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<li id="toc-Filibusters_and_the_press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filibusters_and_the_press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Filibusters and the press</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filibusters_and_the_press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antebellum_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antebellum_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Antebellum United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Antebellum_United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Antebellum United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Antebellum_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Connection_to_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connection_to_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Connection to slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connection_to_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-William_Walker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#William_Walker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>William Walker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-William_Walker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masculinity_and_filibustering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masculinity_and_filibustering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Masculinity and filibustering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masculinity_and_filibustering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filibustering_outside_of_the_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filibustering_outside_of_the_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Filibustering outside of the Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filibustering_outside_of_the_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_involvement_with_filibustering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_involvement_with_filibustering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Women's involvement with filibustering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_involvement_with_filibustering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filibusters_and_freemasonry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filibusters_and_freemasonry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Filibusters and freemasonry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filibusters_and_freemasonry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Major_F._P._Hann"_hoax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Major_F._P._Hann"_hoax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>"Major F. P. Hann" hoax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Major_F._P._Hann"_hoax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depiction_in_popular_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depiction_in_popular_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Depiction in popular media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depiction_in_popular_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Filibuster (military)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Флібусцьеры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Флібусцьеры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flibister" title="Flibister – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Flibister" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filibuster" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilibustero" title="Pilibustero – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pilibustero" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flibustier" title="Flibustier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flibustier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filibustero" title="Filibustero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filibustero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filibustro" title="Filibustro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filibustro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filibustero_(militarra)" title="Filibustero (militarra) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Filibustero (militarra)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flibustier" title="Flibustier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Flibustier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filibusteiro" title="Filibusteiro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Filibusteiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%B6%80%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="필리부스테로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="필리부스테로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filibusta" title="Filibusta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filibusta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesta" title="Lesta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lesta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flibustjeras" title="Flibustjeras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Flibustjeras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filibuster_(avonturier)" title="Filibuster (avonturier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Filibuster (avonturier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%90%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="フィリバスター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィリバスター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filibusti%C3%A8r" title="Filibustièr – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Filibustièr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flibustyerlar" title="Flibustyerlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Flibustyerlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flibustierzy" title="Flibustierzy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Flibustierzy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flibustaria" title="Flibustaria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Flibustaria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filibustier" title="Filibustier – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Filibustier" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilibustero" title="Pilibustero – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pilibustero" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unauthorized foreign military expedition</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the military term. For the parliamentary procedure, see <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">Filibuster</a>.</div> <p> A <b>filibuster</b> (from the Spanish <i>filibustero</i>), also known as a <b>freebooter</b>, is someone who engages in an unauthorized <a href="/wiki/Military_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Military expedition">military expedition</a> into a foreign country or territory to foster or support a political revolution or <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a>. The term is usually applied to <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> American citizens who incited rebellions / insurrections across <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> with its recently independent but unstable nations freed from Royal control of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Spain">Kingdom of Spain</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1810s" title="1810s">1810s</a> and <a href="/wiki/1820s" title="1820s">1820s</a>. Particularly in the mid-<a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a>, usually with the goal of establishing an American-loyal regime that could later be annexed into the North American Union as territories or free states, serving the interests of the United States. Probably the most notable example is the <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_War" title="Filibuster War">Filibuster War</a> initiated by <a href="/wiki/William_Walker_(filibuster)" title="William Walker (filibuster)">William Walker</a> (1824-1860), in the <a href="/wiki/1850s" title="1850s">1850s</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>. </p><p>Filibusters are <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">irregular soldiers</a> who act without official authorization from their own government, and are generally motivated by financial gain, political ideology, or the thrill of adventure. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a>, filibusters are independently motivated and work for themselves, whilst a mercenary leader operates on behalf of others.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The freewheeling actions of the filibusters of the <a href="/wiki/1850s" title="1850s">1850s</a> led to the name being applied figuratively later in the North American <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> political idiom of the political and legislative delaying act of <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibustering</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, especially in the upper chamber of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filibuster_(military)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Pedrada_de_Andres_Castro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/La_Pedrada_de_Andres_Castro.jpg/240px-La_Pedrada_de_Andres_Castro.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/La_Pedrada_de_Andres_Castro.jpg/360px-La_Pedrada_de_Andres_Castro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/La_Pedrada_de_Andres_Castro.jpg/480px-La_Pedrada_de_Andres_Castro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2714" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto_(1856)" title="Battle of San Jacinto (1856)">Battle of San Jacinto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> in 1856</figcaption></figure> <p>The English term "filibuster" derives from the Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">filibustero</i></span>, itself deriving originally from the Dutch <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">vrijbuiter</i></span>, '<a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a>, pirate, robber' (also the root of English <i>freebooter</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish form entered the English language in the <a href="/wiki/1850s" title="1850s">1850s</a>, as applied to military adventurers from the United States then operating in Central America and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a> term was first applied to persons raiding Spanish colonies and merchant ships of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Spain">Kingdom of Spain</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> islands of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>, the most famous of whom was the Englishman naval hero and captain, Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> (c. 1540-1596) of the beginning <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>, with his June <a href="/wiki/1572" title="1572">1572</a> sea campaign and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Drake_expedition_of_1572-1573&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Drake expedition of 1572-1573 (page does not exist)"> infamous raid and sacking</a> of the town on <a href="/wiki/Nombre_de_Dios,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Nombre de Dios, Colón">Nombre de Dios</a> of (<a href="/wiki/Colon_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon Province">Colon Province</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>). With the end of the era of <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Caribbean / West Indies piracy</a> in the early <a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th century</a>, the term of reference "filibuster" fell out of general currency for a while.