman">Stump v. Sparkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Sterilization_Act_of_1924" title="Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924">Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_movement_in_the_United_States#Eugenics_and_race" title="Birth control movement in the United States">Birth control movement in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada#History_of_eugenics_in_Canada" title="Compulsory sterilization in Canada">Canadian eugenics</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Famous_Five_(Canada)" title="The Famous Five (Canada)">The Famous Five</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Sterilization_Act" title="Sexual Sterilization Act">Sexual Sterilization Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Japanese eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_eugenics" title="Hispanic eugenics">Hispanic eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Mexico" title="Eugenics in Mexico">Mexican eugenics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilisation_in_Sweden" title="Compulsory sterilisation in Sweden">Swedish sterilization program (1906–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization_in_Peru" title="Forced sterilization in Peru">Peruvian sterilization program (1990–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_planning_in_Singapore" title="Population planning in Singapore">Population planning in Singapore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neo-eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-eugenics">Neo-eugenics</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/He_Jiankui_genome_editing_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="He Jiankui genome editing incident">He Jiankui genome editing incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_enhancement" title="Human genetic enhancement">Human genetic enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_response_to_assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Religious response to assisted reproductive technology">Religious response to assisted<br />reproductive technology</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Pre-war academic proponents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Brigham" title="Carl Brigham">Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Carrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Davenport" title="Charles Davenport">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Darwin" title="Leonard Darwin">Darwin (Leonhard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_DeCourcy_Ward" title="Robert DeCourcy Ward">DeCourcy Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_M._Elderton" title="Ethel M. Elderton">Elderton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Ruggles_Gates" title="Reginald Ruggles Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Goldscheid" title="Rudolf Goldscheid">Goldscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Gruber" title="Max von Gruber">Gruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Guyer" title="Michael F. Guyer">Guyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Ectogenesis_and_in_vitro_fertilisation" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Herseni" title="Traian Herseni">Herseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jackson_Holmes#Eugenics" title="Samuel Jackson Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ale%C5%A1_Hrdli%C4%8Dka#Controversy_and_criticism" title="Aleš Hrdlička">Hrdlička</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Jennings" title="Herbert Spencer Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan#Eugenics" title="David Starr Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_Key" title="Wilhelmine Key">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Kraepelin" title="Emil Kraepelin">Kraepelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lenz" title="Fritz Lenz">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivey_Foreman_Lewis" title="Ivey Foreman Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London#Eugenics" title="Jack London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Magnussen" title="Karin Magnussen">Magnussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabin_Manuil%C4%83" title="Sabin Manuilă">Manuilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otfrid_Mittmann" title="Otfrid Mittmann">Mittmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliano_Moreira" title="Juliano Moreira">Moreira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Munro" title="William B. Munro">Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Nordau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn" title="Henry Fairfield Osborn">Osborn (Henry Fairfield)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Guangdan" title="Pan Guangdan">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson#Political_views_and_eugenics" title="Karl Pearson">Pearson (Karl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Farnham_Perkins" title="Henry Farnham Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Hern%C3%A1ndez_P%C3%A9rez" title="Eusebio Hernández Pérez">Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Quetelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisc_Rainer#Biological_anthropology" title="Francisc Rainer">Rainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Relgis#Eugenics" title="Eugen Relgis">Relgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Alsworth_Ross" title="Edward Alsworth Ross">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schallmayer" title="Wilhelm Schallmayer">Schallmayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Scharffenberg" title="Johan Scharffenberg">Scharffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sergeevich_Serebrovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Sergeevich Serebrovsky">Serebrovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sergi" title="Giuseppe Sergi">Sergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Slater" title="Eliot Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ernest_Southard" title="Elmer Ernest Southard">Southard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothrop_Stoddard" title="Lothrop Stoddard">Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Taussig#Beliefs" title="F. W. Taussig">Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Terman#Eugenics" title="Lewis Terman">Terman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla#On_society" title="Nikola Tesla">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike#Eugenics" title="Edward Thorndike">Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">Vacher de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" title="Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer">Verschuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Yerkes#Intelligence_testing_and_eugenics" title="Robert Yerkes">Yerkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Evang" title="Karl Evang">Karl Evang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_Alfred_Mj%C3%B8en&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jon Alfred Mjøen (page does not exist)">Jon Alfred Mjøen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Alfred_Mj%C3%B8en" class="extiw" title="no:Jon Alfred Mjøen">no</a>]</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Post-war academic remnants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Agar#Work_on_human_enhancement" title="Nicholas Agar">Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Bell" title="Julia Bell">Bell (Julia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Blacker" title="Carlos Blacker">Blacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Carl" title="Noah Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedric_Carter" title="Cedric Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Coleman_(demographer)#Career" title="David Coleman (demographer)">Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Darlington#Sociobiology_and_the_Lysenko_Affair" title="C. D. Darlington">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Jos%C3%A9_Figueredo" title="Aurelio José Figueredo">Figueredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Fleischman" title="Diana Fleischman">Fleischman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Garrett_(psychologist)" title="Henry Garrett (psychologist)">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glad" title="John Glad">Glad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Ectogenesis_and_in_vitro_fertilisation" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanania" title="Richard Hanania">Hanania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Nash_Herndon" title="C. Nash Herndon">Herndon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley#Eugenics_and_race" title="Julian Huxley">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Ingle" title="Dwight Ingle">Ingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Itzkoff" title="Seymour Itzkoff">Itzkoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Kallmann" title="Franz Josef Kallmann">Kallmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_Kirkconnell" title="Watson Kirkconnell">Kirkconnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lene_Koch" title="Lene Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_Laski" title="Frida Laski">Laski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Lederberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz#Nazism" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Lundman" title="Bertil Lundman">Lundman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn">Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._MacEachran" title="John M. MacEachran">MacEachran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Magnussen" title="Karin Magnussen">Magnussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Geoffrey Miller (psychologist)">Miller (Geoffrey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Miller" title="Edward M. Miller">Miller (Edward M.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_te_Nijenhuis" title="Jan te Nijenhuis">Nijenhuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Nyborg" title="Helmuth Nyborg">Nyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Osborn" title="Frederick Osborn">Osborn (Frederick)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Pearson (Roger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Pendell" title="Elmer Pendell">Pendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pitt-Rivers" title="George Pitt-Rivers">Pitt-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Popenoe" title="Paul Popenoe">Popenoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Rostand" title="Jean Rostand">Rostand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Savulescu#Procreative_beneficence" title="Julian Savulescu">Savulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_L._Shapiro" title="Harry L. Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley#Racist_and_eugenicist_views" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" title="Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer">Verschuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Vining_Jr." title="Daniel Vining Jr.">Vining Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkmar_Weiss" title="Volkmar Weiss">Weiss</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Pamphlets and manifestos</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Genius" title="Hereditary Genius">Hereditary Genius</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1869)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inquiries_into_Human_Faculty_and_Its_Development" title="Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development">Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1883)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(Nordau)" title="Degeneration (Nordau)">Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1892–1893)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallia_(novel)#Eugenicist_thought_in_Gallia" title="Gallia (novel)">Gallia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1895)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Blood_of_the_Nation:_A_Study_in_the_Decay_of_Races_by_the_Survival_of_the_Unfit" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blood of the Nation: A Study in the Decay of Races by the Survival of the Unfit">The Blood of the Nation</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1901/1910)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Training_of_the_Human_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Training of the Human Plant">The Training of the Human Plant</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Essays_in_Eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Essays in Eugenics">Essays in Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heredity_in_Relation_to_Eugenics" title="Heredity in Relation to Eugenics">Heredity in Relation to Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1911)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mankind_at_the_Crossroads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mankind at the Crossroads">Mankind at the Crossroads</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daedalus;_or,_Science_and_the_Future" title="Daedalus; or, Science and the Future">Daedalus; or, Science and the Future</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_raza_c%C3%B3smica" title="La raza cósmica">La raza cósmica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_and_Morals" title="Marriage and Morals">Marriage and Morals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Genetical_Theory_of_Natural_Selection#Eugenics" title="The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection">The Genetical Theory of Natural<br />Selection</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_the_Unknown" title="Man, the Unknown">Man, the Unknown</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/After_Us,_or_the_World_as_it_Might_Be" title="After Us, or the World as it Might Be">After Us</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_manifesto" title="Eugenics manifesto">Eugenics manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Bottles_for_New_Wine" class="mw-redirect" title="New Bottles for New Wine">New Bottles for New Wine</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1950)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Marching_Morons" title="The Marching Morons">The Marching Morons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dance_with_the_Devil" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dance with the Devil">The Dance with the Devil</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1958)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilized_Man%27s_Eight_Deadly_Sins" title="Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins">Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyondism" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyondism">Beyondism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics:_Genetic_Deterioration_in_Modern_Populations" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations">Dysgenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rules_for_the_Human_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules for the Human Park">Rules for the Human Park</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugenics:_A_Reassessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenics: A Reassessment">Eugenics: A Reassessment</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Eugenics">Jewish Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Selective_Breeding_and_the_Birth_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective Breeding and the Birth of Philosophy">Selective Breeding and the Birth of<br />Philosophy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Without significant post-war activity</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Birth_Control_League#History" title="American Birth Control League">ABCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Eugenics_Board" title="Alberta Eugenics Board">Alberta Eugenics Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Study_and_Prevention_of_Infant_Mortality" title="American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality">AASPIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Eugenics_Society" title="American Eugenics Society">AES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_for_Science#Departments_on_life_studies" title="Carnegie Institution for Science">Carnegie Institution for Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Foundation_for_the_Study_of_Human_Problems" title="French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems">Carrel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory#History" title="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory">CSHL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Women%27s_Guild" title="Co-operative Women's Guild">Co-operative Women's Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Board_of_North_Carolina" title="Eugenics Board of North Carolina">EBNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Record_Office" title="Eugenics Record Office">ERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton_Laboratory" title="Galton Laboratory">Galton Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Society_for_Racial_Hygiene" title="German Society for Racial Hygiene">German Society for Racial Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity_Commission" title="Heredity Commission">Heredity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Betterment_Foundation" title="Human Betterment Foundation">HBF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Betterment_League" title="Human Betterment League">Human Betterment League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_d%C3%A9mographiques#history" title="Institut national d'études démographiques">INED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Ethnology_and_Eugenics" title="International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics">IAAEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Eugenics_Conference" title="International Eugenics Conference">International Eugenics Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Eugenics_Organizations" title="International Federation of Eugenics Organizations">IFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute_of_Anthropology,_Human_Heredity,_and_Eugenics" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Psychiatry#History" title="Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry">Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Association_of_America" title="Population Association of America">PAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_Betterment_Foundation" title="Race Betterment Foundation">Race Betterment Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Hygiene_Association_of_New_South_Wales" title="Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales">RHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Institute_for_Racial_Biology" title="State Institute for Racial Biology">State Institute for Racial Biology</a></li></ul> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">With significant post-war activity</div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Human_Genetics#Annals_of_Eugenics" title="Annals of Human Genetics">Annals of Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1954)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies#History_and_funding" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eugenics_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eugenics Review">The Eugenics Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1968)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_and_Education_on_Eugenics_and_Dysgenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation for Research and Education on Eugenics and Dysgenics">FREED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Diversity_Foundation" title="Human Diversity Foundation">HDF</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Social,_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies">J. Soc. Political Econ. Stud.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_on_Intelligence" title="London Conference on Intelligence">LCI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mankind_Quarterly" title="Mankind Quarterly">Mankind Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenPsych" title="OpenPsych">OpenPsych</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prevention" title="Project Prevention">Project Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repository_for_Germinal_Choice" title="Repository for Germinal Choice">Repository for Germinal Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Institute_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Institute for Social Research">Ulster Institute for Social Research</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_engineering" title="Demographic engineering">Demographic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of eugenics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Idiocracy" title="Idiocracy">Idiocracy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">Pedigree chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell_bibliography" title="Raymond Cattell bibliography">Raymond Cattell bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher_bibliography" title="Ronald Fisher bibliography">Ronald Fisher bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/14px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/21px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/29px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1276" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:History of Science">History of Science portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eugenics_sidebar" title="Template:Eugenics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eugenics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eugenics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eugenics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eugenics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Addams supported eugenics and was vice president of the American Social Hygiene Association, which advocated eugenics in an effort to improve the social 'hygiene' of American society.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was a close friend of noted eugenicists <a href="/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan" title="David Starr Jordan">David Starr Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a>, and was an avid proponent of the ideas of <a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a>. Addams belief in eugenics was tied to her desire to eliminate what she perceived to be '<a href="/wiki/Social_ills" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ills">social ills</a>': </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Certainly allied to this new understanding of child life and a part of the same movement is the new science of eugenics with its recently appointed university professors. Its organized societies publish an ever-increasing mass of information as to that which constitutes the inheritance of well-born children. When this new science makes clear to the public that those diseases which are a direct outcome of the social evil are clearly responsible for race deterioration, effective indignation may at last be aroused, both against preventable infant mortality for which these diseases are responsible, and against the ghastly fact that the survivors among these afflicted children infect their contemporaries and hand on the evil heritage to another generation.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prohibition">Prohibition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Prohibition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While "no record is available of any speech she ever made on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">the eighteenth amendment</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she nonetheless supported prohibition on the basis that alcohol "was of course a leading lure and a necessary element in houses of prostitution, both from a financial and a social standpoint." She repeated the claim that "professional houses of prostitution could not sustain themselves without the 'vehicle of alcohol.'"<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cedarville_Il_Jane_Addams_Grave2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cedarville_Il_Jane_Addams_Grave2.jpg/120px-Cedarville_Il_Jane_Addams_Grave2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cedarville_Il_Jane_Addams_Grave2.jpg/180px-Cedarville_Il_Jane_Addams_Grave2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cedarville_Il_Jane_Addams_Grave2.jpg/240px-Cedarville_Il_Jane_Addams_Grave2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams_Burial_Site" title="Jane Addams Burial Site">Jane Addams Burial Site</a> in Cedarville, Illinois.</figcaption></figure> <p>While Addams was often troubled by health problems in her youth and throughout her life, her health began to take a more serious decline after she suffered a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a> in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She died on May 21, 1935, at the age of 74, in Chicago and is buried in her hometown of Cedarville, Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adult_life_and_legacy">Adult life and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Adult life and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_social_work" title="History of social work">History of social work</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jane_Addams_1940_Issue-10c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jane_Addams_1940_Issue-10c.jpg/200px-Jane_Addams_1940_Issue-10c.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jane_Addams_1940_Issue-10c.jpg/300px-Jane_Addams_1940_Issue-10c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jane_Addams_1940_Issue-10c.jpg/400px-Jane_Addams_1940_Issue-10c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption>Addams is honored in the <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States#Famous_Americans_Series_of_1940" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">'Famous Americans Series'</a>, postal Issues of 1940</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jane_Addams_quote_on_the_wall_(American_Adventure_in_the_World_Showcase,_Epcot_2007).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Jane_Addams_quote_on_the_wall_%28American_Adventure_in_the_World_Showcase%2C_Epcot_2007%29.jpg/170px-Jane_Addams_quote_on_the_wall_%28American_Adventure_in_the_World_Showcase%2C_Epcot_2007%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Jane_Addams_quote_on_the_wall_%28American_Adventure_in_the_World_Showcase%2C_Epcot_2007%29.jpg/255px-Jane_Addams_quote_on_the_wall_%28American_Adventure_in_the_World_Showcase%2C_Epcot_2007%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Jane_Addams_quote_on_the_wall_%28American_Adventure_in_the_World_Showcase%2C_Epcot_2007%29.jpg/340px-Jane_Addams_quote_on_the_wall_%28American_Adventure_in_the_World_Showcase%2C_Epcot_2007%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>A wall-mounted quote by Jane Addams in <a href="/wiki/The_American_Adventure_(Epcot)" title="The American Adventure (Epcot)">The American Adventure (Epcot)</a> in the World Showcase pavilion of <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_World" title="Walt Disney World">Walt Disney World</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Epcot" title="Epcot">Epcot</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jane_Addams_profile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Jane_Addams_profile.jpg/220px-Jane_Addams_profile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Jane_Addams_profile.jpg/330px-Jane_Addams_profile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Jane_Addams_profile.jpg/440px-Jane_Addams_profile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption>Addams in 1914</figcaption></figure><p>Jane Addams is buried at Cedarville Cemetery, Cedarville, Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hull House and the Peace Movement are widely recognized as the key tangible pillars of Addams's legacy. While her life focused on the development of individuals, her ideas continue to influence social, political and economic reform in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, as well as internationally. Addams and Starr's creation of the settlement house, Hull House, impacted the community, immigrant residents, and social work. