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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Luther Bible (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Lutherbibel) is a <a href="/wiki/German_language#Early_New_High_German" title="German language">German language</a> <a href="/wiki/Bible_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible translation">Bible translation</a> by the Protestant reformer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>. A <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> translation by Luther was first published in September 1522; the completed <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> contained 75 books, including the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, which was printed in 1534. Luther continued to make improvements to the text until 1545. It was one of the first full <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_German" title="Bible translations into German">translations of the Bible into German</a> that used not only the Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> but also the Greek.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:maroon;color:white;">Luther Bible</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutherbibel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/310px-Lutherbibel.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/465px-Lutherbibel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/620px-Lutherbibel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="759"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Martin Luther's 1534 Bible</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Full name</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Biblia / das ist / die gantze Heilige Schrifft Deudsch</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">LUT</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">OT</a> published</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1534</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">NT</a> published</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1522</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Complete Bible published</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1534<a href="#cite_note-Lobenstein-Reichmann-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Authorship</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Philipp Melanchthon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Creuziger" title="Caspar Creuziger">Caspar Creuziger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">Johannes Bugenhagen</a></li><li>others<a href="#cite_note-Mathesius-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Textual basis</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>NT: <a href="/wiki/Textus_Receptus" title="Textus Receptus">Textus Receptus</a> (Luther) <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> (Bugenhagen)<a href="#cite_note-Mathesius-2">[2]</a></li><li>OT: <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> (Melanchthon) <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text#Critical_study" title="Masoretic Text">2nd Bomberg Edition</a> (Creuziger)<a href="#cite_note-Mathesius-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Version revision</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1984 (last official revision)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lufft" title="Hans Lufft">Hans Lufft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Copyright</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Public domain due to age</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Religious affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran churches</a></li><li>Several <a href="/wiki/Reformed_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed churches">Reformed churches</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:1" title="Genesis 1:1">Genesis 1:1–3</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> Am anfang schuff Gott Himel vnd Erden. Vnd die Erde war wüst und leer / und es war finster auff der Tieffe / Vnd der Geist Gottes schwebet auff dem Wasser. Und Gott sprach / Es werde Liecht / Und es ward Liecht. (1545 revised 5th edition)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/John_3:16" title="John 3:16">John 3:16</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> Also hat Gott die Welt geliebet / das er seinen eingeboren Son gab / Auff das alle die an jn gleuben / nicht verloren werden / sondern das ewige Leben haben. (1545 revised 5th edition)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Luther did not translate the entire Bible by himself; he relied on a team of translators and helpers that included <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a>, a scholar of <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> who motivated and assisted Luther's New Testament translation from Greek, and <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Aurogallus" title="Matthäus Aurogallus">Matthäus Aurogallus</a>, a linguist and scholar of Hebrew. One of the textual bases of the New Testament translation was the Latin and Greek versions, and its <a href="/wiki/Philological" class="mw-redirect" title="Philological">philological</a> annotations, recently published by the Dutch Catholic humanist <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus of Rotterdam</a> and called the <a href="/wiki/Novum_Instrumentum_omne#Second_edition" title="Novum Instrumentum omne">Novum Testamentum omne</a> (1519). The project absorbed Luther's later years.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany#Culture_and_literacy" title="History of Germany">spread of literacy in early modern Germany</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lobenstein-Reichmann-1">[1]</a> promoting the development of non-local forms of language and exposing all speakers to forms of German from outside their own areas.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Thanks to the then recently invented <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> the result was widely disseminated and contributed significantly to the development of today's <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">modern High German language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lobenstein-Reichmann-1">[1]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Previous_German_translations">1 Previous German translations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Translation_approaches">1.1 Translation approaches</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Contemporaneous">1.2 Contemporaneous</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#%22September_Bible%22_New_Testament_(1522)">2 "September Bible" New Testament (1522)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Complete_Bible">3 Complete Bible</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Editions_during_Luther's_lifetime">3.1 Editions during Luther's lifetime</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Editions_after_1546">3.2 Editions after 1546</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Official_church_revisions">3.3 Official church revisions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Books_of_the_Luther_Bible">4 Books of the Luther Bible</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Mistranslations_and_controversies">5 Mistranslations and controversies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#View_of_canonicity">6 View of canonicity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Influence">7 Influence</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Publishing_success">7.1 Publishing success</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Emergence_of_modern_German">7.2 Emergence of modern German</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#National_identity">7.3 National identity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Literacy_and_order">7.4 Literacy and order</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Used_as_basis_of_other_translations">7.5 Used as basis of other translations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Excerpted_examples">8 Excerpted examples</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#References">10 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Notes">10.1 Notes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Previous_German_translations">Previous German translations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Previous German translations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The Luther Bible was not the first translation or printing of the Bible into German.<a href="#cite_note-Volz-9">[9]</a> A number of <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_German" title="Bible translations into German">Bible translations into German</a>, both manuscript and printed, were produced prior to Luther's birth. Historian Margaret O'Rourke Boyle has claimed: "there was no causation between the Lutheran Reformation and the popular reading of Scripture."<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <ul><li>There are still approximately 1,000 manuscripts or manuscript fragments of <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_German#Pre-Lutheran_Germanic_Bibles" title="Bible translations into German">Medieval German Bible translations</a> extant, mainly from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.<a href="#cite_note-arblaster-11">[11]</a>: 116 </li></ul> <ul><li>In total, there were at least eighteen complete <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_German#Printed_Bibles" title="Bible translations into German">printed German Bible editions</a>, ninety editions in the vernacular of the Gospels and the readings of the Sundays and Holy Days, and some fourteen German Psalters by the time Luther first published his own New Testament translation.<a href="#cite_note-arblaster-11">[11]</a>: 116 </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translation_approaches">Translation approaches</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Translation approaches" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> These previous translations were coupled to the Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> and typically word-for-word or literal translations that were not idiomatic in any German dialect, nor necessarily intended to be. One previous word-for-word translation from 1350, printed by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Mentelin" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Mentelin">Johann Mentelin</a> in 1466, has been called linguistically clumsy and partially incomprehensible.<a href="#cite_note-Volz-9">[9]</a> Luther adopted more of a free phrase-by-phrase or <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_equivalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic equivalence">dynamic equivalence</a> translation approach and made use of some of <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>' Greek and annotations in his <a href="/wiki/Novum_Instrumentum_omne" title="Novum Instrumentum omne">Novum Testamentum omne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carter-12">[12]</a> However, at least some of Luther's passages can be explained as translations from the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bluhm-13">[13]</a>: 230, 231 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporaneous">Contemporaneous</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contemporaneous" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_German#Other_translations_after_Luther's_New_Testament" title="Bible translations into German">Bible translations into German § Other translations after Luther's New Testament</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich Bible">Zürich Bible</a> was released in stages from 1525 to 1530, made by <a href="/wiki/Zwingli" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwingli">Zwingli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Jud" title="Leo Jud">Leo Jud</a>. It was a <a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic" class="mw-redirect" title="High Alemannic">High Alemannic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a>) revision of Luther's New Testament altered in word order and vocabulary,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> with a new Old Testament: the books of the prophets were derived from the 1527 translation of the Anabaptists <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Haetzer" title="Ludwig Haetzer">Ludwig Haetzer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Denck" title="Hans Denck">Hans Denck</a>. The publication of the complete Zwinglibibel pre-dates the complete Lutherbibel by four years. A Catholic revision of Luther's New Testament was issued in 1526 by <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Emser" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieronymus Emser">Hieronymus Emser</a>, and in 1534 <a href="/wiki/Johann_Dietenberger" title="Johann Dietenberger">Johann Dietenberger</a> released a complete Bible based on Emser's New Testament and the Zwingli/Jud Old Testament. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">Johannes Bugenhagen</a> published a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a> version of Luther's New Testament in 1534. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id='"September_Bible"_New_Testament_(1522)'>"September Bible" New Testament (1522)</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=4" title='Edit section: "September Bible" New Testament (1522)' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> While he was sequestered in the <a href="/wiki/Wartburg_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Wartburg Castle">Wartburg Castle</a> for ten months (May 4, 1521–March 3, 1522),<a href="#cite_note-National_Library_of_Scotland_2017-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Luther began to translate the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> from Latin and Greek<a href="#cite_note-Vedder-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bluhm-13">[13]</a> into <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German#Chancery_languages" title="Early New High German">Saxon German</a>. Luther used <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>' second edition (1519) of the Latin New Testament with Greek (later developed into the <a href="/wiki/Textus_Receptus" title="Textus Receptus">Textus Receptus</a>) and annotations. After leaving the castle, he revised passages obscure to him with the assistance of Greek specialist <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip Melanchthon">Phillip Melanchthon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>: 56 Like Erasmus, Luther had learned some Greek at the Latin schools led by the <a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Common_Life" title="Brethren of the Common Life">Brethren of the Common Life</a> (Erasmus in <a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a>, the Netherlands; and Luther in <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>, Germany). These lay brothers had added Greek as a new subject to their curriculum in the late 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> At that time Greek was seldom taught even at universities. Known as the "September Bible", this translation included only the New Testament and was printed in September 1522, six months after he had returned to <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a>. Luther also published the Bible in the small <a href="/wiki/Octavo" title="Octavo">octavo</a> format. In the opinion of the 19th-century Protestant theologian and church historian <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> The richest fruit of Luther's leisure in the Wartburg, and the most important and useful work of his whole life, is the translation of the New Testament, by which he brought the teaching and example of Christ and the Apostles to the mind and heart of the Germans in life-like reproduction. It was a republication of the gospel. He made the Bible the people's book in church, school, and house.<a href="#cite_note-Schaff-20">[20]</a></blockquote> Luther's translation was "remarkably free for its time"<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> as Luther's translation goal was to produce idiomatic Saxon German rather than a literal translation.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Schaff notes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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#aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Philip_Schaff_on_Luther%27s_Bible" class="extiw" title="q:Philip Schaff on Luther's Bible">Philip Schaff on Luther's Bible</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">He adapted the words to the capacity of the Germans, often at the expense of accuracy.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc7/hcc7.ii.iv.iv.html">§ 63.</a> A Critical Estimate of Luther's Version</cite></div></blockquote> For example, he translated δίκαιος -forms with gerecht -words to refer to divine righteousness, but with frum -words in contexts which refer to human goodness, with billig for what is fitting or appropriate, and with recht -words when referring to lawful conduct, to create distinctions that reflected his theological view.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Complete_Bible">Complete Bible</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Complete Bible" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The translation of the entire Bible into German was published in a six-part edition in 1534, a collaborative effort of Luther and many others such as <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">Johannes Bugenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Creuziger" title="Caspar Creuziger">Caspar Creuziger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Aurogallus" title="Matthäus Aurogallus">Matthäus Aurogallus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georg_R%C3%B6rer" title="Georg Rörer">Georg Rörer</a>. Luther worked on refining the translation up to his death in 1546;<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> he had worked on the edition that was printed that year. The Old Testament was translated using a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a> of <a href="/wiki/Early_editions_of_the_Hebrew_Bible#Soncino_Bibles" title="Early editions of the Hebrew Bible">Soncino</a>, the Vulgate of <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, the Septuagint, and, later, Latin versions by <a href="/wiki/Santes_Pagnino#Writings" title="Santes Pagnino">Santes Pagnino</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster" title="Sebastian Münster">Sebastian Münster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schaff-20">[20]</a>: § 63 The 1534 edition issued by the <a href="/wiki/Hans_Lufft" title="Hans Lufft">Hans Lufft</a> press in Wittenberg included 117 original woodcuts.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> This reflected the recent trend (since 1522) of including artwork to reinforce the textual message.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> According to Biblical historian W. Gordon Campbell, Lufft's printing of the Bible was introduced for sale at the <a href="/wiki/Michaelmas" title="Michaelmas">Michaelmas</a> fair in <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The work, was printed on 1,824 pages in two volumes with the addition of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> to Luther's 1522 <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, and included woodcut illustrations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editions_during_Luther's_lifetime">Editions during Luther's lifetime</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Editions during Luther's lifetime" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Revisions were made during and after Luther's lifetime, sometimes with multiple editions in a single year. The 1530 edition is regarded as his most thoroughgoing revision of the New Testament. The successive revisions were less constrained by Latin and Greek.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Luther's Bible was a bestseller in its time. About 200,000 copies in hundreds of reprinted editions appeared before Luther died in 1546. However, the book remained too expensive for most people; an unbound copy of the complete 1534 Bible cost the equivalent of a month's wages for the average laborer. Instead, the Bible was bought by churches, pastors, and schools.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editions_after_1546">Editions after 1546</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Editions after 1546" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Even though the translation and revision work on the Luther Bible ended with Martin Luther's death in 1546, this does not mean that the text of the Luther Bible was no longer changed. It was reprinted and distributed in various places. New adaptations were made time and again. Text changes were part of the everyday business for printers and typesetters. Depending on the region, dialectal idiosyncrasies were incorporated and unfamiliar expressions replaced. Due to its fundamental importance for Protestantism, voices were soon raised that wanted to regulate the content of the Luther Bible, but such initiatives were regionally limited. Three regional versions came to prominence. <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Central_Germany_(cultural_area)" title="Central Germany (cultural area)">central Germany</a>, the Normalbibel imposed by <a href="/wiki/Augustus,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Augustus, Elector of Saxony">Augustus, Elector of Saxony</a>, was the standard text for decades from 1581 onwards.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Elector_Bible" title="Elector Bible">Kurfürstenbibel</a> (Elector's Bible), printed in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> in 1641, was compiled by a committee of the theological faculty in <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a> with the aim of producing an exact reprint of the 1545 edition. By this time, however, everyday language had already clearly moved away from Luther's language. For this reason, more and more Bible editions tried to make the text easier to understand by adding glossaries.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li>In 1690, a carefully edited version of the text was also published in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">northern Germany</a> in the form of the Stader Bibel (<a href="/wiki/Stade" title="Stade">Stade</a> Bible), after translations of the Luther Bible into <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> had been common in northern Germany until then. Johannes Diecmann, who studied philology in Bremen, had compared numerous editions of the Bible and was thus able to publish the most reliable edition of the Luther Bible to date. The Stader Bibel also formed the textual basis for the first printing of the <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hildebrand_von_Canstein" title="Carl Hildebrand von Canstein">Canstein Bible Society</a>. This "Canstein Bible" was the most widely used Luther Bible until the end of the 19th century.</li></ul> Nevertheless, the number of different versions of the text grew. By the end of the 19th century, there were around ten different versions of the Luther Bible, which contained numerous errors, some of which distorted the meaning. In some editions, for example, the "Sintflut" (<a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a>) became the "Sündflut" (Flood of Sins), "Osterfest" (<a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>) was inadvertently reinterpreted as the "Opferfest" (Feast of Sacrifice) and Luther's now incomprehensible expression "freidig" (courageous, bold) became "freudig" (joyful).<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_church_revisions">Official church revisions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Official church revisions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1863, the Deutsche Evangelische Kirchenkonferenz (EKD, German Protestant Church Conference) decided to prepare a revision of the Luther Bible. Linguistic modernisation was avoided. The explicit aim was to produce a standardised text in which obviously incorrect passages were carefully corrected. The editing lasted until 1892, when the edition was confirmed by the EKD and published by the Bible societies.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Shortly after the first revision, the EKD realised that the Luther Bible contained too many archaisms and that the spelling did not conform to the current rules. With the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Duden" title="Duden">Duden</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a>, a binding spelling system was taught in schools for the first time. So it was unacceptable that the Luther Bible, of all things, deviated from this. The text was carefully modernised and adopted and the second official church revision was published in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The Bible societies were of the opinion that the text was still completely outdated and that the Luther Bible could therefore lose its character as a popular book, but the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second</a> World Wars hampered editorial work. Partial revisions were made in 1956, 1964, 1970, and 1975. In 1976, "Luther NT", a very modern version of the New Testament, was published, but it met with much opposition, so that the translation had to be revised again. In 1984, the third official church revision of the Luther Bible was then completed and published.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> This version was adapted to the <a href="/wiki/German_orthography_reform_of_1996" title="German orthography reform of 1996">new German orthography</a> in 1999. Here also some revisions have taken place, e.g., Weib changed to Frau. Despite the revisions, the language is still somewhat archaic and difficult for non-native speakers who want to learn the German language using a German translation of the Bible. In 2017, on the 500th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Reformation_Day" title="Reformation Day">Reformation Day</a> and the posting of the <a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a>, the fourth official revision of the Luther Bible was published. This is the translation currently in use. Some of the text that had been toned down in previous revisions has, in this revision, been reverted to Luther's stronger formulations.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The Apocrypha were extensively revised. The Septuagint, the old Greek translation of the Old Testament, was used throughout for the translation of the Apocrypha. As a result, the numbering of the verses had to be revised in some cases.