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term was revived in the following mid-<a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a> to describe the actions of adventurers who tried to take control of various <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean</a> / <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> islands, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central American</a> territories by force of arms. In <a href="/wiki/1806" title="1806">1806</a>, the general <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Miranda" title="Francisco de Miranda">Francisco de Miranda</a> launched an unsuccessful expedition to liberate Venezuela from Royal Spanish rule with volunteers from the north in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> recruited in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. The three most prominent filibusters of that era were <a href="/wiki/Narciso_L%C3%B3pez" title="Narciso López">Narciso López</a> (1797-1851) and <a href="/wiki/John_A._Quitman" title="John A. Quitman">John Quitman</a> (1798-1858), both in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuba" title="History of Cuba">Cuba</a> along with <a href="/wiki/William_Walker_(filibuster)" title="William Walker (filibuster)">William Walker</a> (1824-1860), with the <a href="/wiki/Walker_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Walker affair">Walker affair</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> of northern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>; along with further south to <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> and lastly <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>. The term returned to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> parlance to refer to López's 1851 <a href="/wiki/Lopez_Expedition" title="Lopez Expedition">Cuban expedition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other filibusters include the Americans <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a>, about the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana Territory</a> and old <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a>), <a href="/wiki/William_Blount" title="William Blount">William Blount</a> (old <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a> / <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a>), <a href="/wiki/Augustus_W._Magee" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus W. Magee">Augustus W. Magee</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/George_Mathews_(Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Mathews (Georgia)">George Mathews</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a>), <a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">George Rogers Clark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana Territory</a> and old <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi Territory</a>), <a href="/wiki/William_Stephens_Smith" title="William Stephens Smith">William S. Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela" title="History of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ira_Allen" title="Ira Allen">Ira Allen</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">Canada</a>), <a href="/wiki/William_A._Chanler" title="William A. Chanler">William A. Chanler</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuba" title="History of Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela" title="History of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>), <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Brannan" title="Samuel Brannan">Samuel Brannan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawaii">Kingdom of Hawaii</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_C._Morehead&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph C. Morehead (page does not exist)">Joseph C. Morehead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crabb_massacre" title="Crabb massacre">Henry Alexander Crabb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>) and <a href="/wiki/James_Long_(filibuster)" title="James Long (filibuster)">James Long</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-American filibusters include French Marquis Charles de Pindray and Count <a href="/wiki/Gaston_de_Raousset-Boulbon" title="Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon">Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon</a> (Sonora, northern Mexico), the Venezuelan <a href="/wiki/Narciso_L%C3%B3pez" title="Narciso López">Narciso López</a> (Cuba) and <a href="/wiki/Gregor_MacGregor" title="Gregor MacGregor">Gregor MacGregor</a> (Florida, Central America, and South America). </p><p>Although the American public often enjoyed reading about the thrilling adventures of mercenary filibusters, those Americans involved in filibustering expeditions were usually in violation of the first <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_Act_of_1794" title="Neutrality Act of 1794">Neutrality Act of 1794</a> that made it illegal for a citizen to wage war against another country at peace with the United States. For example, the journalist <a href="/wiki/John_L._O%27Sullivan" title="John L. O'Sullivan">John L. O'Sullivan</a> (1813-1895), who coined the related phrase "<a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a>" for the movement of American westward expansion, was put on trial for raising money in America for López's failed southern filibustering expedition in Cuba. </p><p>The second <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_Act_of_1818" title="Neutrality Act of 1818">Neutrality Act of 1818</a> became of great frustration for American filibusters. Article 6 stated anyone engaged in filibustering could receive a maximum three years imprisonment and three thousand dollars in fines. However, it was not uncommon for in the early Republic of late 18th and early 19th century politicians to "overlook" and sometimes "assist" some filibuster missions in the hopes to add to U.S. territory.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conflict meant the U.S. Army was reluctant to arrest filibusters who broke the terms of this legislation. Officers were worried that without permission from the American federal courts, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States District Court">United States District Court</a> to make these arrests, they could face arrest themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filibusters_and_the_press">Filibusters and the press</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filibuster_(military)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Filibusters and the press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was widespread support in the press for filibusters' missions. A number of journalists were sympathetic towards filibusters, such as <a href="/wiki/John_L._O%27Sullivan" title="John L. O'Sullivan">John O'Sullivan</a> and Moses S. Beach at the famous <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sun (New York)">New York Sun</a></i> and L. J. Sigur of the New Orleans <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_Daily_Delta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Orleans Daily Delta (page does not exist)">Daily Delta</a></i>. All supported Narciso López's missions to Cuba. John S. Thrasher contributed articles for the annexation of Cuba in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Picayune" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans Picayune">New Orleans Picayune</a></i>. Some enterprising enthused journalists also enlisted themselves to fight for filibustering missions, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richardson_Hardy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richardson Hardy (page does not exist)">Richardson Hardy</a> and John McCann of the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cincinnati_Nonpareil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cincinnati Nonpareil (page does not exist)">Cincinnati Nonpareil</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poet <a href="/wiki/Theodore_O%27Hara" title="Theodore O'Hara">Theodore O'Hara</a> was a member of William Walker's expedition to <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>. He worked on the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kentucky_Yeoman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kentucky Yeoman (page does not exist)">Kentucky Yeoman</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Rally" title="Democratic Rally">Democratic Rally</a></i> newspapers. After this, he served in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861-1865).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, filibustering was not universally praised in the press. Papers backing the Republican party's position of being anti-filibuster would use the term to denounce not just actors such as William Walker but also the abolitionist filibuster <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a>, who led a failed mission into Virginia with the aim of causing a slave revolt. Knowing it would harm their campaign, Republicans identified the actions of Brown as originating in the same lawless ideology as the Democrat endorsed Walker or the pro slavery factions operating in the <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a> period, and hence inherently denounced his raid.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samuel Brannan's filibustering mission to Hawaii was identified by contemporary newspapers as being little more than a colonising scheme, although they refrained from passing moral judgement and the <i>Daily Evening Picayune</i> revised their opinion to the tamer 'emigrating company'.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catholic newspapers had varying opinions on filibustering, but broadly denounced these missions for cultural hubris and violence. Despite criticisms of a 'mad spirit of aggression abroad', Catholic commentators often had more issue with the perceived moral decay domestically that filibusters represented, and could see potential in a Spanish Catholic revival abroad, even if it came as a consequence of violence.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antebellum_United_States">Antebellum United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filibuster_(military)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antebellum United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connection_to_slavery">Connection to slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filibuster_(military)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Connection to slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mid-nineteenth century (1848–1860) saw Southern <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planters</a> raise private armies for expeditions to Mexico, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, Central and South America to acquire territories that could be annexed to the Union as slave states. Despite not being authorized by their government, Southern elites often held considerable sway over U.S. foreign policy and national politics. Despite widespread opposition from Northerners, filibustering thrust slavery into American foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp20167_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarp20167-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians have noted that filibustering was not a common practice and was carried out by "the most radical proslavery expansionists". Hardline defenders of slavery saw its preservation as their "top priority", leading to support for filibusters and their campaigns abroad. At the height of filibustering, pro-slavery politicians wanted to expand the United States further into Latin America, as far as <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. However, these attempts were quickly withdrawn when military and diplomatic retaliation was pursued.