CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en">  <head data-release=286c7941 data-node="www08.us.archive.org"> <title>NSA Clip Library</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="Q2YSouphkkgHkFNP7FgAkc4TmBs1Gmag3uGNndb53B8" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bpjKvUvsX0lxfmjg19TLblckWkDpnptZEYsBntApxUk" /> <script nonce="**CSP_NONCE**" > /* @licstart The following is the entire license notice for the * JavaScript code in this page. * * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or * (at your option) any later version. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU Affero General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. * * @licend The above is the entire license notice * for the JavaScript code in this page. */ </script> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta property="mediatype" content=""> <meta property="primary_collection" content=""> <script src="//archive.org/includes/athena.js?v=286c7941" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="//archive.org/components/npm/lit/polyfill-support.js?v=286c7941" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="//archive.org/components/npm/@webcomponents/webcomponentsjs/webcomponents-bundle.js?v=286c7941" type="text/javascript"></script> <script nonce="**CSP_NONCE**" > window.__realDefine = customElements.define.bind(customElements); customElements.define = function() { try { return window.__realDefine.apply(this, arguments); } catch (e) { console.warn(e); } } </script> <script src="//archive.org/includes/build/js/ia-topnav.min.js?v=286c7941" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="//archive.org/includes/build/js/nsa.min.js?v=286c7941" type="text/javascript"></script> <link href="/includes/nsa.css?v=5" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <meta name="monetization" content="$ilp.uphold.com/D7BwPKMQzBiD"> <link href="//archive.org/includes/build/css/archive.min.css?v=286c7941" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <link rel="SHORTCUT ICON" href="https://archive.org/images/glogo.jpg"/> </head> <body class="navia max-width-3000"> <a href="#maincontent" class="hidden-for-screen-readers">Skip to main content</a>  <div id="wrap" > <div class="ia-banners"> <div class="ia-banner hidden post-appeal-20240905" data-campaign="post-appeal-20240905"> <p><a href="https://change.org/LetReadersRead" rel="nofollow">Ask the publishers</a> to restore access to 500,000+ books.</p> <form class="banner-close" action="" method="get" data-action="ia-banner-close"> <fieldset> <button aria-label="Close Banner" type="submit"></button> </fieldset> </form> </div> <div class="ia-banner public ia-deprecated-browser" data-campaign="ia-deprecated-browser"> <p>Your browser may not be compatible with all the features on this site. Consider upgrading to a modern browser or enabling JavaScript for an improved experience.</p> <form class="banner-close" action="" method="get" data-action="ia-banner-close"> <fieldset> <button aria-label="Close Banner" type="submit"></button> </fieldset> </form> </div> </div> <div id="topnav"> <input class="js_nav_tweaks" type="hidden" value='[]'/> <style scope="icon-hamburger-1">.icon-hamburger-1 svg.icon-hamburger { display: block; height: 4rem; width: 4rem; } .icon-hamburger-1 .fill-color.icon-hamburger { fill: #fff; }</style><style scope="login-button-1">.login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button { display: block; text-transform: uppercase; color: #ccc; cursor: pointer; } .login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button svg.login-button { height: 100%; width: 4rem; } .login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button .fill-color.login-button { fill: #999; } .login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button:active .fill-color.login-button,.login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button:focus .fill-color.login-button,.login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button:hover .fill-color.login-button { fill: #fff; } .login-button-1 .active.login-button { border-radius: 1rem 1rem 0 0; background: #333; } .login-button-1 .active.login-button .fill-color.login-button { fill: #fff; } .login-button-1 span.login-button { display: none; font-size: 1.4rem; text-transform: uppercase; color: #999; } .login-button-1 span.login-button a.login-button { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; outline: 0; } .login-button-1 a.login-button:hover,.login-button-1 a.login-button:active,.login-button-1 a.login-button:focus { color: #fff !important; outline: none !important; outline-offset: inherit !important; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .login-button-1 .logged-out-toolbar.login-button { padding: 1rem 0.5rem; vertical-align: middle; } .login-button-1 .active.login-button { background: transparent; } .login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button { display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; } .login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button svg.login-button { height: 3rem; width: 3rem; display: block; } .login-button-1 span.login-button { display: inline; vertical-align: middle; } }</style><style scope="nav-search-1">.nav-search-1 input.nav-search[type="text"] { color: #222; } .nav-search-1 input.nav-search:focus { outline: none; } .nav-search-1 button.nav-search { background: none; color: inherit; border: none; font: inherit; cursor: pointer; } .nav-search-1 button.nav-search:focus { outline: none; } .nav-search-1 .search.nav-search { padding-top: 0; margin-right: 0.5rem; } .nav-search-1 .search.nav-search svg.nav-search { position: relative; fill:; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search { display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: absolute; top: 0; right: 4rem; bottom: 0; left: 4rem; z-index: 3; padding: 0.5rem 0.2rem; border-radius: 1rem 1rem 0 0; background: #333; } .nav-search-1 .search-inactive.nav-search { display: none; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .highlight.nav-search,.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search.nav-search { background: #fff; border-radius: 0.5rem; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .highlight.nav-search { display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; width: 100%; margin: 0 0.5rem; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search.nav-search { height: 100%; padding: 0; margin-right: 0; -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search.nav-search svg.nav-search { height: 3rem; width: 3rem; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search-field.nav-search { width: 100%; height: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 1rem; border-radius: 0.5rem; border: none; font-size: 1.6rem; text-align: center; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search-field.nav-search:focus { outline: none; } @keyframes fade-in-nav-search-1 { 0% { opacity: 0; } 100% { opacity: 1; } } .nav-search-1 .fade-in.nav-search { animation: fade-in-nav-search-1 0.2s forwards; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .nav-search-1 .search.nav-search svg.nav-search { display: inline; width: 2.8rem; height: 2.8rem; vertical-align: -14px; } .nav-search-1 .search.nav-search path.nav-search { fill: #333; } .nav-search-1 .search-inactive.nav-search,.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search { display: block; position: static; padding: 1.1rem 0.2rem; background: transparent; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .highlight.nav-search { width: 13rem; height: 2.8rem; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; -webkit-box-direction: reverse; -ms-flex-direction: row-reverse; flex-direction: row-reverse; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search-field.nav-search { width: calc(100% - 28px); height: 100%; padding-left: 0; font-size: 1.4rem; text-align: left; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search.nav-search svg.nav-search { width: 2.8rem; height: 2.8rem; } }</style><style scope="media-button-1">.media-button-1 a.media-button { display: inline-block; text-decoration: none; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button { display: inline-block; width: 100%; padding: 0; font-size: 1.6rem; text-align: left; background: transparent; -webkit-box-align: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:focus { outline: none; } .media-button-1 .label.media-button { display: inline-block; padding: 0; font-weight: 400; color: #fff; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button > .icon.media-button { display: inline-flex; vertical-align: middle; -webkit-box-align: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button > .icon.media-button > svg.media-button { height: 4rem; width: 4rem; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button .icon.media-button { background-color: #333; border-radius: 1rem 0 0 1rem; } .media-button-1 .icon.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #999; } .media-button-1 .icon.active.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #fff; } .media-button-1 .donate.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #f00; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button { width: auto; height: 5rem; color: #999; display: inline-flex; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:hover,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:active,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:focus { color: #fff; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:hover .fill-color.media-button,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:active .fill-color.media-button,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:focus .fill-color.media-button { fill: #fff; } .media-button-1 .label.media-button { display: none; } .media-button-1 .label.media-button,.media-button-1 .web.media-button:after { padding-right: 1rem; font-size: 1.3rem; text-transform: uppercase; color: inherit; } .media-button-1 .web.media-button:after { display: none; content: "web"; } .media-button-1 .donate.media-button,.media-button-1 .more.media-button { display: none; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button { background: #474747; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button .label.media-button,.media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.web.media-button:after { color: #fff; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button .icon.media-button { background: transparent; } .media-button-1 .web.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #ffcd27; } .media-button-1 .texts.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #faab3c; } .media-button-1 .video.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #f1644b; } .media-button-1 .audio.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #00adef; } .media-button-1 .software.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #9ecc4f; } .media-button-1 .images.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #aa99c9; } } @media (min-width: 1200px) { .media-button-1 .label.media-button,.media-button-1 .web.media-button:after { display: inline; } .media-button-1 .web.media-button .label.media-button { display: none; } }</style><style scope="media-menu-1">.media-menu-1 { outline: none; } .media-menu-1 .media-menu-inner.media-menu { z-index: -1; top: -40rem; background-color: #222; margin: 0; overflow: hidden; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: top; transition-timing-function: ease; } .media-menu-1 .menu-group.media-menu { position: relative; line-height: normal; } @media (max-width: 889px) { .media-menu-1 .media-menu-inner.media-menu { position: absolute; width: 100%; } .media-menu-1 .open.media-menu .media-menu-inner.media-menu { top: 0; } .media-menu-1 .overflow-clip.media-menu { position: absolute; z-index: -1; top: 4rem; left: 0; height: 0; width: 100%; overflow: hidden; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: height; } .media-menu-1 .open.media-menu .overflow-clip.media-menu { height: 40rem; } } @media (min-width: 890px) { .media-menu-1 .media-menu-inner.media-menu { display: block; position: static; width: auto; height: 5rem; transition-property: none; } .media-menu-1 .menu-group.media-menu { font-size: 0; } }</style><style scope="primary-nav-1">.primary-nav-1 button.primary-nav:focus,.primary-nav-1 input.primary-nav:focus { outline: none; } .primary-nav-1 nav.primary-nav { position: relative; display: flex; height: 4rem; grid-template-areas: 'hamburger empty heart search user'; -ms-grid-columns: 4rem minmax(1rem, 100%) 4rem 4rem 4rem; grid-template-columns: 4rem auto 4rem 4rem 4rem; -ms-grid-rows: 100%; grid-template-rows: 100%; background: #222; border-bottom: 1px solid #333; } .primary-nav-1 nav.hide-search.primary-nav { grid-template-areas: 'hamburger empty heart user'; -ms-grid-columns: 4rem minmax(1rem, 100%) 4rem 4rem; grid-template-columns: 4rem auto 4rem 4rem; } .primary-nav-1 .right-side-section.primary-nav { display: flex; margin-left: auto; user-select: none; } .primary-nav-1 button.primary-nav { background: none; color: inherit; border: none; font: inherit; cursor: pointer; } .primary-nav-1 .branding.primary-nav { position: static; float: left; margin: 0 !important; padding: 0 5px 0 10px; -webkit-transform: translate(0, 0); -ms-transform: translate(0, 0); transform: translate(0, 0); } .primary-nav-1 slot.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .branding.primary-nav { display: flex; justify-content: left; align-items: center; } .primary-nav-1 media-menu.primary-nav { grid-column-start: hamburger-start; grid-column-end: user-end; } .primary-nav-1 .ia-logo.primary-nav { height: 3rem; width: 2.7rem; display: inline-block; } .primary-nav-1 .ia-wordmark.primary-nav { height: 3rem; width: 9.5rem; } .primary-nav-1 .ia-logo.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .ia-wordmark.primary-nav { margin-right: 5px; } .primary-nav-1 .hamburger.primary-nav { -ms-grid-row: 1; -ms-grid-column: 1; grid-area: hamburger; padding: 0; } .primary-nav-1 .hamburger.primary-nav svg.primary-nav { height: 4rem; width: 4rem; fill: #fff; } .primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav { display: inline-block; } .primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav svg.primary-nav { height: 4rem; width: 4rem; } .primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav .fill-color.primary-nav { fill: rgb(255, 0, 0); } .primary-nav-1 .sr-only.primary-nav { position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; margin: -1px; padding: 0; border: 0; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%); clip-path: inset(50%); user-select: none; } .primary-nav-1 .search-trigger.primary-nav { padding: 0; } .primary-nav-1 .search-trigger.primary-nav svg.primary-nav { height: 4rem; width: 4rem; } .primary-nav-1 .search-trigger.primary-nav .fill-color.primary-nav { fill: #999; } .primary-nav-1 .search-activated.primary-nav { position: relative; z-index: 3; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav { display: none; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav span.primary-nav { display: none; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav svg.primary-nav { height: 3rem; width: 3rem; } .primary-nav-1 .screen-name.primary-nav { display: none; font-size: 1.3rem; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: uppercase; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav { color: #999; padding: 0.5rem; height: 100%; } .primary-nav-1 button.user-menu.primary-nav:hover,.primary-nav-1 button.user-menu.primary-nav:focus { color: #fff; outline: none; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.active.primary-nav { border-radius: 1rem 1rem 0 0; background: #333; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav img.primary-nav { display: block; width: 3rem; height: 3rem; } .primary-nav-1 .link-home.primary-nav { text-decoration: none; display: inline-flex; } .primary-nav-1 a.link-home.primary-nav:focus,.primary-nav-1 a.link-home.primary-nav:focus-visible { outline-offset: 1px; } @media only screen and (min-width: 890px) and (max-device-width: 905px) { .primary-nav-1 .branding.second-logo.primary-nav { padding-right: 0; } } @media (min-width: 906px) { .primary-nav-1 .branding.second-logo.primary-nav { padding-right: 20px; } } @media (max-width: 889px) { .primary-nav-1 slot.primary-nav[name='opt-sec-logo'] { display: none; } .primary-nav-1 .right-side-section.primary-nav { display: initial; } .primary-nav-1 .right-side-section.primary-nav .user-info.primary-nav { float: right; } } @media (min-width: 890px) { .primary-nav-1 { ; } .primary-nav-1 nav.primary-nav { display: flex; z-index: 4; height: 5rem; padding-right: 1.5rem; } .primary-nav-1 slot.primary-nav[name='opt-sec-logo-mobile'] { display: none; } .primary-nav-1 .ia-logo.