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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Augustin Bea" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="أوغستين بيترس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوغستين بيترس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Augustin Bea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Augustin Bea" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Augustin Bea" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%B1" title="Αυγουστίνος Μπέα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυγουστίνος Μπέα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Augustin Bea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A7" title="آوگوستین بئا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آوگوستین بئا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Augustin Bea" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Augustin Bea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9A%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B4_%EB%B2%A0%EC%95%84" title="아우구스틴 베아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아우구스틴 베아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Augustin Bea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Augustin Bea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinus_Bea" title="Augustinus Bea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Augustinus Bea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="اوجستين بيترس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوجستين بيترس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Augustin Bea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Augustin Bea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Augustin Bea" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Augustin Bea" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B0,_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Беа, Августин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Беа, Августин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Augustin Bea" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Augustin Bea" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Bea" title="Augustin Bea – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Augustin Bea" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E4%BA%9E" title="奧斯定·貝亞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奧斯定·貝亞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #FFA4A4;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/His_Eminence" class="mw-redirect" title="His Eminence">His Eminence</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline" class="fn">Augustin Bea</div><br /><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">SJ</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role">President of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity">Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CardinalBea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/CardinalBea.jpg/220px-CardinalBea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/CardinalBea.jpg/330px-CardinalBea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/CardinalBea.jpg/440px-CardinalBea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="887" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointed</th><td class="infobox-data">6 June 1960</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Term ended</th><td class="infobox-data">16 November 1968</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Willebrands" title="Johannes Willebrands">Johannes Willebrands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Cardinal–Deacon of <a href="/wiki/San_Saba,_Rome" title="San Saba, Rome">San Saba</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Superior">Provincial Superior</a> of the Society of Jesus in Germany (1921-1924)</li><li>Rector of the Pontifical Biblical Institute (1930-1949)</li><li>Titular Archbishop of Germania in Numidia (1962–1963)</li><li>President of the Pontifical Commission for the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vulgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Vulgate">Neo-Vulgate</a> (1965-1968)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">25 August 1912<br />by Hermann Jürgens</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">19 April 1962<br />by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created cardinal</th><td class="infobox-data">14 December 1959<br />by Pope John XXIII</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">Cardinal-Deacon</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Augustin Bea</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1881-05-28</span>)</span>28 May 1881<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Riedböhringen, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 November 1968<span style="display:none">(1968-11-16)</span> (aged 87)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>In nomine domini Jesu</i> (In the name of the Lord Jesus)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coat of arms</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Augustin_Bea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Augustin Bea's coat of arms"><img alt="Augustin Bea's coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Coat_of_arms_of_Augustin_Bea.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Augustin_Bea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Coat_of_arms_of_Augustin_Bea.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Augustin_Bea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Coat_of_arms_of_Augustin_Bea.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Augustin_Bea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="1211" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Augustin Bea</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">SJ</a></span> (28 May 1881 – 16 November 1968) was a German <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> priest, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinal</a>, and scholar at the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University" title="Pontifical Gregorian University">Pontifical Gregorian University</a>, specialising in biblical studies and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">biblical archaeology</a>. He also served as the personal <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">confessor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>. </p><p>He was made a cardinal in 1959 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> and served as the first president of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity">Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity</a> from 1960 until his death. Bea was a leading <a href="/wiki/Biblical_theology" title="Biblical theology">biblical scholar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">ecumenist</a>, who greatly influenced Christian-Jewish relations during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Nostra_aetate" title="Nostra aetate">Nostra aetate</a></i>. Bea published several books, mostly in Latin, and 430 articles. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustin_Bea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #ffa4a4;"><span style="font-size:80%">Styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Augustin Bea</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Template-Cardinal_(Bishop).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Template-Cardinal_%28Bishop%29.svg/60px-Template-Cardinal_%28Bishop%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Template-Cardinal_%28Bishop%29.svg/90px-Template-Cardinal_%28Bishop%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Template-Cardinal_%28Bishop%29.svg/120px-Template-Cardinal_%28Bishop%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1226" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data">His Eminence</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Eminence</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Informal style</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">See</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germania_in_Numidia" title="Germania in Numidia">Germania in Numidia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustin_Bea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bea was born in Riedböhringen, today a part of <a href="/wiki/Blumberg" title="Blumberg">Blumberg</a>, Baden-Württemberg;<sup id="cite_ref-scarboro_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarboro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his father was a <a href="/wiki/Carpenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpenter">carpenter</a>. He studied at the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">Freiburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Innsbruck" title="University of Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">Berlin</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Valkenburg_aan_de_Geul" title="Valkenburg aan de Geul">Valkenburg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> house of studies in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. On 18 April 1902, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a>, as he "was much inclined to the scholarly life".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bea was <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders">ordained</a> a <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Catholic Church)">priest</a> on 25 August 1912, and finished his studies in 1914. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Priestly_ministry">Priestly ministry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustin_Bea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Priestly ministry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bea served as <a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">superior</a> of the Jesuit residence in <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> until 1917, at which time he began teaching <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Scripture</a> at Valkenburg. From 1921 to 1924, Bea was the <a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">provincial superior</a> of Germany. <a href="/wiki/Superior_General_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General of the Society of Jesus">Superior General</a> <a href="/wiki/Wlodimir_Led%C3%B3chowski" title="Wlodimir Ledóchowski">Wlodimir Ledóchowski</a> then sent him to Rome, where he worked as the superior of the Biennial House of Formation (1924–1928), professor at the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Institute" title="Pontifical Biblical Institute">Pontifical Biblical Institute</a> (1924–1949), and <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a> of the Institute of Superior Ecclesiastical Studies (1924–1930). In 1930, Bea was named rector of the Pontifical Biblical Institute, a post in which he remained for nineteen years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consistory_and_episcopal_ministry">Consistory and episcopal ministry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustin_Bea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consistory and episcopal ministry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Pius XII proposed appointing Bea to the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> in 1946, Superior General <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Janssens" title="Jean-Baptiste Janssens">Jean-Baptiste Janssens</a> spoke out against it, as many felt the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> was showing preferential treatment to the Jesuits.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raised to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinal</a> before his <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Catholicism)">episcopal consecration</a>, Bea was created <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal-Deacon</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Saba,_Rome" title="San Saba, Rome">S. Saba</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_consistory" title="Papal consistory">consistory</a> of 14 December 1959. On 6 June 1960, he was appointed the first president of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity">Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Curial</a> organisation charged with <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">ecumenical affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rafferty_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafferty-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until two years later that, on 5 April 1962, Cardinal Bea was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Catholicism)">bishop</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular Archbishop</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Germania_in_Numidia" title="Germania in Numidia">Germania