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Books_of_the_Luther_Bible">Books of the Luther Bible</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Books of the Luther Bible" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> The complete 1534 edition of the Luther Bible contains a total of 75 books, including 39 books of the Old Testament, 9 books of the Apocrypha, and 27 books of the New Testament:<a href="#cite_note-LutherF%C3%BCssel-37">[37]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a><a href="#cite_note-LB-38">[38]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Samuel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of Solomon">Song of Solomon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a><a href="#cite_note-LB-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-LutherF%C3%BCssel-37">[37]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Maccabees" title="Books of the Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Maccabees" title="Books of the Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Esther" class="mw-redirect" title="Additions to Esther">Additions to Esther</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Saint Matthew</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Saint Mark</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Saint Luke</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Saint John</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">First Epistle to the Corinthians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">Second Epistle to the Corinthians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Epistle to the Galatians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Epistle to the Ephesians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Epistle to the Philippians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Epistle to the Colossians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">First Epistle to the Thessalonians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">Second Epistle to the Thessalonians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">First Epistle to Timothy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">Second Epistle to Timothy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Epistle to Titus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Epistle to Philemon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">First Epistle of Peter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">Second Epistle of Peter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">First Epistle of John</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">Second Epistle of John</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">Third Epistle of John</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Mistranslations_and_controversies">Mistranslations and controversies</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mistranslations and controversies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Luther controversially added the word "alone" (allein in German) to <a href="/wiki/Romans_3:28" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans 3:28">Romans 3:28</a> so that it read: "So now we hold, that man is justified without the help of the works of the law, alone through faith".<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The word "alone" does not appear in the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">texts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> but Luther defended his translation by maintaining that the adverb "alone" was required both by idiomatic German and the <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">apostle Paul's</a> intended meaning according to his interpretation,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and that sola had been used in Western theological tradition before him. Many Protestant and Catholic scholars have noted the bias or methological flaw in Luther's translation (i.e. using <a href="/wiki/Idiom#Translation" title="Idiom">idiomacity</a> as a justification for making explicit a proposition that is, at best, implicit in the text) including Anglican apologist <a href="/wiki/Alister_McGrath" title="Alister McGrath">Alister McGrath</a>:<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Luther insisted that Paul's doctrine of "justification by faith" was definitive for Christianity. And to make sure that there was no understandings about this, he added the word "alone" lest anyone see faith as one among a number of causes of justification-including works. This addition caused a furor. Catholics pointed out that the NT nowhere taught "justification by faith alone"; indeed, the Letter of James explicitly condemned the idea. Luther responded by making the point that his slogan encapsulated neatly the substance of the NT even if it did not use precisely its original words. And as for the letter of James, was it not "an epistle of straw" that ought not to be in the NT anyway? This second argument caused considerable unease within Protestant circles and was not maintained by Luther's successors.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Alister Mcgrath</cite></div></blockquote> The 2017 version of the Lutherbibel has added footnotes on Romans 1:17, Romans 2:13, Romans 3:21, and Romans 3:28 which note that German idiom does not, in fact, require alone. While the text of the 2017 version retains the disputed word "alone" (So halten wir nun dafür, dass der Mensch gerecht wird ohne des Gesetzes Werke, allein durch den Glauben), the footnote gives a "literal" translation (Wörtlich: »dass der Mensch aus Glauben gerechtfertigt wird, ohne Werke des Gesetzes«) for the second half of the verse.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Another controversial translation in the 1522 New Testament is 1 Timothy 2:4, which translates that God wills that all men "be helped" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: geholfen werden) rather than the expected "be saved" for <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%E1%BF%B4%CE%B6%CF%89">σωθῆναι</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>: 484 Karl-Heinz Göttert, a professor of Medieval Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a>, in reference to his book Luther's Bible - History of a Hostile Takeover noted:<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Luther developed a certain theology and now he wants to prove this theology. He wants to show it... You can call that awesome and you can call it wrong. In any case, it does not offer a philologically clean translation of the Bible.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Karl-Heinz Gottert</cite></div></blockquote> An example of this is Gal 5:6, where the usual translation "For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision availeth any thing nor uncircumcision: but faith that worketh by love" is inverted to "love that works by faith": <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: "Denn ynn Christo Jhesu gilt widder beschneydung noch vorhaut etwas, ßondern die liebe, die durch den glawben thettig (tätig) ist."<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Luther also added German legal terminology which is not found in the original text, for example Denkzettel in Matthew 23:5.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> There were translations, such as in Psalms 104, 18 where he translated <a href="/wiki/Rock_hyrax" title="Rock hyrax">conies</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> (German: Klippschliefer or Klippdachs, the latter used in modern German Bible translations)<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> as <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a> (German: Kaninchen),<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> because there were no conies/hyraxes in Germany and no word for it at the time. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="View_of_canonicity">View of canonicity</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: View of canonicity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Luther%27s_first_study_of_the_Bible_(4674520).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Portrait_of_Luther%27s_first_study_of_the_Bible_%284674520%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Luther%27s_first_study_of_the_Bible_%284674520%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="929"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 248px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Portrait_of_Luther%27s_first_study_of_the_Bible_%284674520%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Luther%27s_first_study_of_the_Bible_%284674520%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="248" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Portrait_of_Luther%27s_first_study_of_the_Bible_%284674520%29.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Luther%27s_first_study_of_the_Bible_%284674520%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Portrait_of_Luther%27s_first_study_of_the_Bible_%284674520%29.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Luther%27s_first_study_of_the_Bible_%284674520%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Luther's first study of the Bible</figcaption></figure> Initially Luther had a low view of the Old Testament book of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a> and of the New Testament books of <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation of John</a>. He called the Letter of James "an epistle of straw", finding little in it that pointed to Christ and his saving work. He also had harsh words for the Revelation of John, saying that he could "in no way detect that the Holy Spirit produced it".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In his translation of the New Testament, Luther moved Hebrews and James out of the usual order, to join Jude and the Revelation at the end, and differentiated these from the other books which he considered "the true and certain chief books of the New Testament. The four which follow have from ancient times had a different reputation."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> His views on some of these books changed in later years, and became more positive.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Luther chose to place the books he considered <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Biblical apocrypha</a> between the Old and New Testaments. These books and addenda to <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a> of the Old Testament are found in the ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> but not in the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Masoretic text">Masoretic text</a>. Luther left the translating of them largely to <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Philipp Melanchthon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brecht_98-55">[55]</a> Though included, they were not numbered in the table of contents of his 1532 Old Testament, and in the 1534 Bible they were given the well-known title: "Apocrypha: These Books Are Not Held Equal to the Scriptures, but Are Useful and Good to Read".<a href="#cite_note-Brecht_98-55">[55]</a> See also <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_Biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian Biblical canon">Development of the Christian Biblical canon</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Influence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> A large part of Luther's significance was in his influence on the emergence of the German language and national identity. This stemmed predominantly from his translation of the Bible into the vernacular, which was potentially as revolutionary as canon law and the burning of the papal bull.<a href="#cite_note-Carter-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishing_success">Publishing success</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Publishing success" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Luther adopted the officially-promoted bureaucratic dialect <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German#Chancery_languages" title="Early New High German">Saxon Chancery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Some writers claim his translation was guided by how people spoke (presumably in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a> dialect),<a href="#cite_note-Carter-12">[12]</a> and that Luther's faithfulness to the language spoken by the common people was to produce a work which they could relate to.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> This led later German writers such as <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> to praise Luther's Bible.<a href="#cite_note-Carter_2-58">[58]</a> Moreover, because Luther's Bible was printed, it could spread rapidly and could be read by or to all. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Lufft" title="Hans Lufft">Hans Lufft</a>, the Bible printer in <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a>, printed over 100,000 copies between 1534 and 1574, and these were read by or to millions.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Luther's vernacular Bible came to be present in virtually every German-speaking Protestant's home, and increased the Biblical knowledge of the German common masses.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Luther even had large-print Bibles made for those who had failing eyesight.<a href="#cite_note-Carter_2-58">[58]</a> Luther's goal was to equip every German-speaking Christian with the ability to hear the Word of God,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and his completing his translation of the Old and New Testaments from Hebrew and Greek into the vernacular by 1534 was one of the most significant acts of the Reformation.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Catholic German humanist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Cochlaeus" title="Johann Cochlaeus">Johann Cochlaeus</a> complained that <blockquote>Luther's New Testament was so much multiplied and spread by printers that even <a href="/wiki/Plowboy_trope" title="Plowboy trope">tailors and shoemakers</a>, yea, even women and ignorant persons who had accepted this new Lutheran gospel, and could read a little German, studied it with the greatest avidity as the fountain of all truth. Some committed it to memory, and carried it about in their bosom. In a few months such people deemed themselves so learned that they were not ashamed to dispute about faith and the gospel not only with Catholic laymen, but even with priests and monks and doctors of divinity."<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_modern_German">Emergence of modern German</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Emergence of modern German" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a></div> Luther's German Bible and its widespread circulation facilitated the emergence of a standard, modern <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> for the German-speaking people throughout the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, an empire extending through and beyond present-day Germany. It is also considered a landmark in <a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German literature</a>, with Luther's vernacular style often praised by modern German sources for the forceful vigor ("kraftvolles Deutsch")<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> with which he translated the Holy Scripture. The spread of Luther's Bible translation had implications for the German language. The German language had developed into so many dialects that German speakers from different regions could barely understand each other. This led Luther to conclude that "I have so far read no book or letter in which the German language is properly handled. Nobody seems to care sufficiently for it; and every preacher thinks he has a right to change it at pleasure and to invent new terms."