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .ia-wordmark.primary-nav { margin-right: 10px; } .primary-nav-1 .hamburger.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .search-trigger.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav { display: none; } .primary-nav-1 .user-info.primary-nav { display: block; float: right; vertical-align: middle; height: 100%; } .primary-nav-1 .user-info.primary-nav .user-menu.primary-nav img.primary-nav { height: 3rem; width: 3rem; margin-right: 0.5rem; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav { padding: 1rem 0.5rem; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.active.primary-nav { background: transparent; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav img.primary-nav { display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 0.5rem; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav { display: block; padding: 1rem 0.5rem; float: right; font-size: 1.4rem; text-transform: uppercase; text-decoration: none; color: #999; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:active,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:focus,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:hover { color: #fff; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:focus-visible { outline: none; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav svg.primary-nav { vertical-align: middle; fill: #999; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:hover svg.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:focus svg.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:active svg.primary-nav { fill: #fff; } .primary-nav-1 nav-search.primary-nav { float: right; margin-left: 1rem; } } @media (min-width: 990px) { .primary-nav-1 .screen-name.primary-nav { display: inline-block; text-overflow: ellipsis; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; max-width: 165px; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav span.primary-nav { display: inline; } }</style><style scope="search-menu-1">.search-menu-1 .menu-wrapper.search-menu { position: relative; } .search-menu-1 button.search-menu:focus,.search-menu-1 input.search-menu:focus { outline-color: #428bca; outline-width: 0.16rem; outline-style: auto; outline-offset: 2px !important; } .search-menu-1 .search-menu-inner.search-menu { position: absolute; right: 0; left: 0; z-index: 4; padding: 0 4.5rem; font-size: 1.6rem; background-color: #333; } .search-menu-1 .tx-slide.search-menu { overflow: hidden; transition-property: top; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-timing-function: ease; } .search-menu-1 .initial.search-menu,.search-menu-1 .closed.search-menu { top: -1500px; } .search-menu-1 .closed.search-menu { transition-duration: 0.2s; } .search-menu-1 label.search-menu,.search-menu-1 a.search-menu { padding: 1rem; display: block; } .search-menu-1 .advanced-search.search-menu { text-decoration: none; color: #428bca; line-height: normal; padding: 0.5rem; margin-top: 5px; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .search-menu-1 .search-menu-inner.search-menu { overflow: visible; right: 2rem; left: auto; z-index: 5; padding: 1rem 2rem; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in-out; font-size: 1.4rem; color: #333; border-radius: 2px; background: #fff; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15); } .search-menu-1 .search-menu-inner.search-menu:after { position: absolute; right: 7px; top: -7px; width: 12px; height: 7px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #fff; content: ''; border-bottom: 7px solid currentColor; border-left: 6px solid transparent; border-right: 6px solid transparent; } .search-menu-1 .initial.search-menu,.search-menu-1 .closed.search-menu { opacity: 0; transition-duration: 0.2s; } .search-menu-1 .open.search-menu { opacity: 1; } .search-menu-1 label.search-menu { padding: 0; font-weight: normal; margin: 0; } .search-menu-1 label.search-menu + label.search-menu { padding-top: 7px; } .search-menu-1 a.search-menu { padding: 1rem 0 0 0; } }</style><style scope="wayback-search-1">.wayback-search-1 { font: normal 1.2rem/1.5 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; } .wayback-search-1 form.wayback-search { max-width: 600px; } .wayback-search-1 p.wayback-search { margin-top: 0; font-weight: 200; } .wayback-search-1 a.wayback-search { font-weight: 500; text-decoration: none; color: #fff; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search { padding: 0.7rem 2rem; margin: 1.5rem 0; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; border: none; border-radius: 7px; background-color: #fcf5e6; box-shadow: 3px 3px 0 0 #c3ad97; } .wayback-search-1 label.wayback-search { display: none; } .wayback-search-1 img.wayback-search { width: 100%; max-width: 215px; max-height: 60px; margin-bottom: 1.3rem; vertical-align: middle; } .wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search { display: block; width: 100%; height: 3rem; padding: 0.5rem 1rem 0.5rem 2.5rem; font: normal 1.2rem/1.5 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: #858585; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #ccc; border-radius: 2rem; background: #eee; } .wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search:focus { border-color: #66afe9; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075), 0 0 8px rgba(102, 175, 233, 0.6); outline: none; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search { position: relative; overflow: hidden; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search svg.wayback-search { position: absolute; top: 2px; left: 3px; width: 2.4rem; height: 2.4rem; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search .fill-color.wayback-search { fill: #999; } .wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search:focus + svg.wayback-search { display: none; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .wayback-search-1 form.wayback-search { margin: 0 auto; } .wayback-search-1 p.wayback-search { margin-bottom: 3rem; font-size: 1.6rem; text-align: center; } .wayback-search-1 img.wayback-search { margin: 0; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search { margin: 0 auto; font-size: 0; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search,.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search { display: inline-block; width: 50%; vertical-align: middle; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search { text-align: center; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search svg.wayback-search { width: 2.8rem; height: 2.8rem; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search .fill-color.wayback-search { fill: #333; } } .wayback-search-1 p.wayback-search { margin-bottom: 1rem; font-size: 1.6rem; text-align: center; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search { padding: .5rem; border-radius: 5px; box-shadow: none; } .wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search { padding-left: 3rem; margin-top: .3rem; font-size: 1.4rem; border-color: #bca38e; background: #fff; } .wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search::placeholder,.wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search::-webkit-input-placeholder { color: #8e8e8e; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search svg.wayback-search { top: 50%; transform: translateY(-50%); } @media (min-width: 890px) { .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search,.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search { display: block; width: auto; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search { margin: 0 1.5rem; } }</style><style scope="save-page-form-1">.save-page-form-1 div.save-page-form { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr auto; grid-column-gap: .8rem; margin: 0; padding: 0; border: none; } .save-page-form-1 input.save-page-form[type="text"] { width: 100%; height: 3rem; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #999; border-radius: .5rem; color: #222; font-size: inherit; } .save-page-form-1 input.save-page-form[type="submit"] { -webkit-appearance: none; -moz-appearance: none; appearance: none; padding: .4rem .8rem; font: normal 1.3rem 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; color: #fff; border: none; border-radius: 16px; background: #222; cursor: pointer; } .save-page-form-1 .error.save-page-form { display: none; margin-top: .5rem; font-weight: bold; color: #ffcd27; } .save-page-form-1 .visible.save-page-form { display: block; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .save-page-form-1 h3.save-page-form { margin-top: 0; font: normal 100 1.6rem 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; } }</style><style scope="wayback-slider-1">.wayback-slider-1 h4.wayback-slider { font-size: 1.6rem; } .wayback-slider-1 a.wayback-slider { text-decoration: none; color: #fff; } .wayback-slider-1 ul.wayback-slider { padding: 0; margin: 0; list-style: none; } .wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider + li.wayback-slider { padding-top: 1.5rem; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .wayback-slider-1 h4.wayback-slider { margin: 0 0 1rem 0; font-weight: 100; } .wayback-slider-1 ul.wayback-slider { font-size: 1.3rem; } .wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider { padding-bottom: .5rem; } .wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider + li.wayback-slider { padding-top: 0; } .wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider a.wayback-slider { display: block; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; text-overflow: ellipsis; } } @media (min-width: 890px) { .wayback-slider-1 { display: block; grid-column: 1 / 4; padding: 0 1.5rem; } .wayback-slider-1 h4.wayback-slider { margin-top: 0; font: normal 100 1.6rem 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; } .wayback-slider-1 .grid.wayback-slider { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(auto, 260px) 1fr minmax(auto, 260px); grid-column-gap: 2.5rem; } .wayback-slider-1 .link-lists.wayback-slider { display: grid; grid-template-columns: calc(50% - 1.25rem) calc(50% - 1.25rem); grid-column-gap: 2.5rem; } }</style><style scope="more-slider-1">.more-slider-1 ul.more-slider { padding: 0; margin: -1rem 0 0 0; list-style: none; } .more-slider-1 a.more-slider { display: block; padding: 1rem 0; text-decoration: none; color: #fff; }</style><style scope="media-subnav-1">.media-subnav-1 h4.media-subnav { font-size: 1.6rem; } .media-subnav-1 a.media-subnav { text-decoration: none; color: #fff; } .media-subnav-1 ul.media-subnav { padding: 0; margin: 0; list-style: none; } .media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav + li.media-subnav { padding-top: 1.5rem; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .media-subnav-1 h4.media-subnav { margin: 0 0 1rem 0; font-weight: 100; } .media-subnav-1 ul.media-subnav { font-size: 1.3rem; } .media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav { padding-bottom: .5rem; } .media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav + li.media-subnav { padding-top: 0; } .media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav a.media-subnav { display: block; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; text-overflow: ellipsis; } } .media-subnav-1 img.media-subnav { display: block; width: 90px; height: 90px; margin: 0 auto 1rem auto; border-radius: 45px; } .media-subnav-1 h3.media-subnav { margin-top: 0; font-size: 1.8rem; } .media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav { display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -webkit-box-pack: space-evenly; -ms-flex-pack: space-evenly; justify-content: space-evenly; text-align: center; } .media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav a.media-subnav { display: inline-block; width: 12rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; } .media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav a.media-subnav + a.media-subnav { margin-left: 2rem; } .media-subnav-1 .featured.media-subnav h4.media-subnav { display: none; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .media-subnav-1 { display: -ms-grid; display: grid; -ms-grid-columns: 40% 20% 40%; grid-template-columns: 40% 20% 40%; } .media-subnav-1 .wayback-search.media-subnav { -ms-grid-column: 1; -ms-grid-column-span: 3; grid-column: 1 / 4; } .media-subnav-1 h3.media-subnav { display: none; } .media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav { -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav a.media-subnav { padding-top: 3.5rem; max-width: 16rem; } .media-subnav-1 .links.media-subnav { padding: 0 1.5rem; } .media-subnav-1 .featured.media-subnav { -ms-grid-column: 2; } .media-subnav-1 .featured.media-subnav h4.media-subnav { display: block; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav { -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav { display: -ms-grid; display: grid; -ms-grid-columns: 50% 3rem 50%; grid-template-columns: 50% 50%; -ms-grid-rows: (auto)[7]; grid-template-rows: repeat(7, auto); grid-column-gap: 3rem; grid-auto-flow: column; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(1) { -ms-grid-row: 1; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(2) { -ms-grid-row: 2; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(3) { -ms-grid-row: 3; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(4) { -ms-grid-row: 4; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(5) { -ms-grid-row: 5; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(6) { -ms-grid-row: 6; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(7) { -ms-grid-row: 7; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(8) { -ms-grid-row: 1; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(9) { -ms-grid-row: 2; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(10) { -ms-grid-row: 3; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(11) { -ms-grid-row: 4; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(12) { -ms-grid-row: 5; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(13) { -ms-grid-row: 6; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(14) { -ms-grid-row: 7; -ms-grid-column: 3; } }</style><style scope="media-slider-1">.media-slider-1 .media-slider-container.media-slider { position: relative; } .media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.media-slider { display: none; position: absolute; top: 3rem; right: 0; left: 0; height: 0; overflow: hidden; transition: height 0.2s ease; } .media-slider-1 .information-menu.media-slider { position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; left: 0; padding: 0; height: 31.9rem; overflow-x: hidden; font-size: 1.4rem; background: #333; } .media-slider-1 .open.media-slider { display: block; } .media-slider-1 .hidden.media-slider { display: none; } .media-slider-1 .info-box.media-slider { padding: 1rem; } @media (max-width: 889px) { .media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.open.media-slider { display: block; height: 35.8rem; left: 4rem; top: 0; } } @media (min-width: 890px) { .media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.media-slider { display: block; } .media-slider-1 .information-menu.media-slider { left: 0; z-index: 3; height: auto; min-height: 21rem; background: #474747; transform: translate(0, -100%); transition: transform 0.2s ease; } .media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.open.media-slider { height: 22rem; } .media-slider-1 .information-menu.open.media-slider { transform: translate(0, 0); } .media-slider-1 .info-box.media-slider { max-width: 100rem; padding: 1.5rem 0; margin: 0 auto; } }</style><style scope="desktop-subnav-1">.desktop-subnav-1 ul.desktop-subnav { position: relative; z-index: 3; padding: .8rem 0; margin: 0; font-size: 1.2rem; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center; background: #333; } .desktop-subnav-1 li.desktop-subnav { display: inline-block; padding: 0 15px; } .desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav { text-decoration: none; color: #aaa; } .desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav:hover,.desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav:active,.desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav:focus { color: #fff; } .desktop-subnav-1 .donate.desktop-subnav svg.desktop-subnav { width: 1.6rem; height: 1.6rem; vertical-align: top; fill: #f00; }</style><style scope="signed-out-dropdown-1">.signed-out-dropdown-1 .nav-container.signed-out-dropdown { position: relative; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 nav.signed-out-dropdown { position: absolute; right: 0; z-index: 4; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.6rem; background-color: #333; transition-property: top; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-timing-function: ease; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown { top: -1500px; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown { transition-duration: 0.5s; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown { max-width: 100vw; overflow: auto; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 h3.signed-out-dropdown { padding: 0.6rem 2rem; margin: 0; font-size: inherit; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 ul.signed-out-dropdown { padding: 0.4rem 0 0.7rem 0; margin: 0; list-style: none; max-height: calc(100vh - 7.2rem + 1px); overflow: auto; box-sizing: border-box; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .divider.signed-out-dropdown { margin: 0.5rem 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #666; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .info-item.signed-out-dropdown { display: block; color: #fff; text-decoration: none; padding: 1rem 2rem; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .info-item.signed-out-dropdown { font-size: 0.8em; color: #999; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .callout.signed-out-dropdown { position: absolute; margin-left: 10px; padding: 0 5px; border-radius: 2px; background: #fee257; color: #2c2c2c; font-size: 1.4rem; font-weight: bold; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.mobile-upload.signed-out-dropdown { display: flex; justify-content: left; align-items: center; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.mobile-upload.signed-out-dropdown svg.signed-out-dropdown { fill: #fff; margin-right: 1rem; height: 1.4rem; width: 1.4rem; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .signed-out-dropdown-1 nav.signed-out-dropdown { display: flex; overflow: visible; top: 0; left: auto; z-index: 5; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in-out; font-size: 1.4rem; border-radius: 2px; background: #fff; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15); } .signed-out-dropdown-1 nav.signed-out-dropdown:after { position: absolute; right: 7px; top: -7px; width: 12px; height: 7px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #fff; content: ''; border-bottom: 7px solid currentColor; border-left: 6px solid transparent; border-right: 6px solid transparent; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 h3.signed-out-dropdown { display: none; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 ul.signed-out-dropdown { max-height: calc(100vh - 8.5rem + 1px); } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .divider.signed-out-dropdown { border-bottom-color: #666; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown { padding: 0.5rem 2rem; color: #333; transition: background 0.1s ease-out, color 0.1s ease-out; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .info-item.signed-out-dropdown { padding: 0.5rem 2rem; font-size: 0.8em; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown:hover,.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown:active,.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown:focus { color: #fff; background: #428bca; outline: none; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown { opacity: 0; transition-duration: 0.2s; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown { opacity: 1; overflow: visible; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.mobile-upload.signed-out-dropdown { display: none; } } @media (min-width: 890px) { .signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown { right: 33.5rem; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.open.signed-out-dropdown { right: 18.5rem; } } @media (min-width: 990px) { .signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown { right: 40rem; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.open.signed-out-dropdown { right: 26rem; } }</style><style scope="ia-topnav-1">.ia-topnav-1 { ; color: #fff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; } .ia-topnav-1 primary-nav.ia-topnav:focus { outline: none !important; } .ia-topnav-1 #close-layer.ia-topnav { display: none; position: fixed; top: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; left: 0; z-index: 3; } .ia-topnav-1 #close-layer.visible.ia-topnav { display: block; } .ia-topnav-1 .topnav.ia-topnav { position: relative; z-index: 4; } @media (max-width: 889px) { .ia-topnav-1 desktop-subnav.ia-topnav { display: none; } }</style><style>body {transition: opacity ease-in 0.2s; } body[unresolved] {opacity: 0; display: block; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } </style> <ia-topnav locallinks="true" waybackpagesarchived="916 billion" class="x-scope ia-topnav-1"> <div class="topnav style-scope ia-topnav"> <primary-nav class="style-scope ia-topnav x-scope primary-nav-1"> <nav class="style-scope primary-nav"> <button class="hamburger style-scope primary-nav" title="Open main menu" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavHamburger"> <icon-hamburger class="style-scope primary-nav x-scope icon-hamburger-1"> <svg viewBox="0 0 40 40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="hamburgerTitleID hamburgerDescID" class="style-scope icon-hamburger"> <title id="hamburgerTitleID" class="style-scope icon-hamburger">Hamburger icon</title> <desc id="hamburgerDescID" class="style-scope icon-hamburger">An icon used to represent a menu that can be toggled by interacting with this icon.</desc> <path d="m30.5 26.5c.8284271 0 1.5.6715729 1.5 1.5s-.6715729 1.5-1.5 1.5h-21c-.82842712 0-1.5-.6715729-1.5-1.5s.67157288-1.5 1.5-1.5zm0-8c.8284271 0 1.5.6715729 1.5 1.5s-.6715729 1.5-1.5 1.5h-21c-.82842712 0-1.5-.6715729-1.5-1.5s.67157288-1.5 1.5-1.5zm0-8c.8284271 0 1.5.6715729 1.5 1.5s-.6715729 1.5-1.5 1.5h-21c-.82842712 0-1.5-.6715729-1.5-1.5s.67157288-1.5 1.5-1.5z" fill="#999" fill-rule="evenodd" class="style-scope icon-hamburger"></path> </svg> </icon-hamburger> </button> <div class="branding style-scope primary-nav"> <a title="Go home" class="link-home style-scope primary-nav" href="/" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavHome"> <svg class="ia-logo style-scope primary-nav" viewBox="0 0 27 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="logoTitleID logoDescID"> <title id="logoTitleID" class="style-scope primary-nav">Internet Archive logo</title> <desc id="logoDescID" class="style-scope primary-nav">A line drawing of the Internet Archive headquarters building façade.</desc> <g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd" class="style-scope primary-nav"> <mask id="mask-2" fill="white" class="style-scope primary-nav"> <path d="M26.6666667,28.6046512 L26.6666667,30 L0,30 L0.000283687943,28.6046512 L26.6666667,28.6046512 Z M25.6140351,26.5116279 L25.6140351,28.255814 L1.05263158,28.255814 L1.05263158,26.5116279 L25.6140351,26.5116279 Z M3.62469203,7.6744186 L3.91746909,7.82153285 L4.0639977,10.1739544 L4.21052632,13.9963932 L4.21052632,17.6725617 L4.0639977,22.255044 L4.03962296,25.3421929 L3.62469203,25.4651163 L2.16024641,25.4651163 L1.72094074,25.3421929 L1.55031755,22.255044 L1.40350877,17.6970339 L1.40350877,14.0211467 L1.55031755,10.1739544 L1.68423854,7.80887484 L1.98962322,7.6744186 L3.62469203,7.6744186 Z M24.6774869,7.6744186 L24.9706026,7.82153285 L25.1168803,10.1739544 L25.2631579,13.9963932 L25.2631579,17.6725617 L25.1168803,22.255044 L25.0927809,25.3421929 L24.6774869,25.4651163 L23.2130291,25.4651163 L22.7736357,25.3421929 L22.602418,22.255044 L22.4561404,17.6970339 L22.4561404,14.0211467 L22.602418,10.1739544 L22.7369262,7.80887484 L23.0420916,7.6744186 L24.6774869,7.6744186 Z M9.94042303,7.6744186 L10.2332293,7.82153285 L10.3797725,10.1739544 L10.5263158,13.9963932 L10.5263158,17.6725617 L10.3797725,22.255044 L10.3556756,25.3421929 L9.94042303,25.4651163 L8.47583122,25.4651163 L8.0362015,25.3421929 L7.86556129,22.255044 L7.71929825,17.6970339 L7.71929825,14.0211467 L7.86556129,10.1739544 L8.00005604,7.80887484 L8.30491081,7.6744186 L9.94042303,7.6744186 Z M18.0105985,7.6744186 L18.3034047,7.82153285 L18.449948,10.1739544 L18.5964912,13.9963932 L18.5964912,17.6725617 L18.449948,22.255044 L18.425851,25.3421929 L18.0105985,25.4651163 L16.5460067,25.4651163 L16.1066571,25.3421929 L15.9357367,22.255044 L15.7894737,17.6970339 L15.7894737,14.0211467 L15.9357367,10.1739544 L16.0702315,7.80887484 L16.3753664,7.6744186 L18.0105985,7.6744186 Z M25.6140351,4.53488372 L25.6140351,6.97674419 L1.05263158,6.97674419 L1.05263158,4.53488372 L25.6140351,4.53488372 Z M13.0806755,0 L25.9649123,2.93331338 L25.4484139,3.8372093 L0.771925248,3.8372093 L0,3.1041615 L13.0806755,0 Z" id="path-1" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path> </mask> <use fill="#FFFFFF" xlink:href="#path-1" class="style-scope primary-nav"></use> <g mask="url(#mask-2)" fill="#FFFFFF" class="style-scope primary-nav"> <path d="M0,0 L26.6666667,0 L26.6666667,30 L0,30 L0,0 Z" id="swatch" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path> </g> </g> </svg>  <svg class="ia-wordmark stacked style-scope primary-nav" viewBox="0 0 95 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g fill="#fff" fill-rule="evenodd" class="style-scope primary-nav"> <g transform="translate(0 17)" class="style-scope primary-nav"> <path d="m3.07645967 2.60391777c.09263226-.31901841.26275495-.97477846.26275495-1.10630359 0-.74950669-.57227138-.76816274-1.19041353-.88009902v-.41183224h2.90678232l3.77209227 12.60682378h-1.60725868l-1.16012991-3.8963154h-3.94266032l-1.15968456 3.8963154h-.95794221zm-.69607795 5.4317081h3.41670507l-1.76223957-5.469953z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m13.2661876 2.75363255c0-1.85487748-.0316196-1.85487748-1.469201-2.13611739v-.41183224h3.8032666c1.1601299 0 4.3599508 0 4.3599508 3.35342446 0 2.13518459-1.143652 2.84737918-2.3652399 3.0903742l2.8448791 6.16302512h-1.7773814l-2.7366596-5.82581707h-.9588329v5.82581707h-1.7007817zm1.7007817 3.35295806h.8817878c1.0042583 0 2.411556-.33674165 2.411556-2.43508055 0-2.0237147-.9588329-2.58572812-2.2579112-2.58572812-1.0354326 0-1.0354326.33720805-1.0354326 1.68650665z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m30.9386422 12.2878054c-.5250645.2817063-1.3761234.7121946-2.9682403.7121946-3.3552471 0-4.5612478-2.4537366-4.5612478-6.66860403 0-3.4089262.86531-6.18214759 4.3136347-6.18214759 1.3761234 0 2.3812724.28077351 3.0920468.56201342l.0930776 3.12908549h-.4484648c-.0619033-.95612241-.9125167-2.79187744-2.5821241-2.79187744-2.2726076 0-2.6440273 2.94065941-2.6440273 5.28292612 0 2.95931547.8510588 5.61966783 2.9994146 5.61966783 1.4692009 0 2.2267368-.5620135 2.7059306-.9551897z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m35.4546446 2.67900836c0-1.48129014-.0926322-1.64966096-1.5466914-1.83622143v-.41276504l3.2470277-.43002189v5.80669465h4.2049699v-5.60101173h1.7007816v12.60682378h-1.7007816v-6.12571303h-4.2049699v6.12571303h-1.7003363z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m46.0300434 12.3447063c1.0973359 0 1.3137748-.2807735 1.3137748-1.7420083v-8.05568117c0-1.46123489-.2164389-1.741542-1.3137748-1.741542v-.46919958h4.3287765v.46919958c-1.0826395 0-1.3137748.28030711-1.3137748 1.741542v8.05568117c0 1.4612348.2311353 1.7420083 1.3137748 1.7420083v.4678004h-4.3287765z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m55.1990352 2.60391777c-.494781-1.7051627-.6341747-1.7051627-1.8709043-1.98640261v-.41183224h2.9994145l3.0301436 10.26548988h.0307289l2.9535438-10.26548988h1.0042584l-3.771647 12.60682378h-1.344949z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m67.7842867 2.75363255c0-1.85487748-.0463161-1.85487748-1.4687557-2.13611739v-.41183224h7.4061269l.0463161 2.77228859h-.433323c0-1.49854698-.6488711-1.89218957-1.6696073-1.89218957h-1.2060007c-.7726777 0-.9735293.07462419-.9735293.97431206v3.7279446h1.8709043c1.0657162 0 1.174381-.82366447 1.2674586-1.44164603h.4324323v3.93316112h-.4324323c0-1.01162415-.3402454-1.61141607-1.2674586-1.61141607h-1.8709043v4.17755538c0 1.0489362.2008516 1.0867147.9735293 1.0867147h1.7168141c.8804518 0 1.2977423-.3749865 1.3908199-1.835755h.433323l-.0472068 2.715854h-6.1685065z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path> </g> <path d="m1.55575146 9.89647882v-7.6678574c0-1.39053729-.25677019-1.65867172-1.55575146-1.65867172v-.44528687h5.12561364v.44528687c-1.28118091 0-1.55575146.26813443-1.55575146 1.65867172v7.6678574c0 1.39097468.27457055 1.65735948 1.55575146 1.65735948v.4461617h-5.12561364v-.4461617c1.29898127 0 1.55575146-.2663848 1.55575146-1.65735948z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m9.92299051 2.28198586c0-1.65823431-.25588017-1.58649851-1.83032201-1.88962601v-.39235985h3.8626781l5.7664266 9.70008019h.0364907v-9.70008019h1.1534634v12h-1.7577856l-6.0405521-10.14492965h-.0369358v10.14492965h-1.15346329z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m25.631543.83808413h-1.2633805c-1.4458343 0-1.8668128.44572428-1.977175 1.74834147h-.5122054l.0729815-2.5864256h9.3727795l.0734265 2.63935263h-.5126504c0-1.37304075-.5860768-1.8012685-1.9954203-1.8012685h-1.2442452v11.16191587h-2.0141107z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m36.1050097 2.42502005c0-1.7654006-.0556262-1.7654006-1.7399852-2.0326602v-.39235985h8.7684573l.0551811 2.63935263h-.5126504c0-1.42684261-.7685305-1.8012685-1.9762849-1.8012685h-1.4284789c-.9153835 0-1.1534633.0717358-1.1534633.92775388v3.54829773h2.2152547c1.2629356 0 1.3906532-.7851571 1.5010154-1.37391558h.5130954v3.74513378h-.5130954c0-.96274696-.4022881-1.53313407-1.5010154-1.53313407h-2.2152547v3.97608803c0 .9986149.2380798 1.033608 1.1534633 1.033608h2.0319111c1.0439911 0 1.5375061-.356492 1.6469783-1.74702926h.5135404l-.0551812 2.58511336h-7.3034876z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m48.1689385 2.42502005c0-1.7654006-.0364908-1.7654006-1.7382052-2.0326602v-.39235985h4.5026011c1.3732977 0 5.1621043 0 5.1621043 3.19180579 0 2.03309761-1.3537173 2.71065102-2.8004416 2.94248013l3.3682731 5.86571408h-2.1053376l-3.2396655-5.54552745h-1.1352179v5.54552745h-2.0141107zm2.0141107 3.19136837h1.0439911c1.189064 0 2.8556227-.32018663 2.8556227-2.31697893 0-1.92680615-1.1352179-2.46132536-2.673169-2.46132536-1.2264448 0-1.2264448.32062404-1.2264448 1.6057447z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m61.4610921 2.28198586c0-1.65823431-.2567702-1.58649851-1.830767-1.88962601v-.39235985h3.8622331l5.7659816 9.70008019h.0369357v-9.70008019h1.1534633v12h-1.7568955l-6.0414421-10.14492965h-.0364908v10.14492965h-1.1530183z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m75.1550889 