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Willard_Motley" title="Willard Motley">Willard Motley</a>, a resident artist of Hull House, extracting from Addams' central theory on symbolic interactionism, used the neighborhood and its people to write his 1948 best seller, <i><a href="/wiki/Knock_on_Any_Door" title="Knock on Any Door">Knock on Any Door</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His novel later became a well known court-room film in 1949. This book and film brought attention to how a resident lived an everyday life inside a settlement house and his relationship with Jane Addams. </p><p>Addams's role as reformer enabled her to petition the establishment at and alter the social and physical geography of her Chicago neighborhood. Although contemporary academic sociologists defined her engagement as "social work", Addams's efforts differed significantly from activities typically labeled as "social work" during that time period. Before Addams's powerful influence on the profession, social work was largely informed by a "friendly visitor" model in which typically wealthy women of high public stature visited impoverished individuals and, through systematic assessment and intervention, aimed to improve the lives of the poor. Addams rejected the friendly visitor model in favor of a model of social reform/social theory-building, thereby introducing the now-central tenets of social justice and reform to the field of social work.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Addams worked with other reform groups toward goals including the first <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_court" title="Juvenile court">juvenile court</a> law, tenement-house regulation, an <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_working_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour working day">eight-hour working day</a> for women, factory inspection, and workers' compensation. She advocated research aimed at determining the causes of poverty and crime, and she supported women's suffrage. She was a strong advocate of justice for immigrants, African Americans, and minority groups by becoming a chartered member of the <a href="/wiki/Naacp" class="mw-redirect" title="Naacp">NAACP</a>. Among the projects that the members of Hull House opened were the Immigrants' Protective League, the Juvenile Protective Association, the first juvenile court in the United States, and a juvenile psychopathic clinic. </p><p>Addams's influential writings and speeches, on behalf of the formation of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> and as a peace advocate, influenced the later shape of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. </p><p>Jane Addams also sponsored the work of <a href="/wiki/Neva_Boyd" title="Neva Boyd">Neva Boyd</a>, who founded the Recreational Training School at Hull House, a one-year educational program in group games, gymnastics, dancing, dramatic arts, play theory, and social problems. At Hull House, Neva Boyd ran movement and recreational groups for children, using games and improvisation to teach language skills, problem-solving, self-confidence and social skills. During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, Boyd worked with the Recreational Project in the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a>, (WPA) as The Chicago Training School for Playground Workers, which subsequently became the foundation for the <a href="/wiki/Recreational_Therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational Therapy">Recreational Therapy</a> and Educational Drama movements in the U.S. One of her best known disciples, <a href="/wiki/Viola_Spolin" title="Viola Spolin">Viola Spolin</a> taught in the Recreational Theater Program at Hull House during the WPA era. Spolin went on to be a pioneer in the <a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Improvisational theater">improvisational theater</a> movement in the US and the inventor of <a href="/wiki/Theater_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater Games">Theater Games</a>. </p><p>The main legacy left by Jane Addams includes her involvement in the creation of the Hull House, impacting communities and the whole social structure, reaching out to colleges and universities in hopes of bettering the educational system, and passing on her knowledge to others through speeches and books. She paved the way for women by publishing several books and co-winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 with Starr. </p><p>The Jane Addams Papers Project, originally housed at the University of Illinois at Chicago and Duke University, was relocated to Ramapo College in 2015. The project's digital edition actively engages students and the world with the work and correspondence of Jane Addams.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Addams,_Long_Beach,_California" title="Addams, Long Beach, California">Addams</a> neighborhood and elementary school in <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a> are named for her.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociology">Sociology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steps_to_Hull_House.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Steps_to_Hull_House.gif/220px-Steps_to_Hull_House.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Steps_to_Hull_House.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>Steps to Hull House. <i>Source</i> Addams: <i>Twenty Years at Hull House</i> (1910), p. 447</figcaption></figure> <p>Jane Addams was intimately involved with the founding of sociology as a field in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deegan,_M._J._1988_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deegan,_M._J._1988-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hull House enabled Addams to befriend and become a colleague to early members of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_School_of_Sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago School of Sociology">Chicago School of Sociology</a>. She actively contributed to the sociology academic literature, publishing five articles in the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a></i> between 1896 and 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her influence, through her work in applied sociology, impacted the thought and direction of the Chicago School of Sociology's members.<sup id="cite_ref-Deegan,_M._J._1988_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deegan,_M._J._1988-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1893, she co-authored the compilation of essays written by Hull House residents and workers titled, <i>Hull-House Maps and Papers</i>. These ideas helped shape and define the interests and methodologies of the Chicago School. She worked with American philosopher <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">George Herbert Mead</a> and John Dewey<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on social reform issues, including promoting women's rights, ending child labor, and mediating during the <a href="/wiki/1910_Garment_Workers%27_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1910 Garment Workers' Strike">1910 Garment Workers' Strike</a>. This strike in particular bent thoughts of protests because it dealt with women workers, ethnicity, and working conditions. All of these subjects were key items that Addams wanted to see in society. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_to_Hull_House_Courtyard.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Entrance_to_Hull_House_Courtyard.gif/220px-Entrance_to_Hull_House_Courtyard.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Entrance_to_Hull_House_Courtyard.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to Hull House Courtyard. <i>Source</i> Addams: <i>Twenty Years at Hull House</i> (1910), p. 426</figcaption></figure> <p>The University of Chicago Sociology department was established in 1892, three years after Hull House was established (1889). Members of Hull House welcomed the first group of professors, who soon were "intimately involved with Hull House" and assiduously engaged with applied social reform and philanthropy".<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1893, for example, faculty (Vincent, Small and Bennis) worked with Jane Addams and fellow Hull House resident Florence Kelley to pass legislation "banning sweat shops and employment of children" <sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Albion_Small" class="mw-redirect" title="Albion Small">Albion Small</a>, chair of the Chicago Department of Sociology and founder of the <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>, called for a sociology that was active "in the work of perfecting and applying plans and devices for social improvement and amelioration", which took place in the "vast sociological laboratory" that was 19th-century Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although untenured, women residents of Hull House taught classes in the Chicago Sociology Department. During and after World War I, the focus of the Chicago Sociology Department shifted away from social activism toward a more scholarly orientation. Social activism was also associated with Communism and a "weaker" woman's work orientation. In response to this change, women sociologists in the department "were moved inmasse out of sociology and into social work" in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contributions of Jane Addams and other Hull House residents were buried in history.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mary Jo Deegan, in her 1988 book <i>Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892–1918</i> was the first person to recover Addams' influence on sociology.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deegan's work has led to recognition of Addams's place in sociology. In a 2001 address, for example, Joe Feagin, then president of the American Sociology Association, identified Addams as a "key founder" and he called for sociology to again claim its activist roots and commitment to social justice.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Jane_Addams#Remembrances"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remembrances">Remembrances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Remembrances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UIC_Hull_House.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/UIC_Hull_House.JPG/220px-UIC_Hull_House.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/UIC_Hull_House.JPG/330px-UIC_Hull_House.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/UIC_Hull_House.JPG/440px-UIC_Hull_House.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Jane Addams Hull-House Museum in 2006. The museum is located in and preserves the first building from which the Addams settlement took its name, <i>Hull House,</i> and a related community structure. Additional settlement facilities, which over-time grew up around the house, were removed in the 1960s for development of the campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Chicago" title="University of Illinois Chicago">University of Illinois Chicago</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 10, 2007, Illinois celebrated the first annual Jane Addams Day.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jane Addams Day was initiated by a dedicated school teacher from Dongola, Illinois, assisted by the Illinois Division of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Women" title="American Association of University Women">American Association of University Women</a> (AAUW).<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chicago activist <a href="/wiki/Jan_Lisa_Huttner" title="Jan Lisa Huttner">Jan Lisa Huttner</a> traveled throughout Illinois as Director of International Relations for AAUW-Illinois to help publicize the date, and later gave annual presentations about Jane Addams Day in costume as Jane Addams. In 2010, Huttner appeared as Jane Addams at a 150th Birthday Party sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Rockford_University" title="Rockford University">Rockford University</a> (Jane Addams' alma mater), and in 2011, she appeared as Jane Addams at an event sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Park_District" title="Chicago Park District">Chicago Park District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a Jane Addams Memorial Park located near <a href="/wiki/Navy_Pier" title="Navy Pier">Navy Pier</a> in Chicago. A six-piece sculptural grouping honoring Addams by Louise Bourgeois called "Helping Hands" was originally installed in 1993 at Addams Memorial Park. However, they were "relocated to Chicago Women's Park and Gardens" in 2011 after being vandalized.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jane Addams memorial sculpture was Chicago's first major artwork to honor an important woman.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, the state of Illinois renamed the Northwest Tollway as the <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams_Memorial_Tollway" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane Addams Memorial Tollway">Jane Addams Memorial Tollway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hull House buildings were mostly demolished for the establishment of the campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Chicago">University of Illinois at Chicago</a> in 1963, or relocated. The Hull residence itself and a related building are preserved as a museum and monument to Jane Addams.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams_College_of_Social_Work&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jane Addams College of Social Work (page does not exist)">Jane Addams College of Social Work</a> is a professional school at the University of Illinois at Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams_Business_Careers_Center" title="Jane Addams Business Careers Center">Jane Addams Business Careers Center</a> is a high school in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jane Addams High School For Academic Careers is a high school in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bronx, NY">The Bronx, NY</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jane Addams House is a residence hall built in 1936 at <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_College" title="Connecticut College">Connecticut College</a>. </p><p>In 1973, Jane Addams was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008 Jane Addams was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Gay_and_Lesbian_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame">Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Addams was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, in 2012 she was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Legacy_Walk" title="Legacy Walk">Legacy Walk</a>, an outdoor public display which celebrates <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> history and people.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, Jane Addams was one of the first 20 honorees awarded a 3-foot x 3-foot bronze plaque on San Francisco's Rainbow Honor Walk (www.rainbowhonorwalk.org) paying tribute to LGBT heroes and heroines.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, Addams was named by <a href="/wiki/Equality_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Equality Forum">Equality Forum</a> as one of their 31 Icons of the 2015 <a href="/wiki/LGBT_History_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT History Month">LGBT History Month</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_by_Jane_Addams">Works by Jane Addams</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Works by Jane Addams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924032570180/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Democracy and Social Ethics</i></a>. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1902.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neweridealspeac03addagoog/page/n10/mode/2up"><i>Newer Ideals of Peace</i></a>. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1907.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spirityouthandc00addagoog/page/n4/mode/2up"><i>The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets</i></a>. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1909.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twentyyearsathul0000hane"><i>Twenty Years at Hull House. With autobiographical notes</i></a>. New York, The New American Library, 1910.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-1011876/page/n1/mode/2up"><i>Symposium: child labor on the stage</i></a>. National Child Labor Committee, New York [1911?].</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anewconsciencea00addagoog/page/n6/mode/2up"><i>A New Conscience And An Ancient Evil,</i></a>. New York, The Macmillan company, 1912.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/longroadwomansm02addagoog/page/n6/mode/2up"><i>The Long Road of Woman's Memory</i></a>. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1916.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peaceandbreadin00addagoog/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Peace and Bread in Time of War</i></a>. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1922.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secondtwentyyear0000adda"><i>The Second Twenty Years at Hull House</i></a>. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1930.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/excellentbecomes006105mbp/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Excellent Becomes the Permanent</i></a>. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1932.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/myfriendjulialat0000adda"><i>My Friend Julia Lathrop</i></a>. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1935. (ed. 2004, Urbana, University of Illinois Press)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaborative_Works">Collaborative Works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Collaborative Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Women at The Hague: The International Congress of Women</i>, with Alice Hamilton and <a href="/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch" title="Emily Greene Balch">Emily Greene Balch</a>, Macmillan Company 1915.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/women-working-1800-1930/catalog/45-990013349750203941">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_Papers">Personal Papers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Personal Papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.janeaddams.ramapo.edu/"><i>Jane Addams Digital Edition</i></a> Jane Addams Papers Project, Ramapo College of New Jersey.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/42px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/56px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams_Burial_Site" title="Jane Addams Burial Site">Jane Addams Burial Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams_School_for_Democracy" title="Jane Addams School for Democracy">Jane Addams School for Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams_Middle_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane Addams Middle School">Jane Addams Middle School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams_Children%27s_Book_Award" title="Jane Addams Children's Book Award">Jane Addams Children's Book Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Addams_Homestead" title="John H. Addams Homestead">John H. Addams Homestead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_philosophers" title="List of American philosophers">List of American philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">List of female Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">List of women's rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Kelley" title="Florence Kelley">Florence Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Dunlap" title="Flora Dunlap">Flora Dunlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Treglia" title="Mary Treglia">Mary Treglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Harrison_(educator)" title="Elizabeth Harrison (educator)">Elizabeth Harrison (educator)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_practice" title="Community practice">Community practice</a> social work</li> <li>Stanton Street Settlement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive Party (United States, 1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fellowship_of_Reconciliation" title="International Fellowship of Reconciliation">International Fellowship of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addams_(crater)" title="Addams (crater)">Addams (crater)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1931/addams/biographical/">"Jane Addams"</a>. <i>The Nobel Prize</i>. The Norwegian Nobel Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nobel+Prize&rft.atitle=Jane+Addams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fpeace%2F1931%2Faddams%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1986" class="citation journal cs1">Chambers, Clarke A. (March 1986). "Women in the Creation of the Profession of Social Work". <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Service_Review" title="Social Service Review">Social Service Review</a></i>. <b>60</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F644347">10.1086/644347</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30011832">30011832</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143895472">143895472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Service+Review&rft.atitle=Women+in+the+Creation+of+the+Profession+of+Social+Work&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=1986-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143895472%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30011832%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F644347&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Clarke+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin1986" class="citation journal cs1">Franklin, Donna L. (June 1986). "Mary Richmond and Jane Addams: From Moral Certainty to Rational Inquiry in Social Work Practice". <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Service_Review" title="Social Service Review">Social Service Review</a></i>. <b>60</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">504–</span>525. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F644396">10.1086/644396</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30012363">30012363</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144585123">144585123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Service+Review&rft.atitle=Mary+Richmond+and+Jane+Addams%3A+From+Moral+Certainty+to+Rational+Inquiry+in+Social+Work+Practice&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E504-%3C%2Fspan%3E525&rft.date=1986-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144585123%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30012363%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F644396&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Donna+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deegan, M. J. (1988). <i>Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892–1918</i>. New Brunswick, NJ, USA: Transaction Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0887388302" title="Special:BookSources/0887388302">0887388302</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_M._Shields" title="Patricia M. Shields">Shields, Patricia M.</a> (2017). "Jane Addams: Pioneer in American Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration". In: P. Shields Editor, <i>Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration</i>. pp. 43–68. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-50646-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-50646-3">978-3-319-50646-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stivers, C. (2009). "A Civic Machinery for Democratic Expression: Jane Addams on Public Administration". In M. Fischer, C. Nackenoff, & W. Chielewski, <i>Jane Addams and the Practice of Democracy</i> (pp. 87–97). Chicago, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0252076121" title="Special:BookSources/978-0252076121">978-0252076121</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shields, Patricia M., Maurice Hamington, and Joseph Soeters (eds.) (2023). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams</i>. Oxford Academic. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780197544518.001.0001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.001.0001</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197544532" title="Special:BookSources/9780197544532">9780197544532</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralston, Shane (2023). "Jane Addams and John Dewey", in Patricia M. Shields, Maurice Hamington, and Joseph Soeters (eds.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams</i>. pp. 169-186. Oxford Academic. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780197544518.013.34">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.34</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197544532" title="Special:BookSources/9780197544532">9780197544532</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_M._Shields" title="Patricia M. Shields">Shields, Patricia M.</a> (2017). Jane Addams: Peace Activist and Peace Theorist In, P. Shields Editor, <i>Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration</i> pp. 31–42. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-50646-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-50646-3">978-3-319-50646-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Hamington, "Jane Addams" in <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (2010) portrays her as a radical pragmatist and the first woman "public philosopher" in United States history.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. Murrin, Paul E. Johnson, and James M. McPherson, <i>Liberty, Equality, Power</i> (2008) p. 538; Eyal J. Naveh, <i>Crown of Thorns</i> (1992) p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart2013" class="citation book cs1">Stuart, Paul H. (2013). "Social Work Profession: History". <i>Encyclopedia of Social Work</i>. Oxford University Press and the National Association of Social Workers Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199975839.013.623">10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.623</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997583-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997583-9"><bdi>978-0-19-997583-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Work+Profession%3A+History&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Social+Work&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+and+the+National+Association+of+Social+Workers+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199975839.013.623&rft.isbn=978-0-19-997583-9&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalealumnimagazine.org/articles/4881-women-of-honor">"Women of honor"</a>. <i>yalealumnimagazine.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yalealumnimagazine.org&rft.atitle=Women+of+honor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyalealumnimagazine.org%2Farticles%2F4881-women-of-honor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acluva.org/11229/celebrating-womens-history-month-the-fight-for-womens-rights-and-the-aclu/">"Celebrating Women's History Month: The Fight for Women's Rights and the American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU"</a>. ACLU Virginia. March 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celebrating+Women%27s+History+Month%3A+The+Fight+for+Women%27s+Rights+and+the+American+Civil+Liberties+Union%2C+ACLU&rft.pub=ACLU+Virginia&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facluva.org%2F11229%2Fcelebrating-womens-history-month-the-fight-for-womens-rights-and-the-aclu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jane Addams, "Utilization of Women in City Government," Chapter 7 <i>Newer Ideals of Peace</i> (1907) pp. 180–208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sageamericanhistory.net/progressive/docs/Addams.htm">"Jane Addams on Women in Government"</a>. <i>sageamericanhistory.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sageamericanhistory.net&rft.atitle=Jane+Addams+on+Women+in+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsageamericanhistory.net%2Fprogressive%2Fdocs%2FAddams.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaves2004" class="citation book cs1">Caves, R. W. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of the City</i>. Routledge. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+City&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cullen-DuPont_2000-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont_2000_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont_2000_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont_2000_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont_2000_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont_2000_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont_2000_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont_2000_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont_2000_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont_2000_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathryn_Cullen-DuPont2000" class="citation book cs1">Kathryn Cullen-DuPont (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC&pg=PA374"><i>Encyclopedia of women's history in America</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4100-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4100-8"><bdi>978-0-8160-4100-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+women%27s+history+in+America&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4100-8&rft.au=Kathryn+Cullen-DuPont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoIro7MtiFuYC%26pg%3DPA374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linn-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-linn_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-linn_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Linn, James Weber. <i>Jane Addams: A Biography</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SXM_zMK3u4YC&dq=%22John+H.