<a href="#cite_note-Schaff_12-72">[72]</a> Scholars preferred to write in the Latin which they all understood. Luther's Bible translation, based primarily on <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German#Chancery_languages" title="Early New High German">Saxon Chancery language</a> used in royal courts and his native <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Saxon dialect">Upper Saxon dialect</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and enriched with the vocabulary of German poets and chroniclers, was a step on the path to a standardized German language,<a href="#cite_note-Schaff_12-72">[72]</a> as <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a> developed into modern "neuhochdeutsch." A contemporary of Luther's, <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Alberus" title="Erasmus Alberus">Erasmus Alberus</a>, labeled him the German <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, as he reformed not only religion but the German language also. Luther's Bible has been hailed as the first German "classic", comparable to the English <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> of the Bible. German-speaking Protestant writers and poets such as Klopstock, Herder, and Lessing owe stylistic qualities to Luther's vernacular Bible.<a href="#cite_note-Schaff_13-74">[74]</a> Luther adapted words to the capacity of the German public and through the pervasiveness of his German Bible, created and spread the modern German language.<a href="#cite_note-Schaff_13-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_identity">National identity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: National identity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Luther's vernacular Bible also had a role in the creation of a German national identity based on language. Because it penetrated every German-speaking Protestant home, the language of his translation became part of a German national heritage.<a href="#cite_note-Ritter_216-75">[75]</a> Luther's program of exposure to the words of the Bible was extended into every sphere of daily life and work, illuminating moral considerations for Germans. It gradually became infused into the culture of the whole nation and has occupied a permanent space in German history.<a href="#cite_note-Ritter_216-75">[75]</a> According to some hagiographers, the popularity and influence of his translation gave Luther confidence to act as a spokesperson of a nation and as the leader of an anti-Roman movement throughout Germany.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> It made it possible for him to be a prophet of a new German national identity<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> and helped form the spirit of a new epoch in German history.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The existence of the vernacular Bible was a public affirmation of empowerment and reform, such as might deprive any elite or priestly class of exclusive control over words, as well as over the word of God.<a href="#cite_note-Carter-12">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Luther_Bible#Dubious" title="Talk:Luther Bible">discuss</a>] Through the translation, Luther was intending to make it easier for "simple people" to understand what he was teaching.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In some major controversies of the time, even some evangelicals, let alone the commoners, did not understand the reasons for disagreement;[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and Luther wanted to help those who were confused to see that the disagreement between himself and the Roman Catholic Church was real and had significance.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> So the translation of the Bible would allow the common people to become aware of the issues at hand and develop an informed opinion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Luther_Bible#Dubious" title="Talk:Luther Bible">discuss</a>] Luther's vernacular Bible broke the domination and unity of the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Luther_Bible#Dubious" title="Talk:Luther Bible">discuss</a>] He had claimed Holy Scripture to be the sole authority, and through his translation every individual would be able to abide by its authority, and might nullify his or her need for a monarchical pope. As Bishop <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a> put it, Luther's Bible had "stirred a mighty storm and tempest in the church".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literacy_and_order">Literacy and order</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literacy and order" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NTLutherBible1769.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="New Testament titlepage from a Luther Bible printed in 1769"><noscript><img alt="New Testament titlepage from a Luther Bible printed in 1769" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/NTLutherBible1769.jpg/150px-NTLutherBible1769.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="238" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1748"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 238px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/NTLutherBible1769.jpg/150px-NTLutherBible1769.jpg" data-alt="New Testament titlepage from a Luther Bible printed in 1769" data-width="150" data-height="238" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/NTLutherBible1769.jpg/225px-NTLutherBible1769.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/NTLutherBible1769.jpg/300px-NTLutherBible1769.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>New Testament titlepage from a Luther Bible printed in 1769</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Luther_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Luther Bible">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (July 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Although not as significantly as on German linguistics, Luther's Bible also made a large impression on educational reform throughout Germany. Luther's goal of an idiomatic, readable, theologically-accurate translation of the Bible<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>: 16 became a stimulus towards universal education, since everyone should be able to read in order to understand the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-Carter-12">[12]</a> At the time, only 5% of Germans had good literacy, 30% in the cities,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> though estimates vary from 1% to 17%.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Luther followed <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>, who followed <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, on the benefits of educating girls.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Luther believed that mankind had fallen from grace and was ruled by selfishness, but had not lost moral consciousness: all were sinners and needed to be educated. Thus his vernacular Bible could become a means of establishing a form of law, order, and morality which everyone could abide by, if all could read and understand it. The possibility of understanding the vernacular Bible allowed Luther to found a State Church and educate his followers into a law-abiding community.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The Protestant states of Germany became educational states, which encouraged the spirit of teaching which was ultimately fueled by Luther's vernacular Bible. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Used_as_basis_of_other_translations">Used as basis of other translations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Used as basis of other translations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Finally, Luther's translated Bible also had international significance in the spread of Protestantism, and far surpassed the expectations of even Luther himself.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Luther's translation influenced the English translations by <a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myles_Coverdale" title="Myles Coverdale">Myles Coverdale</a>, who in turn inspired many other translations of the Bible such as the <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Bible" title="Bishops' Bible">Bishops' Bible</a> of 1568, the <a href="/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible" title="Douay–Rheims Bible">Douay–Rheims Bible</a> of 1582–1609, and the <a href="/wiki/Authorized_King_James_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorized King James Version">King James Version</a> of 1611.<a href="#cite_note-Carter_2-58">[58]</a> It was the basis of translations in Scandinavia (<a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa_Bible" title="Gustav Vasa Bible">Gustav Vasa Bible</a>), Denmark/Norway (<a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_in_Norway#Danish_editions_1524-1873" title="Bible translations in Norway">Bibles of Christian II and III</a>) and the Netherlands (<a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Dutch#Comparison" title="Bible translations into Dutch">Liesveltbijbel, Vorstermanbijbel, Biestkensbijbel, Deux-Aesbijbel</a>). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Excerpted_examples">Excerpted examples</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Excerpted examples" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Verse </th> <th>Luther Bible </th> <th>Translation </th> <th>English versions </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Gen 2:23 </th> <td>"[...] Man wird sie Männin heißen, darum daß sie vom Manne genommen ist." </td> <td>"One will call her she-man, based on this[:] that she was taken out of the man." </td> <td>"[...] She shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man." </td> <td>Here Luther tried to preserve the resemblance of Hebrew ish (man) and ishah (woman) by adding the female German suffix -in to the masculine word Mann, because the correct word (at that time), Weib, does not resemble it (as neither does the modern Frau). As with adding she- to man in English, adding -in to Mann in German is considered grammatically awkward. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Matthew 12:34 </th> <td>"[...] Wes das Herz voll ist, des geht der Mund über." </td> <td>"What the heart is full of, of that the mouth overflows." </td> <td>"[...] For out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaks." </td> <td>Emphasis on conveyance of meaning. </td></tr> <tr> <th>John 11:35 </th> <td>"Und Jesus gingen die Augen über." </td> <td>"And Jesus' eyes overflowed." </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Jesus_wept" title="Jesus wept">Jesus wept</a>." </td> <td>Poetic emphasis. </td></tr> <tr> <th>John 19:5 </th> <td>"[...] Sehet, welch ein Mensch!" </td> <td>"Behold what a man (this is)!" </td> <td>"[...] Behold the man!" </td> <td>Emphasis on Jesus' glory in spite of an ignoble situation; now considered an incorrect translation. See also: <a href="/wiki/Ecce_Homo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecce Homo">Ecce Homo</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Matthew 23:5 </th> <td>"[...] Sie machen ihre Denkzettel breit und die Säume an ihren Kleidern groß." </td> <td>"They make their slips wide and the hems of their garments large." </td> <td>"[...] "They make their phylacteries wide and the tassels on their garments long" </td> <td>Luther used the German legal term Denkzettel in Matthew 23:5 for the translation of the Greek word φυλακτήριον. This Legalistic language does not exist in the Vulgate or any ancient text. </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elector_Bible" title="Elector Bible">Elector Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Bible_translations" class="mw-redirect" title="German Bible translations">German Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Protestant Bible</a></li> <li>Permanent Exhibition Luther and the Bible at <a href="/wiki/Lutherhaus_Eisenach" title="Lutherhaus Eisenach">Lutherhaus Eisenach</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lobenstein-Reichmann-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lobenstein-Reichmann_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobenstein-Reichmann_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobenstein-Reichmann_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLobenstein-Reichmann2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lobenstein-Reichmann, Anja (29 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/religion/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-382">"Martin Luther, Bible Translation, and the German Language"</a>. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.382">10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.382</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199340378" title="Special:BookSources/9780199340378"><bdi>9780199340378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther%2C+Bible+Translation%2C+and+the+German+Language&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017-03-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.382&rft.isbn=9780199340378&rft.aulast=Lobenstein-Reichmann&rft.aufirst=Anja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Freligion%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199340378-e-382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mathesius-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mathesius_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathesius_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathesius_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathesius1906" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Mathesius" title="Johannes Mathesius">Mathesius, Johannes</a> (1906). "Die dreyzehnde predig, vom viertzigsten jare in Doctor Luthers historien. [Thirteenth Sermon: About the Fortieth Year of Doctor Luthers Biography]". In Georg Loesche (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ausgewhltewerke00loesgoog">Ausgewählte Werke</a> [Selected Works]. (in <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a>). Vol. Dritter Band: Luthers Leben in Predigten [Third Volume: Luthers Life in Sermons] (2nd ed.). Prague: J.G. Calvesche k.u.k. Hof- u. Universitäts-Buchhandlung (Joseph Koch). p. 316. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12595454">12595454</a>. <q>Wenn nun Doctor [Luther] zuvor die außgangen Bibel vbersehen und darneben bey Juden vnnd frembden sprachkündigen sich erlernet vnd sich bey alten Deutschen von guten worten erfragt hatte, Wie er ihm etlich <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wether" class="extiw" title="wikt:wether">Schöps</a> abstechen ließ, damit jn ein Deutscher Fleischer berichtet, wie man ein jedes am Schaf nennete, kam Doctor in das <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/consistory" class="extiw" title="wikt:consistory">Consistorium</a> mit seiner alten Lateinischen und newen Deutschen Biblien, darbey er auch stettigs den Hebreischen text hatte. <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Herr Philippus</a> bracht mit sich den Greckischen text, <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Creuziger" title="Caspar Creuziger">Doctor Creuziger</a> neben dem Hebreischen die Chaldeische Bibel. Die Professores hatten bey sich jre Rabinen, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">D. Pommer</a> het auch ein Lateinischen text für sich, darinn er sehr wol bekant war. Zuvor hat sich ein jeder auff den text gerüst, davon man rathschlagen solte, Greckische unnd Lateinische neben den Jüdischen außlegern vbersehen. Darauff proponirt diser President [Luther] ein text und ließ die stimm herumb gehen und höret was ein jeder darzu zu reden hette, nach eygenschaft der sprache oder nach der alten Doctorn außlegung. [Rough translation: After Doctor Luther had translated the original Bible, learning from Jews, from foreign language scholars, and from old Germans in the process (for example, he asked a German butcher to slaughter some wethers for him so he could tell him how the different entrails are called), he came to the <a href="/wiki/Consistory_(Protestantism)" title="Consistory (Protestantism)">consistory</a> with his old Latin Bible and with his new German Bible. He also always carried the Hebrew text with him. <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Herr Philippus</a> contributed the Greek text, <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Creuziger" title="Caspar Creuziger">Doctor Creuziger</a> contributed the Hebrew text and the <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Chaldaic Bible</a>. The Professors also brought their <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Rabbinic Bibles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">Doctor Pommer</a> had a Latin text which he knew very well. Before the meetings, everyone of them studied the text that was to be translated, to discuss the translation of the Greek and Latin version along with the Hebrew exegesis. Luther then proposed a text and asked and listened to what everyone had to say concerning the language or the interpretation.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+dreyzehnde+predig%2C+vom+viertzigsten+jare+in+Doctor+Luthers+historien.+%5BThirteenth+Sermon%3A+About+the+Fortieth+Year+of+Doctor+Luthers+Biography%5D&rft.btitle=Ausgew%C3%A4hlte+Werke&rft.place=Prague&rft.series=%28in+Early+New+High+German%29&rft.pages=316&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=J.G.+Calvesche+k.u.k.+Hof-+u.+Universit%C3%A4ts-Buchhandlung+%28Joseph+Koch%29&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12595454&rft.aulast=Mathesius&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fausgewhltewerke00loesgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuther1545" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther, Martin</a> (1545). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204110153/http://lutherbibel.net/">"Genesis 1:1–3"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lutherbibel.net/">Die gantze Heilige Schrifft Deudsch</a> [The German Holy Scriptures]. (in <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a>) (5th ed.). Wittenberg: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Lufft" title="Hans Lufft">Hans Lufft</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933070-56-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-933070-56-2"><bdi>978-3-933070-56-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enominepatris.com/biblia/biblia2/B001K001.htm">the original</a> on 2008-12-04. Retrieved 2012-01-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesis+1%3A1%E2%80%933&rft.btitle=Die+gantze+Heilige+Schrifft+Deudsch&rft.place=Wittenberg&rft.series=%28in+Early+New+High+German%29&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Hans+Lufft&rft.date=1545&rft.isbn=978-3-933070-56-2&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenominepatris.com%2Fbiblia%2Fbiblia2%2FB001K001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuther1545" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther, Martin</a> (1545). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204110153/http://lutherbibel.net/">"John 3:16"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lutherbibel.net/">Die gantze Heilige Schrifft Deudsch</a> [The German Holy Scriptures]. (in <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a>) (5th ed.). Wittenberg: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Lufft" title="Hans Lufft">Hans Lufft</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933070-56-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-933070-56-2"><bdi>978-3-933070-56-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enominepatris.com/biblia/biblia2/B043K003.htm">the original</a> on 2008-12-04. Retrieved 2012-01-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+3%3A16&rft.btitle=Die+gantze+Heilige+Schrifft+Deudsch&rft.place=Wittenberg&rft.series=%28in+Early+New+High+German%29&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Hans+Lufft&rft.date=1545&rft.isbn=978-3-933070-56-2&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenominepatris.com%2Fbiblia%2Fbiblia2%2FB043K003.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> C. Burger, "Luther's Thought Took Shape in Translation of Scripture and Hymns", in The Oxford Handbook of Martin Luther's Theology (Oxford University Press, 2014). </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Martin Brecht, Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation, 1521–1532, Minneapolis: Fortress, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Birgit Stolt, "Luther's Translation of the Bible." <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Quarterly" title="Lutheran Quarterly">Lutheran Quarterly</a> 28.4 (2014): 373–400. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Mark U. Edwards, Jr., Printing, Propaganda, and Martin Luther (1994).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Volz-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Volz_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volz_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolzGreenslide1963" class="citation book cs1">Volz, H.; Greenslide, S.L., eds. (1963). The Cambridge History of the Bible. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 94, 102, 104, 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139055512" title="Special:BookSources/9781139055512"><bdi>9781139055512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=94%2C+102%2C+104%2C+106&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=9781139055512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> "Although schooling, thus literacy, significantly increased, bibles were scarcely assigned, so that there was no causation between the Lutheran Reformation and the popular reading of Scripture. It was the spiritualists who favoured personal reading and judgement of the Bible; Luther condemned that as heresy." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle1999" class="citation journal cs1">Boyle, Marjorie O'rourke (25 November 1999). "Evangelism and Erasmus". The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism: 44–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521300087.005">10.1017/CHOL9780521300087.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05363-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05363-1"><bdi>978-1-139-05363-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Literary+Criticism&rft.atitle=Evangelism+and+Erasmus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=1999-11-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521300087.005&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05363-1&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Marjorie+O%27rourke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-arblaster-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arblaster_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-arblaster_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblasterJuhászLatré2002" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, Paul; Juhász, Gergely; Latré, Guido (2002). Tyndale's testament. Turnhout: Brepols. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51411-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51411-6"><bdi>978-2-503-51411-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tyndale%27s+testament&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-2-503-51411-6&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Juh%C3%A1sz%2C+Gergely&rft.au=Latr%C3%A9%2C+Guido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_12-4">e</a> <a href="/wiki/Carter_Lindberg" title="Carter Lindberg">Carter Lindberg</a>, The European Reformations (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1996), 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bluhm-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bluhm_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bluhm_13-1">b</a> Luther had in the immediate six months been writing his Christmas Postil (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Weihnachtspostille), which included many free translations of the Vulgate into German. Such plenaria were printed free translations of the church readings and fairly common around this time; they were read out in services after the Latin had been read out.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBluhm1965" class="citation journal cs1">Bluhm, Heinz (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27714632">"The Rendering of Galatians 3:23-4:2 in the Printed High German "Plenaria" and in Luther's Christmas Postil""</a>. The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 64 (2): 213–231. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0363-6941">0363-6941</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27714632">27714632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+English+and+Germanic+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Rendering+of+Galatians+3%3A23-4%3A2+in+the+Printed+High+German+%22Plenaria%22+and+in+Luther%27s+Christmas+Postil%22&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27714632%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0363-6941&rft.aulast=Bluhm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27714632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Froschauer_Bibles_and_Testaments">"Froschauer Bibles and Testaments"</a>. gameo.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gameo.org&rft.atitle=Froschauer+Bibles+and+Testaments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgameo.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DFroschauer_Bibles_and_Testaments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Library_of_Scotland_2017-15"><a href="#cite_ref-National_Library_of_Scotland_2017_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nls.uk/exhibitions/the-reformation/martin-luther/">"Martin Luther"</a>. National Library of Scotland. 10 December 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+Scotland&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther&rft.date=2017-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nls.uk%2Fexhibitions%2Fthe-reformation%2Fmartin-luther%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> 21. Luther the Translator of the Bible<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDau" class="citation web cs1">Dau, W. H. T. (William Herman Theodore). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/16322/pg16322.html">"Luther Examined and Reexamined / A Review of Catholic Criticism and a Plea for Revaluation"</a>. www.gutenberg.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=Luther+Examined+and+Reexamined+%2F+A+Review+of+Catholic+Criticism+and+a+Plea+for+Revaluation&rft.aulast=Dau&rft.aufirst=W.+H.+T.+%28William+Herman+Theodore%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F16322%2Fpg16322.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vedder-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Vedder_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVedder1914" class="citation book cs1">Vedder, Henry Clay (1914). The Reformation in Germany. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reformation+in+Germany&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Vedder&rft.aufirst=Henry+Clay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988">. Vedder also notes (p170) the implausibility of Luther completing the initial New Testament draft in only "10 weeks" without reference to existing vernacular translations. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifephilipmelan01stumgoog">Life of Philip Melanchthon</a>. Pilger publishing house. 1897.