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp2016184–185_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarp2016184–185-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The author and filibuster Horace Bell observed that it could be unpopular to be opposed to filibusterism, as being so "was to be opposed to African slavery".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the abolitionist side, <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> was accused by both Catholic and pro Republican newspapers of being a filibuster after leaving New York and heading to Virginia to lead the <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">raid on Harpers Ferry.</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comparisons were drawn between his actions and those of Walker, notably how both aimed to use violence in order to change the status of slavery (with Walker wanting to introduce slavery and Brown wanting to destroy it).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many future <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> officers and soldiers, such as <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Roberdeau_Wheat" title="Chatham Roberdeau Wheat">Chatham Roberdeau Wheat</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Tigers" title="Louisiana Tigers">Louisiana Tigers</a>, obtained valuable military experience from filibuster expeditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="William_Walker">William Walker</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filibuster_(military)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: William Walker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamWalker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/WilliamWalker.jpg/170px-WilliamWalker.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/WilliamWalker.jpg/255px-WilliamWalker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/WilliamWalker.jpg/340px-WilliamWalker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Walker_(filibuster)" title="William Walker (filibuster)">William Walker</a> is a famous filibuster, having failed at multiple attempts to invade <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> countries and establish a pro-slavery, American regime.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1850s, American adventurer <a href="/wiki/William_Walker_(filibuster)" title="William Walker (filibuster)">William Walker</a> launched several filibustering campaigns leading a private mercenary army. In 1853, he declared a short-lived republic in the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California. Later, when a path through <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nicaragua" title="Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a> was being considered as the possible site of a canal through Central America (see <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaragua canal">Nicaragua canal</a>), he was hired as a mercenary by one of the factions in a civil war in Nicaragua. He declared himself commander of the country's army in 1856; and soon afterward President of the Republic. Walker received no form of direct military or financial aid from the US government but in 1856 his government did receive official recognition from Democratic <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">President Franklin Pierce</a>. In June of the same year Walker was endorsed as an agent of Central America's regeneration by the Democratic National Convention's party platform. This support for Walker was later publicly retracted due to allegations of corruption but ‘Walker's movement  to many Democrats, represented a natural outgrowth of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">U.S. annexation of Texas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican-American War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After attempting to take control of the rest of Central America he was defeated by the four other Central American nations he tried to invade and eventually executed in 1860 by the local <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduran</a> authorities he had tried to overthrow.<sup id="cite_ref-mined_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mined-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The author <a href="/wiki/Horace_Bell" title="Horace Bell">Horace Bell</a> served as a major with Walker in Nicaragua in 1856. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Parker_H._French" title="Parker H. French">Parker H. French</a> served as Minister of Hacienda and was appointed as Minister Plenipotentiary to Washington in 1855, but Pierce refused to recognise his credentials and did not meet with him. Rather than return to Nicaragua, French spent several months spending his spoils, enjoying a lavish lifestyle that included staying in luxury hotel suites and entertaining the press and politicians with cigars and champagne. Eventually French ran into legal troubles connected to recruiting volunteers for the Walker regime and he hastily returned to Nicaragua in March 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the traditional historiography in both the United States and Latin America, Walker's filibustering represented the high tide of antebellum <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a>. His brief seizure of Nicaragua in 1855 is typically called a representative expression of <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a> with the added factor of trying to expand slavery into Central America. Historian Michel Gobat, however, presents a strongly revisionist interpretation. He argues that Walker was invited in by Nicaraguan liberals who were trying to force economic modernization and political liberalism, and that thus it was not an attempted projection of American power.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masculinity_and_filibustering">Masculinity and filibustering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filibuster_(military)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Masculinity and filibustering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historians such as Gail Bederman and Amy Greenburg have noted the influence of masculinity of filibustering, particularly the form of "martial manhood" that many filibusterers adopted during the period.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many men in antebellum America sought a return to the type of masculinity displayed on the frontier – one supposedly of strength, violence and self reliance. Greenburg uses primary sources to examine the appeal to masculinity in the recruitment campaigns of filibuster missions, focusing on how the deteriorating working class conditions enabled locations such as Nicaragua to be advertised as a space for men to celebrate their strength.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bederman, meanwhile, emphasises the importance of nostalgia for the American frontier, and draws together notions of race, masculinity and gender to display how people felt insecure in their identities so reverted back to the typical ideal of what it meant to be a white man.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filibustering_outside_of_the_Americas">Filibustering outside of the Americas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filibuster_(military)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Filibustering outside of the Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While typically associated with Latin America, South America and the Caribbean, historians such as Dominic Alessio have proposed examples of filibustering elsewhere. Emphasising the centrality of unauthorised individuals in filibustering, the actions of Gabriel D'Annuzio in <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Fiume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abel_Aubert_du_Petit-Thouars" title="Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars">Adel Aubert du Petit-Thouars</a> in Tahiti and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> in Italy were suggested as non-American filibusters.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, some contemporary American newspapers styled the actions of Garibaldi and his insurgents in pre-unification Italy as filibustering.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It ought to be emphasised, however, that filibustering was predominantly used to refer to mid 19th century missions contained within the Americas, and that applying the term outside of this context risks being anachronistic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women's_involvement_with_filibustering"><span id="Women.27s_involvement_with_filibustering"></span>Women's involvement with filibustering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filibuster_(military)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Women's involvement with filibustering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women often participated in filibustering, taking active roles such as planning, propaganda, participation, and popularization. Women also composed songs, arranged balls and concerts on behalf of the filibusters. Most of the interest came from women in the Gulf and Mid-Atlantic states as they were closer to the events. Correspondingly those in the Northern states tended not to take much interest in what was going on further south. Many women attended the filibuster expeditions as settlers, to help with casualties and to aid the expeditions in any way they could. Many women were at the front line experiencing first hand the armed engagements. A few even took up arms and used them to defend their men and property. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jane_McManus_Storm_Cazneau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane McManus Storm Cazneau">Jane McManus Storm Cazneau</a> had an important role in negotiating between filibusters and U.S. politicians. She persuaded <a href="/wiki/Moses_S._Beach" title="Moses S. Beach">Moses S. Beach</a> to promote lectures about William Walker and his group. All of these women embraced the idea of expansionism to spread <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">American slavery</a> in Central and South America. John Quitman's daughter Louisa used anti-Spanish rhetoric as she saw fit in order that the Spanish deserved to be punished for what they had done to <a href="/wiki/Narciso_L%C3%B3pez" title="Narciso López">Narciso López</a> and his men after they had been taken prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filibusters_and_freemasonry">Filibusters and freemasonry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filibuster_(military)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Filibusters and freemasonry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several well-known figures in filibusterism were also <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a> and this organization played a major role within the hierarchy of the filibusters. <a href="/wiki/Narciso_L%C3%B3pez" title="Narciso López">Narciso López</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambrosio_Jos%C3%A9_Gonzales" title="Ambrosio José Gonzales">José Gonzales</a> of the Cuban expedition were both Freemasons. Other Freemasons who took part in filibustering came from Louisiana and were involved with the 1810 incursion into West Florida. Later in 1836 Freemasons were involved in the Texas Revolution. These included Stephen F. Austin, Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar, and <a href="/wiki/David_Crockett" class="mw-redirect" title="David Crockett">David Crockett</a> among others. Freemasons from New Orleans had helped in planning the conquest of Texas. Several lodges were an important element of the filibusters, contributing many men to the cause of <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionism</a>. Part of the Masonic emphasis was that members should support their country's freedoms. </p><p>During the period when <a href="/wiki/Narciso_L%C3%B3pez" title="Narciso López">Narciso López</a> was planning his expedition to Cuba the <a href="/wiki/Havana_Club" title="Havana Club">Havana Club</a>, founded in 1848 by Cuban Freemasons, had endorsed the idea of inviting a filibuster expedition to Cuba in order to overthrow the colonial Spanish and free the island. The flag that López and others designed for their expedition had masonic emblems built into it. These included representations of the Mason's triangular apron. The Star of Texas was included to represent the five points of the fellowship of the Masons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This flag was adopted as the Cuban national flag fifty-two years after López's failed adventure. </p><p>Other filibustering Freemasons of note included <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Roberdeau_Wheat" title="Chatham Roberdeau Wheat">Chatham Roberdeau Wheat</a> and Theodore O'Hara the poet. They came from an extensive network of lodges in the Southern U.S. such as Soloman's Lodge No. 20 in Jacksonville and Marion Lodge No. 19 in Ocala. The reach of the Masons was wide and helpful. On arriving at John Hardee Dilworth's estate, Jose Gonzales used Freemasonry symbols, which prevented him from being arrested as Dilworth was also a Mason and had been told by presidential order to arrest Gonzales.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Major_F._P._Hann"_hoax"><span id=".22Major_F._P._Hann.22_hoax"></span>"Major F. P. Hann" hoax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filibuster_(military)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: "Major F. P. Hann" hoax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Frank Hann letters were a series of hoax letters published in 1895, purported to be written by a "Major F. P. Hann", who claimed to be an American filibuster fighting against the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Spanish colonial rule of Cuba</a>. Hann wrote a fake account of his supposed experiences in the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban War of Independence</a>, detailing accounts of battles and operations that took place as well as commenting on the political situation within the country. </p><p>The real Frank Hann, a twenty-year-old man who lived in Gainesville, Florida, used the pseudonym "Anderfer" in order to release the letters he forged, acting as a medium for the letters written by "Major Hann". He used the hoax to raise his own profile in the U.S. as a war hero, while also attempting to garner support for filibuster missions in Cuba. </p><p>The episode draws attention to the influence of the media and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">yellow journalism</a> on American sentiment towards foreign affairs during the period.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depiction_in_popular_media">Depiction in popular media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filibuster_(military)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Depiction in popular media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William Walker's filibusters are the subject of a poem by <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Cardenal" title="Ernesto Cardenal">Ernesto Cardenal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Neal_(writer)" title="John Neal (writer)">John Neal</a>'s 1859 novel <i>True Womanhood</i> includes a character who travels from the US to Nicaragua to aid Walker's campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other media portrayals of filibustering include: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Harding_Davis" title="Richard Harding Davis">Richard Harding Davis</a> novels, the 1987 film <i><a href="/wiki/Walker_(film)" title="Walker (film)">Walker</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alex_Cox" title="Alex Cox">Alex Cox</a>,<i> <a href="/wiki/Blood_Meridian" title="Blood Meridian">Blood Meridian</a> </i> by Cormac McCarthy, <a href="/wiki/Ned_Buntline" title="Ned Buntline">Ned Buntline</a>'s novels <i>The B'hoys of New York</i> and <i>The Mysteries and Miseries of New Orleans</i>, and Lucy Petway Holcombe's <i>The Free Flag of Cuba</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Season 1 episode 8 of <i><a href="/wiki/The_High_Chaparral" title="The High Chaparral">The High Chaparral</a></i> is titled "The Filibusteros" and depicts a fictional group of post–Civil War Confederate soldiers in Mexico. </p><p>Historians such as Aims McGuinness promote the view that Filibustering catalysed an opposition discourse, that <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest Destiny</a> had spawned.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In doing so this discourse in addition to the trauma and collective memory of the <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_War" title="Filibuster War">Filibuster War</a> (caused by events such as <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Masaya" title="Second Battle of Masaya">the burning of Granada</a>) is theorised to have created the original sense of widespread Latin American identity and Costa-Rican national identity.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filibuster_(military)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Legions" title="British Legions">British Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burr_conspiracy" title="Burr conspiracy">Burr conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_filibusterismo" title="El filibusterismo">El filibusterismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Enlistment_Act_1870" title="Foreign Enlistment Act 1870">Foreign Enlistment Act 1870</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunters%27_Lodges" title="Hunters' Lodges">Hunters' Lodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sedang" title="Kingdom of Sedang">Kingdom of Sedang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Golden_Circle" title="Knights of the Golden Circle">Knights of the Golden Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men_(Russo-Ukrainian_War)" title="Little green men (Russo-Ukrainian War)">Little green men (Russo-Ukrainian War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Raj of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filibuster_(military)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Axelrod, Alan <i>Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies</i> CQ Press, 9 January 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSafire2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Safire" title="William Safire">Safire, William</a> (2008). "filibuster". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c4UoX6-Sv1AC"><i>Safire's Political Dictionary</i></a> (updated, expanded ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534334-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534334-2"><bdi>978-0-19-534334-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>[...] the term [...] was first used during a debate on the floor of the House on Jan. 3, 1853. [...] Albert G. Brown (D-Miss.) responded: 'When I saw my friend standing on the other side of the House, filibustering, as I thought, against the United States, surrounded, as he was, by admiring Whigs, I did not know what to think.' The vivid word quickly became attached to the practice of making speeches to block legislation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=filibuster&rft.btitle=Safire%27s+Political+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=244&rft.edition=updated%2C+expanded&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534334-2&rft.aulast=Safire&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc4UoX6-Sv1AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilibuster+%28military%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/74384">"freebooter"</a>. Retrieved 2012-10-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/70179">"filibuster"</a>. Retrieved 2012-10-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Axelrod2013" class="citation book cs1">Alan Axelrod (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lX9ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT206"><i>Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies</i></a>. Sage. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-6467-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-6467-4"><bdi>978-1-4833-6467-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercenaries%3A+A+Guide+to+Private+Armies+and+Private+Military+Companies&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4833-6467-4&rft.au=Alan+Axelrod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlX9ZDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilibuster+%28military%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/uncpress/chapters/may_manifest.html">Manifest Destiny's Underworld: Filibustering in Antebellum America, by Robert E. May. Chapter 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090209182541/http://www.ibiblio.org/uncpress/chapters/may_manifest.html">Archived</a> 9 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/filibuster">"the definition of filibuster"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=the+definition+of+filibuster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Ffilibuster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilibuster+%28military%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBringhurst1997" class="citation journal cs1">Bringhurst, Newell G. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41171850">"Samuel Brannan and His Forgotten Final Years"</a>. <i>Southern California Quarterly</i>. <b>79</b> (2): 139–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F41171850">10.2307/41171850</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-3929">0038-3929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+California+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Samuel+Brannan+and+His+Forgotten+Final+Years&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139-160&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F41171850&rft.issn=0038-3929&rft.aulast=Bringhurst&rft.aufirst=Newell+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41171850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilibuster+%28military%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2002" class="citation book cs1">May, Robert E. 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Ministerio de Educación. 9 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mined.gob.ni/gobernant4.php">the original</a> on 9 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gobernantes+de+Nicaragua&rft.pub=Ministerio+de+Educaci%C3%B3n&rft.date=2012-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mined.gob.ni%2Fgobernant4.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilibuster+%28military%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford, Edwin H., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/27/v27i01p001-020.pdf">"Southern Minnesota Pioneer Journalism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018122201/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/27/v27i01p001-020.pdf">Archived</a> 18 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Minnesota History</i>, Vol. 27, No. 1, March 1946.