in Numidia</a></i>. He received his consecration on the following 19 April from John XXIII himself, with Cardinals <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pizzardo" title="Giuseppe Pizzardo">Giuseppe Pizzardo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Aloisi_Masella" title="Benedetto Aloisi Masella">Benedetto Aloisi Masella</a> serving as <a href="/wiki/Consecrator" title="Consecrator">co-consecrators</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John_Lateran" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St. John Lateran">Lateran Basilica</a>. He resigned his post as titular archbishop in 1963, one year after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> was convened. </p><p>Cardinal Bea was one of the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_electors_in_Papal_conclave,_1963" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal electors in Papal conclave, 1963">electors</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1963" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1963">1963 papal conclave</a> which elected <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was confirmed as the president of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity">Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity</a> (renamed the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> on 28 June 1988) on 3 January 1966. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bea1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bea1962.jpg/220px-Bea1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bea1962.jpg/330px-Bea1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bea1962.jpg/440px-Bea1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Cardinal Bea liked to visit his native <a href="/wiki/Black_Forest" title="Black Forest">Black Forest</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cardinal Bea died from a <a href="/wiki/Bronchiole" title="Bronchiole">bronchial</a> infection in Rome, at the age of 87.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apse</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish church</a> of <a href="/wiki/Genesius_of_Arles" title="Genesius of Arles">Saint Genesius</a> in his native Riedböhringen,<sup id="cite_ref-Rafferty_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafferty-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where there is a museum honouring him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_and_legacy">Impact and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustin_Bea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Impact and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bea was highly influential at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> in the 1960s as a decisive force in the drafting of <i><a href="/wiki/Nostra_aetate" title="Nostra aetate">Nostra aetate</a></i>, which repudiated <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitism</a>. In 1963, he held secret talks with <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Joshua_Heschel" title="Abraham Joshua Heschel">Abraham Joshua Heschel</a>, promoting Catholic–Jewish dialogue.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Borelli, a Vatican II historian, has observed that, "It took the will of John XXIII and the perseverance of Cardinal Bea to impose the declaration on the Council".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a session of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Preparatory_Commission" title="Central Preparatory Commission">Central Preparatory Commission</a>, he also rejected the proposition that the Council Fathers take an oath composed of the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oath_against_modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Oath against modernism">anti-modernist oath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ottaviani" title="Alfredo Ottaviani">Alfredo Ottaviani</a>, the heavily conservative head of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Office">Holy Office</a>, presented his draft of the schema on the sources of <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Divine Revelation</a>, Bea claimed that it "would close the door to intellectual Europe and the outstretched hands of friendship in the old and new world".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the author of <i>The Church and the Jewish People</i> (New York: Harper & Row, 1966). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Divino_afflante_Spiritu" title="Divino afflante Spiritu">Divino afflante Spiritu</a></i> was very much shaped by Bea and Jacques-Marie Voste, O.P. (secretary of the Pontifical Biblical Commission).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marking the 50th anniversary of the Cardinal’s death, Pope Francis called Cardinal Bea, "an outstanding figure”, who should not only be remembered for what he did, but also the way he did it. “He remains”, the Pope said, “a model and a source of inspiration for ecumenical and interreligious dialogue, and in an eminent way for the “intra-familial” dialogue with Judaism."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustin_Bea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DE-BY_Der_Bayerische_Verdienstorden_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/DE-BY_Der_Bayerische_Verdienstorden_BAR.png/60px-DE-BY_Der_Bayerische_Verdienstorden_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/DE-BY_Der_Bayerische_Verdienstorden_BAR.png/90px-DE-BY_Der_Bayerische_Verdienstorden_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/DE-BY_Der_Bayerische_Verdienstorden_BAR.png/120px-DE-BY_Der_Bayerische_Verdienstorden_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Order_of_Merit" title="Bavarian Order of Merit">Bavarian Order of Merit</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_4_GrVK.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_4_GrVK.svg/60px-GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_4_GrVK.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_4_GrVK.svg/90px-GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_4_GrVK.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_4_GrVK.svg/120px-GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_4_GrVK.