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Philip+Melanchthon&rft.pub=Pilger+publishing+house&rft.date=1897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifephilipmelan01stumgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-Hegius">"Alexander Hegius"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 1 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Alexander+Hegius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAlexander-Hegius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaff-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaff_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaff_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Schaff, Philip</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/history/7_ch04.htm#%C2%A7%2062.%20Luther's%20Translation%20of%20the%20Bible">"4. Luther's Translation of the Bible"</a>, History of the Christian Church, vol. 7, New York: CCEL, p. xxx</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.+Luther%27s+Translation+of+the+Bible&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xxx&rft.pub=CCEL&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fs%2Fschaff%2Fhistory%2F7_ch04.htm%23%C2%A7%252062.%2520Luther%27s%2520Translation%2520of%2520the%2520Bible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988">, 8 vols. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaber" class="citation web cs1">Faber, Riemer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianstudylibrary.org/article/martin-luther-translator-bible">"Martin Luther as Translator of the Bible | Christian Library"</a>. www.christianstudylibrary.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.christianstudylibrary.org&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+as+Translator+of+the+Bible+%7C+Christian+Library&rft.aulast=Faber&rft.aufirst=Riemer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianstudylibrary.org%2Farticle%2Fmartin-luther-translator-bible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimoska" class="citation journal cs1">Simoska, Silvana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/101503128">"Martin Luther's German Translation of the Bible – a Popular or Populist Approach?"</a>. Religious Dialogue and Cooperation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religious+Dialogue+and+Cooperation&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther%27s+German+Translation+of+the+Bible+%E2%80%93+a+Popular+or+Populist+Approach%3F&rft.aulast=Simoska&rft.aufirst=Silvana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F101503128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2018" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Howard (2 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:efdbe434-932c-480f-904e-3dabcefa0b50">"The Vocabulary of Righteousness in Martin Luther's New Testament Translations"</a>. Oxford German Studies. 47 (4): 381–416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00787191.2019.1548122">10.1080/00787191.2019.1548122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+German+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Vocabulary+of+Righteousness+in+Martin+Luther%27s+New+Testament+Translations&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E381-%3C%2Fspan%3E416&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00787191.2019.1548122&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3Aefdbe434-932c-480f-904e-3dabcefa0b50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bridwell.omeka.net/exhibits/show/luther/lutherbibles/secondeditionluther">"Second Edition of Luther's Complete Bible · Martin Luther in the Age of Print · Bridwell Library Special Collections Exhibitions"</a>. bridwell.omeka.net. Retrieved 2025-01-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bridwell.omeka.net&rft.atitle=Second+Edition+of+Luther%E2%80%99s+Complete+Bible+%C2%B7+Martin+Luther+in+the+Age+of+Print+%C2%B7+Bridwell+Library+Special+Collections+Exhibitions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbridwell.omeka.net%2Fexhibits%2Fshow%2Fluther%2Flutherbibles%2Fsecondeditionluther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gruber.lstc.edu/luthers_bible/1534.php">"The Gruber Collection: Luther's Bible Translations - 1534"</a>. gruber.lstc.edu. Retrieved 2025-01-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gruber.lstc.edu&rft.atitle=The+Gruber+Collection%3A+Luther%27s+Bible+Translations+-+1534&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgruber.lstc.edu%2Fluthers_bible%2F1534.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Carl C. Christensen, "Luther and the Woodcuts to the 1534 Bible", <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Quarterly" title="Lutheran Quarterly">Lutheran Quarterly</a>, Winter 2005, Vol. 19 Issue 4, pp 392–413 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> "Martin Luther's 1522 September Testament as the Epoch-Making Foundation for a Quarter-Century of Wittenberg Bible Publication", by W. Gordon Campbell, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=osL0EAAAQBAJ&dq=German+Bible+%22October+1534%22&pg=PA45">Martin Luther's Bible</a>, ed. by W. Gordon Campbell (James Clarke Company, Ltd., 2024) p.45 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBluhm1969" class="citation journal cs1">Bluhm, Heinz (October 1969). "An "Unknown" Luther Translation of the Bible". <a href="/wiki/Publications_of_the_Modern_Language_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Publications of the Modern Language Association of America">PMLA</a>. 84 (6). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 1537–1544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1261499">10.2307/1261499</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1261499">1261499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PMLA&rft.atitle=An+%22Unknown%22+Luther+Translation+of+the+Bible&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1537-%3C%2Fspan%3E1544&rft.date=1969-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1261499&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1261499%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bluhm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2011" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, Martyn (2011). Books: A Living History (1 ed.). Getty Publications. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781606060834" title="Special:BookSources/9781606060834"><bdi>9781606060834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Books%3A+A+Living+History&rft.pages=69&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781606060834&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinitzer" class="citation journal cs1">Reinitzer, Heimo. "Die Revision der Lutherbibel im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert". Wolfenbütteler Beiträge. 6: 302–304.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wolfenb%C3%BCtteler+Beitr%C3%A4ge&rft.atitle=Die+Revision+der+Lutherbibel+im+16.+und+17.+Jahrhundert.&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E302-%3C%2Fspan%3E304&rft.aulast=Reinitzer&rft.aufirst=Heimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.die-bibel.de/dreihundert-jahre-wildwuchs">Dreihundert Jahre Wildwuchs</a>, Sven Bigl, 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.die-bibel.de/bibeluebersetzungen/lutherbibel/die-geschichte-der-lutherbibel/die-revisionen-1912-und-1984">"Die Revisionen 1912 und 1984 - www.die-bibel.de"</a>. die-bibel.de (in German). Retrieved 2024-09-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=die-bibel.de&rft.atitle=Die+Revisionen+1912+und+1984+-+www.die-bibel.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.die-bibel.de%2Fbibeluebersetzungen%2Flutherbibel%2Fdie-geschichte-der-lutherbibel%2Fdie-revisionen-1912-und-1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.die-bibel.de/bibeluebersetzungen/lutherbibel/die-geschichte-der-lutherbibel/die-revisionen-1912-und-1984">"Die Revisionen 1912 und 1984 - www.die-bibel.de"</a>. die-bibel.de (in German). Retrieved 2024-09-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=die-bibel.de&rft.atitle=Die+Revisionen+1912+und+1984+-+www.die-bibel.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.die-bibel.de%2Fbibeluebersetzungen%2Flutherbibel%2Fdie-geschichte-der-lutherbibel%2Fdie-revisionen-1912-und-1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.die-bibel.de/bibeluebersetzungen/lutherbibel/die-geschichte-der-lutherbibel/die-revisionen-1912-und-1984">"Die Revisionen 1912 und 1984 - www.die-bibel.de"</a>. die-bibel.de (in German). Retrieved 2024-09-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=die-bibel.de&rft.atitle=Die+Revisionen+1912+und+1984+-+www.die-bibel.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.die-bibel.de%2Fbibeluebersetzungen%2Flutherbibel%2Fdie-geschichte-der-lutherbibel%2Fdie-revisionen-1912-und-1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.die-bibel.de/bibeln/online-bibeln/lesen/LU17/GEN.1/1.-Mose-1">"Lutherbibel 2017 (LU17)"</a>. www.die-bibel.de. Retrieved 2023-07-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.die-bibel.de&rft.atitle=Lutherbibel+2017+%28LU17%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.die-bibel.de%2Fbibeln%2Fonline-bibeln%2Flesen%2FLU17%2FGEN.1%2F1.-Mose-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.die-bibel.de/die-lutherbibel-2017">Die Lutherbibel 2017</a>, on die-bibel.de </li> <li id="cite_note-LutherFüssel-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LutherF%C3%BCssel_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LutherF%C3%BCssel_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutherFüssel1534" class="citation book cs1">Luther, Martin; Füssel, Stephan (1534). Bible de Luther de 1534, Réimpression Intégral. Taschen. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-2470-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-2470-2"><bdi>978-3-8228-2470-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bible+de+Luther+de+1534%2C+R%C3%A9impression+Int%C3%A9gral&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=1534&rft.isbn=978-3-8228-2470-2&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=F%C3%BCssel%2C+Stephan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LB-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LB_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LB_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bücher des Alten Testaments. <a href="/wiki/Taschen" title="Taschen">Taschen</a>. 1535.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B%C3%BCcher+des+Alten+Testaments&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=1535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Die Bucher des Newen Testaments. <a href="/wiki/Taschen" title="Taschen">Taschen</a>. 1535.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Bucher+des+Newen+Testaments&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=1535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Lutherbibel/R%C3%B6mer_%281522%29#Das_Dritte_Capitel">"Romans 3:28"</a>, Testament, 1522, <q>So halten wyrs nu, das der mensch gerechtfertiget werde, on zu thun der werck des gesetzs, alleyn durch den glawben (emphasis added to the German word for 'alone.')</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Romans+3%3A28&rft.btitle=Testament&rft.date=1522&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fde.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FLutherbibel%2FR%25C3%25B6mer_%25281522%2529%23Das_Dritte_Capitel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080702051519/http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~fisher/cgi-bin/gnt?id=0603">New testament</a> (in Greek), York, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~fisher/cgi-bin/gnt?id=0603">the original</a> on 2008-07-02, retrieved 2008-05-21, <q>λογιζόμεθα γάρ δικαιоῦσθαι πίστει ἄνθρωπον χωρὶς ἔργων νόμου ("for we reckon a man to be justified by faith without deeds of law")</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+testament&rft.pub=York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-users.cs.york.ac.uk%2F~fisher%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgnt%3Fid%3D0603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Martin Luther, On Translating: An Open Letter (1530), Luther's Works, 55 vols. (St. Louis and Philadelphia: Concordia Publishing House and Fortress Press), 35:187–189, 195; cf. also Heinz Bluhm, Martin Luther Creative Translator (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1965), 125–137. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2009" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Alister (2009-10-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KQzhEclsl94C">Christianity's Dangerous Idea: The Protestant Revolution--A History from the Sixteenth Century to the Twenty-First</a>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-186474-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-186474-2"><bdi>978-0-06-186474-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%27s+Dangerous+Idea%3A+The+Protestant+Revolution--A+History+from+the+Sixteenth+Century+to+the+Twenty-First&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2009-10-13&rft.isbn=978-0-06-186474-2&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKQzhEclsl94C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.die-bibel.de/bibeln/online-bibeln/lesen/LU17/ROM.3/R%C3%B6mer-3">"Römer 3 - Lutherbibel 2017 (LU17) - die-bibel.de"</a>. www.die-bibel.de. Retrieved 2023-07-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.die-bibel.de&rft.atitle=R%C3%B6mer+3+-+Lutherbibel+2017+%28LU17%29+-+die-bibel.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.die-bibel.de%2Fbibeln%2Fonline-bibeln%2Flesen%2FLU17%2FROM.3%2FR%25C3%25B6mer-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheck2013" class="citation journal cs1">Scheck, Thomas P. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43855981">"Bishop John Fisher's Response To Martin Luther"</a>. Franciscan Studies. 71: 463–509. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-5459">0080-5459</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43855981">43855981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Franciscan+Studies&rft.atitle=Bishop+John+Fisher%27s+Response+To+Martin+Luther&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E463-%3C%2Fspan%3E509&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43855981%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0080-5459&rft.aulast=Scheck&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43855981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/luther-uebersetzung-unsere-kultur-ist-ohne-die-bibel-nicht.700.de.html?dram:article_id=386502">"Luther-Übersetzung - "Unsere Kultur ist ohne die Bibel nicht wirklich zugänglich""</a>. Deutschlandfunk (in German). 