+Addams%22+Pennsylvania&pg=PA4">Google Books</a>), University of Illinois Press: 2000, p. 4, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0252069048" title="Special:BookSources/0252069048">0252069048</a>). Retrieved August 20, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinn2000" class="citation book cs1">Linn, James Weber (2000) [1935]. <i>Jane Addams:Biography</i>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06904-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06904-8"><bdi>0-252-06904-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jane+Addams%3ABiography&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-252-06904-8&rft.aulast=Linn&rft.aufirst=James+Weber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2005" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Louise W. (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citizenjaneaddam00knig"><i>Citizen: Jane Addams and the Struggle for Democracy</i></a></span>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citizenjaneaddam00knig/page/n48">32</a>–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen%3A+Jane+Addams+and+the+Struggle+for+Democracy&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Louise+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitizenjaneaddam00knig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kloppenberg-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kloppenberg_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fox, Richard Wrightman and <a href="/wiki/James_T._Kloppenberg" title="James T. Kloppenberg">Kloppenberg, James T.</a> <i>A Companion to American Thought</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2uO3OfRKOpEC&dq=%22John+Addams%22+Illinois+Senate&pg=PA14">Google Books</a>), Blackwell Publishing: 1995, p. 14, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631206566" title="Special:BookSources/0631206566">0631206566</a>). Retrieved August 20, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teachspace.org/personal/research/addams/index.html">"Jane Addams and Hull-House"</a>. Her childhood: DeVry University. 2001. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jane+Addams+and+Hull-House&rft.place=Her+childhood&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=DeVry+University&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teachspace.org%2Fpersonal%2Fresearch%2Faddams%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Louise W. <i>Citizen</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">36–</span>37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Louise+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Louise W. <i>Citizen</i>. pp. 24, 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen&rft.pages=24%2C+45&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Louise+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Louise W. <i>Citizen</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>32, 424n64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E32%2C+424n64&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Louise+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields2017" class="citation book cs1">Shields, P. (2017). <i>Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration</i>. New York: Springer. p. viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-50646-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-50646-3"><bdi>978-3-319-50646-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jane+Addams%3A+Progressive+Pioneer+of+Peace%2C+Philosophy%2C+Sociology%2C+Social+Work+and+Public+Administration&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-50646-3&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-breadgivers-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-breadgivers_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-breadgivers_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAddams1960" class="citation book cs1">Addams, Jane (1960) [Originally published April 1880 in the <i>Daily Register</i>, Rockford, from an oration by Jane Addams]. "Bread Givers". In Johnson, Emily Cooper; Dungan, Margaret E. (eds.). <i>Jane Addams: A Centennial Reader</i>. New York: The MacMillan Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">103–</span>104. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1144806099">1144806099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bread+Givers&rft.btitle=Jane+Addams%3A+A+Centennial+Reader&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.pub=The+MacMillan+Company&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1144806099&rft.aulast=Addams&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShieldsHajo2019" class="citation web cs1">Shields, Patricia M.; Hajo, Cathy Moran (May 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://janeaddams.ramapo.edu/2019/05/cassandra-and-bread-givers-the-college-speeches-of-jane-addams/">"Cassandra and Bread Givers – The College Speeches of Jane Addams"</a>. <i>Jane Addams Papers Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jane+Addams+Papers+Project&rft.atitle=Cassandra+and+Bread+Givers+%E2%80%93+The+College+Speeches+of+Jane+Addams&rft.date=2019-05-15&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=Patricia+M.&rft.au=Hajo%2C+Cathy+Moran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjaneaddams.ramapo.edu%2F2019%2F05%2Fcassandra-and-bread-givers-the-college-speeches-of-jane-addams%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wholeben, Belinda M., and Mary Weaks-Baxter, (2023) 'Jane Addams’s Education, Hull House, and Current-Day Civic-Engagement Practices in Higher Education: Coming Full Circle', in P. Shields, M. Hamington, and J. Soeters (eds), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams</i>. Oxford Academic. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197544532" title="Special:BookSources/9780197544532">9780197544532</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamington2022" class="citation cs2">Hamington, Maurice (2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/addams-jane/">"Jane Addams"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Fall 2022 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jane+Addams&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Fall+2022&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Hamington&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2022%2Fentries%2Faddams-jane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2005" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Louise W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citizenjaneaddam0000knig/page/77"><i>Citizen</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citizenjaneaddam0000knig/page/77">77–79, 109, 119–120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-44699-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-44699-9"><bdi>0-226-44699-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen&rft.pages=77-79%2C+109%2C+119-120&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-226-44699-9&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Louise+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitizenjaneaddam0000knig%2Fpage%2F77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Louise W. <i>Citizen</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">124–</span>25, <span class="nowrap">130–</span>31, <span class="nowrap">138–</span>39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E25%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E31%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Louise+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Louise W. <i>Citizen</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">139–</span>142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Louise+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Illinois Blue Book 1939–1940,' Biographical Sketch of James Weber Linn, pp. 154–155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">She was baptized a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a>. Her certificate of baptism is from 1888, but she says that she joined the church slightly earlier: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2003" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Louise W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/educationofjanea00brow/page/451"><i>Citizen</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/educationofjanea00brow/page/451">451n46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3747-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3747-4"><bdi>978-0-8122-3747-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen&rft.pages=451n46&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3747-4&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Louise+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feducationofjanea00brow%2Fpage%2F451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Louise W. <i>Citizen</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">142–</span>145, <span class="nowrap">147–</span>48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E142-%3C%2Fspan%3E145%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Louise+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Louise W. <i>Citizen</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">152–</span>55, 157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E152-%3C%2Fspan%3E55%2C+157&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Louise+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Louise W. <i>Citizen</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">162–</span>65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E162-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Louise+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Louise W. <i>Citizen</i>. pp. 166, <span class="nowrap">175–</span>76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen&rft.pages=166%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Louise+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Louise W. <i>Citizen</i>. p. 169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen&rft.pages=169&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Louise+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilton2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bilton, Chris (2006). 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Modern Architecture. Oxford: University Press, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrowLori_Messinger2005" class="citation book cs1">Morrow, Deana F.; Lori Messinger (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sexualorientatio00phdd"><i>Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice: Working with Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender People</i></a></span>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sexualorientatio00phdd/page/n25">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-12728-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-12728-6"><bdi>0-231-12728-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Orientation+and+Gender+Expression+in+Social+Work+Practice%3A+Working+with+Gay%2C+Lesbian%2C+Bisexual%2C+and+Transgender+People&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-231-12728-6&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=Deana+F.&rft.au=Lori+Messinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsexualorientatio00phdd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2000" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Victoria Bissell (February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00004.html">"Jane Addams"</a>. <i>American National Biography online</i>. 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Women in America Lecture: Dr. Victoria Brown, Simpson College, Indianola, Indiana, March 5, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne" class="citation web cs1">Byrne, Rob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://silentfilm.org/archive/shoes">"Shoes"</a>. <i>San Francisco Silent Film Festival</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Silent+Film+Festival&rft.atitle=Shoes&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsilentfilm.org%2Farchive%2Fshoes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel T. Rodgers, <i>Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age</i> (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathryn Kish Sklar, et al. eds. "How Did Changes In The Built Environment At Hull-House Reflect The Settlement's Interaction With Its Neighbors, 1889–1912?" <i>Women And Social Movements In The United States, 1600–2000</i> 2004 8(4).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuell1990" class="citation journal cs1">Buell, Janet W. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24447643">"Alva Belmont: From Socialite to Feminist"</a>. <i>The Historian</i>. <b>52</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">219–</span>241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1990.tb00779.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.1990.tb00779.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2370">0018-2370</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24447643">24447643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft.atitle=Alva+Belmont%3A+From+Socialite+to+Feminist&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E241&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0018-2370&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24447643%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1990.tb00779.x&rft.aulast=Buell&rft.aufirst=Janet+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24447643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elshtain (2002) p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eileen Maura McGurty, "Trashy Women: Gender and the Politics of Garbage in Chicago, 1890–1917." <i>Historical Geography</i> 1998 26: 27–43. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1091-6458">1091-6458</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knight (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scherman (1999)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ostman (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, <i>American Heroine,</i> p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Addams is listed as lecturer in the Extension Division of the University of Chicago for several years (e.g. 1902, 1909, 1912). For a copy of the syllabus of one of her courses, see "Survivals and Intimations in Social Ethics," Ely Papers, Wisconsin State Historical Society, 1900. Farrell noted the syllabus of another course in his footnotes; see <i>Beloved Lady,</i> p.83. This was titled "A Syllabus of a Course of Twelve Lectures, Democracy and Social Ethics."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deegan, <i>Jane Addams and the men of the Chicago school</i> p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzPatrick2020" class="citation web cs1">FitzPatrick, Lauren (December 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://graphics.suntimes.com/education/school-names/">"Who is your Chicago public school named for?"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Who+is+your+Chicago+public+school+named+for%3F&rft.date=2020-12-30&rft.aulast=FitzPatrick&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgraphics.suntimes.com%2Feducation%2Fschool-names%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaderman2000" class="citation book cs1">Faderman, Lilian (June 8, 2000). <i>To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America – A History</i>. Mariner Books. p. 155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Believe+in+Women%3A+What+Lesbians+Have+Done+For+America+%E2%80%93+A+History&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=2000-06-08&rft.aulast=Faderman&rft.aufirst=Lilian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=usIdCy63Y9sC&dq=jane+addams+lillian+faderman&pg=PA121">Link to reference</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaderman2000" class="citation book cs1">Faderman, Lilian (June 8, 2000). <i>To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America – A History</i>. Mariner Books. p. 120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Believe+in+Women%3A+What+Lesbians+Have+Done+For+America+%E2%80%93+A+History&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=2000-06-08&rft.aulast=Faderman&rft.aufirst=Lilian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah2000" class="citation book cs1">Sarah, Holmes (2000). <i>Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Gay+and+Lesbian+History&rft.place=London&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Sarah&rft.aufirst=Holmes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaderman2000" class="citation book cs1">Faderman, Lilian (June 8, 2000). <i>To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done For America – A History</i>. Mariner Books. p. 132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Believe+in+Women%3A+What+Lesbians+Have+Done+For+America+%E2%80%93+A+History&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=2000-06-08&rft.aulast=Faderman&rft.aufirst=Lilian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2003" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Victoria Bissell (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=In0FyWy858gC&q=jane+addams+lesbian&pg=PP1"><i>The Education of Jane Addams</i></a>. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-3747-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-3747-1"><bdi>0-8122-3747-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Education+of+Jane+Addams&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8122-3747-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Victoria+Bissell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIn0FyWy858gC%26q%3Djane%2Baddams%2Blesbian%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loerzel-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loerzel_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoerzel2008" class="citation news cs1">Loerzel, Robert (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2008/Friends-With-Benefits/">"Friends—With Benefits?"</a>. <i>Chicago Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Magazine&rft.atitle=Friends%E2%80%94With+Benefits%3F&rft.date=2008-06&rft.aulast=Loerzel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagomag.com%2FChicago-Magazine%2FJune-2008%2FFriends-With-Benefits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Streitmatter, <i>Outlaw Marriages: The hidden histories of 15 extraordinary same sex couples</i>, Beacon Press, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curti, Merle. "JANE ADDAMS ON HUMAN NATURE." Journal of the History of Ideas 22, no. 2 (April 1961): 240–253. Historical Abstracts, EBSCOhost (accessed July 2, 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knight (2005) p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christie, C., Gauvreau, M. (2001). <i>A Full-Orbed Christianity: The Protestant Churches and Social Welfare in Canada, 1900–1940</i>. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, January 19, 2001, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joslin, K. (2004). <i>Jane Addams, a writer's life</i>. Illinois: University of Illinois press p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uic.edu/jaddams/hull/_learn/_aboutjane/aboutjane.html">"Jane Addams Hull-House Museum"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jane+Addams+Hull-House+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uic.edu%2Fjaddams%2Fhull%2F_learn%2F_aboutjane%2Faboutjane.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hilda Satt Polacheck. "Notes on Jane Addams". Box 3 Folder 25. Hilda Satt Polacheck Papers. Archival Library, University of Illinois at Chicago.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gustafson, Melanie (2001). <i>Women and the Republican Party, 1854–1924</i>. University of Illinois Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USApeaceW.htm">"Woman's Peace Party"</a>. Spartacus-Educational.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090727103823/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USApeaceW.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Woman%27s+Peace+Party&rft.pub=Spartacus-Educational.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FUSApeaceW.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/58fyh3nm9780252028885.html">UI Press|Jane Addams, Emily G. Balch, and Alice Hamilton|Women at The Hague: The International Congress of Women and Its Results</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090515215314/http://www.wilpf.int.ch/history/hindex.htm">"Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"</a>. WILPF. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilpf.int.ch/history/hindex.htm">the original</a> on May 15, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women%27s+International+League+for+Peace+and+Freedom&rft.pub=WILPF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilpf.int.ch%2Fhistory%2Fhindex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vera Brittain (1964), <i>The Rebel Passion</i>, London: George Allen & Unwin ltd, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherry_R._SheplerAnne_F._Martina1999" class="citation journal cs1">Sherry R. Shepler; Anne F. Martina (1999). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The revolt against war"; Jane Addams' rhetorical challenge to the patriarchy". <i>Communication Quarterly</i>. <b>47</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%22The+revolt+against+war%22%3B+Jane+Addams%27+rhetorical+challenge+to+the+patriarchy&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Sherry+R.+Shepler&rft.au=Anne+F.+Martina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/07/13/104650283.pdf">"AN INSULT TO WAR.; Miss Addams Would Strip the Dead of Honor and Courage"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. July 13, 1915.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=AN+INSULT+TO+WAR.%3B+Miss+Addams+Would+Strip+the+Dead+of+Honor+and+Courage&rft.date=1915-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1915%2F07%2F13%2F104650283.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1931/index.html">"Nobel Peace 1931"</a>. <i>Nobelprize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Via Books.Google.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alonzo (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Addams, J., Balch, E. G., & Hamilton, A. (2003). <i>Women at The Hague: The international congress of women and its results</i>. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press. (Original work published 1915)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deegan, M. J. (2003). Introduction. In J. Addams, E. G. Balch & A. Hamilton (Eds.), <i>Women at the Hague: the international congress of women and its results</i>. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press. pp. 12–15 (Original work published 1915)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shields, Patricia (2017) <i>Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration</i>. 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Davis, <i>American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams</i> (New York, 1973) pp. 141–142 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democracynow.org/2003/5/21/new_york_times_reporter_chris_hedges">"New York Times Reporter, Chris Hedges was Booed off the Stage and had his Microphone Cut Twice as he Delivered a Graduation Speech on War and Empire at Rockford College in Illinois"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Democracy+Now%21&rft.atitle=New+York+Times+Reporter%2C+Chris+Hedges+was+Booed+off+the+Stage+and+had+his+Microphone+Cut+Twice+as+he+Delivered+a+Graduation+Speech+on+War+and+Empire+at+Rockford+College+in+Illinois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2003%2F5%2F21%2Fnew_york_times_reporter_chris_hedges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Villard, Oswald Garrison. <i>Some Newspapers and Newspaper-Men,</i> (New York: Knopf, 1923) pp. 9–10. ,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey, Kennedy, and Cohen. The American Pageant. Vol. II: Since 1865. 11th Ed. Houghton Mifflin, 1998. p. 574.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allison. Sobek, "How Did the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Campaign against Chemical Warfare, 1915–1930?" <i>Women And Social Movements In The United States, 1600–2000</i> 2001 5(0).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louise W. Knight, <i>Citizen: Jane Addams and the Struggle for Democracy</i>, p. 405</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Addams, Jane, (1907). <i>Newer Ideals of Peace</i> New York: Macmillan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Addams, Jane, (1922). <i>Peace and Bread in Time of War</i> New York: Macmillan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamington, Maurice, (2009) <i>The Social Philosophy of Jane Addams</i> Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03476-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03476-3">978-0-252-03476-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galtung, J. 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September 2, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sfist.com/2014/09/02/castros_rainbow_honor_walk_dedicate/">the original</a> on August 10, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SFist+%E2%80%93+San+Francisco+News%2C+Restaurants%2C+Events%2C+%26+Sports&rft.atitle=Castro%27s+Rainbow+Honor+Walk+Dedicated+Today%3A+SFist&rft.date=2014-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsfist.com%2F2014%2F09%2F02%2Fcastros_rainbow_honor_walk_dedicate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnivele2016" class="citation web cs1">Carnivele, Gary (July 2, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaysonoma.com/2016/07/second-lgbt-honorees-selected-for-san-franciscos-rainbow-honor-walk/">"Second LGBT Honorees Selected for San Francisco's Rainbow Honor Walk"</a>. <i>We The People</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=We+The+People&rft.atitle=Second+LGBT+Honorees+Selected+for+San+Francisco%27s+Rainbow+Honor+Walk&rft.date=2016-07-02&rft.aulast=Carnivele&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gaysonoma.com%2F2016%2F07%2Fsecond-lgbt-honorees-selected-for-san-franciscos-rainbow-honor-walk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_Lazin2015" class="citation web cs1">Malcolm Lazin (August 20, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advocate.com/commentary/2015/08/20/op-ed-here-are-31-icons-2015s-gay-history-month">"Op-ed: Here Are the 31 Icons of 2015's Gay History Month"</a>. Advocate.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Op-ed%3A+Here+Are+the+31+Icons+of+2015%27s+Gay+History+Month&rft.pub=Advocate.com&rft.date=2015-08-20&rft.au=Malcolm+Lazin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advocate.com%2Fcommentary%2F2015%2F08%2F20%2Fop-ed-here-are-31-icons-2015s-gay-history-month&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Jane Addams</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=12382490&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=12382490">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=12382490&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Jane Addams</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=12382490&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=12382490">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=12382490&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyrkusBronskiGomez1997" class="citation book cs1">Tyrkus, Michael; Bronski, Michael; Gomez, Jewelle (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gaylesbianbiogra0000unse"><i>Gay & Lesbian Biography</i></a></span>. Detroit, Michigan: St. James Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55862-237-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55862-237-3"><bdi>1-55862-237-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gay+%26+Lesbian+Biography&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=St.+James+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-55862-237-3&rft.aulast=Tyrkus&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Bronski%2C+Michael&rft.au=Gomez%2C+Jewelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgaylesbianbiogra0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archival_resources">Archival resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Archival resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/DG001-025/DG001JAddams/index.html">Jane Addams Collection, 1838-date (bulk 1880–1935)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420154603/https://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/DG001-025/DG001JAddams/index.html">Archived</a> April 20, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (130 linear feet (40 linear metres)) is housed at <a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a> Peace Collection.