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston, Daniel S. B., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v_47AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA247">"Minnesota Journalism in the Territorial Period"</a> <i>Minnesota Historical Collections</i>, Vol. 10, February 1905.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Gobat, <i>Empire by Invitation: William Walker and Manifest Destiny in Central America</i> (Harvard UP, 2018). See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/28443/discussions/4084046/h-diplo-roundtable-xx-38-empire-invitation-william-walker-and">this roundtable evaluation by scholars at H-Diplo.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenburg2005" class="citation book cs1">Greenburg, Amy (2005). <i>Manifest manhood and the Antebellum American empire</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-84096-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-84096-1"><bdi>0-521-84096-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifest+manhood+and+the+Antebellum+American+empire&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-84096-1&rft.aulast=Greenburg&rft.aufirst=Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilibuster+%28military%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBederman1995" class="citation book cs1">Bederman, Gail (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb02528.0001.001"><i>Manliness & civilization: a cultural history of gender and race in the United States, 1880–1917</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-04149-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-04149-2"><bdi>0-226-04149-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manliness+%26+civilization%3A+a+cultural+history+of+gender+and+race+in+the+United+States%2C+1880%E2%80%931917&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-226-04149-2&rft.aulast=Bederman&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fheb02528.0001.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilibuster+%28military%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlessio2016" class="citation journal cs1">Alessio, Dominic (November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592318.2016.1234114">"Filibustering from Africa to the Americas: non-state actors and empire"</a>. <i>Small Wars & Insurgencies</i>. <b>27</b> (6): 1043–1066. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592318.2016.1234114">10.1080/09592318.2016.1234114</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-2318">0959-2318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+%26+Insurgencies&rft.atitle=Filibustering+from+Africa+to+the+Americas%3A+non-state+actors+and+empire&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1043-1066&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592318.2016.1234114&rft.issn=0959-2318&rft.aulast=Alessio&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F09592318.2016.1234114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilibuster+%28military%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2005" class="citation journal cs1">May, Robert (2005). "Reconsidering Antebellum U.S. Women's History: Gender, filibustering, and America's Quest For Empire". <i>American Quarterly</i>. <b>57</b> (4): 1155–1188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Faq.2006.0013">10.1353/aq.2006.0013</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40068333">40068333</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144772015">144772015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Reconsidering+Antebellum+U.S.+Women%27s+History%3A+Gender%2C+filibustering%2C+and+America%27s+Quest+For+Empire&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1155-1188&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144772015%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40068333%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Faq.2006.0013&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilibuster+%28military%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Cova1997" class="citation journal cs1">de la Cova, Antonio Rafael (1997). "Filibusters and Freemasons: The Sworn Obligation". <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 95–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3124644">10.2307/3124644</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3124644">3124644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.atitle=Filibusters+and+Freemasons%3A+The+Sworn+Obligation&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-120&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3124644&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3124644%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=de+la+Cova&rft.aufirst=Antonio+Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilibuster+%28military%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosch2013" class="citation journal cs1">Losch, Paul.S (Spring 2013). "The Fleeting Fame of Florida's Filibuster, 'Major' Frank Hann". <i>The Florida Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>91</b> (4): 491–493, 497, 501. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43487530">43487530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Fleeting+Fame+of+Florida%27s+Filibuster%2C+%27Major%27+Frank+Hann&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=491-493%2C+497%2C+501&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43487530%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Losch&rft.aufirst=Paul.S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilibuster+%28military%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnesto_Cardenal1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Cardenal" title="Ernesto Cardenal">Ernesto Cardenal</a> (1985). Cohen, Jonathan (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withwalkerinnica00card/page/73"><i>With Walker in Nicaragua and other early poems, 1949–1954</i></a></span>. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withwalkerinnica00card/page/73">73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8195-5123-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8195-5123-6"><bdi>0-8195-5123-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Walker+in+Nicaragua+and+other+early+poems%2C+1949%E2%80%931954&rft.place=Middletown&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-8195-5123-6&rft.au=Ernesto+Cardenal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithwalkerinnica00card%2Fpage%2F73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilibuster+%28military%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1933" class="citation thesis cs1">Richards, Irving T. (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990038995990203941/catalog"><i>The Life and Works of John Neal</i></a> (PhD). Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. p. 1186. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7588473">7588473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Life+and+Works+of+John+Neal&rft.inst=Harvard+University&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7588473&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Irving+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fid.lib.harvard.edu%2Falma%2F990038995990203941%2Fcatalog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilibuster+%28military%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuinness2016" class="citation book cs1">McGuinness, Aims (1 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501707346"><i>Path of Empire</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0734-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0734-6"><bdi>978-1-5017-0734-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Path+of+Empire&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-0734-6&rft.aulast=McGuinness&rft.aufirst=Aims&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.7591%2F9781501707346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilibuster+%28military%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDíaz‐Arias2021" class="citation journal cs1">Díaz‐Arias, David (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/blar.13223">"Cabrera Geserick, Marco (2019) The Legacy of the Filibuster War: National Identity and Collective Memory in Central America, Lexington Books (Lanham, MA), xxv + 147 pp. £60.00 hbk"</a>. <i>Bulletin of Latin American Research</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 153–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fblar.13223">10.1111/blar.13223</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3050">0261-3050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Latin+American+Research&rft.atitle=Cabrera+Geserick%2C+Marco+%282019%29+The+Legacy+of+the+Filibuster+War%3A+National+Identity+and+Collective+Memory+in+Central+America%2C+Lexington+Books+%28Lanham%2C+MA%29%2C+xxv+%2B+147+pp.+%C2%A360.00+hbk.&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=153-154&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fblar.13223&rft.issn=0261-3050&rft.aulast=D%C3%ADaz%E2%80%90Arias&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fblar.13223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilibuster+%28military%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filibuster_(military)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brown, Charles H. <i>Agents of Manifest Destiny: The Lives and Times of the Filibusters</i>. University of North Carolina Press, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-1361-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-1361-3">0-8078-1361-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarp2016" class="citation book cs1">Karp, Matthew (2016). <i>This Vast Southern Empire: Slaveholders at the Helm of the American Foreign Policy</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-73725-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-73725-9"><bdi>978-0-674-73725-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Vast+Southern+Empire%3A+Slaveholders+at+the+Helm+of+the+American+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-674-73725-9&rft.aulast=Karp&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilibuster+%28military%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lipski, John M. "<i>Filibustero</i>: origin and development." <i>Journal of Hispanic Philology</i> 6, 1982, pp. 213–238. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0147-5460">0147-5460</a>.</li> <li>May, Robert E. "Manifest Destiny's Filibusters" in Sam W. Haynes and Christopher Morris, eds. <i>Manifest Destiny and Empire: American Antebellum Expansionism</i>. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89096-756-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89096-756-3">0-89096-756-3</a>.</li> <li>May, Robert E. <i>Manifest Destiny's Underworld: Filibustering in Antebellum America</i>. University of North Carolina Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2703-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2703-7">0-8078-2703-7</a>.</li> <li>Roche, James Jeffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IzpOaCxsYvQC"><i>The story of the Filibusters</i></a>. T. F. Unwin, 1891.</li> <li>Schreckengost, Gary. <i>The First Louisiana Special Battalion: Wheat's Tigers in the Civil War.