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> 1954 <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Grand Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/60px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/90px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/120px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cross of the French <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GRE_Order_of_George_I_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/GRE_Order_of_George_I_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/60px-GRE_Order_of_George_I_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/GRE_Order_of_George_I_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/90px-GRE_Order_of_George_I_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/GRE_Order_of_George_I_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/120px-GRE_Order_of_George_I_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cross of the Greek <a href="/wiki/Order_of_George_I" title="Order of George I">Order of George I</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_7_Grosskreuz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_7_Grosskreuz.svg/60px-GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_7_Grosskreuz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_7_Grosskreuz.svg/90px-GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_7_Grosskreuz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_7_Grosskreuz.svg/120px-GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_7_Grosskreuz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> 1960 Grand Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</li> <li>1965 International Prize for the brotherhood of the Fellowship Commission (International Fellowship Award), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US</li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Peace_Prize_of_the_German_Book_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Prize of the German Book Trade">Peace Prize of the German Book Trade</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Willem_Visser_%27t_Hooft" title="Willem Visser 't Hooft">Willem Visser 't Hooft</a></li> <li>1967 Human Relations Award for the Society for Family of Man (New York)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustin_Bea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Augustin Bea published 430 articles in the years 1918–1968. They dealt with archaeological issues, exegesis of Old Testament texts, Mariology, papal encyclicals, the unity of Christians, anti-Semitism, Vatican II, relations to Protestantism and the eastern Orthodox Churches, and ecumenicism. </p><p>Among his books: </p> <ul><li><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Maria in der Offenbarung Katholische Marienkunde Bd. I</i></span></i> <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Rahner" title="Hugo Rahner">Hugo Rahner</a> and Augustin Bea, Schöningh, Paderborn, 1947</li> <li><i><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Imagen de Maria en la Antigua Alianza</i></span></i>, Buenos Aires, Revista Biblica, 1954</li> <li><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Pentateucho Institutiones Biblicaa Scholis Accomodatae</i></span></i>, Romae, 1933</li> <li><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Inspiratione Sacrae Scripturae</i></span></i>, Romae, 1935</li> <li><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Archeologica biblica</i></span></i>, Romae, 1939</li> <li><i><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">La nuova traduzione Latina del Salterio</i></span></i>, Romae 1946</li> <li><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber Ecclesiasticae qui ab Hebraeis appelatur Qohelet</i></span></i>, Romae, 1950</li> <li><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Canticum Canticorum Salamonis</i></span></i>, Romae, 1953</li> <li><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Cor Jesu Commentationes in Litteras encyclicas Pii Papae XII Haurietis Aquas</i></span></i>, Herder Freiburg, 1959</li> <li><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Kirche und das jüdische Volk</i></span></i> (German translation of <i><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">La Chiesa e il popolo ebraico</i></span></i>), Herder Freiburg, 1966</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustin_Bea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-scarboro-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scarboro_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scarboromissions.ca/interfaith-dialogue/jewish-christian-relations/pioneers-of-dialogue-in-the-modern-jewish-christian-relationship/cardinal-augustin-bea-1881-1968">"Cardinal Augustin Bea (1881-1968)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cardinal+Augustin+Bea+%281881-1968%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scarboromissions.ca%2Finterfaith-dialogue%2Fjewish-christian-relations%2Fpioneers-of-dialogue-in-the-modern-jewish-christian-relationship%2Fcardinal-augustin-bea-1881-1968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustin+Bea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110219013716/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940032,00.html">"The Supreme Realist"</a>. 6 July 1962.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524084237/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,825989-2,00.html">"Eight New Hats"</a>. 30 November 1959.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rafferty-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rafferty_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rafferty_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517005223/https://www.jesuit.org.uk/augustin-bea-scholar-teacher-cardinal">"Rafferty SJ, Oliver. "Augustin Bea: Scholar, Teacher, Cardinal", Jesuits in Britain, 2014"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jesuit.org.uk/augustin-bea-scholar-teacher-cardinal">the original</a> on 17 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rafferty+SJ%2C+Oliver.+%22Augustin+Bea%3A+Scholar%2C+Teacher%2C+Cardinal%22%2C+Jesuits+in+Britain%2C+2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jesuit.org.uk%2Faugustin-bea-scholar-teacher-cardinal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustin+Bea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/06/20/80449332.html?pageNumber=10">"The Roster of the Membership of the Sacred College of Cardinals"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. 