2.42502005c0-1.7654006-.0547361-1.7654006-1.7390952-2.0326602v-.39235985h8.7684573l.0551811 2.63935263h-.5126504c0-1.42684261-.7694205-1.8012685-1.9771749-1.8012685h-1.4280339c-.9149385 0-1.1530183.0717358-1.1530183.92775388v3.54829773h2.2148098c1.2633805 0 1.3906531-.7851571 1.5010153-1.37391558h.5130954v3.74513378h-.5130954c0-.96274696-.4022881-1.53313407-1.5010153-1.53313407h-2.2148098v3.97608803c0 .9986149.2380798 1.033608 1.1530183 1.033608h2.0319111c1.0439911 0 1.5379511-.356492 1.6478683-1.74702926h.5126504l-.0551811 2.58511336h-7.3039327z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path><path d="m89.2335734.83808413h-1.2624905c-1.4462793 0-1.8672578.44572428-1.97762 1.74834147h-.5122054l.0734265-2.5864256h9.3718895l.0734265 2.63935263h-.5122054c0-1.37304075-.5856318-1.8012685-1.9958653-1.8012685h-1.2446902v11.16191587h-2.0136657z" class="style-scope primary-nav"></path> </g> </svg> </a>  </div> <media-menu class="style-scope primary-nav x-scope media-menu-1"> <div class="media-menu-container closed style-scope media-menu"> <div class="overflow-clip style-scope media-menu"> <nav class="media-menu-inner style-scope media-menu" aria-expanded="false"> <div class="menu-group style-scope media-menu">  <media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="web"> <a class="menu-item web style-scope media-button" href="https://web.archive.org" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuWeb" title="Expand web menu">  <span class="icon style-scope media-button">  <svg height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="webTitleID webDescID" class="style-scope media-button"> <title id="webTitleID" class="style-scope media-button">Web icon</title> <desc id="webDescID" class="style-scope media-button">An illustration of a computer application window</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope media-button" d="m8 28.7585405v-8.1608108-9.3577297h24v9.3577297 8.1608108zm14.2702703-15.8863783h-12.43243246v2.6114594h12.43243246zm7.7837838 14.0365946v-7.0727027-1.8497838h-20.21621626v1.8497838 7.0727027zm-3.7837838-14.0365946h-2.7027027v2.6114594h2.7027027zm4 0h-2.7027027v2.6114594h2.7027027z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg> </span> <span class="label style-scope media-button">Wayback Machine</span> </a> </media-button>  <media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="texts"> <a class="menu-item texts style-scope media-button" href="/details/texts" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuTexts" title="Expand texts menu">  <span class="icon style-scope media-button">  <svg height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="textsTitleID textsDescID" class="style-scope media-button"> <title id="textsTitleID" class="style-scope media-button">Texts icon</title> <desc id="textsDescID" class="style-scope media-button">An illustration of an open book.</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope media-button" d="m10.3323235 11.0007023h6.9060825c.8851083 0 1.5847122.3064258 2.0988114.9192774v14.4324451h-.6460032c-.1435563-.120323-.3528315-.2434552-.6278257-.3693964-.2749942-.1259413-.5201585-.2191097-.7354929-.2795053l-.3048241-.1081503h-5.7042647c-.3108832 0-.5621067-.0601615-.7536705-.1804846-.0717781-.0599274-.1256117-.1439663-.1615008-.2521166-.0358891-.1081502-.0598928-.2043619-.0720112-.2886348v-13.8741368zm19.1752505 0v13.603761c-.0717781.3361555-.2211606.5943584-.4481473.7746089-.0717781.0599274-.1733862.1079162-.304824.1439663-.1314379.0360501-.2451643.0601615-.3411793.0723343h-5.5965975c-.9568865.2640552-1.5068748.5164059-1.649965.757052h-.6634817v-14.4324451c.5140992-.6128516 1.2076439-.9192774 2.0806339-.9192774h6.92426zm1.3814961.6489017-.1796783 15.2976474c-.0955489 0-1.0342578.0119386-2.8161268.035816-1.7818691.0238773-3.3006293.0898911-4.5562806.1980414-1.2556514.1081503-1.9613144.2884008-2.1169891.5407514-.0955488.1924233-.5439291.273419-1.345141.2429871-.8012118-.0304319-1.3155441-.1776755-1.5429969-.4417308-.334654-.3843783-3.4558378-.5765674-9.36355164-.5765674v-15.3875385l-.96830576.3960828v16.2702977c6.4096947-.2041278 9.7760429-.0840388 10.0990445.3602669.2391051.276228.9864833.414342 2.2421347.414342.1915638 0 .4187835-.0210682.6816593-.0632047s.4810068-.0870821.6543929-.1348367c.1733862-.0477547.2719646-.0838048.2957353-.1081503.0838965-.1563732.9599161-.2675666 2.6280587-.3335805 1.6681426-.0660138 3.3213703-.0931684 4.9596831-.0814638l2.4392915.0182591v-16.2344816z"></path> </svg> </span> <span class="label style-scope media-button">Texts</span> </a> </media-button>  <media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="video"> <a class="menu-item video style-scope media-button" href="/details/movies" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuVideo" title="Expand video menu">  <span class="icon style-scope media-button">  <svg height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="videoTitleID videoDescID" class="style-scope media-button"> <title id="videoTitleID" class="style-scope media-button">Video icon</title> <desc id="videoDescID" class="style-scope media-button">An illustration of two cells of a film strip.</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope media-button" d="m31.0117647 12.0677966c0 .4067797-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.2705883c-.4235294 0-.7058823-.2711864-.7058823-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.2823529-.6779661.7058823-.6779661h1.2705883c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067797-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.2705883c-.4235294 0-.7058823-.2711864-.7058823-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.2823529-.6779661.7058823-.6779661h1.2705883c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067796-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.2705883c-.4235294 0-.7058823-.2711865-.7058823-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.2823529-.6779661.7058823-.6779661h1.2705883c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.3898305c0 .4067797-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.2705883c-.4235294 0-.7058823-.2711864-.7058823-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.2823529-.6779661.7058823-.6779661h1.2705883c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067796-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.2705883c-.4235294 0-.7058823-.2711865-.7058823-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.2823529-.6779661.7058823-.6779661h1.2705883c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067796-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.2705883c-.4235294 0-.7058823-.2711865-.7058823-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.2823529-.6779661.7058823-.6779661h1.2705883c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm-4.0941176-10.440678c0 .5423729-.4235295.9491525-.9882353.9491525h-11.5764706c-.5647059 0-.9882353-.4067796-.9882353-.9491525v-6.9152542c0-.5423729.4235294-.9491526.9882353-.9491526h11.5764706c.5647058 0 .9882353.4067797.9882353.9491526zm-.1411765 11.2542373c0 .5423729-.4235294.9491525-.9882353.9491525h-11.5764706c-.5647059 0-.9882353-.4067796-.9882353-.9491525v-6.9152542c0-.5423729.4235294-.9491526.9882353-.9491526h11.5764706c.5647059 0 .9882353.4067797.9882353.9491526zm-14.9647059-17.220339c0 .4067797-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.27058828c-.42352941 0-.70588236-.2711864-.70588236-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.28235295-.6779661.70588236-.6779661h1.27058828c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067797-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.27058828c-.42352941 0-.70588236-.2711864-.70588236-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.28235295-.6779661.70588236-.6779661h1.27058828c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067796-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.27058828c-.42352941 0-.70588236-.2711865-.70588236-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.28235295-.6779661.70588236-.6779661h1.27058828c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.3898305c0 .4067797-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.27058828c-.42352941 0-.70588236-.2711864-.70588236-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.28235295-.6779661.70588236-.6779661h1.27058828c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067796-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.27058828c-.42352941 0-.70588236-.2711865-.70588236-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.28235295-.6779661.70588236-.6779661h1.27058828c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm0 3.2542373c0 .4067796-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.27058828c-.42352941 0-.70588236-.2711865-.70588236-.6779661v-.6779661c0-.4067797.28235295-.6779661.70588236-.6779661h1.27058828c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661zm20.0470588-20.4745763h-.8470588v.27118644.6779661c0 .40677966-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.2705883c-.4235294 0-.7058823-.27118644-.7058823-.6779661v-.6779661-.27118644h-16.5176471v.27118644.6779661c0 .40677966-.2823529.6779661-.7058823.6779661h-1.27058828c-.42352941 0-.70588236-.27118644-.70588236-.6779661v-.6779661-.27118644h-1.12941176v24h1.12941176v-.2711864-.6779661c0-.4067797.28235295-.6779661.70588236-.6779661h1.27058828c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661v.6779661.2711864h16.6588235v-.2711864-.6779661c0-.4067797.282353-.6779661.7058824-.6779661h1.2705882c.4235294 0 .7058824.2711864.7058824.6779661v.6779661.2711864h.8470588v-24z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg> </span> <span class="label style-scope media-button">Video</span> </a> </media-button>  <media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="audio"> <a class="menu-item audio style-scope media-button" href="/details/audio" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuAudio" title="Expand audio menu">  <span class="icon style-scope media-button">  <svg width="40px" height="40px" viewBox="0 0 40 40" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="audioTitleID audioDescID" class="style-scope media-button"> <title id="audioTitleID" class="style-scope media-button">Audio icon</title> <desc id="audioDescID" class="style-scope media-button">An illustration of an audio speaker.</desc> <g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd" class="style-scope media-button"> <g transform="translate(10, 8)" class="fill-color style-scope media-button"> <path d="M19.4264564,11.8585048 L19.4264564,20.7200433 C19.4264564,22.3657576 18.8838179,23.2519114 16.8489237,23.2519114 C12.2364969,23.125318 7.75972977,23.125318 3.14730298,23.2519114 C1.24806842,23.2519114 0.569770368,22.492351 0.569770368,20.7200433 L0.569770368,2.74377955 C0.569770368,1.09806526 1.11240881,0.211911416 3.14730298,0.211911416 C7.75972977,0.338504822 12.2364969,0.338504822 16.8489237,0.211911416 C18.7481583,0.211911416 19.4264564,0.971471855 19.4264564,2.74377955 C19.2907967,5.78202131 19.4264564,8.82026306 19.4264564,11.8585048 L19.4264564,11.8585048 Z M10.0659432,2.74377955 C8.16670861,2.74377955 6.67445288,4.13630702 6.67445288,5.90861471 C6.67445288,7.6809224 8.16670861,9.07344988 10.0659432,9.07344988 C11.9651777,9.07344988 13.4574335,7.6809224 13.4574335,5.90861471 C13.4574335,4.13630702 11.8295181,2.74377955 10.0659432,2.74377955 L10.0659432,2.74377955 Z M10.0659432,11.4787246 C7.21709133,11.4787246 5.04653754,13.6308125 5.04653754,16.1626806 C5.04653754,18.8211422 7.35275094,20.8466367 10.0659432,20.8466367 C12.914795,20.8466367 15.0853488,18.6945488 15.0853488,16.1626806 C15.0853488,13.6308125 12.7791354,11.4787246 10.0659432,11.4787246 L10.0659432,11.4787246 Z" class="style-scope media-button"></path> <ellipse cx="10.2016028" cy="16.5690777" rx="1.35659611" ry="1.34075134" class="style-scope media-button"></ellipse> </g> </g> </svg> </span> <span class="label style-scope media-button">Audio</span> </a> </media-button>  <media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="software"> <a class="menu-item software style-scope media-button" href="/details/software" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuSoftware" title="Expand software menu">  <span class="icon style-scope media-button">  <svg width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="softwareTitleID softwareDescID" class="style-scope media-button"> <title id="softwareTitleID" class="style-scope media-button">Software icon</title> <desc id="softwareDescID" class="style-scope media-button">An illustration of a 3.5" floppy disk.</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope media-button" d="m32 30.6900373v-21.44521088c0-.82988428-.4156786-1.24482642-1.2470357-1.24482642h-21.50592858c-.83135715 0-1.24703572.4221795-1.24703572 1.26653851v21.44521089c0 .8588337.41567857 1.2882506 1.24703572 1.2882506h21.48327168c.8458575 0 1.2687863-.4366542 1.2687863-1.3099627zm-5.9950155-20.4410268v6.114667c0 .6694561-.3428744 1.0041841-1.0286232 1.0041841h-10.1294464c-.2622159 0-.4773054-.0802141-.6452685-.2406423s-.2519447-.3642806-.2519447-.6115572v-6.1363791l.0217506-.1311772h12.0326259zm-4.9437353.8295827v5.0010178h3.0405558v-5.0010178zm-9.7134658 18.8035735v-7.753025c0-.5241057.1604108-.9025595.4812325-1.1353613.1897138-.1453504.4011782-.2180256.6343932-.2180256h14.7451099c.3208217 0 .5905898.1091636.8093044.3274907s.3280719.5023936.3280719.8521995v7.8181612l-.0217506.1094652h-16.9772676z"></path> </svg> </span> <span class="label style-scope media-button">Software</span> </a> </media-button>  <media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="images"> <a class="menu-item images style-scope media-button" href="/details/image" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuImages" title="Expand images menu">  <span class="icon style-scope media-button">  <svg height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="imagesTitleID imagesDescID" class="style-scope media-button"> <title id="imagesTitleID" class="style-scope media-button">Images icon</title> <desc id="imagesDescID" class="style-scope media-button">An illustration of two photographs.</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope media-button" d="m20.8219178 15.3769871c0 1.1136708-.8767123 1.8932404-1.8630137 1.8932404s-1.9726027-.8909367-1.9726027-1.8932404c0-1.0023038.8767123-1.8932404 1.9726027-1.8932404.9863014 0 1.8630137.8909366 1.8630137 1.8932404zm-5.9178082-3.7864808h15.4520548v6.0138225l-1.9726028-3.3410125-2.6301369 6.3479237-2.1917809-2.67281-6.1369863 5.1228859h-2.5205479zm-1.7534247-1.6705063v14.9231892h18.8493151v-14.9231892zm-2.9589041 7.2388604c.2191781 0 1.9726028-.3341012 1.9726028-.3341012v-2.0046075l-4.1643836.5568354c.43835616 4.7887846.87671233 9.9116704 1.31506849 14.700455 6.02739731-.5568354 13.26027401-1.5591391 19.39726031-2.1159746-.1095891-.5568354-.1095891-2.0046075-.2191781-2.67281-.4383562.1113671-1.4246575 0-1.8630137.1113671v.8909367c-5.1506849.4454683-10.3013699 1.1136708-15.4520548 1.6705062.109589-.111367-.5479452-7.0161262-.9863014-10.8026071z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg> </span> <span class="label style-scope media-button">Images</span> </a> </media-button>  <media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="donate"> <a class="menu-item donate style-scope media-button" href="/donate/" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuDonate" title="Expand donate menu">  <span class="icon style-scope media-button">  <svg width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="donateTitleID donateDescID" class="style-scope media-button"> <title id="donateTitleID" class="style-scope media-button">Donate icon</title> <desc id="donateDescID" class="style-scope media-button">An illustration of a heart shape</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope media-button" d="m30.0120362 11.0857287c-1.2990268-1.12627221-2.8599641-1.65258786-4.682812-1.57894699-.8253588.02475323-1.7674318.3849128-2.8262192 1.08047869-1.0587873.6955659-1.89622 1.5724492-2.512298 2.63065-.591311-1.0588196-1.4194561-1.9357029-2.4844351-2.63065-1.0649791-.69494706-2.0039563-1.05510663-2.8169316-1.08047869-1.2067699-.04950647-2.318187.17203498-3.3342513.66462439-1.0160643.4925893-1.82594378 1.2002224-2.42963831 2.1228992-.60369453.9226769-.91173353 1.9629315-.92411701 3.1207641-.03715043 1.9202322.70183359 3.7665141 2.21695202 5.5388457 1.2067699 1.4035084 2.912594 3.1606786 5.1174721 5.2715107 2.2048782 2.1108321 3.7565279 3.5356901 4.6549492 4.2745742.8253588-.6646243 2.355647-2.0647292 4.5908647-4.2003145s3.9747867-3.9171994 5.218707-5.3448422c1.502735-1.7723316 2.2355273-3.6186135 2.1983769-5.5388457-.0256957-1.7608832-.6875926-3.2039968-1.9866194-4.3302689z"></path> </svg> </span> <span class="label style-scope media-button">Donate</span> </a> </media-button>  <media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="more"> <a class="menu-item more style-scope media-button" href="/about/" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuMore" title="Expand more menu">  <span class="icon style-scope media-button">  <svg height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="ellipsesTitleID ellipsesDescID" class="style-scope media-button"> <title id="ellipsesTitleID" class="style-scope media-button">Ellipses icon</title> <desc id="ellipsesDescID" class="style-scope media-button">An illustration of text ellipses.