</i> Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland and Company, Inc., Publishers, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3202-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3202-8">978-0-7864-3202-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filibuster_(military)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/filibuster" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:filibuster">filibuster</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamu.edu/ccbn/dewitt/filibusters.htm">"The Filibusters"</a> at Texas A & M Univ.; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101223172917/http://www.tamu.edu/ccbn/dewitt/filibusters.htm">Archived</a> 23 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/filibusters.htm">Latin American studies</a> on the Cuban Filibuster Movement (1849–1856)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thememorypalace.us/2009/07/episode-15-presidente-walker/">Memory palace podcast episode about filibuster, William Walker.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309072333/http://thememorypalace.us/2009/07/episode-15-presidente-walker/">Archived</a> 9 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Filibuster"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Filibuster">"Filibuster" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Filibuster&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilibuster+%28military%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Piracy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_period" title="Category:Piracy by period">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Ancient Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_21st_century" title="Piracy in the 21st century">21st century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_piracy" title="2022 in piracy">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_piracy" title="2023 in piracy">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_piracy" title="2024 in piracy">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Types of pirate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_piracy" title="Albanian piracy">Albanian piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates (corsairs)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsairs_of_Algiers" title="Corsairs of Algiers">Algiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Coast" title="Brethren of the Coast">Brethren of the Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">Buccaneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pirate" title="Child pirate">Child pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack pirates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Filibusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_corsairs" title="French corsairs">French corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Moro pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_privateer" title="Confederate privateer">Confederate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_pirate" title="River pirate">River pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geuzen" title="Geuzen">Sea Beggars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Sea_Dogs" title="Elizabethan Sea Dogs">Sea Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawarij" title="Bawarij">Sindhi corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_pirate" title="Timber pirate">Timber pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushkuyniks" title="Ushkuyniks">Ushkuyniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uskoks" title="Uskoks">Uskoks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Atlantic_World" title="Piracy in the Atlantic World">Atlantic World</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Piracy in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Lake_Nicaragua" title="Piracy on Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy off the coast of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_around_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Piracy around the Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Somali Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Piracy in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Strait_of_Malacca" title="Piracy in the Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosy_Boraha" title="Nosy Boraha">Nosy Boraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other waters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Falcon_Lake" title="Piracy on Falcon Lake">Falcon Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_South_China_Coast" title="Pirates of the South China Coast">South China Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Sulu Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_haven" title="Pirate haven">Pirate havens</a><br />and bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barataria_Bay" title="Barataria Bay">Barataria Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Sainte-Marie" class="mw-redirect" title="Île Sainte-Marie">Île Sainte-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertatia" title="Libertatia">Libertatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lundy" title="Lundy">Lundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">Mamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pirates" title="Republic of Pirates">Republic of Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustin,_Madagascar" title="Saint Augustin, Madagascar">Saint Augustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abduwali_Muse" title="Abduwali Muse">Abduwali Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abshir_Boyah" title="Abshir Boyah">Abshir Boyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Baldridge" title="Adam Baldridge">Adam Baldridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Samuel" title="Abraham Samuel">Abraham Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_and_Alfhild" title="Alf and Alfhild">Alfhild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Hicks" title="Albert W. Hicks">Albert W. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bonny" title="Anne Bonny">Anne Bonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dieu-le-Veut" title="Anne Dieu-le-Veut">Anne Dieu-le-Veut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Faria" title="António de Faria">António de Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Exquemelin" title="Alexandre Exquemelin">Alexandre Exquemelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_I_of_Caria" title="Artemisia I of Caria">Artemisia I of Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awilda" title="Awilda">Awilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Portugu%C3%AAs" title="Bartolomeu Português">Bartolomeu Português</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_de_Soto" title="Benito de Soto">Benito de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hornigold" title="Benjamin Hornigold">Benjamin Hornigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Caesar_(pirate)" title="Black Caesar (pirate)">Black Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bully_Hayes" title="Bully Hayes">Bully Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qian" title="Cai Qian">Cai Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_Jack" title="Calico Jack">Calico Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gibbs" title="Charles Gibbs">Charles Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Po_Tsai" title="Cheung Po Tsai">Cheung Po Tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Anna_Skytte" title="Christina Anna Skytte">Christina Anna Skytte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chui_A-poo" title="Chui A-poo">Chui A-poo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Seavey" title="Dan Seavey">Dan Seavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabolito" title="Diabolito">Diabolito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Chivers" title="Dirk Chivers">Dirk Chivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_You" title="Dominique You">Dominique You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_England" title="Edward England">Edward England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Low" title="Edward Low">Edward Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Boggs" title="Eli Boggs">Eli Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elise_Eskilsdotter" title="Elise Eskilsdotter">Elise Eskilsdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_the_Monk" title="Eustace the Monk">Eustace the Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Burn" title="Flora Burn">Flora Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Gang" title="Flying Gang">Flying Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABma_Kotar%C5%8D" title="Fūma Kotarō">Fūma Kotarō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Clerc" title="François Le Clerc">François Le Clerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_l%27Olonnais" title="François l'Olonnais">François l'Olonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Ning" title="Gan Ning">Gan Ning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_O%27Malley" title="Grace O'Malley">Grace O'Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Lucifer" title="Hendrick Lucifer">Hendrick Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Caesar" title="Henri Caesar">Henri Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Strangways_(pirate)" title="Henry Strangways (pirate)">Henry Strangways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bouchard" title="Hippolyte Bouchard">Hippolyte Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Bamei" title="Huang Bamei">Huang Bamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Hands" title="Israel Hands">Israel Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">Jeanne de Clisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_H%C3%A5rd" title="Johanna Hård">Johanna Hård</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hoar" title="John Hoar">John Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Newland_Maffitt_(privateer)" title="John Newland Maffitt (privateer)">John Newland Maffitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pro" title="John Pro">John Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaquim_Almeida" title="José Joaquim Almeida">José Joaquim Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Baker_(pirate)" title="Joseph Baker (pirate)">Joseph Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barss" title="Joseph Barss">Joseph Barss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_St%C3%B6rtebeker" title="Klaus Störtebeker">Klaus Störtebeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Choi_San" title="Lai Choi San">Lai Choi San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurens_de_Graaf" title="Laurens de Graaf">Laurens de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Prince" title="Lawrence Prince">Lawrence Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Daoming" title="Liang Daoming">Liang Daoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limahong" title="Limahong">Limahong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Hon-cho" title="Lo Hon-cho">Lo Hon-cho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_Aury" title="Louis-Michel Aury">Louis-Michel Aury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansel_Alcantra" title="Mansel Alcantra">Mansel Alcantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ribeiro_Pardal" title="Manuel Ribeiro Pardal">Manuel Ribeiro Pardal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cobham_and_Maria_Lindsey" title="Eric Cobham and Maria Lindsey">Mary Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Read" title="Mary Read">Mary Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wolverston" title="Mary Wolverston">Mary Wolverston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Grammont" title="Michel de Grammont">Michel de Grammont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Cohen_Henriques" title="Moses Cohen Henriques">Moses Cohen Henriques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gordon" title="Nathaniel