20 June 1963<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Roster+of+the+Membership+of+the+Sacred+College+of+Cardinals&rft.date=1963-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1963%2F06%2F20%2F80449332.html%3FpageNumber%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustin+Bea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018181950/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,841465-2,00.html">"Recent Events"</a>. 22 November 1968.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/articles/133397/the-cancellation-of-heschel/">Remembering Abraham Joshua Heschel, the Man – Forgetting "Imagining Heschel," the Play</a>, <i>The Forward</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/dialogue/documents/articles/njn_borelli_02.html">Tracing the Contemporary Roots of Interreligious Dialogue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609194405/http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/dialogue/documents/articles/njn_borelli_02.html">Archived</a> 9 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930083830/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940032-2,00.html">"The Supreme Realist"</a>. 6 July 1962.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090406005756/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,829504,00.html">"The Cardinal's Setback"</a>. 23 November 1962.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/America_(magazine)" title="America (magazine)">America</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americamagazine.org/content/article.cfm?article_id=10897">"Biblical Scholarship 50 years After Divino Afflante Spiritu"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025145051/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828195-2,00.html">"The Catholic Scholars"</a>. 3 May 1963.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2019-02/pope-cardinal-bea-a-model-and-inspiration-for-dialogue.html">O'Kane, Lydia. "Pope: Cardinal Bea a model and inspiration for dialogue", Vatican News, February 28, 2019</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustin_Bea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Malachi Martin: <i>Three Popes and the Cardinal</i>, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 1972, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-27675-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-27675-7">0-374-27675-7</a></li> <li>Stjepan Schmidt: <i>Augustin Cardinal Bea: Spiritual Profile</i> (notes from the Cardinal's diary), London, Geoffrey Chapman, 1971, 298pp.</li> <li>Stjepan Schmidt: <i>Augustin Bea, The Cardinal of Unity</i>, New-York, 1992.</li> <li>S. Marotta, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31386170/Ökumene_von_Unten_Augustin_Bea_di_fronte_alle_attività_del_movimento_Una_Sancta_in_Cristianesimo_nella_storia_2016_">Ökumene von Unten': Augustin Bea di fronte alle attività del movimento, Una Sancta'</a> in «Cristianesimo nella storia» (2016), pp. 541–611.</li> <li>S. Marotta, Augustin Bea auf dem Weg zum Ökumeniker, in "Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte", 2016/3.</li> <li>S. Marotta, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mulino.it/isbn/9788815280411:">Gli anni della pazienza. Bea, l'ecumenismo e il Sant'Uffizio di Pio XII</a>, il Mulino 2020.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustin_Bea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbea.html">Augustine Bea at the Catholic Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios-b.htm#Bea">Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Bea%2C%20Augustin%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Augustin%20Bea%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bea%2C%20Augustin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Augustin%20Bea%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Augustin%20Bea%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bea%2C%20Augustin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Augustin%20Bea%22%29%20OR%20%28%221881-1968%22%20AND%20Bea%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Augustin Bea</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Records </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Augusto_da_Silva" title="Augusto da Silva">Augusto da Silva</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">Oldest living member of the Sacred College</a> </b><br />14 August – 16 November 1968 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pizzardo" title="Giuseppe Pizzardo">Giuseppe Pizzardo</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Gravissimum educationis"><i>Gravissimum educationis</i> (Christian Education)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostra_aetate" title="Nostra aetate"><i>Nostra aetate</i> (Relations with non-Christians)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignitatis_humanae" title="Dignitatis humanae"><i>Dignitatis humanae</i> (Religious Liberty)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Popes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a 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Tisserant">Eugène Tisserant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Li%C3%A9nart" title="Achille Liénart">Achille Liénart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Gabriel_I_Tappouni" title="Ignatius Gabriel I Tappouni">Ignatius Gabriel I Tappouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Gilroy" title="Norman Gilroy">Norman Gilroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Spellman" title="Francis Spellman">Francis Spellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pla_y_Deniel" title="Enrique Pla y Deniel">Enrique Pla y Deniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Frings" title="Josef Frings">Josef Frings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Ruffini" title="Ernesto Ruffini">Ernesto Ruffini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Caggiano" title="Antonio Caggiano">Antonio Caggiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardus_Johannes_Alfrink" title="Bernardus Johannes Alfrink">Bernardus Johannes Alfrink</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Cardinal Presidents<br /> of commissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ottaviani" title="Alfredo Ottaviani">Alfredo Ottaviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Marella" title="Paolo Marella">Paolo Marella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amleto_Giovanni_Cicognani" title="Amleto Giovanni Cicognani">Amleto Giovanni Cicognani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Aloisi_Masella" title="Benedetto Aloisi Masella">Benedetto Aloisi