18 May 2017. Retrieved 2021-04-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutschlandfunk&rft.atitle=Luther-%C3%9Cbersetzung+-+%22Unsere+Kultur+ist+ohne+die+Bibel+nicht+wirklich+zug%C3%A4nglich%22&rft.date=2017-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutschlandfunk.de%2Fluther-uebersetzung-unsere-kultur-ist-ohne-die-bibel-nicht.700.de.html%3Fdram%3Aarticle_id%3D386502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrançois2016" class="citation journal cs1">François, Wim (April 2016). "Erasmus's Revision of the New Testament and Its Influence on Dutch Bible Translations: The Dossier Revisited". The Bible Translator. 67 (1): 69–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2051677016628246">10.1177/2051677016628246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bible+Translator&rft.atitle=Erasmus%E2%80%99s+Revision+of+the+New+Testament+and+Its+Influence+on+Dutch+Bible+Translations%3A+The+Dossier+Revisited&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=2016-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2051677016628246&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=Wim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> However, Luther complained about neologisms by other writers, such as <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: beherzigen, behandigen, erspriesslich, erschiesslich, bethoren, ernarren. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuther" class="citation book cs1">Luther, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.sabda.org/alkitab-8/LIBRARY/LUT_WRK6.PDF">Introduction to New Testament, in Works of Martin Luther, Vol 6</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+New+Testament%2C+in+Works+of+Martin+Luther%2C+Vol+6&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.sabda.org%2Falkitab-8%2FLIBRARY%2FLUT_WRK6.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988">: 273 despite making his own, such as <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-early-modern-history-online/schwarmer-radical-reformer-COM_027282">Schwärmer</a>, knabenschender <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWirrig2022" class="citation book cs1">Wirrig, Adam L. (4 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ncRpEAAAQBAJ&dq=luther+neologism&pg=PT15">Trial of Translation: An Examination of 1 Corinthians 6:9 in the Vernacular Bibles of the Early Modern Period</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-7755-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-7755-7"><bdi>978-1-7252-7755-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trial+of+Translation%3A+An+Examination+of+1+Corinthians+6%3A9+in+the+Vernacular+Bibles+of+the+Early+Modern+Period&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2022-04-04&rft.isbn=978-1-7252-7755-7&rft.aulast=Wirrig&rft.aufirst=Adam+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DncRpEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dluther%2Bneologism%26pg%3DPT15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm%20104&version=AKJV">Psalm 104, 18</a>, Authorized (King James) Version </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bibleserver.com/LUT/Psalm104%2C18">Psalm 104, 18</a>, Lutherbibel 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeno.org/Literatur/M/Luther,+Martin/Luther-Bibel+1545/Das+Alte+Testament/Der+Psalter/Psalm+104">Psalm 104, 18</a>, Luther-Bibel 1545 Version </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090415024016/http://www.wels.net/sab/qa/luther-03.html">"Martin Luther – Questions and Answers"</a>. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wels.net/sab/qa/luther-03.html">the original</a> on 2009-04-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+%26ndash%3B+Questions+and+Answers&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Evangelical+Lutheran+Synod&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fsab%2Fqa%2Fluther-03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/antilegomena.html">"Luther's Antilegomena"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luther%27s+Antilegomena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible-researcher.com%2Fantilegomena.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery1974" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, John Warwick (1974). "Chapter 3". God's Inerrant Word. Canadian Institute for Law, Theology & Public Policy, Inc. pp. 79–80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3&rft.btitle=God%27s+Inerrant+Word&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.pub=Canadian+Institute+for+Law%2C+Theology+%26+Public+Policy%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=John+Warwick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brecht_98-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brecht_98_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brecht_98_55-1">b</a> Martin Brecht, Martin Luther, James L. Schaaf, trans., 3 vols., (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1985-1993), 3:98. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> "My language is based on that of the Saxon Chancery, which is followed by all the princes and kings in Germany." (Ich rede nach der sächsischen Canzley, welcher nachfolgen alle Fürsten und Könige in Deutschland.)" Luther, Martin (1566). Tischreden 1040 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Mark Antliff, The Legacy of Martin Luther (Ottawa, McGill University Press, 1983), 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter_2-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_2_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_2_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_2_58-2">c</a> Carter Lindberg, The European Reformations (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1996), 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1910), 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> A.G. Dickens, The German Nation and Martin Luther (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1974), 134 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> A.G. Dickens, The German Nation and Martin Luther (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1974), 206 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1910), 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Schreiber, Mathias (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-49067625.html">Deutsch for sale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>, no. 40, October 2, 2006 ("So schuf er eine Hochsprache aus Volkssprache, sächsischem Kanzleideutsch (aus der Gegend von Meißen), Predigt und Alltagsrede, eine in sich widersprüchliche, aber bildhafte und kraftvolle Mischung, an der die deutschsprachige Literatur im Grunde bis heute Maß nimmt.") </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Köppelmann, K. (2006) . <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immanuelkirche-muenchen.de/Kirchenmusik/Kantorei/Repertoire/Mendelssohn_2006/Mendelssohn%20Programm%20Immanuel%20Druckfassung.pdf">Zwischen Barock und Romantik: Mendelssohns kirchliche Kompositionen für Chor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719043727/http://www.immanuelkirche-muenchen.de/Kirchenmusik/Kantorei/Repertoire/Mendelssohn_2006/Mendelssohn%20Programm%20Immanuel%20Druckfassung.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ("Between <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a>'s ecclesiastic choir compositions"), Mendelssohn-Programm 2006, p. 3 ("Martin Luthers kraftvolle deutsche Texte werden durch Mendelssohns Musik mit emotionalen Qualitäten versehen, die über die Zeit des <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bachschen</a> Vorbildes weit hinaus reicht und das persönlich empfindende romantische Selbst stark in den Vordergrund rückt.") </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Werth, Jürgen. Die Lutherbibel ("The Luther Bible"), in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schoeneberg-evangelisch.de/download/gem/mi/michaelsbote_0702.pdf">Michaelsbote: Gemeindebrief der Evangelischen Michaeliskirchengemeinde</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719082404/http://www.schoeneberg-evangelisch.de/download/gem/mi/michaelsbote_0702.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ("St. Michael's Messenger: Parish newsletter of the Protestant Community of St. Michael's Church"), no. 2, May/June/July, 2007, p. 4. ("Gottes Worte für die Welt. Kaum einer hat diese Worte so kraftvoll in die deutsche Sprache übersetzt wie Martin Luther.") </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Lehmann, Klaus-Dieter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goethe.de/prs/int/05/de4375742.htm">Rede von Klaus-Dieter Lehmann zur Ausstellungseröffnung von "die Sprache Deutsch"</a> ("Speech held by Klaus-Dieter Lehmann upon the opening of the exposition 'The German language'"), <a href="/wiki/Goethe-Institut" title="Goethe-Institut">Goethe-Institut</a> ("Und so schuf der Reformator eine Sprache, indem er, wie er selbst sagt, 'dem Volk auf's Maul schaut', kraftvoll, bildhaft und Stil prägend wie kein anderes Dokument der deutschen Literatur.") </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Weigelt, Silvia (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mitteldeutsche-kirchenzeitungen.de/2009/12/24/das-griechlein-und-der-wagenlenker/">Das Griechlein und der Wagenlenker - Das kommende Jahr steht ganz im Zeichen Philip Melanchtons</a> ("The Greek writer and the charioteer: 2010 to be the official <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Philipp Melanchthon</a> year"), mitteldeutsche-kirchenzeitungen.de, online portal of the two print church magazines <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Sonntag_(Sachsen)" class="extiw" title="de:Der Sonntag (Sachsen)">Der Sonntag</a> and Glaube und Heimat ("Wenn auch die kraftvolle und bilderreiche Sprache des Bibeltextes zu Recht als Luthers Verdienst gilt, so kommt Melanchthon ein gewichtiger Anteil am richtigen sprachlichen Verständnis des griechischen Urtextes und an der sachlichen Genauigkeit der Übersetzung zu.") </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Hulme, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionjournal.de/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=673&rdr=true&LangType=1031">Die Bibel - ein multilinguales Meisterwerk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719112704/http://www.visionjournal.de/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=673&rdr=true&LangType=1031">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ("The Bible: A multi-lingual masterpiece"), visionjournal.de, no. 2, 2006, the German version of the spiritual magazine Vision: Insights and New Horizons published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_God,_an_International_Community&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of God, an International Community (page does not exist)">Church of God, an International Community</a> available in English at www.vision.org ("Luthers Bibelübersetzung mit ihrer kraftvollen, aus ostmitteldeutschen und ostoberdeutschen Elementen gebildeten Ausgleichssprache hatte auf die Entwicklung der neuhochdeutschen Sprache großen Einfluss.") </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Salzmann, Betram; Schäfer, Rolf (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibelwissenschaft.de/nc/wibilex/das-bibellexikon/details/quelle/WIBI/referenz/15285/cache/1ee18574e2ab8d0957ddde9a8aea4571/#h8">Bibelübersetzungen, christliche deutsche</a> ("Bible translations, Christian and German"), www.wibilex.de: Das wissenschaftliche Bibellexikom im Internet ("die Orientierung an der mündlichen Volkssprache, die zu besonders kräftigen und bildhaften Formulierungen führt") </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Schmitsdorf, Joachim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.sdirekt-net.de/jschmitsdorf/texte/bibeluebersetzungen.html">Deutsche Bibelübersetzungen: Ein Überblick</a> ("German Bible translations: An overview") ("Kraftvolle, melodische Sprache, die gut zum Auswendiglernen geeignet, aber auch oft schwer verständlich und altertümelnd ist") </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mehner.info/html/lutherdeutsch.html">Lutherdeutsch</a> ("Luther's German") ("Luthers Sprache ist saft- und kraftvoll.") </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaff_12-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaff_12_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaff_12_72-1">b</a> Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1910), 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Borchardt, F. (1996). "German Language." In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation. Edited by Hans J. Hillerbrand. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 29 May. 2019, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www-oxfordreference-com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195064933.001.0001/acref-9780195064933-e-0570">https://www-oxfordreference-com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195064933.001.0001/acref-9780195064933-e-0570</a> . </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaff_13-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaff_13_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaff_13_74-1">b</a> Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1910), 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ritter_216-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ritter_216_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritter_216_75-1">b</a> Gerhard Ritter, Luther: His life and Work ( New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1963), 216 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Hartmann Grisar, Luther: Volume I (London: Luigi Cappadelta, 1914), 402 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> V.H.H. Green. Luther and the Reformation (London: B.T. Batsford Ltd, 1964), 193 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Gerhard Ritter, Luther: His life and Work ( New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1963), 213 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Mark Edwards, Luther and the False Brethren (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975), 193 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> V.H.H. Green. Luther and the Reformation (London: B.T. Batsford Ltd, 1964), 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarger2018" class="citation book cs1">Barger, Donald (1 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38664313/The_Impact_of_Martin_Luthers_German_Bible_Translation">The Impact of Martin Luther's German Bible Translation (Thesis)</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Martin+Luther%27s+German+Bible+Translation+%28Thesis%29&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft.aulast=Barger&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38664313%2FThe_Impact_of_Martin_Luthers_German_Bible_Translation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1994" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Mark U. Jr. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft3q2nb278/">Printing, Propaganda, and Martin Luther</a>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Printing%2C+Propaganda%2C+and+Martin+Luther&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Mark+U.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fark.cdlib.org%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Fft3q2nb278%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEskelson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Eskelson, Tyrel C. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5539%2Fjel.v10n2p109">"States, Institutions, and Literacy Rates in Early-Modern Western Europe"</a>. Journal of Education and Learning. 10 (2). Canadian Center of Science and Education: 109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5539%2Fjel.v10n2p109">10.5539/jel.v10n2p109</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1927-5269">1927-5269</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1927-5250">1927-5250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Education+and+Learning&rft.atitle=States%2C+Institutions%2C+and+Literacy+Rates+in+Early-Modern+Western+Europe&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1927-5250&rft.eissn=1927-5269&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5539%2Fjel.v10n2p109&rft.aulast=Eskelson&rft.aufirst=Tyrel+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5539%252Fjel.v10n2p109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckerWößmann2008" class="citation report cs1">Becker, Sascha O.; Wößmann, Ludger (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.iza.org/dp3837.pdf">Luther and the Girls: Religious Denomination and the Female Education Gap in 19th Century Prussia</a> (PDF) (Report). Retrieved October 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Luther+and+the+Girls%3A+Religious+Denomination+and+the+Female+Education+Gap+in+19th+Century+Prussia&rft.date=2008-11&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Sascha+O.&rft.au=W%C3%B6%C3%9Fmann%2C+Ludger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.iza.org%2Fdp3837.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Gerhard Ritter, Luther: His life and Work ( New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1963), 241 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Gerhard Ritter, Luther: His life and Work ( New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1963), 212 </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li>Antliff, Mark. The Legacy of Martin Luther. Ottawa, McGill University Press, 1983</li> <li>Atkinson, James. Martin Luther and the Birth of Protestantism. Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1968</li> <li>Bindseil, H.E. and Niemeyer, H.A. Dr. Martin Luther's Bibelübersetzung nach der letzten Original-Ausgabe, kritisch bearbeitet. 7 vols. Halle, 1845–55. [The N. T. in vols. 6 and 7. A critical reprint of the last edition of Luther (1545). Niemeyer died after the publication of the first volume. Comp. the Probebibel (the revised Luther-Version), Halle, 1883. Luther's Sendbrief vom Dolmetschen und Fürbitte der Heiligen (with a letter to Wenceslaus Link, Sept. 12, 1530), in <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Walch" title="Johann Georg Walch">Walch</a>, XXI. 310 sqq., and the Erl. Frkf. ed., vol. LXV. 102–123.] Free <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:61dd3bfe-bd7d-48a2-adca-79e28d5cc63d">open access edition with new English translation</a> by Howard Jones for the <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Institution" title="Taylor Institution">Taylor Institution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/taylor/about/exhibitions-and-publications">Reformation Pamphlet Series</a> with an introduction by <a href="/wiki/Henrike_L%C3%A4hnemann" title="Henrike Lähnemann">Henrike Lähnemann</a>.</li> <li>Bluhm, Heinz. Martin Luther: Creative Translator. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1965.</li> <li>Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther. 3 Volumes. James L. Schaaf, trans. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2813-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2813-6">0-8006-2813-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2814-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2814-4">0-8006-2814-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2815-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2815-2">0-8006-2815-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens1974" class="citation cs2">Dickens, AG (1974), The German Nation and Martin Luther, New York: Harper & Row</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Nation+and+Martin+Luther&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=AG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1975" class="citation cs2">Edwards, Mark (1975), Luther and the False Brethren, Stanford: Stanford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luther+and+the+False+Brethren&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Gerrish, B.A. Reformers in Profile. Philadelphia: Fortpress Press, 1967</li> <li>Green, V.H.H. Luther and the Reformation. London: B.T. Batsford, 1964</li> <li>Grisar, Hartmann. Luther: Volume I. London: Luigi Cappadelta, 1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Lindberg" title="Carter Lindberg">Lindberg, Carter</a>. The European Reformations. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996</li> <li>Lyons, Martin. Books: A Living History. Thames and Hudson: 2011.</li> <li>Reu, [John] M[ichael]. Luther and the Scriptures. Columbus, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">OH</a>: The Wartburg Press, 1944. [Reprint: St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1980].</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReu1984" class="citation cs2">——— (1984) [Columbus, OH: The Lutheran Book Concern, 1934], Luther's German Bible: An Historical Presentation Together with a Collection of Sources, St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luther%27s+German+Bible%3A+An+Historical+Presentation+Together+with+a+Collection+of+Sources&rft.place=St.+Louis&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Reu&rft.aufirst=John+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Ritter, Gerhard. Luther: His life and Work. New York: Harper & Row, 1963</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2004" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Orrin W. (2004). "Luther's Bible and the Emergence of Standard German". In Wellbery, David E. (ed.). A New History of German Literature. The Belknap Press. pp. 231–235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Luther%27s+Bible+and+the+Emergence+of+Standard+German&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+German+Literature&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E235&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Orrin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">German <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="de" style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:Lutherbibel" class="extiw" title="s:de:Lutherbibel">Luther Bible</a> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Luther_Bible" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bolls.life/LUT/1/1">Luther Bible (1912 Edition)</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/luther02.html">Luther's Translation of the Bible</a> in Philip Schaff's History of the Christian Church.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Bible%2C%20Luther%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Luther%20Bible%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bible%2C%20Luther%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Luther%20Bible%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bible%2C%20L%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Luther%20Bible%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bible%2C%20Luther%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Luther%20Bible%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Luther Bible</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1202">Works by Luther Bible</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldbibles.org/language_detail/eng/deu/German,%20Standard">Standard German Bible at World Bibles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211129083251/http://worldbibles.org/language_detail/eng/deu/German,%20Standard">Archived</a> 2021-11-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wordproject.org/bibles/de/66/9.htm#0">1912 Luther Bible at Word Project</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&oldid=1277131999">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&oldid=1277131999</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 22 February 2025, at 21:20 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Біблія Лютэра – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Біблія Лютэра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Біблія Лютэра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Біблія Лютэра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Библия на Лутер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Библия на Лутер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutherbibel" title="Lutherbibel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lutherbibel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_de_Lutero" title="Biblia de Lutero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biblia de Lutero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblio_de_Lutero" title="Biblio de Lutero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biblio de Lutero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_de_Luther" title="Bible de Luther – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bible de Luther" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%ED%84%B0_%EC%84%B1%EA%B2%BD" title="루터 성경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루터 성경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkitab_Luther" title="Alkitab Luther – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alkitab Luther" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibbia_di_Lutero" title="Bibbia di Lutero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bibbia di Lutero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A0%22%D7%9A_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A8" title="תרגום התנ"ך של לותר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרגום התנ"ך של לותר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibolin%27_i_Lotera" title="Baibolin' i Lotera – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Baibolin' i Lotera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutherbijbel" title="Lutherbijbel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lutherbijbel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E8%81%96%E6%9B%B8" title="ルター聖書 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルター聖書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutherbibelen" title="Lutherbibelen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lutherbibelen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_Lutra" title="Biblia Lutra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biblia Lutra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADblia_de_Lutero" title="Bíblia de Lutero – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bíblia de Lutero" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Библия Лютера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Библия Лютера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Luther Bible" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutherin_Raamattu" title="Lutherin Raamattu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lutherin Raamattu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutherbibeln" title="Lutherbibeln – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lutherbibeln" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliyang_Luther" title="Bibliyang Luther – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bibliyang Luther" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Kutsal_Kitab%C4%B1" title="Luther Kutsal Kitabı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Luther Kutsal Kitabı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Біблія Лютера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біблія Лютера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_Th%C3%A1nh_Luther" title="Kinh Thánh Luther – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kinh Thánh Luther" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%88%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93" title="路德版聖經 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="路德版聖經" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 February 2025, at 21:20 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About 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