Gordon">Nathaniel Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoorn" title="Nicholas van Hoorn">Nicholas van Hoorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Akew" title="Ng Akew">Ng Akew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Levasseur" title="Olivier Levasseur">Olivier Levasseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gilbert" title="Pedro Gilbert">Pedro Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Easton" title="Peter Easton">Peter Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lafitte" title="Pierre Lafitte">Pierre Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Pieterszoon_Hein" title="Piet Pieterszoon Hein">Piet Pieterszoon Hein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sela" title="Princess Sela">Princess Sela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmah_ibn_Jabir_al-Jalhami" title="Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami">Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Wall" title="Rachel Wall">Rachel Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Redbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Glover_(pirate)" title="Richard Glover (pirate)">Richard Glover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Culliford" title="Robert Culliford">Robert Culliford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Surcouf" title="Robert Surcouf">Robert Surcouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cofres%C3%AD" title="Roberto Cofresí">Roberto Cofresí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_Braziliano" title="Roche Braziliano">Roche Braziliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusla" title="Rusla">Rusla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadie_Farrell" title="Sadie Farrell">Sadie Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bellamy" title="Samuel Bellamy">Samuel Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hall_Lord" title="Samuel Hall Lord">Samuel Hall Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mason" title="Samuel Mason">Samuel Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pallache" title="Samuel Pallache">Samuel Pallache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Ping" title="Sister Ping">Sister Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shap-ng-tsai" title="Shap-ng-tsai">Shap-ng-tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirahama_Kenki" title="Shirahama Kenki">Shirahama Kenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mascarino" title="Simon Mascarino">Simon Mascarino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stede_Bonnet" title="Stede Bonnet">Stede Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish" title="Thomas Cavendish">Thomas Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tew" title="Thomas Tew">Thomas Tew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veborg" title="Veborg">Veborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gambi" title="Vincenzo Gambi">Vincenzo Gambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhi_(pirate)" title="Wang Zhi (pirate)">Wang Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dampier" title="William Dampier">William Dampier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kidd" title="William Kidd">William Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jing" title="Zheng Jing">Zheng Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Qi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Qi (pirate)">Zheng Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Yi (pirate)">Zheng Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhilong" title="Zheng Zhilong">Zheng Zhilong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_Sao" title="Zheng Yi Sao">Zheng Yi Sao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirate<br />hunters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Emo" title="Angelo Emo">Angelo Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaloner_Ogle" title="Chaloner Ogle">Chaloner Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">David Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campuzano_Polanco_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Campuzano Polanco family">Jose Campuzano-Polanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_(Spanish_Navy_officer)" title="Luis Fajardo (Spanish Navy officer)">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Enr%C3%ADquez_(privateer)" title="Miguel Enríquez (privateer)">Miguel Enríquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Avery_Hornsby" title="Richard Avery Hornsby">Richard Avery Hornsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard" title="Robert Maynard">Robert Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Warren_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Thomas Warren (Royal Navy officer)">Thomas Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodes_Rogers" title="Woodes Rogers">Woodes Rogers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Galley" title="Adventure Galley">Adventure Galley</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Ambrose Light</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fancy_(ship)" title="Fancy (ship)">Fancy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman" title="Flying Dutchman">Flying Dutchman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Ganj-i-Sawai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quedagh_Merchant" title="Quedagh Merchant">Quedagh Merchant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CSS_McRae" title="CSS McRae">Marquis of Havana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">My Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Royal Fortune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saladin_(barque)" title="Saladin (barque)">Saladin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MV_York" title="MV York">York</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate battles and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirate_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/100px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/150px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/200px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1582_Cagayan_battles" title="1582 Cagayan battles">1582 Cagayan battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_November_1822" title="Action of 9 November 1822">Action of 9 November 1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_28_October_2007" title="Action of 28 October 2007">Action of 28 October 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_November_2008" title="Action of 11 November 2008">Action of 11 November 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2009_raid_off_Somalia" title="April 2009 raid off Somalia">Action of 9 April 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_March_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 23 March 2010">Action of 23 March 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 1 April 2010">Action of 1 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_5_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 5 April 2010">Action of 5 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="Aegean Sea anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelope_of_Boston" title="Antelope of Boston">Antelope incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Veracruz" title="Attack on Veracruz">Attack on Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">Balanguingui Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boca_Teacapan" title="Battle of Boca Teacapan">Battle of Boca Teacapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Fear_River_(1718)" title="Battle of Cape Fear River (1718)">Battle of Cape Fear River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Lopez" title="Battle of Cape Lopez">Battle of Cape Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doro_Passage" title="Battle of Doro Passage">Battle of Doro Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Battle of Mandab Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1574)" title="Battle of Manila (1574)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Minicoy_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle off Minicoy Island">Battle off Minicoy Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Mukah" title="Battle off Mukah">Battle off Mukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_Quan" title="Battle of Nam Quan">Battle of Nam Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Battle of Ocracoke Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pianosa" title="Battle of Pianosa">Battle of Pianosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Leotung" title="Battle of the Leotung">Battle of the Leotung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth" title="Battle of the Tiger's Mouth">Battle of the Tiger's Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tonkin_River" title="Battle of Tonkin River">Battle of Tonkin River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ty-ho_Bay" title="Battle of Ty-ho Bay">Battle of Ty-ho Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tysami" title="Battle of Tysami">Battle of Tysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Beluga_Nomination_incident" title="MV Beluga Nomination incident"><i>Beluga Nomination</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane" title="Charles Vane">Blockade of Charleston (Vane)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepo_expedition" title="Chepo expedition">Chepo Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Capture of the <i>Ambrose Light</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_John_%22Calico_Jack%22_Rackham" title="Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham">Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Bravo" title="Capture of the schooner Bravo">Capture of the schooner <i>Bravo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Fancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of the schooner Fancy">Capture of the schooner <i>Fancy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_sloop_Anne" title="Capture of the sloop Anne">Capture of the sloop <i>Anne</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr%C3%A9_d%27As_IV_incident" title="Carré d'As IV incident"><i>Carré d'As IV</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Hong_Dan_incident" title="Dai Hong Dan incident"><i>Dai Hong Dan</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_Expedition" title="Falklands Expedition">Falklands Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Patrol" title="Great Lakes Patrol">Great Lakes Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_incident" title="Irene incident"><i>Irene</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids" title="Jiajing wokou raids">Jiajing wokou raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maersk_Alabama_hijacking" title="Maersk Alabama hijacking"><i>Maersk Alabama</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Zafirah_hijacking" title="MT Zafirah hijacking">MT <i>Zafirah</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Orkim_Harmony_hijacking" title="MT Orkim Harmony hijacking">MT <i>Orkim Harmony</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Moscow_University_hijacking" title="MV Moscow University hijacking">MV <i>Moscow University</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Star_affair" title="North Star affair"><i>North Star</i> affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_of_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_8:_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield" title="Operation Ocean Shield">Operation Ocean Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Pirate attacks in Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SY_Quest_incident" title="SY Quest