Masella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Ciriaci" title="Pietro Ciriaci">Pietro Ciriaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerio_Valeri" title="Valerio Valeri">Valerio Valeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Pietro_Agagianian" title="Gregorio Pietro Agagianian">Gregorio Pietro Agagianian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadio_Larraona_Saralegui" title="Arcadio Larraona Saralegui">Arcadio Larraona Saralegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pizzardo" title="Giuseppe Pizzardo">Giuseppe Pizzardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Cento" title="Fernando Cento">Fernando Cento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other council leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Augustin Bea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Testa" title="Gustavo Testa">Gustavo Testa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_di_Jorio" title="Alberto di Jorio">Alberto di Jorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericle_Felici" title="Pericle Felici">Pericle Felici</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Preparatory_Commission" title="Central Preparatory Commission">Central Preparatory Commission</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aggiornamento" title="Aggiornamento">Aggiornamento</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_times_(Catholic_Church)" title="Sign of the times (Catholic Church)">Sign of the times</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaudet_Mater_Ecclesia" title="Gaudet Mater Ecclesia">Gaudet Mater Ecclesia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peritus" title="Peritus">Peritus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coetus_Internationalis_Patrum" title="Coetus Internationalis Patrum">Coetus Internationalis Patrum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_since_1962" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Catholic Church since 1962">History of the Catholic Church since 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Catholic Church and ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_the_Second_Vatican_Council" title="Hermeneutics of the Second Vatican Council">Hermeneutics of the Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_the_catacombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pact of the catacombs">Pact of the catacombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI#Continuity_of_Vatican_II" title="Theology of Pope Benedict XVI">Theology of Pope Benedict XVI § Continuity of Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Orthodox_Joint_Declaration_of_1965" title="Catholic–Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965">Catholic–Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreckovation" title="Wreckovation">Wreckovation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Name_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of the Catholic Church">Name</a></dd> <dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Catholic Church">Media</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Catholicism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Catholicism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pope_Pius_XII542" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pope_Pius_XII" title="Template:Pope Pius XII"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pope_Pius_XII" title="Template talk:Pope Pius XII"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pope_Pius_XII" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pope Pius XII"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pope_Pius_XII542" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div>Born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958<br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> (1939–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camerlengo" title="Camerlengo">Camerlengo</a> (1935–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> (1930–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archpriest" title="Archpriest">Archpriest</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a> (1930–1939)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Biography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Early life of Pope Pius XII">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunciature_of_Eugenio_Pacelli" title="Nunciature of Eugenio Pacelli">Nunciature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Pacelli%27s_1936_visit_to_the_United_States" title="Eugenio Pacelli's 1936 visit to the United States">US visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1939">Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_years_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Late years of Pope Pius XII">Later years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Pope_Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Pope Pius XII">Illness and death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Pope_Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Testament of Pope Pius XII">Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonization_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Canonization of Pope Pius XII">Canonization</a></li> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C_o_a_Pius_XII.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/C_o_a_Pius_XII.svg/75px-C_o_a_Pius_XII.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/C_o_a_Pius_XII.svg/113px-C_o_a_Pius_XII.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/C_o_a_Pius_XII.svg/150px-C_o_a_Pius_XII.