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/480">Jane Addams Papers, 1904–1960 (bulk 1904–1936)</a> (1.5 linear feet (0.46 linear metres)) is housed at <a href="/wiki/Smith_College" title="Smith College">Smith College</a> <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Smith_Collection" title="Sophia Smith Collection">Sophia Smith Collection</a>. In 2015, The Jane Addams Papers Project relaunched at Ramapo College led by Cathy Moran Hajo, and others <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://janeaddams.ramapo.edu">https://janeaddams.ramapo.edu</a></li> <li>For more information on the history and current archival efforts see Moran Hajo, Cathy, (2023) 'Making the Jane Addams Papers Accessible to New Audiences', in Patricia M. Shields, Maurice Hamington, and Joseph Soeters (eds), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams</i> Oxford Academic, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780197544518.013.14">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.14</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197544532" title="Special:BookSources/9780197544532">9780197544532</a></li> <li>Jane Addams Correspondence, 1872–1935 (inclusive) (23 reels) is housed at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Institute_of_Advanced_Study" class="mw-redirect" title="Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Study">Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Study</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies">Biographies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Biographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerson2004" class="citation book cs1">Berson, Robin Kadison (2004). <i>Jane Addams: A Biography</i> (140 pp). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32354-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32354-2"><bdi>0-313-32354-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jane+Addams%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-313-32354-2&rft.aulast=Berson&rft.aufirst=Robin+Kadison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2003" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Victoria Bissell (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/educationofjanea00brow"><i>The Education of Jane Addams</i></a></span> (432 pp). Politics and Culture in Modern America. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3747-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3747-4"><bdi>978-0-8122-3747-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Education+of+Jane+Addams&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.series=Politics+and+Culture+in+Modern+America&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3747-4&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Victoria+Bissell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feducationofjanea00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Davis, Allen F. <i>American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams</i> (1973), 339pp, solid scholarship but tends toward debunking</li> <li>Diliberto, Gioia. <i>A Useful Woman: The Early Life of Jane Addams.</i> (1999). 318 pp.</li> <li>Elshtain, Jean Bethke. <i>Jane Addams and the Dream of American Democracy: A Life</i> Basic Books: 2002 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100438832">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110211122639/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100438832">Archived</a> February 11, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by a leading conservative scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Marcet_Haldeman" title="Anna Marcet Haldeman">Haldeman-Julius, Marcet</a>. <i>Jane Addams As I Knew Her</i>. Girard, Kansas: Haldeman-Julius Publications, ca. 1936. Marcet was Addams's niece.</li> <li>Knight, Louise W. <i>Citizen: Jane Addams and the Struggle for Democracy.</i> (2005). 582 pp.; biography to 1899 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/117784352/citizen-jane-addams-and-the-struggle-for-democracy">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327183921/https://www.questia.com/read/117784352/citizen-jane-addams-and-the-struggle-for-democracy">Archived</a> March 27, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Knight, Louise W. <i>Jane Addams: Spirit in Action.</i> (2010). 334 pp., complete biography aimed at a broader audience.</li> <li>Joslin, Katherine. <i>Jane Addams: A Writer's Life.</i> (2004). 306 pp.</li> <li>Linn, James W. <i>Jane Addams: A Biography.</i> (1935) 457 pp, by her admiring nephew</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialty_studies">Specialty studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Specialty studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Agnew, Elizabeth N. "A Will to Peace: Jane Addams, World War I, and 'Pacifism in Practice'" <i>Peace & Change</i> (2017) 42#1 pp 5–31 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpech.12216">10.1111/pech.12216</a>|</li> <li>Alonso, Harriet Hyman. "Nobel Peace Laureates, Jane Addams And Emily Greene Balch: Two Women of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom". <i>Journal of Women's History</i> 1995 7(2): 6–26.</li> <li>Beauboeuf-Lafontant, Tamara. "Becoming Jane Addams: Feminist Developmental Theory and' The College Woman'" <i>Girlhood Studies</i> (2014) 7#2 pp: 61–78.</li> <li>Beer, Janet and Joslin, Katherine. "Diseases of the Body Politic: White Slavery in Jane Addams' "A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil" and "Selected Short Stories" by Charlotte Perkins Gilman". <i>Journal of American Studies</i> 1999 33(1): 1–18. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0021-8758">0021-8758</a></li> <li>Bowen, Louise de Koven. <i>Growing up with Pity</i>. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1926.</li> <li>Brinkmann, Tobias. <i>Sundays at Sinai: A Jewish Congregation in Chicago</i> (2012), on Addams relationship with Chicago Jews.</li> <li>Bryan, Mary Linn McCree, and Allen F. Davis. <i>One Hundred Years at Hull-House</i> (1990), a history of the programs there</li> <li>Burnier, D. (2022) The long road of administrative memory: Jane Addams, Frances Perkins, and care-centered administration. In Shields, P. and Elias, N. eds. <i>The Handbook of Gender and Public Administration</i>. pp. 53–67. Edward Elgar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.elgaronline.com/display/edcoll/9781789904727/9781789904727.00012.xml">https://www.elgaronline.com/display/edcoll/9781789904727/9781789904727.00012.xml</a></li> <li>Craraft, James. <i>Two Shining Souls: Jane Addams, Leo Tolstoy, and the Quest for Global Peace</i> (Lanham: Lexington, 2012).179 pp.</li> <li>Carson, Minal. <i>Settlement Folk: Social Thought and the American Settlement Movement, 1885–1930</i> (1990)</li> <li>Chansky, Dorothy. "Re-visioning Reform", <i>American Quarterly</i> vol 55 #3 (2003) 515–523 online at <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a></li> <li>Curti, Merle. "Jane Addams on Human Nature", <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i> Vol. 22, No. 2 (Apr. 1961), pp. 240–253 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2707835">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Danielson, Caroline Page. "Citizen Acts: Citizenship and Political Agency in the Works of Jane Addams, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Emma Goldman". PhD dissertation U. of Michigan 1996. 331 pp. DAI 1996 57(6): 2651-A. DA9635502 Fulltext: <a href="/wiki/ProQuest_Dissertations_%26_Theses" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest Dissertations & Theses">ProQuest Dissertations & Theses</a></li> <li>Dawley, Alan. <i>Changing the World: American Progressives in War and Revolution</i> (2003)</li> <li>Deegan, Mary Jo. "Jane Addams, the Hull-House School of Sociology, and Social Justice, 1892 to 1935". <i><a href="/wiki/Humanity_%26_Society" title="Humanity & Society">Humanity & Society</a></i> (2013) 37#3 pp: 248–258.</li> <li>Deegan, Mary Jo. <i>Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892–1918</i>. (Transaction, Inc., 1988). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0887388302" title="Special:BookSources/0887388302">0887388302</a></li> <li>Donovan, Brian. <i>White Slave Crusades: Race, Gender, and Anti-Vice Activism, 1887–1917.</i> (U of Illinois Press. 2006). 186 pp.</li> <li>Duffy, William. "Remembering is the Remedy: Jane Addams's Response to Conflicted Discourse". <i>Rhetoric Review</i> (2011) 30#2 pp: 135–152.</li> <li>Fischer, Marilyn; Nackenoff, Carol; Chmielewski, Wendy eds. <i>Jane Addams and the Practice of Democracy</i> (2009), 230 pp; 11 specialized essays by scholars. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0252076121" title="Special:BookSources/978-0252076121">978-0252076121</a></li> <li>Foust, Mathew A. "Perplexities of Filiality: Confucius and Jane Addams on the Private/Public Distinction", <i>Asian Philosophy</i> (2008) 18(2): 149–166.</li> <li>Grimm, Robert Thornton Jr. "Forerunners for a Domestic Revolution: Jane Addams, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and the Ideology Of Childhood, 1900–1916". <i>Illinois Historical Journal</i> 1997 90(1): 47–64. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0748-8149">0748-8149</a></li> <li>Gustafson, Melanie. <i>Women and the Republican Party, 1854–1924</i> (University of Illinois Press, 2001).</li> <li>Hamington, Maurice. "Jane Addams", <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/addams-jane/">online edition</a>, Addams as philosopher</li> <li>Hamington, Maurice. <i>Embodied Care Jane Addams, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Feminist Ethics</i> (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0252029283">excerpt and online search at amazon.com</a></li> <li>Hamington, Maurice. "Jane Addams and a Politics of Embodied Care", <i>The Journal of Speculative Philosophy</i> v 15 #2 2001, pp. 105–121 online at <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a></li> <li>Hamington, Maurice. "Public Pragmatism: Jane Addams and Ida B. Wells on Lynching", <i>The Journal of Speculative Philosophy</i> v. 19#2 (2005), pp. 167–174 online at Project MUSE</li> <li>Hansen, Jonathan M. "Fighting Words: The Transnational Patriotism of Eugene V. Debs, Jane Addams, and W. E. B. Du Bois". PhD dissertation Boston U. 1997. 286 pp. DAI 1997 57(10): 4511-A. DA9710148 Fulltext: <a href="/wiki/ProQuest_Dissertations_%26_Theses" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest Dissertations & Theses">ProQuest Dissertations & Theses</a></li> <li>Henderson, Karla A. "Jane Addams: Leisure Services Pioneer". <i>Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance</i>, (1982) 53#2 pp. 42–45</li> <li>Imai, Konomi, and 今井小の実. "The Women's Movement and the Settlement Movement in Early Twentieth-Century Japan: The Impact of Hull House and Jane Addams on Hiratsuka Raichō". <i>Kwansei Gakuin University humanities review</i> 17 (2013): 85–109. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150113185429/http://kgur.kwansei.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10236/10536/1/17-6.PDF">online</a></li> <li>Jackson, Shannon. <i>Lines of Activity: Performance, Historiography, Hull-House Domesticity</i> (2000). 384 pp.</li> <li>Joslin, Katherine. <i>Jane Addams: A writer's Life</i> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0252076346/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Krysiak, Barbara H. "Full-Service Community Schools: Jane Addams Meets John Dewey". <i>School Business Affairs</i>, v67 n8 pp. Aug 4–8, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0036-651X">0036-651X</a></li> <li>Knight, Louise W. "An Authoritative Voice: Jane Addams and the Oratorical Tradition". <i>Gender & History</i> 1998 10(2): 217–251. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0953-5233">0953-5233</a> Fulltext: <a href="/wiki/EBSCO_Information_Services" title="EBSCO Information Services">Ebsco</a></li> <li>Knight, Louise W. "Biography's Window on Social Change: Benevolence and Justice in Jane Addams's 'A Modern Lear.'" <i>Journal of Women's History</i> 1997 9(1): 111–138. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1042-7961">1042-7961</a> Fulltext: <a href="/wiki/EBSCO_Information_Services" title="EBSCO Information Services">Ebsco</a></li> <li>Knight, Louise W., (2023)'A Biographer's Angle on Jane Addams's Feminism', in P. Shields, M. Hamington, and J. Soeters (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams. pp. 279–304. Oxford Academic, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.2">https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.2</a></li> <li>Lissak, R. S. <i>Pluralism and Progressives: Hull-House and the New Immigrants.</i> (1989)</li> <li>Matassarin, Kat. "Jane Addams of Hull-House: Creative Drama at the Turn of the Century". <i>Children's Theatre Review</i>, Oct 1983. v32 n4 pp 13–15</li> <li>Morton, Keith. "Addams, Day, and Dewey: The Emergence of Community Service in American Culture". <i>Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning</i>, Fall 1997 v4 pp 137–49 * Oakes, Jeannie. <i>Becoming Good American Schools: The Struggle for Civic Virtue in Education Reform.</i> (2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7879-4023-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7879-4023-2">0-7879-4023-2</a></li> <li>Ostman, Heather Elaine. "Social Activist Visions: Constructions of Womanhood in the Autobiographies of Jane Addams and Emma Goldman". PhD dissertation Fordham U. 2004. 240 pp. DAI 2004 65(3): 934-A. DA3125022 Fulltext: <a href="/wiki/ProQuest_Dissertations_%26_Theses" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest Dissertations & Theses">ProQuest Dissertations & Theses</a></li> <li>Packard, Sandra. "Jane Addams: Contributions and Solutions for Art Education". <i>Art Education</i>, 29, 1, 9–12, Jan 76.</li> <li>Phillips, J. O. C. "The Education of Jane Addams". <i>History of Education Quarterly</i>, 14, 1, 49–68, Spr 74.</li> <li>Philpott, Thomas. L. <i>The Slum and the Ghetto: Immigrants, Blacks, and Reformers in Chicago, 1880–1930.</i> (1991).</li> <li>Platt, Harold. "Jane Addams and the Ward Boss Revisited: Class, Politics, and Public Health in Chicago, 1890–1930". <i>Environmental History</i> 2000 5(2): 194–222. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1084-5453">1084-5453</a></li> <li>Polacheck, Hilda Satt. <i>I Came a Stranger: The Story of a Hull-House Girl</i>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1989.</li> <li>Sargent, David Kevin. "Jane Addams's Rhetorical Ethic". PhD dissertation Northwestern U. 1996. 275 pp. DAI 1997 57(11): 4597-A. DA9714673 Fulltext: <a href="/wiki/ProQuest_Dissertations_%26_Theses" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest Dissertations & Theses">ProQuest Dissertations & Theses</a></li> <li>Scherman, Rosemarie Redlich. "Jane Addams and the Chicago Social Justice Movement, 1889–1912". PhD dissertation City U. of New York 1999. 337 pp. DAI 1999 60(4): 1297-A. DA9924849 Fulltext: <a href="/wiki/ProQuest_Dissertations_%26_Theses" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest Dissertations & Theses">ProQuest Dissertations & Theses</a></li> <li>Schott, Linda. "Jane Addams and William James on Alternatives to War". <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i> 1993 54(2): 241–254. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2709981">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Seigfried, Charlene H. "A Pragmatist Response to Death: Jane Addams on the Permanent and the Transient". <i>Journal of Speculative Philosophy</i> (2007) 21(2): 133–141.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_M._Shields" title="Patricia M. Shields">Shields, Patricia M</a>. 2006. "Democracy and the Social Feminist Ethics of Jane Addams: A Vision for Public Administration". <i>Administrative Theory & Praxis</i>, vol. 28, no. 3, September, pp. 418–443. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/3959">Democracy and the Social Feminist Ethics of Jane Addams: A Vision for Public Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_M._Shields" title="Patricia M. Shields">Shields, Patricia M</a>. 2011. "Jane Addams' Theory of Democracy and Social Ethics: Incorporating a Feminist Perspective". In <i>Women in Public Administration: Theory and Practice.</i> Edited by Maria D'Agostiono and Helisse Levine, Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlet.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_M._Shields" title="Patricia M. Shields">Shields, Patricia M</a>. 2017. "Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration". New York: Springer.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-50646-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-50646-3">978-3-319-50646-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_M._Shields" title="Patricia M. Shields">Shields, Patricia M.</a> and Soeters, Joseph. 2017. Peaceweaving: Jane Addams, Positive Peace and Public Administration. The <i>American Review of Public Administration</i> Vol. 47, no 3 pp. 323–399. doi/10.1177/0275074015589629.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_M._Shields" title="Patricia M. Shields">Shields, Patricia M.</a>, Maurice Hamington, and Joseph Soeters (eds). (2023) <i>The Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams</i> Oxford academic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.001.0001">https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.001.0001</a></li> <li>Sklar, Kathryn Kish. "Hull House in the 1890s: A Community of Women Reformers", <i>Signs,</i> Vol. 10, No. 4, (Summer, 1985), pp. 658–677 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/3174308">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Sklar, Kathryn Kish. "'Some of us who deal with the Social Fabric': Jane Addams Blends Peace and Social Justice, 1907–1919". <i>Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era</i> 2003 2(1): 80–96. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1537-7814">1537-7814</a></li> <li>Soeters, Joseph. 2018. "Jane Addams: From Peace Activism to Pragmatic Peacekeeper" Chapter 5 in <i>Sociology and Military Studies: Classical and Current Foundations</i> New York: Routledge <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-73952-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-73952-9">978-1-138-73952-9</a></li> <li>Stebner, E. J. <i>The Women of Hull-House: A Study in Spirituality, Vocation, and Friendship.</i> (1997).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Stiehm" title="Judith Stiehm">Stiehm, Judith Hicks</a>. <i>Champions for Peace: Women Winners of the Nobel Peace Prize.</i> Rowman and Littlefield, 2006.</li> <li>Sullivan, M. "Social work's legacy of peace: Echoes from the early 20th century". <i>Social Work</i>, Sep. 93; 38(5): 513–520. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=c8h&AN=1994187242&site=ehost-live">EBSCO</a></li> <li>Toft, Jessica and Abrams, Laura S. "Progressive Maternalists and the Citizenship Status of Low-Income Single Mothers". <i>Social Service Review</i> 2004 78(3): 447–465. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0037-7961">0037-7961</a> Fulltext: <a href="/wiki/EBSCO_Information_Services" title="EBSCO Information Services">Ebsco</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Addams, Jane. "A Belated Industry" <i>The American Journal of Sociology</i> Vol. 1, No. 5 (Mar. 1896), pp. 536–550 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2761904">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Addams, Jane. <i>The subjective value of a social settlement</i> (1892) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:777422">online</a></li> <li>Addams, Jane, ed. <i>Hull-House Maps and Papers: A Presentation of Nationalities and Wages in a Congested District of Chicago, Together with Comments and Essays on Problems Growing Out of the Social Conditions</i> (1896; reprint 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0252031342/">excerpts and online search from amazon.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hullhousemapsan00unkngoog">full text</a></li> <li>Kelley, Florence. "Hull House" <i>The New England Magazine.</i> Volume 24, Issue 5. (July 1898) pp. 550–566 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=AFJ3026-0024&byte=11613062">online at MOA</a></li> <li>Addams, Jane. "Ethical Survivals in Municipal Corruption", <i>International Journal of Ethics</i> Vol. 8, No. 3 (Apr. 1898), pp. 273–291 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2375784">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Addams, Jane. "Trades Unions and Public Duty", <i>The American Journal of Sociology</i> Vol. 4, No. 4 (Jan. 1899), pp. 448–462 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2761726">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Addams, Jane. "The Subtle Problems of Charity", <i>The Atlantic Monthly.</i> Volume 83, Issue 496 (February 1899) pp. 163–179 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABK2934-0083&byte=297435804">online at MOA</a></li> <li>Addams, Jane. <i>Democracy and Social Ethics</i> (1902) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democracyandsoc04addagoog">online at Internet Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.FIG:000669764">online at Harvard Library</a> <ul><li>23 editions published between 1902 and 2006 in English and held by 1,570 libraries worldwide</li></ul></li> <li>Addams, Jane. <i>Child labor</i> 1905 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:796212">Harvard Library online</a></li> <li>Addams, Jane. "Problems of Municipal Administration", <i>The American Journal of Sociology</i> Vol. 10, No. 4 (Jan. 1905), pp. 425–444 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2762268">JSTOR</a></li> <li>Addams, Jane. "Child Labor Legislation – A Requisite for Industrial Efficiency", <i>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i> Vol. 25, Child Labor (May 1905), pp. 128–136 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1010935">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Addams, Jane. <i>The operation of the Illinois child labor law,</i> (1906) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:460093">online at Harvard Library</a></li> <li>Addams, Jane. <i>Newer Ideals of Peace</i> (1906) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neweridealspeac03addagoog">online at Internet Archive</a> <ul><li>13 editions published between 1906 and 2007 in English and held by 686 libraries worldwide</li></ul></li> <li>Addams, Jane. <i>National protection for children</i> 1907 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:460100">online at Harvard Library</a></li> <li>Addams, Jane. <i>The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets</i> (1909) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMMrAAAAIAAJ">online at books.google.com</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:761798">online at Harvard Library</a> <ul><li>16 editions published between 1909 and 1972 in English and held by 1,094 libraries worldwide</li></ul></li> <li>Addams, Jane. <i>Twenty Years at Hull-House: With Autobiographical Notes,</i> 1910 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/addams/hullhouse/hullhouse.html">online at A Celebration of Women Writers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:615636">online at Harvard Library</a> <ul><li>72 editions published between 1910 and 2007 in English and held by 3,250 libraries worldwide</li></ul></li> <li>Addams, Jane. <i>A new conscience and an ancient evil</i> (1912) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:436848">online at Harvard Library</a> <ul><li>14 editions published between 1912 and 2003 in English and held by 912 libraries worldwide</li></ul></li> <li>Addams, Jane; Balch, Emily Greene; and Hamilton, Alice. <i>Women at the Hague: The International Congress of Women and Its Results.</i> (1915) reprint ed by Harriet Hyman Alonso, (2003). 91 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:777415">online at Harvard Library</a></li> <li>Addams, Jane. <i>The Long Road of Woman's Memory</i> (1916) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/longroadwomansm00addagoog">online at Internet Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:520210">online at Harvard Library</a>, also reprint U. of Illinois Press, 2002. 84 pp.</li> <li>Addams, Jane. <i>Peace and Bread in Time of War</i> 1922 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101410685">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110211122210/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101410685">Archived</a> February 11, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:761799">online at Harvard Library</a> <ul><li>12 editions published between 1922 and 2002 in English and held by 835 libraries worldwide</li></ul></li> <li>Addams, Jane. <i>My Friend, Julia Lathrop.</i> (1935; reprint U. of Illinois Press, 2004) 166 pp.</li> <li>Addams, Jane. <i>Jane Addams: A Centennial Reader</i> (1960) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=453328">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110211122700/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=453328">Archived</a> February 11, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Bryan, Mary Lynn McCree, Barbara Bair, and Maree De Angury. eds., <i>The Selected Papers of Jane Addams Volume 1: Preparing to Lead, 1860–1881.</i> University of Illinois Press, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0252027299/">online excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Elshtain, Jean B. ed. <i>The Jane Addams Reader</i> (2002), 488pp</li> <li>Lasch, Christopher, ed. (1965). <i>The Social Thought of Jane Addams</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Addams&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams" class="extiw" title="commons:Jane Addams"><span style="font-style:italic; 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Women Working, 1870–1930. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050817230106/http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/people_addams.html">Jane Addams (1860–1935).</a> A full-text searchable online database with complete access to publications written by Jane Addams.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.janeaddams.ramapo.edu/">Jane Addams Digital Edition, Ramapo College of New Jersey</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/addamsj">"Jane Addams"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jane+Addams&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Faddamsj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofwomenphilosophers.org/project/directory-of-women-philosophers/addams-jane-1860-1935/">Jane Addams</a>: bibliographical and biographical references. - <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_History_of_Women_Philosophers_and_Scientists" title="Center for the History of Women Philosophers and Scientists">Center for the History of Women Philosophers and Scientists</a></li></ul> <p><b>Physical collections</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swarthmore.edu/library/peace/Exhibits/janeaddams/addamsindex.htm">Online photograph exhibit of Jane Addams from Swarthmore College's Peace Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.ADDAMSJ">Guide to the Jane Addams Collection 1894–1919</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/">University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/480">Jane Addams Papers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Smith_Collection" title="Sophia Smith Collection">Sophia Smith Collection</a>, Smith College</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/1004">Ellen Gates Starr Papers</a> at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/000125">Newspaper clippings about Jane Addams</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <p><b>Biographical information</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Jane%20Addams">FBI file on Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofsocialwork.org/eng/details.php?cps=5&canon_id=137">Jane Addams on the history of social work timeline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/jane-addams/">Jane Addams</a> National Women's Hall of Fame</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/addams_jane">Kathi Coon Badertscher: "Jane Addams", In: <i>1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</i></a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomans1918" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Homans, James E., ed. (1918). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Cyclopædia of American Biography/Addams, Jane"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Addams,_Jane">"Addams, Jane" </a></span>. <i>The Cyclopædia of American Biography</i>. New York: The Press Association Compilers, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Addams%2C+Jane&rft.btitle=The+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Press+Association+Compilers%2C+Inc&rft.date=1918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Hull House links</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hullhousemuseum.org/">Jane Addams Hull-House Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maxwellhalsted.uic.edu/home/enlightened-reformer">Jane Addams's Hull-House</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181228234400/http://taylorstreetarchives.com/">Taylor Street Archives; Hull House: Bowen Country Club</a></li></ul> <p><b>Scholarship and analysis</b> </p> <ul><li>Michals, Debra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/jane-addams">"Jane Addams"</a>. National Women's History Museum. 2017.</li> <li>Sklar, Kathryn Kish et al. "How Did Changes in the Built Environment at Hull-House Reflect the Settlement's Interaction with Its Neighbors, 1889–1912?" Sklar, <a href="/wiki/Women_and_Social_Movements_in_the_United_States,_1600%E2%80%932000" title="Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1600–2000">Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1600–2000</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamington" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hamington, Maurice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/addams-jane/">"Jane Addams"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jane+Addams&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Hamington&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Faddams-jane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJane+Addams" class="Z3988"></span> Looks at her as "the first woman 'public philosopher' in United States history".</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6310490/">American Commission for Peace in Ireland Interim Report</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other links</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0011629/">Jane Addams</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attackingthedevil.co.uk/related/outcast.php/">The Bitter Cry of Outcast London</a> by Rev. Andrew Mearns</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifor-mir.org/">International Fellowship of Reconciliation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217133548/http://www.ifor-mir.org/">Archived</a> December 17, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675026876_Laura-Jane-Addams_buildings_umbrella_people">Short historical film showing Jane Addams in Berlin in 1915</a>, on her peace mission with <a href="/wiki/Aletta_Jacobs" title="Aletta Jacobs">Aletta Jacobs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alice_Hamilton" title="Alice Hamilton">Alice Hamilton</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/496">Jane Addams</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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aria-labelledby="American_Civil_Liberties_Union86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="Template:American Civil Liberties Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="Template talk:American Civil Liberties Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil Liberties Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Civil_Liberties_Union86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Nash_Baldwin" title="Roger Nash Baldwin">Roger Nash Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_DeSilver" title="Albert DeSilver">Albert DeSilver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Ernst" title="Morris Ernst">Morris Ernst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gurley_Flynn" title="Elizabeth Gurley Flynn">Elizabeth Gurley Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Garfield_Hays" title="Arthur Garfield Hays">Arthur Garfield Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Nelles" title="Walter Nelles">Walter Nelles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Ward" title="Harry F. Ward">Harry F. Ward</a> (1920–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haynes_Holmes" title="John Haynes Holmes">John Haynes Holmes</a> (1940–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Angell" title="Ernest Angell">Ernest Angell</a> (1950–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ennis" title="Edward Ennis">Edward Ennis</a> (1969–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Dorsen" title="Norman Dorsen">Norman Dorsen</a> (1977–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadine_Strossen" title="Nadine Strossen">Nadine Strossen</a> (1991–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_N._Herman" title="Susan N. Herman">Susan N. Herman</a> (2008–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Archer" title="Deborah Archer">Deborah Archer</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Nash_Baldwin" title="Roger Nash Baldwin">Roger Nash Baldwin</a> (1917–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Murphy_Malin" title="Patrick Murphy Malin">Patrick Murphy Malin</a> (1950–1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Pemberton_(ACLU)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Pemberton (ACLU) (page does not exist)">Jack Pemberton</a> (1962–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Neier" title="Aryeh Neier">Aryeh Neier</a> (1970–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Glasser" title="Ira Glasser">Ira Glasser</a> (1978–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_D._Romero" title="Anthony D. Romero">Anthony D. Romero</a> (2001–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklyn_Haiman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franklyn Haiman (page does not exist)">Franklyn Haiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hansen_(attorney)" title="Chris Hansen (attorney)">Chris Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Milner" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucille Milner">Lucille Milner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Alsworth_Ross" title="Edward Alsworth Ross">Edward A. Ross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Alabama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Alabama (page does not exist)">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Alaska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Alaska (page does not exist)">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Arizona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Arizona (page does not exist)">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Arkansas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Arkansas (page does not exist)">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_California&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of California (page does not exist)">California</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Colorado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Colorado (page does not exist)">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Connecticut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Connecticut (page does not exist)">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Delaware&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Delaware (page does not exist)">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Florida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Florida (page does not exist)">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Georgia (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Idaho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Idaho (page does not exist)">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Illinois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Illinois (page does not exist)">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Indiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Indiana (page does not exist)">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Iowa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Iowa (page does not exist)">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Kansas (page does not exist)">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Kentucky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky (page does not exist)">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Louisiana (page does not exist)">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Maryland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland (page does not exist)">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Michigan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan (page does not exist)">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Minnesota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Minnesota (page does not exist)">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Mississippi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Mississippi (page does not exist)">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Missouri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Missouri (page does not exist)">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Montana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Montana (page does not exist)">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Nebraska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Nebraska (page does not exist)">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Nevada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Nevada (page does not exist)">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_New_Hampshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of New Hampshire (page does not exist)">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_New_Jersey" title="American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_New_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of New Mexico (page does not exist)">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="American Civil Liberties Union of New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of North Carolina (page does not exist)">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_North_Dakota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of North Dakota (page does not exist)">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Ohio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Ohio (page does not exist)">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Oklahoma (page does not exist)">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Oregon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Oregon (page does not exist)">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Pennsylvania (page does not exist)">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Rhode_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Rhode Island (page does not exist)">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_South_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of South Carolina (page does not exist)">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_South_Dakota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of South Dakota (page does not exist)">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Tennessee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Tennessee (page does not exist)">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Texas (page does not exist)">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Utah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Utah (page does not exist)">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Vermont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Vermont (page does not exist)">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Virginia (page does not exist)">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Washington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Washington (page does not exist)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_West_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of West Virginia (page does not exist)">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Wisconsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Wisconsin (page does not exist)">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_Wyoming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Civil Liberties Union of Wyoming (page does not exist)">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Liberties_Bureau" title="National Civil Liberties Bureau">National Civil Liberties Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Union_Against_Militarism" title="American Union Against Militarism">American Union Against Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Defense_Union" title="Workers Defense Union">Workers Defense Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_the_American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="List of court cases involving the American Civil Liberties Union">List of court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACLU_Mobile_Justice" title="ACLU Mobile Justice">ACLU Mobile Justice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees to the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1970–1979116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970–1979</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hamilton" title="Alice Hamilton">Alice Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_R._Sabin" title="Florence R. Sabin">Florence Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_B._Taussig" title="Helen B. Taussig">Helen Brooke Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babe_Didrikson_Zaharias" title="Babe Didrikson Zaharias">Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Gordon_Low" title="Juliette Gordon Low">Juliette Gordon Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Seton" title="Elizabeth Ann Seton">Elizabeth Bayley Seton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980–1989116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980–1989</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mary "Mother" Harris Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Risteau" title="Mary Risteau">Mary Risteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells-Barnett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990–1999116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990–1999</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_B._Seibert" title="Florence B. Seibert">Florence B. Seibert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude Belle Elion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Percy_Andrus" title="Ethel Percy Andrus">Ethel Percy Andrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Antoinette Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Blackwell" title="Emily Blackwell">Emily Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran" title="Jacqueline Cochran">Jacqueline Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Johnson_Colvin" title="Ruth Johnson Colvin">Ruth Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Wright_Edelman" title="Marian Wright Edelman">Marian Wright Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Catherine_Evans" title="Alice Catherine Evans">Alice Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Martha Wright Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Dolores Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Putnam_Jacobi" title="Mary Putnam Jacobi">Mary Putnam Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Jemison" title="Mae Jemison">Mae Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eliza_Mahoney" title="Mary Eliza Mahoney">Mary Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Roulet" title="Elaine Roulet">Elaine Roulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Siva_Saubel" title="Katherine Siva Saubel">Katherine Siva Saubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Stephens" title="Helen Stephens">Helen Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madam_C._J._Walker" title="Madam C. J. Walker">Madam C. J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Wattleton" title="Faye Wattleton">Faye Wattleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn S. Yalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Yerkovich" title="Gloria Yerkovich">Gloria Yerkovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Bradwell" title="Myra Bradwell">Myra Bradwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Cunningham_Croly" title="Jane Cunningham Croly">Jane Cunningham Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Shipe_East" title="Catherine Shipe East">Catherine East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_LaKelly_Hunt" title="Helen LaKelly Hunt">Helen LaKelly Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wisebart_Jacobs" title="Frances Wisebart Jacobs">Frances Wisebart Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susette_La_Flesche" title="Susette La Flesche">Susette La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_McManus" title="Louise McManus">Louise McManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Novello" title="Antonia Novello">Antonia Novello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Richards" title="Linda Richards">Linda Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Rudolph" title="Wilma Rudolph">Wilma Rudolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bone_Schiess" title="Betty Bone Schiess">Betty Bone Schiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Siebert" title="Muriel Siebert">Muriel Siebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettie_Stevens" title="Nettie Stevens">Nettie Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Winnemucca" title="Sarah Winnemucca">Sarah Winnemucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wright" title="Frances Wright">Fanny Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Apgar" title="Virginia Apgar">Virginia Apgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Bancroft" title="Ann Bancroft">Ann Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Bloomer" title="Amelia Bloomer">Amelia Bloomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carson_Breckinridge" title="Mary Carson Breckinridge">Mary Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Hanford Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dallas_Dudley" title="Anne Dallas Dudley">Anne Dallas Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth" title="Lillian Moller Gilbreth">Lillian Moller Gilbreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannerl_O._Keohane" title="Nannerl O. Keohane">Nannerl O. Keohane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Kuhn" title="Maggie Kuhn">Maggie Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_St._Pierre_Ruffin" title="Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin">Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Schroeder" title="Pat Schroeder">Pat Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_G._Solomon" title="Hannah G. Solomon">Hannah Greenebaum Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bunch" title="Charlotte Bunch">Charlotte Anne Bunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Xavier_Cabrini" title="Frances Xavier Cabrini">Frances Xavier Cabrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hallaren" title="Mary Hallaren">Mary A. Hallaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby">Oveta Culp Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Holladay" title="Wilhelmina Holladay">Wilhelmina Cole Holladay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Morrow_Lindbergh" title="Anne Morrow Lindbergh">Anne Morrow Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Rose" title="Ernestine Rose">Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bly" title="Nellie Bly">Nellie Bly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Moss_Bradley" title="Lydia Moss Bradley">Lydia Moss Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Calderone" title="Mary Calderone">Mary Steichen Calderone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Shadd" title="Mary Ann Shadd">Mary Ann Shadd Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Ganz_Cooney" title="Joan Ganz Cooney">Joan Ganz Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Moore_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Sarah Moore Grimké">Sarah Grimké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_McCormick" title="Katharine McCormick">Katharine Dexter McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozanne_L._Ridgway" title="Rozanne L. Ridgway">Rozanne L. Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">Edith Nourse Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Schwartz" title="Felice Schwartz">Felice Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Wald" title="Florence Wald">Florence Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Angelina Grimké">Angelina Grimké Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000–2009116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000–2009</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Glenn_Abdellah" title="Faye Glenn Abdellah">Faye Glenn Abdellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith_DeVoe" title="Emma Smith DeVoe">Emma Smith DeVoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas">Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer">Mary Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia A. Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_M._Holm" title="Jeanne M. Holm">Jeanne Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontine_T._Kelly" title="Leontine T. Kelly">Leontine T. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Oldham_Kelsey" title="Frances Oldham Kelsey">Frances Oldham Kelsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Mullany" title="Kate Mullany">Kate Mullany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw" title="Anna Howard Shaw">Anna Howard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Smith_(Smith_College)" title="Sophia Smith (Smith College)">Sophia Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Tarbell" title="Ida Tarbell">Ida Tarbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Vaught" title="Wilma Vaught">Wilma L. Vaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Edwards_Walker" title="Mary Edwards Walker">Mary Edwards Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Dodge_Wauneka" title="Annie Dodge Wauneka">Annie Dodge Wauneka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances E. Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hansine_Andersen" title="Dorothy Hansine Andersen">Dorothy H. Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Coleman" title="Bessie Coleman">Bessie Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_de_Forest" title="Marian de Forest">Marian de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althea_Gibson" title="Althea Gibson">Althea Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Hicks" title="Beatrice Hicks">Beatrice A. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Holdridge" title="Barbara Holdridge">Barbara Holdridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Williams_Russell_Strong" title="Harriet Williams Russell Strong">Harriet Williams Russell Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howell_Warner" title="Emily Howell Warner">Emily Howell Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulina_Kellogg_Wright_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis">Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Holt" title="Bertha Holt">Bertha Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Engle_Pennington" title="Mary Engle Pennington">Mary Engle Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren">Mercy Otis Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_G._Alvarado" title="Linda G. Alvarado">Linda G. Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_de_Varona" title="Donna de Varona">Donna de Varona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Ederle" title="Gertrude Ederle">Gertrude Ederle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Matilda_Harper" title="Martha Matilda Harper">Martha Matilda Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie L. Kwolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Robbins_Leet" title="Mildred Robbins Leet">Mildred Robbins Leet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Takemoto Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sullivan" title="Anne Sullivan">Anne Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Widnall" title="Sheila Widnall">Sheila E. Widnall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_E._Allen" title="Florence E. Allen">Florence E. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Fulton Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bumpers" title="Betty Bumpers">Betty Bumpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita Rossi Colwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cope" title="Marianne Cope">Mother Marianne Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Y. Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Locke" title="Patricia Locke">Patricia A. Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanche Scott">Blanche Stuart Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_K._Baum" title="Eleanor K. Baum">Eleanor K. Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Child" title="Julia Child">Julia Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Coffin_Wright" title="Martha Coffin Wright">Martha Coffin Pelham Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanee_Hunt" title="Swanee Hunt">Swanee Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_K%C3%BCbler-Ross" title="Elisabeth Kübler-Ross">Elisabeth Kübler-Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Pipher" title="Judith Pipher">Judith L. Pipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Filene_Shouse" title="Catherine Filene Shouse">Catherine Filene Shouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Szold" title="Henrietta Szold">Henrietta Szold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_DeCrow" title="Karen DeCrow">Karen DeCrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Kelly-Dreiss" title="Susan Kelly-Dreiss">Susan Kelly-Dreiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allie_B._Latimer" title="Allie B. Latimer">Allie B. Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Lazarus" title="Emma Lazarus">Emma Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Talbot_Perkins" title="Rebecca Talbot Perkins">Rebecca Talbot Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Stoneman" title="Kate Stoneman">Kate Stoneman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010–2019116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010–2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">St. Katharine Drexel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Harrison_Eustis" title="Dorothy Harrison Eustis">Dorothy Harrison Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ford" title="Loretta Ford">Loretta C. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley_Foster" title="Abby Kelley Foster">Abby Kelley Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Murray_Free" title="Helen Murray Free">Helen Murray Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter" title="Lilly Ledbetter">Lilly Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara A. Mikulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Donna E. Shalala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathrine_Switzer" title="Kathrine Switzer">Kathrine Switzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ina_May_Gaskin" title="Ina May Gaskin">Ina May Gaskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Krone" title="Julie Krone">Julie Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Joseph_Rogers" title="Mary Joseph Rogers">Mary Joseph Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Sandler" title="Bernice Sandler">Bernice Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenley_Albright" title="Tenley Albright">Tenley Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Brinker" title="Nancy Brinker">Nancy Brinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Greenberger" title="Marcia Greenberger">Marcia Greenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Iglewski" title="Barbara Iglewski">Barbara Iglewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kilbourne" title="Jean Kilbourne">Jean Kilbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Walls_LaNier" title="Carlotta Walls LaNier">Carlotta Walls LaNier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Marrack" title="Philippa Marrack">Philippa Marrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harriman_Rumsey" title="Mary Harriman Rumsey">Mary Harriman Rumsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Smeal" title="Eleanor Smeal">Eleanor Smeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Cuomo" title="Matilda Cuomo">Matilda Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Hansberry" title="Lorraine Hansberry">Lorraine Hansberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Jackson_(entrepreneur)" title="Victoria Jackson (entrepreneur)">Victoria Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Lansing" title="Sherry Lansing">Sherry Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Mullins" title="Aimee Mullins">Aimee Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Mutter" title="Carol Mutter">Carol Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Waters" title="Alice Waters">Alice Waters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Allred" title="Gloria Allred">Gloria Allred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Deer" title="Sarah Deer">Sarah Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Malachowski" title="Nicole Malachowski">Nicole Malachowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill" title="Rose O'Neill">Rose O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">Louise Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossie_Wong-Staal" title="Flossie Wong-Staal">Flossie Wong-Staal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020–2029116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020–2029</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hillary_(adventurer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Hillary (adventurer)">Barbara Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Chicago" title="Judy Chicago">Judy Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_S._Halstead" title="Rebecca S. Halstead">Rebecca S. Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Hamm" title="Mia Hamm">Mia Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howland" title="Emily Howland">Emily Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson" title="Katherine Johnson">Katherine Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Nooyi" title="Indra Nooyi">Indra Nooyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Bath" title="Patricia Bath">Patricia Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elouise_P._Cobell" title="Elouise P. Cobell">Elouise P. Cobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">Peggy McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Plaskow" title="Judith Plaskow">Judith Plaskow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ross" title="Loretta Ross">Loretta Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Stone_(artist)" title="Sandy Stone (artist)">Sandy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Wessels_Williams" title="Anna Wessels Williams">Anna Wessels Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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<li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Gobat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">Randal Cremer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institut de Droit International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Moneta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)">Louis Renault</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Arnoldson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">A. M. F. Beernaert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Balluet_d%27Estournelles_de_Constant" title="Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant">Paul Estournelles de Constant</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">International Peace Bureau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Fried" title="Alfred Hermann Fried">Alfred Fried</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine" title="Henri La Fontaine">Henri La Fontaine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1914</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange" title="Christian Lous Lange">Christian Lange</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1923</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1924</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles Dawes</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson" title="Ferdinand Buisson">Ferdinand Buisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Quidde" title="Ludwig Quidde">Ludwig Quidde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1928</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jane Addams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Butler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1932</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl von Ossietzky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saavedra_Lamas" title="Carlos Saavedra Lamas">Carlos Saavedra Lamas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Robert Cecil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1939</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1943</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch" title="Emily Greene Balch">Emily Balch</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Mott" title="John Mott">John Mott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Friends Service Council</a> / <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1948</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Léon Jouhaux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1955</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1956</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Georges Pire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> / <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">League of Red Cross Societies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1965 Nobel Peace Prize">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575"><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1966 Nobel Peace Prize">1966</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575"><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1967 Nobel Peace Prize">1967</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1968 Nobel Peace Prize">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1969 Nobel Peace Prize">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1970 Nobel Peace Prize">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1971 Nobel Peace Prize">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1972</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1973 Nobel Peace Prize">1973</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> (declined award)</i> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams" title="Betty Williams">Betty Williams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Corrigan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Garc%C3%ADa_Robles" title="Alfonso García Robles">Alfonso García Robles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN Peacekeeping Forces</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conferences</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo" title="Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo">Carlos Belo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Nobel Peace Prize">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Nobel Peace Prize">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Nobel Peace Prize">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Nobel Peace Prize">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2005 Nobel Peace Prize">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Nobel Peace Prize">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2007 Nobel Peace Prize">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Nobel Peace Prize">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2011 Nobel Peace Prize">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee" title="Leymah Gbowee">Leymah Gbowee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2013 Nobel Peace Prize">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2014 Nobel Peace Prize">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2015 Nobel Peace Prize">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2016 Nobel Peace Prize">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2017 Nobel Peace Prize">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2018 Nobel Peace Prize">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Denis Mukwege</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Murad" title="Nadia Murad">Nadia Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2019 Nobel Peace Prize">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2020 Nobel Peace Prize">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2021 Nobel Peace Prize">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov" title="Dmitry Muratov">Dmitry Muratov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2022 Nobel Peace Prize">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski" title="Ales Bialiatski">Ales Bialiatski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Civil_Liberties_(human_rights_organization)" title="Center for Civil Liberties (human rights organization)">Center for Civil Liberties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2023 Nobel Peace Prize">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Narges_Mohammadi" title="Narges Mohammadi">Narges Mohammadi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2024 Nobel Peace Prize">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Hidankyo" title="Nihon Hidankyo">Nihon Hidankyo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1931_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1931_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1931 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1931_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1931 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1931_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1931 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1931_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1931 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius">Friedrich Bergius</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1931_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1931 Nobel Prize in Literature">1931</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt" title="Erik Axel Karlfeldt">Erik Axel Karlfeldt</a> (Sweden)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jane Addams</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Murray Butler</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>None</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Otto Heinrich Warburg</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1926_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1926 Nobel Prize winners">1926</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1927_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1927 Nobel Prize winners">1927</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1928_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1928 Nobel Prize winners">1928</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1929_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1929 Nobel Prize winners">1929</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1930_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1930 Nobel Prize winners">1930</a></dd> <dd><b>1931 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1932_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1932 Nobel Prize winners">1932</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1933_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1933 Nobel Prize winners">1933</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1934_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1934 Nobel Prize winners">1934</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1935_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1935 Nobel Prize winners">1935</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1936_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1936 Nobel Prize winners">1936</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees46" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template talk:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees46" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Hall of Fame for Great Americans">Hall of Fame for Great Americans</a> inductees</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" title="Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Luther Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Buchanan Eads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah W. Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kent_(jurist)" title="James Kent (jurist)">James Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer" title="Sylvanus Thayer">Sylvanus Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_work_and_related_concepts151" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expended navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_work" title="Template:Social work"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_work" title="Template talk:Social work"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_work" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social work"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_work_and_related_concepts151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social work</a> and related concepts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;font-weight:normal;">Primary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;font-weight:normal;">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-oppressive_practice" title="Anti-oppressive practice">Anti-oppressive practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_intervention" title="Crisis intervention">Crisis intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_practice" title="Community practice">Community practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_organization" title="Community organization">Community organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_social_work" title="Critical social work">Critical social work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_social_work" title="Financial social work">Financial social work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_development" title="Group development">Group development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Public_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="New Public Management">New Public Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_analysis" title="Policy analysis">Policy analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_evaluation" title="Program evaluation">Program evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_measurement" title="Performance measurement">Performance measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial#Psychosocial_assessment_and_intervention" title="Psychosocial">Psychosocial assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_therapy" title="Recreational therapy">Recreational therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solution_focused_brief_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Solution focused brief therapy">Solution focused brief therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strength-based_practice" title="Strength-based practice">Strength-based practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">Systems thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_actions" class="mw-redirect" title="Social actions">Social actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_medicine" title="Social medicine">Social medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_learning_(social_pedagogy)" title="Social learning (social pedagogy)">Social learning (social pedagogy)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of social work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caseworker_(social_work)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caseworker (social work)">Social case worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_protection" title="Child protection">Child protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_social_work" title="Forensic social work">Forensic social worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_social_work" title="Medical social work">Medical social worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health#Social_work_in_mental_health" title="Mental health">Psychiatric social worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_rehabilitation" title="Psychiatric rehabilitation">Rehabilitation worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_social_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="School social worker">School social worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_work_in_the_military" title="Social work in the military">Social work in the military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_work#Social_group_work" title="Group work">Social group worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sociology#Applied_sociology" title="Public sociology">Social planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_social_work" title="Clinical social work">Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_services" title="Youth services">Youth services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Qualifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qualifications_for_professional_social_work" title="Qualifications for professional social work">Qualifications for professional social work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree#New_bachelor's_degrees" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor of Social Work (BA, BSc or BSW) degree</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Socionom" class="mw-redirect" title="Socionom">Socionom</a></i> (Scandinavia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Social_Work" title="Master of Social Work">Master of Social Work degree (MA, MSc or MSW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Social_Work" title="Doctor of Social Work">Doctor of Social Work degree (Ph.D or DSW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Schools_of_Social_Work" title="International Association of Schools of Social Work">International Association of Schools of Social Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Social_Work_Education" title="Council on Social Work Education">Council on Social Work Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_work_schools" title="List of social work schools">Schools of social work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social workers<br />by nationality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_social_workers" title="Category:American social workers">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Argentine_social_workers" title="Category:Argentine social workers">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_social_workers" title="Category:Austrian social workers">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_social_workers" title="Category:Australian social workers">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bangladeshi_social_workers" title="Category:Bangladeshi social workers">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Belgian_social_workers" title="Category:Belgian social workers">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_social_workers" title="Category:British social workers">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_social_workers" title="Category:Canadian social workers">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_social_workers" title="Category:Dutch social workers">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_social_workers" title="Category:French social workers">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_social_workers" title="Category:German social workers">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Guyanese_social_workers" title="Category:Guyanese social workers">Guyanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hong_Kong_social_workers" title="Category:Hong Kong social workers">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_social_workers" title="Category:Indian social workers">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indonesian_social_workers" title="Category:Indonesian social workers">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Israeli_social_workers" title="Category:Israeli social workers">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_social_workers" title="Category:Japanese social workers">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nepalese_social_workers" title="Category:Nepalese social workers">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_social_workers" title="Category:New Zealand social workers">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian_social_workers" title="Category:Norwegian social workers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_social_workers" title="Category:Pakistani social workers">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_social_workers" title="Category:Polish social workers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_social_workers" title="Category:Swedish social workers">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trinidad_and_Tobago_social_workers" title="Category:Trinidad and Tobago social workers">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ugandan_social_workers" title="Category:Ugandan social workers">Ugandan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional<br />associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Social_Workers" title="International Federation of Social Workers">International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_of_Professional_Social_Workers" title="National Alliance of Professional Social Workers">National Alliance of Professional Social Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Social_Workers" title="National Association of Social Workers">National Association of Social Workers (American)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Association_of_Social_Workers" title="Australian Association of Social Workers">Australian Association of Social Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Association_of_Social_Workers" title="British Association of Social Workers">British Association of Social Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medical_Social_Workers" title="Institute of Medical Social Workers">Institute of Medical Social Workers (British)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_of_Social_Workers" title="Canadian Association of Social Workers">Canadian Association of Social Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Children%27s_Reporter_Administration" title="Scottish Children's Reporter Administration">Scottish Children's Reporter Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Social_Workers%27_Association" title="Professional Social Workers' Association">Professional Social Workers' Association (PSWA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biographies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Lishman" title="Joyce Lishman">Joyce Lishman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chicago_LGBT_Hall_of_Fame73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chicago_LGBT_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:Chicago LGBT Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chicago_LGBT_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:Chicago LGBT Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chicago_LGBT_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chicago LGBT Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chicago_LGBT_Hall_of_Fame73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_LGBT_Hall_of_Fame" title="Chicago LGBT Hall of Fame">Chicago LGBT Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990–199973" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990–1999</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ortez_Alderson" title="Ortez Alderson">Ortez Alderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon-Henri_Damski" title="Jon-Henri Damski">Jon-Henri Damski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Flint" title="James W. Flint">James W. Flint</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gay_Chicago" title="Gay Chicago">Gay Chicago</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renee_C._Hanover" title="Renee C. Hanover">Renee C. Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Brown_Health_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Brown Health Center">Howard Brown Health Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judith_S._Johns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judith S. Johns (page does not exist)">Judith S. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_A._Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carol A. Johnson (page does not exist)">Carol A. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Kelley" title="William B. Kelley">William B. Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_J._Kuda" title="Marie J. Kuda">Marie J. Kuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Renslow" title="Chuck Renslow">Chuck Renslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_J._Smith" title="Adrienne J. Smith">Adrienne J. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_C._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max C. Smith (page does not exist)">Max C. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_B._Turner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard B. Turner (page does not exist)">Richard B. Turner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Chichester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gary Chichester (page does not exist)">Gary Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Christophersen" title="Ann Christophersen">Ann Christophersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thom_Dombkowski" title="Thom Dombkowski">Thom Dombkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gerber" title="Henry Gerber">Henry Gerber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lee_Gray" title="Richard Lee Gray">Richard Lee Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernita_Gray" title="Vernita Gray">Vernita Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peg_Grey" title="Peg Grey">Peg Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_M._Hart" title="Pearl M. Hart">Pearl M. Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horizons_Community_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horizons Community Services (page does not exist)">Horizons Community Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harley_McMillen" title="Harley McMillen">Harley McMillen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_McPherson" title="Scott McPherson">Scott McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_Sports_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metropolitan Sports Association (page does not exist)">Metropolitan Sports Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dom_Orejudos" title="Dom Orejudos">Dom Orejudos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_D._Powers" title="Mary D. Powers">Mary D. Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sotomayor" title="Daniel Sotomayor">Daniel Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Taylor_(novelist)" title="Valerie Taylor (novelist)">Valerie Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad_Hoc_Committee_of_Proud_Black_Lesbians_and_Gays&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ad Hoc Committee of Proud Black Lesbians and Gays (page does not exist)">Ad Hoc Committee of Proud Black Lesbians and Gays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sloane_Basker" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Sloane Basker">Robert Sloane Basker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Kitch_Childs" title="E. Kitch Childs">E. Kitch Childs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerrold_Cohen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerrold Cohen (page does not exist)">Jerrold Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_T._Ford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert T. Ford (page does not exist)">Robert T. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Garrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Garrin (page does not exist)">Richard Garrin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Graubart-Cervone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeff Graubart-Cervone (page does not exist)">Jeff Graubart-Cervone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joel Hall (page does not exist)">Joel Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nancy_Lanoue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nancy Lanoue (page does not exist)">Nancy Lanoue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sid_L._Mohn" class="mw-redirect" title="Sid L. Mohn">Sid L. Mohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Moving_Coffeehouse" title="Mountain Moving Coffeehouse">Mountain Moving Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Osterman" title="Kathy Osterman">Kathy Osterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Pfeiffer" title="Richard W. Pfeiffer">Richard W. Pfeiffer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linda_S._Rodgers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linda S. Rodgers (page does not exist)">Linda S. Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Sable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ron Sable (page does not exist)">Ron Sable</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_C._Scott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce C. Scott (page does not exist)">Bruce C. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marge_Summit" title="Marge Summit">Marge Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_E._Trapani" title="Joanne E. Trapani">Joanne E. Trapani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Wardell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Wardell (page does not exist)">Al Wardell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_J._Adams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert J. Adams (page does not exist)">Robert J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy_Baim" title="Tracy Baim">Tracy Baim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_S._Buse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George S. Buse (page does not exist)">George S. Buse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_A._Bussen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James A. Bussen (page does not exist)">James A. Bussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_Cannon" title="Lori Cannon">Lori Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Chester_(Chicago)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Chester (Chicago) (page does not exist)">John Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_House_and_Social_Service_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicago House and Social Service Agency (page does not exist)">Chicago House and Social Service Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_F._Davis_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel F. Davis Jr. (page does not exist)">Samuel F. Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrienne_J._Goodman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrienne J. Goodman (page does not exist)">Adrienne J. Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earnest_E._Hite_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earnest E. Hite Jr. (page does not exist)">Earnest E. Hite Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Koff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce Koff (page does not exist)">Bruce Koff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_B._Levin" title="Ellis B. Levin">Ellis B. Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionheart_Gay_Theatre_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lionheart Gay Theatre Company (page does not exist)">Lionheart Gay Theatre Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Hand_Chicago" title="Open Hand Chicago">Open Hand Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_A._Sprague&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory A. Sprague (page does not exist)">Gregory A. Sprague</a></li> <li>Elizabeth E. Tocci</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_F._Wakefield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven F. Wakefield (page does not exist)">Steven F. Wakefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caryn_Berman" title="Caryn Berman">Caryn Berman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samson_Chan_(activist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samson Chan (activist) (page does not exist)">Samson Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T._Chris_Cothran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. Chris Cothran (page does not exist)">T. Chris Cothran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Craig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarah Craig (page does not exist)">Sarah Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frontrunners_Frontwalkers_Chicago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frontrunners Frontwalkers Chicago (page does not exist)">Frontrunners Frontwalkers Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_V._Hardisty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean V. Hardisty (page does not exist)">Jean V. Hardisty</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nick_Kelly_(activist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nick Kelly (activist) (page does not exist)">Nick Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_Clark_Netsch" title="Dawn Clark Netsch">Dawn Clark Netsch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Pena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Pena (page does not exist)">José Pena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_Nation" title="Queer Nation">Queer Nation</a> Chicago</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_B._Sindt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David B. Sindt (page does not exist)">David B. Sindt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armando_L._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armando L. Smith (page does not exist)">Armando L. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe_Smith_(lawyer)" title="James Monroe Smith (lawyer)">James Monroe Smith (lawyer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Tunney" title="Tom Tunney">Tom Tunney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Zipter" title="Yvonne Zipter">Yvonne Zipter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacqueline_Anderson_(professor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacqueline Anderson (professor) (page does not exist)">Jacqueline Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bailiwick_Repertory%27s_Pride_Series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bailiwick Repertory's Pride Series (page does not exist)">Bailiwick Repertory's Pride Series</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Delaney_(activist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Delaney (activist) (page does not exist)">Jack Delaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerber/Hart_Library_and_Archives" title="Gerber/Hart Library and Archives">Gerber/Hart Library and Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlene_Halko" title="Arlene Halko">Arlene Halko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Harris_(Illinois_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greg Harris (Illinois politician)">Greg Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankie_Knuckles" title="Frankie Knuckles">Frankie Knuckles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Midnite" title="Tony Midnite">Tony Midnite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Morten" title="Mary Morten">Mary Morten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifti_Nasim" title="Ifti Nasim">Ifti Nasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Newfeld" title="Charlotte Newfeld">Charlotte Newfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norm_Sloan_(activist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norm Sloan (activist) (page does not exist)">Norm Sloan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiffani_St._Cloud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiffani St. Cloud (page does not exist)">Tiffani St. Cloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1997</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toni_Armstrong_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toni Armstrong Jr. (page does not exist)">Toni Armstrong Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Ayala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel Ayala (page does not exist)">Miguel Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Chaffin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Chaffin (page does not exist)">Roger Chaffin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_C._Darby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James C. Darby (page does not exist)">James C. Darby</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dignity_Chicago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dignity Chicago (page does not exist)">Dignity Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_Greathouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ida Greathouse (page does not exist)">Ida Greathouse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hammell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hammell (page does not exist)">John Hammell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Karlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rick Karlin (page does not exist)">Rick Karlin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corinne_J._Kawecki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corinne J. Kawecki (page does not exist)">Corinne J. Kawecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_McKeon" title="Larry McKeon">Larry McKeon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_G._Ostrow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David G. Ostrow (page does not exist)">David G. Ostrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Smith" title="Mary Ann Smith">Mary Ann Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carrie_Barnett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carrie Barnett (page does not exist)">Carrie Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chiola" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Chiola">Thomas Chiola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurie_J._Dittman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laurie J. Dittman (page does not exist)">Laurie J. Dittman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Howard_Foster" title="Jeannette Howard Foster">Jeannette Howard Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorjet_Harper" title="Jorjet Harper">Jorjet Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_L._Johnston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur L. Johnston (page does not exist)">Arthur L. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ira_H._Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ira H. Jones (page does not exist)">Ira H. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_P._Kelley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford P. Kelley (page does not exist)">Clifford P. Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_Klefstad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorothy Klefstad (page does not exist)">Dorothy Klefstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LesBiGay_Radio" title="LesBiGay Radio">LesBiGay Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renae_Ogletree" title="Renae Ogletree">Renae Ogletree</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dean_Robert_Ogren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dean Robert Ogren (page does not exist)">Dean Robert Ogren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_A._Salvo_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor A. Salvo Jr. (page does not exist)">Victor A. Salvo Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modesto_%22Tico%22_Valle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modesto "Tico" Valle (page does not exist)">Modesto "Tico" Valle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luule_Vess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luule Vess (page does not exist)">Luule Vess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ava_Allen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ava Allen (page does not exist)">Ava Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_J._Balester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John J. Balester (page does not exist)">John J. Balester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Brian_Bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Brian Bell (page does not exist)">David Brian Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Randy_Duncan_(choreographer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randy Duncan (choreographer) (page does not exist)">Randy Duncan</a></li> <li>Rick Garcia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Hansberry" title="Lorraine Hansberry">Lorraine Hansberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derrick_Allen_Hicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Derrick Allen Hicks">Derrick Allen Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_Community_Cancer_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesbian Community Cancer Project (page does not exist)">Lesbian Community Cancer Project</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrene_Perom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrene Perom (page does not exist)">Adrene Perom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_L._Sandfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman L. Sandfield (page does not exist)">Norman L. Sandfield</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregg_Shapiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregg Shapiro (page does not exist)">Gregg Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_White_(politician)" title="Jesse White (politician)">Jesse White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phill_Wilson" title="Phill Wilson">Phill Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000–200973" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000–2009</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP">ACT UP</a>/Chicago</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Latin_Men_for_Action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association of Latin Men for Action (page does not exist)">Association of Latin Men for Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrainne_Sade_Baskerville" title="Lorrainne Sade Baskerville">Lorrainne Sade Baskerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Blake_Fuller" title="Henry Blake Fuller">Henry Blake Fuller</a></li> <li>Chicago Chapter of <a href="/wiki/GLSEN" title="GLSEN">GLSEN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phil_A._Hannema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phil A. Hannema (page does not exist)">Phil A. Hannema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Hoagland" title="Sarah Hoagland">Sarah Hoagland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_J._Katz" title="Nancy J. Katz">Nancy J. Katz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danny_Kopelson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danny Kopelson (page does not exist)">Danny Kopelson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patricia_S._McCombs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patricia S. McCombs (page does not exist)">Patricia S. McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Shiller" title="Helen Shiller">Helen Shiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rene_Van_Hulle" title="Rene Van Hulle">Rene A. Van Hulle Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Wright&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israel Wright (page does not exist)">Israel Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lora_Branch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lora Branch (page does not exist)">Lora Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Castillo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Castillo (page does not exist)">Robert Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Gay_Men%27s_Chorus" title="Chicago Gay Men's Chorus">Chicago Gay Men's Chorus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_Elliott_(dancer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith Elliott (dancer) (page does not exist)">Keith Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Feigenholtz" title="Sara Feigenholtz">Sara Feigenholtz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Goley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Goley (page does not exist)">Frank Goley</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Maddox_(businessman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Maddox (businessman) (page does not exist)">Robert Maddox</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Hyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chuck Hyde (page does not exist)">Chuck Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_David_Jimenez_(activist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio David Jimenez (activist) (page does not exist)">Antonio David Jimenez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_A._Leppen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael A. Leppen (page does not exist)">Michael A. Leppen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellen_A._Meyers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellen A. Meyers (page does not exist)">Ellen A. Meyers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathryn_Munzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathryn Munzer (page does not exist)">Kathryn Munzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studs_Terkel" title="Studs Terkel">Studs Terkel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affinity_Community_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Affinity Community Services (page does not exist)">Affinity Community Services</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evette_Cardona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evette Cardona (page does not exist)">Evette Cardona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._C._Carter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. C. Carter (page does not exist)">C. C. Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Gates_(Chicago_businessman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jim Gates (Chicago businessman) (page does not exist)">Jim Gates (Chicago businessman)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_I._Lang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis I. Lang (page does not exist)">Louis I. Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattachine_Midwest" title="Mattachine Midwest">Mattachine Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAMES_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="NAMES Project">NAMES Project</a> Chicago Chapter</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Nelson_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Edward Nelson II (page does not exist)">Charles Edward Nelson II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mona_Noriega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mona Noriega (page does not exist)">Mona Noriega</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christina_Smith_(social_worker)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christina Smith (social worker) (page does not exist)">Christina Smith</a></li> <li>Lauren Sugerman</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angel_Abcede&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angel Abcede (page does not exist)">Angel Abcede</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=About_Face_Theatre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="About Face Theatre (page does not exist)">About Face Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIDS_Legal_Council_of_Chicago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AIDS Legal Council of Chicago (page does not exist)">AIDS Legal Council of Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddies%27_Restaurant_and_Bar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddies' Restaurant and Bar (page does not exist)">Buddies' Restaurant and Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tania_Callaway" title="Tania Callaway">Tania Callaway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armand_R._Cerbone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armand R. Cerbone (page does not exist)">Armand R. Cerbone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Black_Lesbians_and_Gays&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicago Black Lesbians and Gays (page does not exist)">Chicago Black Lesbians and Gays</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._Sue_Connolly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. Sue Connolly (page does not exist)">R. Sue Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon_Foster" title="Bon Foster">Bon Foster</a></li> <li>The Graham Family</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonda_L._Hughes" title="Tonda L. Hughes">Tonda L. Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patricia_M._Logue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patricia M. Logue (page does not exist)">Patricia M. Logue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pennycuff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Pennycuff (page does not exist)">John Pennycuff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_E._Spang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laurence E. Spang (page does not exist)">Laurence E. Spang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheron_Denise_Webb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheron Denise Webb (page does not exist)">Sheron Denise Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_N._Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert N. Williams (page does not exist)">Albert N. Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Brown_(artist)" title="Roger Brown (artist)">Roger Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Clason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher Clason (page does not exist)">Christopher Clason</a></li> <li>Charles E. Clifton</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Galati" title="Frank Galati">Frank Galati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Paul_Gernhardt" title="Ralph Paul Gernhardt">Ralph Paul Gernhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzanne_Marie_Kraus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suzanne Marie Kraus (page does not exist)">Suzanne Marie Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Park_Lagooners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lincoln Park Lagooners (page does not exist)">Lincoln Park Lagooners</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulryan_and_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mulryan and York (page does not exist)">Mulryan and York</a>, Attorneys at Law</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PFLAG" title="PFLAG">PFLAG</a>/Chicago</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julio_Rodriguez_(activist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julio Rodriguez (activist) (page does not exist)">Julio Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nan_Schaffer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nan Schaffer (page does not exist)">Nan Schaffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terri_Worman" title="Terri Worman">Terri Worman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Scott_Billings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandra Scott Billings (page does not exist)">Alexandra Scott Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megan_Carney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megan Carney (page does not exist)">Megan Carney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldo_Castillo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aldo Castillo (page does not exist)">Aldo Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D%27Emilio" title="John D'Emilio">John D'Emilio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_Illinois" title="Equality Illinois">Equality Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merry_Mary" title="Merry Mary">Merry Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mike_McHale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mike McHale (page does not exist)">Mike McHale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Pickett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jim Pickett (page does not exist)">Jim Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Reed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Reed (page does not exist)">Juan Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Ronen" title="Carol Ronen">Carol Ronen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._Michael_Savage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. Michael Savage (page does not exist)">C. Michael Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Sikora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catherine Sikora (page does not exist)">Catherine Sikora</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_E._Sloan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence E. Sloan (page does not exist)">Lawrence E. Sloan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Test_Positive_Aware_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Test Positive Aware Network (page does not exist)">Test Positive Aware Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_C._Anderson" title="Margaret C. Anderson">Margaret C. Anderson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Heap" title="Jane Heap">Jane Heap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_Or_Chadash" title="Congregation Or Chadash">Congregation Or Chadash</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Cristion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Cristion (page does not exist)">Jacques Cristion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Daley" title="Richard M. Daley">Richard M. Daley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marigold_Bowl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marigold Bowl (page does not exist)">Marigold Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jill_M._Metz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jill M. Metz (page does not exist)">Jill M. Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Middleton" title="Charles R. Middleton">Charles R. Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Negron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Negron (page does not exist)">Edward Negron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laird_Petersen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laird Petersen (page does not exist)">Laird Petersen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidetrack_(Chicago_bar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidetrack (Chicago bar) (page does not exist)">Sidetrack</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_Gaze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Star Gaze (page does not exist)">Star Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_M._Uyvari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard M. Uyvari (page does not exist)">Richard M. Uyvari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Veterans_for_Equal_Rights" title="American Veterans for Equal Rights">American Veterans for Equal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Blatt_(physician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Blatt (physician) (page does not exist)">David Blatt</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Moore_(physician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Moore (physician) (page does not exist)">David Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robbin_Burr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robbin Burr (page does not exist)">Robbin Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Games&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicago Games (page does not exist)">Chicago Games, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarrina_Dikes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarrina Dikes (page does not exist)">Tarrina Dikes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gapshis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Gapshis (page does not exist)">Martin Gapshis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_E._McCour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeffrey E. McCour (page does not exist)">Jeffrey E. McCour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_T._Mock" title="Carlos T. Mock">Carlos T. Mock</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilli_Pepper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chilli Pepper (page does not exist)">Chilli Pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Real_Read&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Real Read (page does not exist)">A Real Read</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_C._Sendziak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karen C. Sendziak (page does not exist)">Karen C. Sendziak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Sheahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Sheahan (page does not exist)">Patrick Sheahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Washington" title="Harold Washington">Harold Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vera_Washington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vera Washington (page does not exist)">Vera Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzanne_Arnold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suzanne Arnold (page does not exist)">Suzanne Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_Singers" title="Artemis Singers">Artemis Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevin_G._Boyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kevin G. Boyer (page does not exist)">Kevin G. Boyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michal_Brody&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michal Brody (page does not exist)">Michal Brody</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Coady&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sam Coady (page does not exist)">Sam Coady</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_R._Dell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory R. Dell (page does not exist)">Gregory R. Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Duffy" title="Katherine Duffy">Katherine (Kit) Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddie_Dugan_(nightclub_owner)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eddie Dugan (nightclub owner) (page does not exist)">Eddie Dugan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Edelman_(activist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murray Edelman (activist) (page does not exist)">Murray Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanda_Lust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wanda Lust (page does not exist)">Wanda Lust</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_La_Pat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joe La Pat (page does not exist)">Joe La Pat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_Salgueiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jesus Salgueiro (page does not exist)">Jesus Salgueiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_Smith_(chef)" title="Art Smith (chef)">Art Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_Warner_(activist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy Warner (activist) (page does not exist)">Guy Warner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_Foundation_of_Chicago" title="AIDS Foundation of Chicago">AIDS Foundation of Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paula_Basta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paula Basta (page does not exist)">Paula Basta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Conte" title="Lou Conte">Lou Conte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lori_A._Cooper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lori A. Cooper (page does not exist)">Lori A. Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_J._Lipetz" title="Marcia J. Lipetz">Marcia J. Lipetz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amy_Maggio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amy Maggio (page does not exist)">Amy Maggio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joey_McDonald_(activist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joey McDonald (activist) (page does not exist)">Joey McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Quigley" title="Mike Quigley">Mike Quigley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_M._Robinson" title="Frank M. Robinson">Frank M. Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_M._Hussein_Saks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jane M. Hussein Saks (page does not exist)">Jane M. Hussein Saks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaida_Sanabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaida Sanabia (page does not exist)">Zaida Sanabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Sinozich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Sinozich (page does not exist)">Patrick Sinozich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marilyn_Urso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marilyn Urso (page does not exist)">Marilyn Urso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010–201973" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010–2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Allen" title="Claudia Allen">Claudia Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> of Illinois</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asians_%26_Friends&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asians & Friends (page does not exist)">Asians & Friends</a> – Chicago</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_History_Museum" title="Chicago History Museum">Chicago History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dan_Di_Leo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dan Di Leo (page does not exist)">Dan Di Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scott_Free_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scott Free (musician) (page does not exist)">Scot Free</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Gammie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bob Gammie (page does not exist)">Bob Gammie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mr._Leather" title="International Mr. Leather">International Mr. Leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Patrick_Johnson" title="E. Patrick Johnson">E. Patrick Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ernesto_Munar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Ernesto Munar (page does not exist)">David Ernesto Munar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achy_Obejas" title="Achy Obejas">Achy Obejas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_G._Oostenbrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul G. Oostenbrug (page does not exist)">Paul G. Oostenbrug</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jose_R._Rios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jose R. Rios (page does not exist)">Jose R. Rios</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stan_Sloan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stan Sloan (page does not exist)">Stan Sloan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_E._Wojcik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark E. Wojcik (page does not exist)">Mark E. Wojcik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Adams_(AIDS_activist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Adams (AIDS activist) (page does not exist)">Paul Adams</a></li> <li>Greg Cameron</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonia_Flores&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonia Flores (page does not exist)">Antonia Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grant_Lynn_Ford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grant Lynn Ford (page does not exist)">Grant Lynn Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Garofalo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Garofalo (page does not exist)">Robert Garofalo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Good_Shepherd_Parish_Metropolitan_Community_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Good Shepherd Parish Metropolitan Community Church (page does not exist)">Good Shepherd Parish Metropolitan Community Church</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ted_Grady&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ted Grady (page does not exist)">Ted Grady</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcia_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcia Hill (page does not exist)">Marcia Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Jackson_(pianist)" title="Tony Jackson (pianist)">Tony Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenner_%26_Block" title="Jenner & Block">Jenner & Block</a> LLP</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakeside_Pride_Music_Ensembles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lakeside Pride Music Ensembles (page does not exist)">Lakeside Pride Music Ensembles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Night_Ministry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Night Ministry (page does not exist)">The Night Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Shingledecker" title="Brett Shingledecker">Brett Shingledecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Simmons" title="Jon Simmons">Jon Simmons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lois_L._Bates" title="Lois L. Bates">Lois L. Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chi-Town_Squares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chi-Town Squares (page does not exist)">Chi-Town Squares</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Black_Gay_Men%27s_Caucus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicago Black Gay Men's Caucus (page does not exist)">Chicago Black Gay Men's Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Sukie_de_la_Croix" title="St. Sukie de la Croix">St. Sukie de la Croix</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanford_E._Gaylord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanford E. Gaylord (page does not exist)">Sanford E. Gaylord</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_W._Greaves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William W. Greaves (page does not exist)">William W. Greaves</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_R._Green&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith R. Green (page does not exist)">Keith R. Green</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Ishaug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Ishaug (page does not exist)">Mark Ishaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Orr" title="David Orr">David Orr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proud_to_Run&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proud to Run (page does not exist)">Proud to Run</a>, Chicago</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_Pry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bill Pry (page does not exist)">Bill Pry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Rodocker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chuck Rodocker (page does not exist)">Chuck Rodocker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heather_C._Sawyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heather C. Sawyer (page does not exist)">Heather C. Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laura_S._Washington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laura S. Washington (page does not exist)">Laura S. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_West_(singer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honey West (singer) (page does not exist)">Honey West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaylon_Alcaraz" title="Gaylon Alcaraz">Gaylon Alcaraz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_L._Alexander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James L. Alexander (page does not exist)">James L. Alexander</a></li> <li>James L. Bennett</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Cestou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jorge Cestou (page does not exist)">Jorge Cestou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocco_J._Claps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rocco J. Claps (page does not exist)">Rocco J. Claps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolph_Johnson_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolph Johnson Jr. (page does not exist)">Rudolph Johnson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Legal" title="Lambda Legal">Lambda Legal - Midwest Regional Office</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_A._Newell_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lee A. Newell II (page does not exist)">Lee A. Newell II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat%C3%A9_(bartender)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paté (bartender) (page does not exist)">Paté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Patner" title="Andrew Patner">Andrew Patner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Performers_or_Writers_for_Women_on_Women%27s_Issues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Performers or Writers for Women on Women's Issues (page does not exist)">POW-WOW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ricketts" title="Laura Ricketts">Laura Ricketts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Steinberg" title="Neil Steinberg">Neil Steinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burr_Tillstrom" title="Burr Tillstrom">Burr Tillstrom</a></li> <li>Brenda Webb</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Zak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Zak (page does not exist)">David Zak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Arpino" title="Gerald Arpino">Gerald Arpino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Brier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jennifer Brier (page does not exist)">Jennifer Brier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Cassidy" title="Kelly Cassidy">Kelly Cassidy</a></li> <li>Terry Cosgrove</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Kahrl" title="Christina Kahrl">Christina Kahrl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Mogul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Mogul (page does not exist)">Edward Mogul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Marie_Pickens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lisa Marie Pickens (page does not exist)">Lisa Marie Pickens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debra_Shore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Debra Shore (page does not exist)">Debra Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ross_A._Slotten,_M.D.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ross A. Slotten, M.D. (page does not exist)">Ross A. Slotten, M.D.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bennet_Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bennet Williams (page does not exist)">Bennet Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Out_%26_Proud_in_Chicago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Out & Proud in Chicago (page does not exist)">Out & Proud in Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_Rising" title="Silk Road Rising">Silk Road Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucretia_Clay-Ward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucretia Clay-Ward (page does not exist)">Lucretia Clay-Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_A._Steans" class="mw-redirect" title="Heather A. Steans">Heather A. Steans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clarence_N._Wood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clarence N. Wood (page does not exist)">Clarence N. Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Albright&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Albright (page does not exist)">Jean Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Eychaner" title="Fred Eychaner">Fred Eychaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Garcia" title="Emmanuel Garcia">Emmanuel Garcia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Jencyzk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanley Jencyzk (page does not exist)">Stanley Jencyzk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_and_Gay_Police_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesbian and Gay Police Association (page does not exist)">Lesbian and Gay Police Association</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gay_Officers_Action_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gay Officers Action League (page does not exist)">Gay Officers Action League</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_Matthews&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenix Matthews (page does not exist)">Phoenix Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gail_Morse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gail Morse (page does not exist)">Gail Morse</a></li> <li>Michael O'Connor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Schakowsky" title="Jan Schakowsky">Jan Schakowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Smith_(activist)" title="Barbara Smith (activist)">Barbara Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camilla_B._Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camilla B. Taylor (page does not exist)">Camilla B. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lauren_Verdich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lauren Verdich (page does not exist)">Lauren Verdich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Welbon" title="Yvonne Welbon">Yvonne Welbon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martxa_Vidal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martxa Vidal (page does not exist)">Martxa Vidal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Seledon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norma Seledon (page does not exist)">Norma Seledon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Quinn_(politician)" title="Pat Quinn (politician)">Patrick Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Klein" title="Thomas Klein">Thomas Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Law_School_(Chicago)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Marshall Law School (Chicago)">John Marshall Law School</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_L._Hunt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim L. Hunt (page does not exist)">Kim L. Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Dennis" title="Patrick Dennis">Patrick Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lee_Csicsko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Lee Csicsko (page does not exist)">David Lee Csicsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cerda" title="David Cerda">David Cerda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rom%C3%A1n_Buenrostro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Román Buenrostro (page does not exist)">Román Buenrostro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Bogan" title="Ronald E. Bogan">Ronald E. Bogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Chicks" title="Big Chicks">Big Chicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bachtell" title="Tom Bachtell">Tom Bachtell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amigas_Latinas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amigas Latinas (page does not exist)">Amigas Latinas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Henry_Allerton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Henry Allerton (page does not exist)">Robert Allerton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Keith Butler</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathy_Caldwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathy Caldwell (page does not exist)">Kathy Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketty_Teanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketty Teanga (page does not exist)">Ketty Teanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greer_Lankton" title="Greer Lankton">Greer Lankton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Nagel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Nagel (page does not exist)">Mark Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Pietrandoni" title="Glen Pietrandoni">Glen Pietrandoni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dulce_Quintero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dulce Quintero (page does not exist)">Dulce Quintero</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timothy_Stewart-Winter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timothy Stewart-Winter (page does not exist)">Timothy Stewart-Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alicia_T._Vega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alicia T. Vega (page does not exist)">Alicia T. Vega</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lavender_Woman" title="Lavender Woman">Lavender Woman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leather_Archives_and_Museums&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leather Archives and Museums (page does not exist)">Leather Archives and Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_Like_Us_Bookstore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People Like Us Bookstore (page does not exist)">People Like Us Bookstore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphawood_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphawood Foundation">Alphawood Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralla_Klepak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralla Klepak (page does not exist)">Ralla Klepak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020–202973" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020–2029</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Paul_Deratany" title="Jay Paul Deratany">Jay Paul Deratany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denise_Foy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denise Foy (page does not exist)">Denise Foy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalila_Fridi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalila Fridi (page does not exist)">Dalila Fridi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Drake_Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joel Drake Johnson (page does not exist)">Joel Drake Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Kulieke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Kulieke (page does not exist)">Stephen Kulieke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matt_Stuczynski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matt Stuczynski (page does not exist)">Matt Stuczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Zacarias" title="Michelle Zacarias">Michelle Zacarias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Baar_Topinka" title="Judy Baar Topinka">Judy Baar Topinka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenetta_Howell_Barrett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brenetta Howell Barrett (page does not exist)">Brenetta Howell Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Mexican_Art" title="National Museum of Mexican Art">National Museum of Mexican Art</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Legacy_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Legacy Project (page does not exist)">The Legacy Project</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Windy_City_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Windy City Times">The Windy City Times</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_%26_Children_First_(bookstore)" title="Women & Children First (bookstore)">Women & Children First Bookstore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terry_Lynn_Gaskins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terry Lynn Gaskins (page does not exist)">Terry Lynn Gaskins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Crossman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Crossman (page does not exist)">Raymond Crossman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_J._Ehemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald J. Ehemann (page does not exist)">Ronald J. Ehemann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ademola_Adewoye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Ademola Adewoye (page does not exist)">John Ademola Adewoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprice_Carthans" title="Caprice Carthans">Caprice Carthans</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021 <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Clemmens" title="Ginni Clemmens">Ginni Clemmens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Isadora_Cruz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lisa Isadora Cruz (page does not exist)">Lisa Isadora Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lana_Hostetler" title="Lana Hostetler">Lana Hostetler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hunt_(activist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Hunt (activist) (page does not exist)">Thomas Hunt (activist)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayne_Johnson_(graphic_designer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayne Johnson (graphic designer) (page does not exist)">Wayne Johnson (graphic designer)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otis_Mack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otis Mack (page does not exist)">Otis Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PrideChicago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PrideChicago (page does not exist)">PrideChicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralphi_Rosario" title="Ralphi Rosario">Ralphi Rosario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Lark_Ross" title="Betty Lark Ross">Betty Lark Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_Pride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urban Pride (page does not exist)">Urban Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirk_Williamson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirk Williamson (page does not exist)">Kirk Williamson</a></li> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022 <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Green" title="Maya Green">Maya Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahara_Monique_Bassett" title="Zahara Monique Bassett">Zahara Monique Bassett</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Harvat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew Harvat (page does not exist)">Matthew Harvat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Highfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Highfield (page does not exist)">Paul Highfield</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_(T.L.)_Noble&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas (T.L.) Noble (page does not exist)">Thomas (T.L.) Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joey_Soloway" title="Joey Soloway">Joey Soloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Wolf_(Chicago)" title="Dan Wolf (Chicago)">Dan Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windy_City_Performer_Arts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Windy City Performer Arts (page does not exist)">Windy City Performer Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outspoken_(Chicago)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outspoken (Chicago) (page does not exist)">Outspoken</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homocore_Chicago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homocore Chicago (page does not exist)">Homocore Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Latham" title="Patricia Latham">Patty the Pin Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Holocaust_Museum_and_Education_Center" title="Illinois Holocaust Museum and Education Center">Illinois Holocaust Museum and Education Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season_of_Concern_Chicago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Season of Concern Chicago (page does not exist)">Season of Concern Chicago</a></li> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023 <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hillis" title="Margaret Hillis">Margaret Hillis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Neubert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Neubert (page does not exist)">Robert Neubert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Davis_(journalist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Davis (journalist) (page does not exist)">Andrew Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Loundy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Loundy (page does not exist)">Joseph Loundy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Dee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Dee (page does not exist)">Jan Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Pritzker" title="Jennifer Pritzker">Jennifer Pritzker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Jett_Blakk" title="Joan Jett Blakk">Terence Alan Smith (Joan Jett-Blakk)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Alphabet (page does not exist)">Black Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_DeShawn" title="Anna DeShawn">Anna DeShawn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avery_R._Young&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avery R. Young (page does not exist)">avery r. young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurie_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Lurie Children's Hospital">Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Gender Development Program</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linda_Bubon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linda Bubon (page does not exist)">Linda Bubon</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180989#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3718" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180989#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3718" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180989#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108705353">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/12382490">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/42421/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmP73VYTHtBBvMh6HVQv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118643800">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Addams, Jane, 1860-1935"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79104234">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12347170x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12347170x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00431000">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Addams, Jane"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V036185">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35001297">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup19970000000463&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02842267?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500255570">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/784888">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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