</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope media-button" d="m10.5 17.5c1.3807119 0 2.5 1.1192881 2.5 2.5s-1.1192881 2.5-2.5 2.5c-1.38071187 0-2.5-1.1192881-2.5-2.5s1.11928813-2.5 2.5-2.5zm9.5 0c1.3807119 0 2.5 1.1192881 2.5 2.5s-1.1192881 2.5-2.5 2.5-2.5-1.1192881-2.5-2.5 1.1192881-2.5 2.5-2.5zm9.5 0c1.3807119 0 2.5 1.1192881 2.5 2.5s-1.1192881 2.5-2.5 2.5-2.5-1.1192881-2.5-2.5 1.1192881-2.5 2.5-2.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg> </span> <span class="label style-scope media-button">More</span> </a> </media-button>  </div> </nav> </div> </div> </media-menu> <div class="right-side-section style-scope primary-nav">  <a class="mobile-donate-link style-scope primary-nav" href="/donate/?origin=iawww-mbhrt">  <svg width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="donateTitleID donateDescID" class="style-scope primary-nav"> <title id="donateTitleID" class="style-scope primary-nav">Donate icon</title> <desc id="donateDescID" class="style-scope primary-nav">An illustration of a heart shape</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope primary-nav" d="m32.6,8.12c-1.57,-1.51 -3.46,-2.21 -5.65,-2.11c-1,0.03 -2.14,0.51 -3.42,1.44c-1.28,0.92 -2.28,2.09 -3.03,3.51c-0.71,-1.41 -1.72,-2.59 -3,-3.51c-1.29,-0.93 -2.43,-1.41 -3.41,-1.44c-1.46,-0.07 -2.8,0.23 -4.02,0.88c-1.23,0.65 -2.21,1.6 -2.94,2.83c-0.74,1.24 -1.11,2.63 -1.12,4.17c-0.05,2.56 0.85,5.01 2.68,7.37c1.46,1.88 3.52,4.21 6.19,7.04c2.66,2.81 4.53,4.71 5.62,5.69c1,-0.88 2.85,-2.75 5.55,-5.6s4.81,-5.23 6.31,-7.13c1.81,-2.36 2.71,-4.81 2.66,-7.37c-0.04,-2.35 -0.83,-4.28 -2.4,-5.77z"></path> </svg> <span class="sr-only style-scope primary-nav">"Donate to the archive"</span> </a> <div class="user-info style-scope primary-nav">  <login-button class="style-scope primary-nav x-scope login-button-1"> <div class="logged-out-toolbar style-scope login-button"> <a class="dropdown-toggle style-scope login-button" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavLoginIcon">  <svg width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="userTitleID userDescID" class="style-scope login-button"> <title id="userTitleID" class="style-scope login-button">User icon</title> <desc id="userDescID" class="style-scope login-button">An illustration of a person's head and chest.</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope login-button" d="m20.7130435 18.0434783c-3.5658385 0-6.4565218-2.9198821-6.4565218-6.5217392 0-3.60185703 2.8906833-6.5217391 6.4565218-6.5217391s6.4565217 2.91988207 6.4565217 6.5217391c0 3.6018571-2.8906832 6.5217392-6.4565217 6.5217392zm-12.9130435 16.9565217c0-7.9240855 5.7813665-14.3478261 12.9130435-14.3478261s12.9130435 6.4237406 12.9130435 14.3478261z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg> </a> <span class="style-scope login-button"> <a class="style-scope login-button" href="/account/signup">Sign up</a> | <a class="style-scope login-button" href="/account/login">Log in</a> </span> </div> </login-button> </div>  <a class="upload style-scope primary-nav" href="/create">  <svg width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="uploadTitleID uploadDescID" class="style-scope primary-nav"> <title id="uploadTitleID" class="style-scope primary-nav">Upload icon</title> <desc id="uploadDescID" class="style-scope primary-nav">An illustration of a horizontal line over an up pointing arrow.</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope primary-nav" d="m20 12.8 8 10.4h-4.8v8.8h-6.4v-8.8h-4.8zm12-4.8v3.2h-24v-3.2z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg> <span class="style-scope primary-nav">Upload</span> </a>  <button class="search-trigger style-scope primary-nav" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavSearchOpen">  <svg height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="searchTitleID searchDescID" class="style-scope primary-nav"> <title id="searchTitleID" class="style-scope primary-nav">Search icon</title> <desc id="searchDescID" class="style-scope primary-nav">An illustration of a magnifying glass.</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope primary-nav" d="m32.4526364 29.8875889-8.1719472-7.9751279c1.1046135-1.4876138 1.7652549-3.3102407 1.7652549-5.2846451 0-.101185-.0142895-.1981539-.030573-.2944743.0166158-.0976175.0309053-.196208.0309053-.2990145 0-4.9814145-4.152935-9.0343271-9.2572866-9.0343271-.0907218 0-.1781206.01394537-.2655193.02594487-.0880633-.0119995-.1747974-.02594487-.2655193-.02594487-5.1046839 0-9.25761889 4.0529126-9.25761889 9.0343271 0 .1011849.01395722.1981539.03057294.2947985-.01694804.0976176-.03090525.1958838-.03090525.2986903 0 4.9814145 4.1526027 9.0346514 9.2572866 9.0346514.0907218 0 .1777882-.0139454.2658516-.0262692.0873987.0123238.1741328.0262692.265187.0262692 1.7306942 0 3.3467399-.4747911 4.7338208-1.2852439l8.2882574 8.0886366c.3652137.3564177.843082.53414 1.3212826.53414.4782007 0 .9567336-.1780467 1.3212827-.53414.7294304-.7118622.7294304-1.8660845-.0003323-2.5782711zm-15.9526364-7.8875889c-.0832667-.0118703-.1652765-.0253024-.2513711-.0253024-2.8781993 0-5.2197212-2.3278242-5.2197212-5.1891862 0-.0974612-.013197-.1908615-.0289077-.2836371.0160249-.0940251.0292219-.1889874.0292219-.2880105 0-2.861362 2.3418361-5.1891861 5.2200354-5.1891861.0854662 0 .1677902-.0131198.2510569-.0246777.0826383.0115579.1649623.0246777.2510569.0246777 2.8781993 0 5.2197212 2.3278241 5.2197212 5.1891861 0 .0974612.0135112.1908616.0289077.2839496-.0157107.0940251-.0295361.1886749-.0295361.287698 0 2.861362-2.3415219 5.1891862-5.2197212 5.1891862-.0860946 0-.1684187.0134321-.2507427.0253024z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg> </button> <nav-search class="style-scope primary-nav x-scope nav-search-1"> <div class="search-activated fade-in search-inactive style-scope nav-search"> <form id="nav-search" class="highlight style-scope nav-search" method="get" action="/search" data-event-submit-tracking="TopNav|NavSearchSubmit"> <input type="text" name="query" class="search-field style-scope nav-search" placeholder="Search" autocomplete="off" value="">  <button type="submit" class="search style-scope nav-search" tabindex="-1" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavSearchClose">  <svg height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="searchTitleID searchDescID" class="style-scope nav-search"> <title id="searchTitleID" class="style-scope nav-search">Search icon</title> <desc id="searchDescID" class="style-scope nav-search">An illustration of a magnifying glass.</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope nav-search" d="m32.4526364 29.8875889-8.1719472-7.9751279c1.1046135-1.4876138 1.7652549-3.3102407 1.7652549-5.2846451 0-.101185-.0142895-.1981539-.030573-.2944743.0166158-.0976175.0309053-.196208.0309053-.2990145 0-4.9814145-4.152935-9.0343271-9.2572866-9.0343271-.0907218 0-.1781206.01394537-.2655193.02594487-.0880633-.0119995-.1747974-.02594487-.2655193-.02594487-5.1046839 0-9.25761889 4.0529126-9.25761889 9.0343271 0 .1011849.01395722.1981539.03057294.2947985-.01694804.0976176-.03090525.1958838-.03090525.2986903 0 4.9814145 4.1526027 9.0346514 9.2572866 9.0346514.0907218 0 .1777882-.0139454.2658516-.0262692.0873987.0123238.1741328.0262692.265187.0262692 1.7306942 0 3.3467399-.4747911 4.7338208-1.2852439l8.2882574 8.0886366c.3652137.3564177.843082.53414 1.3212826.53414.4782007 0 .9567336-.1780467 1.3212827-.53414.7294304-.7118622.7294304-1.8660845-.0003323-2.5782711zm-15.9526364-7.8875889c-.0832667-.0118703-.1652765-.0253024-.2513711-.0253024-2.8781993 0-5.2197212-2.3278242-5.2197212-5.1891862 0-.0974612-.013197-.1908615-.0289077-.2836371.0160249-.0940251.0292219-.1889874.0292219-.2880105 0-2.861362 2.3418361-5.1891861 5.2200354-5.1891861.0854662 0 .1677902-.0131198.2510569-.0246777.0826383.0115579.1649623.0246777.2510569.0246777 2.8781993 0 5.2197212 2.3278241 5.2197212 5.1891861 0 .0974612.0135112.1908616.0289077.2839496-.0157107.0940251-.0295361.1886749-.0295361.287698 0 2.861362-2.3415219 5.1891862-5.2197212 5.1891862-.0860946 0-.1684187.0134321-.2507427.0253024z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg> </button> </form> </div> </nav-search> </div> </nav> </primary-nav> <media-slider class="style-scope ia-topnav x-scope media-slider-1" tabindex="-1"> <div class="media-slider-container style-scope media-slider"> <div class="overflow-clip closed style-scope media-slider"> <div class="information-menu closed style-scope media-slider"> <div class="info-box style-scope media-slider"> <media-subnav menu="audio" class="hidden style-scope media-slider x-scope media-subnav-1"> <h3 class="style-scope media-subnav">Internet Archive Audio</h3> <div class="icon-links style-scope media-subnav">  <a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/etree" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|LiveMusicArchiveAudio"><img loading="lazy" class="style-scope media-subnav" src="/services/img/etree">Live Music Archive</a>  <a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/librivoxaudio" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|LibrivoxFreeAudioAudio"><img loading="lazy" class="style-scope media-subnav" src="/services/img/librivoxaudio">Librivox Free Audio</a>  </div> <div class="links featured style-scope media-subnav"> <h4 class="style-scope media-subnav">Featured</h4> <ul class="style-scope media-subnav">  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/audio" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|AllAudioAudio">All Audio</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/GratefulDead" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|GratefulDeadAudio">Grateful Dead</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/netlabels" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NetlabelsAudio">Netlabels</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/oldtimeradio" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|OldTimeRadioAudio">Old Time Radio</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/78rpm" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|78RPMsAndCylinderRecordingsAudio">78 RPMs and Cylinder Recordings</a></li>  </ul> </div> <div class="links top style-scope media-subnav"> <h4 class="style-scope media-subnav">Top</h4> <ul class="style-scope media-subnav">  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/audio_bookspoetry" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|AudioBooks&PoetryAudio">Audio Books & Poetry</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/audio_tech" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|Computers,TechnologyAndScienceAudio">Computers, Technology and Science</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/audio_music" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|Music,Arts&CultureAudio">Music, Arts & Culture</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/audio_news" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|News&PublicAffairsAudio">News & Public Affairs</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/audio_religion" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|Spirituality&ReligionAudio">Spirituality & Religion</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/podcasts" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|PodcastsAudio">Podcasts</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/radio" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|RadioNewsArchiveAudio">Radio News Archive</a></li>  </ul> </div> </media-subnav> <media-subnav menu="images" class="hidden style-scope media-slider x-scope media-subnav-1"> <h3 class="style-scope media-subnav">Images</h3> <div class="icon-links style-scope media-subnav">  <a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/metropolitanmuseumofart-gallery" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|MetropolitanMuseumImages"><img loading="lazy" class="style-scope media-subnav" src="/services/img/metropolitanmuseumofart-gallery">Metropolitan Museum</a>  <a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/clevelandart" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|ClevelandMuseumOfArtImages"><img loading="lazy" class="style-scope media-subnav" src="/services/img/clevelandart">Cleveland Museum of Art</a>  </div> <div class="links featured style-scope media-subnav"> <h4 class="style-scope media-subnav">Featured</h4> <ul class="style-scope media-subnav">  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/image" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|AllImagesImages">All Images</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/flickrcommons" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|FlickrCommonsImages">Flickr Commons</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/flickr-ows" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|OccupyWallStreetFlickrImages">Occupy Wall Street Flickr</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/coverartarchive" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|CoverArtImages">Cover Art</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/maps_usgs" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|USGSMapsImages">USGS Maps</a></li>  </ul> </div> <div class="links top style-scope media-subnav"> <h4 class="style-scope media-subnav">Top</h4> <ul class="style-scope media-subnav">  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/nasa" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NASAImagesImages">NASA Images</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/solarsystemcollection" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|SolarSystemCollectionImages">Solar System Collection</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/amesresearchcenterimagelibrary" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|AmesResearchCenterImages">Ames Research Center</a></li>  </ul> </div> </media-subnav> <media-subnav menu="software" class="hidden style-scope media-slider x-scope media-subnav-1"> <h3 class="style-scope media-subnav">Software</h3> <div class="icon-links style-scope media-subnav">  <a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/internetarcade" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|InternetArcadeSoftware"><img loading="lazy" class="style-scope media-subnav" src="/services/img/internetarcade">Internet Arcade</a>  <a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/consolelivingroom" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|ConsoleLivingRoomSoftware"><img loading="lazy" class="style-scope media-subnav" src="/services/img/consolelivingroom">Console Living Room</a>  </div> <div class="links featured style-scope media-subnav"> <h4 