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1297" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Encyclicals in<br />chronological<br />order</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Summi_Pontificatus" title="Summi Pontificatus">Summi Pontificatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sertum_laetitiae" title="Sertum laetitiae">Sertum laetitiae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saeculo_exeunte" title="Saeculo exeunte">Saeculo exeunte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divino_afflante_Spiritu" title="Divino afflante Spiritu">Divino afflante Spiritu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orientalis_Ecclesiae" title="Orientalis Ecclesiae">Orientalis Ecclesiae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Communium_interpretes_dolorum" title="Communium interpretes dolorum">Communium interpretes dolorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orientales_omnes_Ecclesias" title="Orientales omnes Ecclesias">Orientales omnes Ecclesias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quemadmodum" title="Quemadmodum">Quemadmodum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deiparae_Virginis_Mariae" title="Deiparae Virginis Mariae">Deiparae Virginis Mariae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulgens_radiatur" title="Fulgens radiatur">Fulgens radiatur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mediator_Dei" title="Mediator Dei">Mediator Dei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Optatissima_pax" title="Optatissima pax">Optatissima pax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auspicia_quaedam" title="Auspicia quaedam">Auspicia quaedam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_multiplicibus_curis" title="In multiplicibus curis">In multiplicibus curis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_nostri_cruciatus" title="Redemptoris nostri cruciatus">Redemptoris nostri cruciatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anni_sacri" title="Anni sacri">Anni sacri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summi_maeroris" title="Summi maeroris">Summi maeroris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humani_generis" title="Humani generis">Humani generis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirabile_illud" title="Mirabile illud">Mirabile illud</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evangelii_praecones" title="Evangelii praecones">Evangelii praecones</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sempiternus_Rex_Christus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sempiternus Rex Christus">Sempiternus Rex Christus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ingruentium_malorum" title="Ingruentium malorum">Ingruentium malorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orientales_Ecclesias" title="Orientales Ecclesias">Orientales Ecclesias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Mellifluus" title="Doctor Mellifluus">Doctor Mellifluus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulgens_corona" title="Fulgens corona">Fulgens corona</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacra_virginitas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacra virginitas (page does not exist)">Sacra virginitas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiae_fastos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecclesiae fastos (page does not exist)">Ecclesiae fastos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_Sinarum_gentem" title="Ad Sinarum gentem">Ad Sinarum gentem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_Caeli_Reginam" title="Ad Caeli Reginam">Ad Caeli Reginam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musicae_sacrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Musicae sacrae">Musicae sacrae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haurietis_aquas" title="Haurietis aquas">Haurietis aquas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luctuosissimi_eventus" title="Luctuosissimi eventus">Luctuosissimi eventus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laetamur_admodum" title="Laetamur admodum">Laetamur admodum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Datis_nuperrime" title="Datis nuperrime">Datis nuperrime</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fidei_donum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidei donum">Fidei donum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Invicti_athletae" title="Invicti athletae">Invicti athletae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_p%C3%A8lerinage_de_Lourdes" title="Le pèlerinage de Lourdes">Le pèlerinage de Lourdes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_prorsus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miranda prorsus (page does not exist)">Miranda prorsus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_Apostolorum_principis" title="Ad Apostolorum principis">Ad Apostolorum principis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meminisse_iuvat" title="Meminisse iuvat">Meminisse iuvat</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_statements_of_Pope_Pius_XII_on_the_Holocaust" title="Public statements of Pope Pius XII on the Holocaust">statements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Jews_to_Catholicism_during_the_Holocaust" title="Conversion of Jews to Catholicism during the Holocaust">conversion of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Germany" title="Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany">Persecution of Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pius_XII_and_the_German_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII and the German Resistance">German Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_euthanasia_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Nazi euthanasia and the Catholic Church">Nazi euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_resistance_to_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany">Catholic Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Roman_razzia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Pius XII and the Roman razzia">Roman razzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reorganization_of_occupied_dioceses_during_World_War_II" title="Reorganization of occupied dioceses during World War II">Occupied dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_clergy_involvement_with_the_Usta%C5%A1e" title="Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše">Ustaše involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_orphans_controversy" title="Jewish orphans controversy">Jewish orphans controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontificia_Commissione_di_Assistenza" title="Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza">Pontifical Relief Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII%27s_1942_Christmas_address" title="Pope Pius XII's 1942 Christmas address">1942 Christmas address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_plot_to_kidnap_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Alleged plot to kidnap Pope Pius XII">Alleged kidnapping plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_Yad_Vashem" title="Pope Pius XII and Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Rome_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rome