incident"><i>Quest</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_(1683)" title="Raid on Cartagena (1683)">Raid on Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Campeche_(1663)" title="Sack of Campeche (1663)">Sack of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Pirates" title="Salvador Pirates">Salvador Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Piracy law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_grace_(piracy)" title="Acts of grace (piracy)">Acts of grace</a> (<a href="/wiki/1717%E2%80%931718_Acts_of_Grace" title="1717–1718 Acts of Grace">1717–1718 Acts of Grace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_piracy_law" title="International piracy law">International piracy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Declaration_Respecting_Maritime_Law" title="Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law">Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act" title="Piracy Act">Piracy Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Offences_at_Sea_Act_1536" title="Offences at Sea Act 1536">1536</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1698" title="Piracy Act 1698">1698</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Act_1717" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Act 1717">1717</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1721" title="Piracy Act 1721">1721</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1837" title="Piracy Act 1837">1837</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1850" title="Piracy Act 1850">1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Law_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy Law of 1820">Piracy Law of 1820</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">African slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">African Slave Trade Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad"><i>Amistad</i> Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Veloz_Passagera" title="Capture of the Veloz Passagera">Capture of the <i>Veloz Passagera</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_brig_Brillante" title="Capture of the brig Brillante">Capture of the brig <i>Brillante</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="Pirates in the arts and popular culture">Pirates in<br />popular<br />culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pirates" title="List of fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askeladd" title="Askeladd">Askeladd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ayrton" title="Tom Ayrton">Tom Ayrton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbeard_(comics)" title="Redbeard (comics)">Barbe Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Birdseye" title="Captain Birdseye">Captain Birdseye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Blood_(novel)" title="Captain Blood (novel)">Captain Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldland" title="McDonaldland">Captain Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Flint" title="Captain Flint">Captain Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Hook" title="Captain Hook">Captain Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Nemo" title="Captain Nemo">Captain Nemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pugwash" title="Captain Pugwash">Captain Pugwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Sabertooth" title="Captain Sabertooth">Captain Sabertooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Stingaree" title="Captain Stingaree">Captain Stingaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones_(Pirates_of_the_Caribbean)" title="Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)">Davy Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kenway" title="Edward Kenway">Edward Kenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Marley" title="Elaine Marley">Elaine Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Swann" title="Elizabeth Swann">Elizabeth Swann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franky_(One_Piece)" title="Franky (One Piece)">Franky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybrush_Threepwood" title="Guybrush Threepwood">Guybrush Threepwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Barbossa" title="Hector Barbossa">Hector Barbossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sparrow" title="Jack Sparrow">Jack Sparrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar" title="José Gaspar">José Gaspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshamee_Gibbs" title="Joshamee Gibbs">Joshamee Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver" title="Long John Silver">Long John Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_D._Luffy" title="Monkey D. Luffy">Monkey D. Luffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaas_Montenegro" title="Vaas Montenegro">Vaas Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Smee" title="Mr. Smee">Mr. Smee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nami_(One_Piece)" title="Nami (One Piece)">Nami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Robin" title="Nico Robin">Nico Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roronoa_Zoro" title="Roronoa Zoro">Roronoa Zoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandokan" title="Sandokan">Sandokan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanji_(One_Piece)" title="Sanji (One Piece)">Sanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tony_Chopper" title="Tony Tony Chopper">Tony Tony Chopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usopp" title="Usopp">Usopp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Turner" title="Will Turner">Will Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_(G.I._Joe)" title="Zanzibar (G.I. Joe)">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_(novel)" title="The Pirate (novel)">The Pirate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pilot:_A_Tale_of_the_Sea" title="The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea">The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Facing_the_Flag" title="Facing the Flag">Facing the Flag</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Stranger_Tides" title="On Stranger Tides">On Stranger Tides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hawkins_and_the_Curse_of_Treasure_Island" title="Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island">Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castaways_of_the_Flying_Dutchman" title="Castaways of the Flying Dutchman">Castaways of the Flying Dutchman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Angel%27s_Command" title="The Angel's Command">The Angel's Command</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_Slaves" title="Voyage of Slaves">Voyage of Slaves</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver_(comics)" title="Long John Silver (comics)">Long John Silver</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Latitudes" title="Pirate Latitudes">Pirate Latitudes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mistress_of_the_Seas" title="Mistress of the Seas">Mistress of the Seas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silver_(Motion_novel)" title="Silver (Motion novel)">Silver: Return to Treasure Island</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tropes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buried_treasure" title="Buried treasure">Buried treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones%27s_locker" title="Davy Jones's locker">Davy Jones's locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyepatch" title="Eyepatch">Eyepatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolly_Roger" title="Jolly Roger">Jolly Roger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skull and crossbones (symbol)">skull and crossbones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keelhauling" title="Keelhauling">Keelhauling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marooning" title="Marooning">Marooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_purchase,_no_pay" title="No purchase, no pay">No purchase, no pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegleg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegleg">Pegleg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_parrot" title="Companion parrot">Pet parrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_code" title="Pirate code">Pirate code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_utopia" title="Pirate utopia">Pirate utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_map" title="Treasure map">Treasure map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_the_plank" title="Walking the plank">Walking the plank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pirate" title="Air pirate">Air pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_pirates" title="List of space pirates">Space pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Talk_Like_a_Pirate_Day" title="International Talk Like a Pirate Day">International Talk Like a Pirate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_versus_Ninjas" title="Pirates versus Ninjas">Pirates versus Ninjas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Captain Charles Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Ratisbon" title="Truce of Ratisbon">Truce of Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Round" title="Pirate Round">Pirate Round</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matelotage" title="Matelotage">Matelotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_kidnappings" title="Piracy kidnappings">Piracy kidnappings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Meta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirates" title="List of pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirate_films_and_television_series" title="List of pirate films and television series">Pirate films and TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_privateers" title="List of privateers">Privateers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates">List of ships attacked by Somali pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_piracy" title="Timeline of piracy">Timeline of piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Barbary_pirates" class="mw-disambig" title="Category:Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates_by_nationality" title="Category:Pirates by nationality">By nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Female_pirates" title="Category:Female pirates">Female pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_pirates" title="Category:Fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_year" title="Category:Piracy by year">Piracy by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates" title="Category:Pirates">Pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/29px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/44px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/58px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Piracy" title="Portal:Piracy">Piracy portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3073738#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3073738#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/924164/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4154622-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85048203">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119434909">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119434909">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531242605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filibuster_(military)&oldid=1260327860">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filibuster_(military)&oldid=1260327860</a>"</div></div> <div 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