class="style-scope media-subnav">Featured</h4> <ul class="style-scope media-subnav">  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/software" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|AllSoftwareSoftware">All Software</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/tosec" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|OldSchoolEmulationSoftware">Old School Emulation</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/softwarelibrary_msdos_games" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|MS-DOSGamesSoftware">MS-DOS Games</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/historicalsoftware" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|HistoricalSoftwareSoftware">Historical Software</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/classicpcgames" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|ClassicPCGamesSoftware">Classic PC Games</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/softwarelibrary" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|SoftwareLibrarySoftware">Software Library</a></li>  </ul> </div> <div class="links top style-scope media-subnav"> <h4 class="style-scope media-subnav">Top</h4> <ul class="style-scope media-subnav">  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/kodi_archive" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|KodiArchiveAndSupportFileSoftware">Kodi Archive and Support File</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/vintagesoftware" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|VintageSoftwareSoftware">Vintage Software</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/apkarchive" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|APKSoftware">APK</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/softwarelibrary_msdos" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|MS-DOSSoftware">MS-DOS</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/cd-roms" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|CD-ROMSoftwareSoftware">CD-ROM Software</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/cdromsoftware" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|CD-ROMSoftwareLibrarySoftware">CD-ROM Software Library</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/softwaresites" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|SoftwareSitesSoftware">Software Sites</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/tucows" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|TucowsSoftwareLibrarySoftware">Tucows Software Library</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/cdbbsarchive" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|SharewareCD-ROMsSoftware">Shareware CD-ROMs</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/softwarecapsules" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|SoftwareCapsulesCompilationSoftware">Software Capsules Compilation</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/cdromimages" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|CD-ROMImagesSoftware">CD-ROM Images</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/softwarelibrary_zx_spectrum" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|ZXSpectrumSoftware">ZX Spectrum</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/doom-cds" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|DOOMLevelCDSoftware">DOOM Level CD</a></li>  </ul> </div> </media-subnav> <media-subnav menu="texts" class="hidden style-scope media-slider x-scope media-subnav-1"> <h3 class="style-scope media-subnav">Texts</h3> <div class="icon-links style-scope media-subnav">  <a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="https://openlibrary.org/" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|OpenLibraryTexts"><img loading="lazy" class="style-scope media-subnav" src="/images/widgetOL.png">Open Library</a>  <a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/americana" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|AmericanLibrariesTexts"><img loading="lazy" class="style-scope media-subnav" src="/services/img/americana">American Libraries</a>  </div> <div class="links featured style-scope media-subnav"> <h4 class="style-scope media-subnav">Featured</h4> <ul class="style-scope media-subnav">  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/texts" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|AllTextsTexts">All Texts</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/smithsonian" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|SmithsonianLibrariesTexts">Smithsonian Libraries</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/fedlink" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|FEDLINK(US)Texts">FEDLINK (US)</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/genealogy" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|GenealogyTexts">Genealogy</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/lincolncollection" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|LincolnCollectionTexts">Lincoln Collection</a></li>  </ul> </div> <div class="links top style-scope media-subnav"> <h4 class="style-scope media-subnav">Top</h4> <ul class="style-scope media-subnav">  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/americana" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|AmericanLibrariesTexts">American Libraries</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/toronto" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|CanadianLibrariesTexts">Canadian Libraries</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/universallibrary" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|UniversalLibraryTexts">Universal Library</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/gutenberg" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|ProjectGutenbergTexts">Project Gutenberg</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/iacl" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|Children'sLibraryTexts">Children's Library</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/biodiversity" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|BiodiversityHeritageLibraryTexts">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/booksbylanguage" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|BooksByLanguageTexts">Books by Language</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/additional_collections" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|AdditionalCollectionsTexts">Additional Collections</a></li>  </ul> </div> </media-subnav> <media-subnav menu="video" class="hidden style-scope media-slider x-scope media-subnav-1"> <h3 class="style-scope media-subnav">Video</h3> <div class="icon-links style-scope media-subnav">  <a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/tv" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|TVNewsVideo"><img loading="lazy" class="style-scope media-subnav" src="/services/img/tv">TV News</a>  <a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/911" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|Understanding9/11Video"><img loading="lazy" class="style-scope media-subnav" src="/services/img/911">Understanding 9/11</a>  </div> <div class="links featured style-scope media-subnav"> <h4 class="style-scope media-subnav">Featured</h4> <ul class="style-scope media-subnav">  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/movies" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|AllVideoVideo">All Video</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/prelinger" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|PrelingerArchivesVideo">Prelinger Archives</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/democracy_now_vid" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|DemocracyNow!Video">Democracy Now!</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/occupywallstreet" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|OccupyWallStreetVideo">Occupy Wall Street</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/nsa" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|TVNSAClipLibraryVideo">TV NSA Clip Library</a></li>  </ul> </div> <div class="links top style-scope media-subnav"> <h4 class="style-scope media-subnav">Top</h4> <ul class="style-scope media-subnav">  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/animationandcartoons" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|Animation&CartoonsVideo">Animation & Cartoons</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/artsandmusicvideos" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|Arts&MusicVideo">Arts & Music</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/computersandtechvideos" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|Computers&TechnologyVideo">Computers & Technology</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/culturalandacademicfilms" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|Cultural&AcademicFilmsVideo">Cultural & Academic Films</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/ephemera" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|EphemeralFilmsVideo">Ephemeral Films</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/moviesandfilms" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|MoviesVideo">Movies</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/newsandpublicaffairs" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|News&PublicAffairsVideo">News & Public Affairs</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/spiritualityandreligion" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|Spirituality&ReligionVideo">Spirituality & Religion</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/sports" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|SportsVideosVideo">Sports Videos</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/television" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|TelevisionVideo">Television</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/gamevideos" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|VideogameVideosVideo">Videogame Videos</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/vlogs" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|VlogsVideo">Vlogs</a></li>  <li class="style-scope media-subnav"><a class="style-scope media-subnav" href="/details/youth_media" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|YouthMediaVideo">Youth Media</a></li>  </ul> </div> </media-subnav> <media-subnav menu="web" class="hidden style-scope media-slider x-scope media-subnav-1"> <wayback-slider class="style-scope media-subnav x-scope wayback-slider-1"> <div class="grid style-scope wayback-slider"> <wayback-search class="style-scope wayback-slider x-scope wayback-search-1" waybackpagesarchived="916 billion"> <form action="" method="post" class="style-scope wayback-search"> <p class="style-scope wayback-search"> Search the history of over 916 billion <a data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|WaybackMachineStatsLink" href="https://blog.archive.org/2016/10/23/defining-web-pages-web-sites-and-web-captures/" class="style-scope wayback-search">web pages</a> on the Internet. </p> <fieldset class="style-scope wayback-search"> <a data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|WaybackMachineLogoLink" href="https://web.archive.org" class="style-scope wayback-search"> <svg height="55" viewBox="0 0 205 55" width="205" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="style-scope wayback-search"><g fill="none" class="style-scope wayback-search"><path d="m41.5442526 5.47625158v36.05869762s-.0825635.8039669.6808836.8039669c.7634442 0 .5779563-.8039669.5779563-.8039669v-36.05869762h5.4674088l.0001982 44.76728562c.0070059.1547261.1602174 4.7191467-6.1484876 4.7191467-6.1999371 0-6.1018528-4.697561-6.0880787-5.0160398l.0008628-1.7899844h5.5092566l.0006247 1.8215446c.0064131.111431.0698016.5292973.6598981.5292973.6808836 0 .5564693-.5981684.5564693-.5981684v-4.3726361s-.9489378 1.6294184-3.4044061 1.2370455c-2.4554712-.39237-2.8060919-1.8148639-2.9712219-2.4967105-.1651328-.6795829-.2680542-1.174855-.2680542-2.0625 0-.8599178-.0383122-34.61864321-.0406109-36.64339281l-.0001077-.09488771zm30.6351382 1.09344342c6.9117365 0 6.7805382 5.4445918 6.7805382 5.4445918v39.5210721h-5.7365952v-1.1522413s-2.086754 2.4978424-5.1507198.8955592c-3.0650979-1.6011513-2.5436924-5.1879097-2.5436924-5.1879097l.0000351-8.8028589c.0025794-.2398669.0684122-2.0251881 1.4352444-3.3674745 1.4669498-1.4405832 3.4553051-1.2178245 3.4553051-1.2178245h2.5425603v-20.4327721s-.0656021-.8966882-.7170766-.8966882c-.6526037 0-.6854033.9566179-.6854033.9566179v16.080489h-6.030665l-.0005626-16.2852138c-.0087587-.3366877-.0366527-5.555347 6.6510318-5.555347zm28.5031432-6.569695v31.41468l.711418.0192211c.593792 0 .593792-.4941403.593792-.4941403v-24.86759869h5.897202v21.90049339s.079171 1.404399-.791723 2.512539c-.870895 1.1081429-1.820962 1.1477197-1.820962 1.1477197s.989654.3946337 1.860548 1.4439758c.870894 1.0482132.791724 2.4921889.791724 2.4921889v14.4024477h-5.936789l-.000309-13.3243353c-.002165-.043998-.019484-.2297601-.158037-.3860879-.158343-.1775284-.277102-.1775284-.277102-.1775284h-.890123v13.8879516h-5.8180296v-49.9715266zm-14.2340414 8.02384579c5.9675612 0 6.2060902 4.59291681 6.2148001 5.06804611l.0002664 15.2041578h-5.556805v-15.4269123s-.0531603-.5009227-.6062332-.5009227c-.5519582 0-.5790885.42064-.5790885.42064v32.2254321s.079173.4477782.6582614.4477782c.4900102 0 .5467595-.3205986.552623-.4192443l.00045-8.2163433h5.4775891l.000339 7.8754281c.0126595.1654646.3391417 5.1294029-6.0570166 5.1294029-6.504565 0-6.1358477-5.1867779-6.1358477-5.1867779l-.0006428-31.5032204c-.0096883-.3249184-.0495263-5.11746431 6.0313048-5.11746431zm-73.7580006-5.70016816v42.49270187h.5575988s.2081099.2374581.5010473-.0554082.1956685-.3901121.1956685-.3901121v-42.04605262l5.7004019.00115789.0007682 41.01721663c.015678.1470376.248026 2.5994908-1.4903372 4.3374305-1.792686 1.7922473-4.4053704 1.6101973-4.4053704 1.6101973h-7.83579091s-2.61381542.18205-4.40650134-1.6101973c-1.79268592-1.7922503-1.48843833-4.344369-1.48843833-4.344369v-41.01027813l5.69927118-.00115789v42.04605262s-.09726862.0972458.19566849.3901121c.29293741.2928663.50217829.0554082.50217829.0554082h.55646783v-42.49270187zm44.8442957-.59701342s2.8128759.11081342 4.2515488 1.54913579 1.3572386 4.52302632 1.3572386 4.52302632v20.17269738s.1085791 1.6825658-.8324397 2.4967105c-.9410187.8141447-1.5743967.9950658-1.5743967.9950658s1.0495978.5789474 1.6105898 1.3026316c.5609919.7236842.7419571 1.3930921.7419571 2.3881579l.0007115 7.6426204c.0126941.1435677.1783816 2.2493941-.8874408 3.6468533-1.1038873 1.4473684-2.4430294 2.1348684-5.2298927 2.1348684h-6.4604558v-46.85176739zm14.5337626 35.74095399s-.1673942-.0203558-.3777654.1843136c-.2092421.2069274-.1459043.3301795-.1459043.3301795v8.4524058s.1673942.4523026.7329089.4523026c.5643854 0 .648084-.4523026.648084-.4523026v-8.9465489zm-44.3104484-34.72101373c5.9643432 0 6.16707 4.5349604 6.1720848 5.00409423l-.0000412 36.6461958h-5.2231058v-1.0674342s-1.8990049 2.3135258-4.6881295.8299731c-2.7891246-1.4824208-2.3140925-4.8057147-2.3140925-4.8057147l.0000416-8.1558683c.0025667-.229176.064831-1.8776574 1.3051717-3.1166422 1.3357486-1.3354261 3.1454001-1.1273669 3.1454001-1.1273669h2.3140896v-18.92660288s-.0588122-.831105-.6526037-.831105-.6232005.88538132-.6232005.88538132v14.89545606h-5.4888988l-.0005553-15.08585244c-.0080458-.3266358-.0237133-5.14451389 6.0538395-5.14451389zm28.932117 33.13115253-.4776089-.0000064v8.3947599h.705764c.5067025 0 .560992-.7236842.560992-.7236842v-6.712171c0-.9769737-.7962466-.9589047-.7962466-.9589047zm-29.0339092-4.5105709s-.1526883-.0203529-.3438338.1707431c-.1900134.191099-.1323304.305305-.1323304.305305v7.8282282s.1515591.419511.6661776.419511c.5146186 0 .5915302-.419511.5915302-.419511v-8.2861842zm29.0087131-25.54039926c-.6808813 0-.5443092.01385177-.4995274.01731471l.0109215.0007774v25.52796055s1.3391421.1085526 1.3391421-1.3569079v-23.35690792s.1085791-.83223684-.8505362-.83223684z" fill="#ab2e33" class="style-scope