in World War II">Bombing of Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Foreign relations of Pope Pius XII">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Reichskonkordat" title="Reichskonkordat">Reichskonkordat</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_foreign_relations_after_World_War_II" title="Pope Pius XII foreign relations after World War II">Post–World War II</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ratlines_(World_War_II)" title="Ratlines (World War II)">Ratlines</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_China" title="Pope Pius XII and China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_Poland" title="Pope Pius XII and Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_Russia" title="Pope Pius XII and Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Theology of Pope Pius XII">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_teachings_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Social teachings of Pope Pius XII">Social teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_Pope_Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of Pope Pius XII">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_Judaism" title="Pope Pius XII and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_reforms_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_canonical_reforms_of_Pius_XII" title="Eastern canonical reforms of Pius XII">Eastern canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_canonized_by_Pope_Pius_XII" title="List of saints canonized by Pope Pius XII">Canonizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatifications_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Beatifications of Pope Pius XII">Beatifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Fátima and Balazar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_apostolic_constitutions_and_bulls" title="Pope Pius XII apostolic constitutions and bulls">Apostolic constitutions and bulls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_encyclicals_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="List of encyclicals of Pope Pius XII">Encyclicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_apostolic_writings" title="Pope Pius XII apostolic writings">Apostolic writings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magisterium_of_Pius_XII" title="Magisterium of Pius XII">Magisterium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Appointments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Tisserant" title="Eugène Tisserant">Tisserant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Maglione" title="Luigi Maglione">Maglione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Montini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Tardini" title="Domenico Tardini">Tardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Orsenigo" title="Cesare Orsenigo">Orsenigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloisius_Joseph_Muench" title="Aloisius Joseph Muench">Muench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Pius_XII" title="Cardinals created by Pius XII">Cardinals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pope_Pius_XII_advisers" title="Category:Pope Pius XII advisers">Advisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Galeazzi-Lisi" title="Riccardo Galeazzi-Lisi">Galeazzi-Lisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Kaas" title="Ludwig Kaas">Kaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascalina_Lehnert" title="Pascalina Lehnert">Lehnert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Leiber" title="Robert Leiber">Leiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Nogara" title="Bernardino Nogara">Nogara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Spellman" title="Francis Spellman">Spellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimondo_Spiazzi" title="Raimondo Spiazzi">Spiazzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Works on Pius XII</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Deputy" title="The Deputy">The Deputy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Popes_and_the_Jews" title="Three Popes and the Jews">Three Popes and the Jews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Actes_et_documents_du_Saint_Si%C3%A8ge_relatifs_%C3%A0_la_Seconde_Guerre_Mondiale" title="Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale">Actes et documents</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Pope" title="Hitler's Pope">Hitler's Pope</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic-Jewish_Historical_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission">International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Under_His_Very_Windows" title="Under His Very Windows">Under His Very Windows</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_Hitler%27s_Pope" title="The Myth of Hitler's Pope">The Myth of Hitler's Pope</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pius_XII,_The_Holocaust,_and_the_Cold_War" title="Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War">Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pope%27s_Jews" title="The Pope's Jews">The Pope's Jews</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pius_Wars" title="Pius Wars">Pius Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61060#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2935" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61060#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2935" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61060#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121387468">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/71432007">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/41318/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJktvc3qQRtJtBwF9Xth73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118654144">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79094516">United 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href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1200461">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/45653">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07176870X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90740655">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000036668&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/20dgg48l2tms4dl">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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