wayback-search"></path><path d="m164.347608 2.25946661v7.4442539c.21729-.35229187 1.198489-1.67028746 3.735798-1.67028746 3.534354 0 3.281982 3.91684325 3.281982 3.91684325v39.9180342h-3.988173l-.000094-38.4191634c-.002249-.1296195-.058484-1.7498629-1.464346-1.7498629-1.087582 0-1.450864.5267465-1.565167 1.1683005v39.1020256h-4.190748v-49.71014369zm23.367699 5.4959617c3.58528 0 3.32838 3.94160559 3.32838 3.94160559v40.1712766h-4.045888l-.000761-38.6884533c-.008742-.2394578-.118025-1.7360686-1.484053-1.7360686-1.103423 0-1.471231.5301234-1.587799 1.1750516v39.3496435h-4.250729v-43.92154285h4.250729v1.38890288c.220685-.35566881 1.216596-1.68041542 3.790121-1.68041542zm11.392998-.52112204c6.124855 0 5.736674 5.39691513 5.736674 5.39691513v24.2844279h-7.17056l.000077 9.2728055c.001997 1.1852594.055922 2.3291557 1.511897 2.3291557 1.511974 0 1.588933-1.3483852 1.588933-1.3483852v-6.1679026h4.108134l-.00035 5.6892637c-.01289 1.7887967-.410235 4.8333128-5.736327 4.8333128-5.22451 0-5.490421-3.8596058-5.502952-4.1455025l-.000589-34.6706379s-.65866-5.47345253 5.465063-5.47345253zm-72.839588-6.23430627c4.55044 0 4.748706 4.49835393 4.756437 5.01739476l.000233 44.68489444h-4.246265l-.000015-45.39546442c-.001065-.11122824-.038841-1.27912478-1.155468-1.27912478-.689016 0-1.239407-.0003988-1.575847-.00072723l-.366181-.00042531v46.67574174h-4.288077v-46.69262361h-1.942025c-1.0608 0-1.147931 1.05402663-1.154906 1.2547936l-.00058 45.43783001h-4.296023l.000269-45.03840883c.008379-.46638804.223774-4.66388037 5.263374-4.66388037zm12.746531 4.73059864c5.939252 0 5.529572 4.80151166 5.529572 4.80151166v39.1864407h-3.791254v-1.7040541s-.748065 1.776088-2.920962 1.8481219-4.418224-.1913422-4.418224-3.9371049l.000537-10.0356421c.009666-.3007246.1911-3.4583326 3.548528-3.4583326h3.5253l-.000596-22.2422593c-.009853-.1121552-.157986-1.45801702-1.592862-1.45801702-1.497271 0-1.484813 1.94491522-1.484813 1.94491522v17.4051907h-3.99949l-.000952-17.7112484c-.014831-.304231-.125641-4.63952176 5.605216-4.63952176zm12.457944.74622797c5.704988 0 5.452616 4.56852529 5.452616 4.56852529v16.2188817h-3.836522v-16.7703934s-.202578-1.40578478-1.51537-1.40578478c-1.193447 0-1.427274 1.16180558-1.459925 1.37304298l-.004518.0327418v32.5368129c0 .9038006.353096 1.9584201 1.565167 1.9584201 1.212068 0 1.363719-1.3551363 1.363719-1.3551363v-9.239474h3.786725l.000848 7.3579585c.013087 2.5821014.10472 5.9480539-5.301813 5.9480539-5.604264 0-5.201371-4.7699955-5.201371-4.7699955l-.000475-31.3866454c-.017056-.171763-.453979-5.06700779 5.150919-5.06700779zm26.215101 3.66584829v37.0051649h-3.533221v-37.0051649zm-37.199548 25.1702202h-1.714552s-.530775.0720339-.917823.4558391c-.385924.3838082-.409681.9848389-.409681.9848389v8.5236357s.096195 1.56111 1.568559 1.56111c1.473497 0 1.473497-1.6095052 1.473497-1.6095052zm58.697648-25.2264959c-1.433886 0-1.511974 1.7344408-1.511974 1.7344408v21.9725922h3.100907v-22.1256642s-.155047-1.5813688-1.588933-1.5813688zm-23.264712-5.31700073c1.129455 0 2.045015.68657238 2.045015 1.53184407 0 .84639831-.91556 1.53184695-2.045015 1.53184695s-2.045012-.68544864-2.045012-1.53184695c0-.84527169.915557-1.53184407 2.045012-1.53184407z" fill="#211e1e" class="style-scope wayback-search"></path></g></svg> </a> <label for="url" class="style-scope wayback-search">Search the Wayback Machine</label> <div class="search-field style-scope wayback-search"> <input type="text" name="url" id="url" placeholder="enter URL or keywords" class="style-scope wayback-search">  <svg height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" width="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="searchTitleID searchDescID" class="style-scope wayback-search"> <title id="searchTitleID" class="style-scope wayback-search">Search icon</title> <desc id="searchDescID" class="style-scope wayback-search">An illustration of a magnifying glass.</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope wayback-search" d="m32.4526364 29.8875889-8.1719472-7.9751279c1.1046135-1.4876138 1.7652549-3.3102407 1.7652549-5.2846451 0-.101185-.0142895-.1981539-.030573-.2944743.0166158-.0976175.0309053-.196208.0309053-.2990145 0-4.9814145-4.152935-9.0343271-9.2572866-9.0343271-.0907218 0-.1781206.01394537-.2655193.02594487-.0880633-.0119995-.1747974-.02594487-.2655193-.02594487-5.1046839 0-9.25761889 4.0529126-9.25761889 9.0343271 0 .1011849.01395722.1981539.03057294.2947985-.01694804.0976176-.03090525.1958838-.03090525.2986903 0 4.9814145 4.1526027 9.0346514 9.2572866 9.0346514.0907218 0 .1777882-.0139454.2658516-.0262692.0873987.0123238.1741328.0262692.265187.0262692 1.7306942 0 3.3467399-.4747911 4.7338208-1.2852439l8.2882574 8.0886366c.3652137.3564177.843082.53414 1.3212826.53414.4782007 0 .9567336-.1780467 1.3212827-.53414.7294304-.7118622.7294304-1.8660845-.0003323-2.5782711zm-15.9526364-7.8875889c-.0832667-.0118703-.1652765-.0253024-.2513711-.0253024-2.8781993 0-5.2197212-2.3278242-5.2197212-5.1891862 0-.0974612-.013197-.1908615-.0289077-.2836371.0160249-.0940251.0292219-.1889874.0292219-.2880105 0-2.861362 2.3418361-5.1891861 5.2200354-5.1891861.0854662 0 .1677902-.0131198.2510569-.0246777.0826383.0115579.1649623.0246777.2510569.0246777 2.8781993 0 5.2197212 2.3278241 5.2197212 5.1891861 0 .0974612.0135112.1908616.0289077.2839496-.0157107.0940251-.0295361.1886749-.0295361.287698 0 2.861362-2.3415219 5.1891862-5.2197212 5.1891862-.0860946 0-.1684187.0134321-.2507427.0253024z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg> </div> </fieldset> </form> </wayback-search> <div class="link-lists style-scope wayback-slider"> <div class="style-scope wayback-slider"> <h4 class="style-scope wayback-slider">Mobile Apps</h4> <ul class="mobile-apps style-scope wayback-slider"> <li class="style-scope wayback-slider"> <a class="style-scope wayback-slider" href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wayback-machine/id1201888313" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|WaybackWaybackMachine(iOS)" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wayback Machine (iOS)</a> </li><li class="style-scope wayback-slider"> <a class="style-scope wayback-slider" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.archive.waybackmachine&hl=en_US" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|WaybackWaybackMachine(Android)" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wayback Machine (Android)</a> </li> </ul> <h4 class="style-scope wayback-slider">Browser Extensions</h4> <ul class="browser-extensions style-scope wayback-slider"> <li class="style-scope wayback-slider"> <a class="style-scope wayback-slider" href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/wayback-machine/fpnmgdkabkmnadcjpehmlllkndpkmiak" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|WaybackChrome" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chrome</a> </li><li class="style-scope wayback-slider"> <a class="style-scope wayback-slider" href="https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/wayback-machine_new/" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|WaybackFirefox" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Firefox</a> </li><li class="style-scope wayback-slider"> <a class="style-scope wayback-slider" href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wayback-machine/id1472432422?mt=12" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|WaybackSafari" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Safari</a> </li><li class="style-scope wayback-slider"> <a class="style-scope wayback-slider" href="https://microsoftedge.microsoft.com/addons/detail/wayback-machine/kjmickeoogghaimmomagaghnogelpcpn?hl=en-US" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|WaybackEdge" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Edge</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="style-scope wayback-slider"> <h4 class="style-scope wayback-slider">Archive-It Subscription</h4> <ul class="archive-it style-scope wayback-slider"> <li class="style-scope wayback-slider"> <a class="style-scope wayback-slider" href="https://www.archive-it.org/explore" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|ArchiveItExploreTheCollections" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Explore the Collections</a> </li><li class="style-scope wayback-slider"> <a class="style-scope wayback-slider" href="https://www.archive-it.org/blog/learn-more/" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|ArchiveItLearnMore" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Learn More</a> </li><li class="style-scope wayback-slider"> <a class="style-scope wayback-slider" href="https://www.archive-it.org/contact-us" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|ArchiveItBuildCollections" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Build Collections</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <save-page-form class="style-scope wayback-slider x-scope save-page-form-1"> <form action="//web.archive.org/save" method="post" class="style-scope save-page-form" data-event-submit-tracking="TopNav|SavePageSubmit"> <h3 class="style-scope save-page-form">Save Page Now</h3> <p class="style-scope save-page-form">Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future.</p> <div class="style-scope save-page-form"> <input type="text" name="url_preload" placeholder="https://" class="style-scope save-page-form"> <input type="submit" value="Save" class="style-scope save-page-form"> </div> <p class="error style-scope save-page-form">Please enter a valid web address</p> </form> </save-page-form> </div> </wayback-slider></media-subnav> <media-subnav menu="more" class="hidden style-scope media-slider x-scope media-subnav-1"> <more-slider class="style-scope media-subnav x-scope more-slider-1"> <ul class="style-scope more-slider"> <li class="style-scope more-slider"><a class="style-scope more-slider" href="/about/" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMoreAbout">About</a></li><li class="style-scope more-slider"><a class="style-scope more-slider" href="https://blog.archive.org" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMoreBlog">Blog</a></li><li class="style-scope more-slider"><a class="style-scope more-slider" href="/projects/" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMoreProjects">Projects</a></li><li class="style-scope more-slider"><a class="style-scope more-slider" href="/about/faqs.php" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMoreHelp">Help</a></li><li class="style-scope more-slider"><a class="style-scope more-slider" href="/donate?origin=iawww-TopNavDonateButton" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMoreDonate">Donate</a></li><li class="style-scope more-slider"><a class="style-scope more-slider" href="/about/contact.php" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMoreContact">Contact</a></li><li class="style-scope more-slider"><a class="style-scope more-slider" href="/about/jobs.php" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMoreJobs">Jobs</a></li><li class="style-scope more-slider"><a class="style-scope more-slider" href="/about/volunteerpositions.php" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMoreVolunteer">Volunteer</a></li><li class="style-scope more-slider"><a class="style-scope more-slider" href="/about/bios.php" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMorePeople">People</a></li> </ul> </more-slider></media-subnav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </media-slider> </div>  <signed-out-dropdown class="style-scope ia-topnav x-scope signed-out-dropdown-1" tabindex="-1"> <div class="nav-container style-scope signed-out-dropdown"> <nav class="initial style-scope signed-out-dropdown" aria-hidden="true" aria-expanded="false"> <ul class="style-scope signed-out-dropdown">  <li class="style-scope signed-out-dropdown"><a class="style-scope signed-out-dropdown" href="/account/signup" tabindex="-1" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavAvatarMenu-Signup">  Sign up for free  </a></li>  <li class="style-scope signed-out-dropdown"><a class="style-scope signed-out-dropdown" href="/account/login" tabindex="-1" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavAvatarMenu-Login">  Log in  </a></li>  </ul> </nav> </div> </signed-out-dropdown> <search-menu class="style-scope ia-topnav x-scope search-menu-1" tabindex="-1"> <div class="menu-wrapper style-scope search-menu"> <div class="search-menu-inner tx-slide closed style-scope search-menu" aria-hidden="true" aria-expanded="false">  <label class="style-scope search-menu"> <input form="nav-search" type="radio" name="sin" class="style-scope search-menu" value="" checked=""> Search metadata </label>  <label class="style-scope search-menu"> <input form="nav-search" type="radio" name="sin" class="style-scope search-menu" value="TXT"> Search text contents </label>  <label class="style-scope search-menu"> <input form="nav-search" type="radio" name="sin" class="style-scope search-menu" value="TV"> Search TV news captions </label>  <label class="style-scope search-menu"> <input form="nav-search" type="radio" name="sin" class="style-scope search-menu" value="RADIO"> Search radio transcripts </label>  <label class="style-scope search-menu"> <input form="nav-search" type="radio" name="sin" class="style-scope search-menu" value="WEB"> Search archived web sites </label>  <a class="advanced-search style-scope search-menu" href="/advancedsearch.php" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavAdvancedSearch">Advanced Search</a> </div> </div> </search-menu> <desktop-subnav class="style-scope ia-topnav x-scope desktop-subnav-1"> <ul class="style-scope desktop-subnav">  <li class="style-scope desktop-subnav"> <a class="about style-scope desktop-subnav" href="/about/">About</a> </li>  <li class="style-scope desktop-subnav"> <a class="blog style-scope desktop-subnav" href="https://blog.archive.org">Blog</a> </li>  <li class="style-scope desktop-subnav"> <a class="projects style-scope desktop-subnav" href="/projects/">Projects</a> </li>  <li class="style-scope desktop-subnav"> <a class="help style-scope desktop-subnav" href="/about/faqs.php">Help</a> </li>  <li class="style-scope desktop-subnav"> <a class="donate style-scope desktop-subnav" href="/donate?origin=iawww-TopNavDonateButton">Donate <svg width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="donateTitleID donateDescID" class="style-scope desktop-subnav"> <title id="donateTitleID" class="style-scope desktop-subnav">Donate icon</title> <desc id="donateDescID" class="style-scope desktop-subnav">An illustration of a heart shape</desc> <path class="fill-color style-scope desktop-subnav" d="m30.0120362 11.0857287c-1.2990268-1.12627221-2.8599641-1.65258786-4.682812-1.57894699-.8253588.02475323-1.7674318.3849128-2.8262192 1.08047869-1.0587873.6955659-1.89622 1.5724492-2.512298 2.63065-.591311-1.0588196-1.4194561-1.9357029-2.4844351-2.63065-1.0649791-.69494706-2.0039563-1.05510663-2.8169316-1.08047869-1.2067699-.04950647-2.318187.17203498-3.3342513.66462439-1.0160643.4925893-1.82594378 1.2002224-2.42963831 2.1228992-.60369453.9226769-.91173353 1.9629315-.92411701 3.1207641-.03715043 1.9202322.70183359 3.7665141 2.21695202 5.5388457 1.2067699 1.4035084 2.912594 3.1606786 5.1174721 5.2715107 2.2048782 2.1108321 3.7565279 3.5356901 4.6549492 4.2745742.8253588-.6646243 2.355647-2.0647292 4.5908647-4.2003145s3.9747867-3.9171994 5.218707-5.3448422c1.502735-1.7723316 2.2355273-3.6186135 2.1983769-5.5388457-.0256957-1.7608832-.6875926-3.2039968-1.9866194-4.3302689z"></path> </svg> </a> </li>  <li class="style-scope desktop-subnav"> <a class="contact style-scope desktop-subnav" href="/about/contact.php">Contact</a> </li>  <li class="style-scope desktop-subnav"> <a class="jobs style-scope desktop-subnav" href="/about/jobs.php">Jobs</a> </li>  <li class="style-scope desktop-subnav"> <a class="volunteer style-scope desktop-subnav" href="/about/volunteerpositions.php">Volunteer</a> </li>  <li class="style-scope desktop-subnav"> <a class="people style-scope desktop-subnav" href="/about/bios.php">People</a> </li>  </ul> </desktop-subnav> <div id="close-layer" class="style-scope ia-topnav"></div> </ia-topnav> </div> <input class="js-tvsearch" type="hidden" value='{"ands":[],"minday":"06/04/2009","maxday":"11/23/2024"}'/>  <main id="maincontent"> <div class="container container-ia"> <div style="text-align:center"> <h3>Curated research library of TV news clips regarding the NSA, its oversight and privacy issues, 2009-2014</h3> <p> Click "More / Share / Borrow" for each clip's source context and citation link. <a href="https://www.w3.org/html/wiki/FAQs#What_is_HTML5.3F"> <img src="/serve/images/HTML5_Logo_32.png" alt="HTML5 compatible browser required" title="HTML5 compatible browser required"> </a> </p> <p> Primary curation & research: Robin Chin, Internet Archive TV News Researcher; using <a href="https://archive.org/tv">Internet Archive TV News</a> service. </p> </div> <section id="query"> <form method="get" action="/details/nsa"><input type="text" name="query" placeholder="Your query" value=""/> <input type="submit"/></form> </section> <section id="content"> <div id="speakers"> <h1>Speakers</h1> <ul id="speaklist"> <li><a href="/details/nsa" id="reset"><em>Reset Search</em></a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=0">0 (2783)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Alex Abdo">Alex Abdo (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jill Abramson">Jill Abramson (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Spencer Ackerman">Spencer Ackerman (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Erin Ade">Erin Ade (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jessica Aguirre">Jessica Aguirre (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Peter Alexander">Peter Alexander (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Keith Alexander">Keith Alexander (61)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Shirleen Allicot">Shirleen Allicot (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Justin Amash">Justin Amash (8)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Wyatt Andrews">Wyatt Andrews (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Julia Angwin">Julia Angwin (5)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=C-SPAN Announcer">C-SPAN Announcer (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Michael Arrington">Michael Arrington (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Dan Ashley">Dan Ashley (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Nihad Awad">Nihad Awad (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Michele Bachmannn">Michele Bachmannn (11)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Bret Baer">Bret Baer (6)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Peter Baker">Peter Baker (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Brooke Baldwin">Brooke Baldwin (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=James Bamford">James Bamford (7)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Dean Baquet">Dean Baquet (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Maria Bartiromo">Maria Bartiromo (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Devin Bartlett">Devin Bartlett (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Joe Barton">Joe Barton (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Paul Beban">Paul Beban (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Myron Belkind">Myron Belkind (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=John Berman">John Berman (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jonathan Betz">Jonathan Betz (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Wolf Biltzer">Wolf Biltzer (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=William Binney">William Binney (8)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jim Bitterman">Jim Bitterman (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Dennis Blair">Dennis Blair (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Wolf Blitzer">Wolf Blitzer (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Richard Blumenthal">Richard Blumenthal (10)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=John Boehner">John Boehner (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Eric Bolling">Eric Bolling (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=John Bolton">John Bolton (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Julia Boorstin">Julia Boorstin (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Julie Borowski">Julie Borowski (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Rachel Brand">Rachel Brand (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Greta Brawner">Greta Brawner (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=John Brennan">John Brennan (20)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Judge Vernon Broderick">Judge Vernon Broderick (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=David Brooks">David Brooks (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Pam Brown">Pam Brown (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=David Buckley">David Buckley (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Erin Burnett">Erin Burnett (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Richard Burr">Richard Burr (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=George W. Bush">George W. Bush (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=George W Bush">George W Bush (5)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Nancy Calo">Nancy Calo (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=David Cameron">David Cameron (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jonathan Capehart">Jonathan Capehart (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Andrew Card">Andrew Card (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Nate Cardozo">Nate Cardozo (10)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Richelle Carey">Richelle Carey (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Tucker Carlson">Tucker Carlson (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jay Carney">Jay Carney (6)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Ben Carson">Ben Carson (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Cheryl Casone">Cheryl Casone (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Lincoln Chafee">Lincoln Chafee (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jason Chaffetz">Jason Chaffetz (8)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Saxby Chambliss">Saxby Chambliss (13)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Emily Chang">Emily Chang (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Joie Chen">Joie Chen (8)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney (10)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Heather Childers">Heather Childers (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Chris Christie">Chris Christie (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=James Clapper (quoted)">James Clapper (quoted) (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=James Clapper">James Clapper (39)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Tim Clemente">Tim Clemente (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Cindy Cohn">Cindy Cohn (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=James Cole">James Cole (35)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Susan Collins">Susan Collins (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Elisebeth Collins">Elisebeth Collins (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=James Comey">James Comey (19)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=John Conyers">John Conyers (29)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Tim Cook">Tim Cook (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Peter Cook">Peter Cook (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Christopher Coons">Christopher Coons (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Anderson Cooper">Anderson Cooper (22)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Bob Corker">Bob Corker (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Marcia Coyle">Marcia Coyle (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jan Crawford">Jan Crawford (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Susan Crawford">Susan Crawford (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Candy Crowley">Candy Crowley (11)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Elijah Cummings">Elijah Cummings (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Chris Cuomo">Chris Cuomo (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Judge José Luís da Cruz Vilaça">Judge José Luís da Cruz Vilaça (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Scott Dadich">Scott Dadich (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Shasta Darlington">Shasta Darlington (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Robert Deitz">Robert Deitz (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=John Delong">John Delong (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Ryan Devereaux">Ryan Devereaux (6)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Sarah Dollof">Sarah Dollof (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Peter Doocy">Peter Doocy (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Herbert Douglas">Herbert Douglas (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Thomas Drake">Thomas Drake (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Thomas Drayton">Thomas Drayton (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jeff Duncan">Jeff Duncan (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Aurore Cloe Dupuis">Aurore Cloe Dupuis (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin (11)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Josh Earnest">Josh Earnest (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Pedro Echevarria">Pedro Echevarria (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Larry Ellison">Larry Ellison (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Daniel Ellsberg">Daniel Ellsberg (28)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Mike Emanuel">Mike Emanuel (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Mike Emmanuel">Mike Emmanuel (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Eliot Engel">Eliot Engel (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Josh Ernest">Josh Ernest (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=David Faber">David Faber (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Ronan Farrow">Ronan Farrow (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Harris Faulkner">Harris Faulkner (5)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Russ Feingold">Russ Feingold (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Dianne Feinstein (quoted)">Dianne Feinstein (quoted) (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein (101)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jeff Flake">Jeff Flake (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Michel Flynn">Michel Flynn (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Stephane Le Foll">Stephane Le Foll (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Randy Forbes">Randy Forbes (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Anna (no last name found)">Anna (no last name found) (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Pimm Fox">Pimm Fox (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Virginia Foxx">Virginia Foxx (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Al Franken">Al Franken (10)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Tulsi Gabbard">Tulsi Gabbard (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Ryan Gallagher">Ryan Gallagher (15)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Michael Gargiulo">Michael Gargiulo (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Robert Gates">Robert Gates (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Willie Geist">Willie Geist (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Barton Gellman">Barton Gellman (33)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Asim Ghafoor">Asim Ghafoor (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Susie Gharib">Susie Gharib (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Faisal Gill">Faisal Gill (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Richard Gizbert">Richard Gizbert (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Genie Godula">Genie Godula (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Brent Goff">Brent Goff (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Louie Gohmert">Louie Gohmert (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jack Goldsmith">Jack Goldsmith (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Bob Goodlatte">Bob Goodlatte (7)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Amy Goodman">Amy Goodman (32)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Siobhan Gorman">Siobhan Gorman (6)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Trey Gowdy">Trey Gowdy (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Lindsey Graham">Lindsey Graham (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Chuck Grassley">Chuck Grassley (10)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Alan Grayson">Alan Grayson (9)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Karen Greenberg">Karen Greenberg (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Glenn Greenwald (quoted)">Glenn Greenwald (quoted) (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Glenn Greenwald">Glenn Greenwald (94)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Evan Greer">Evan Greer (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=David Gregory">David Gregory (14)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Michelle Griego">Michelle Griego (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Morgan Griffith">Morgan Griffith (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Tameron Hall">Tameron Hall (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Sean Hannity">Sean Hannity (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Luke Harding">Luke Harding (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jane Harmon">Jane Harmon (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Tony Harris">Tony Harris (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Katherine Hawkins">Katherine Hawkins (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Michael Hayden">Michael Hayden (11)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Chris Hayes">Chris Hayes (8)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Martin Heinrich">Martin Heinrich (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Ed Henry">Ed Henry (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Sue Herera">Sue Herera (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Catherine Herridge">Catherine Herridge (13)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Parker Higgins">Parker Higgins (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Mazie Hirono">Mazie Hirono (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Simon Hobbs">Simon Hobbs (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Eric Holder">Eric Holder (5)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Kwame Holman">Kwame Holman (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Michael Holmes">Michael Holmes (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Rush Holt">Rush Holt (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Mike Honda">Mike Honda (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Tim Huelskamp">Tim Huelskamp (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Mike Hydeck">Mike Hydeck (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Gwen Ifill">Gwen Ifill (10)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=David Ignatius">David Ignatius (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=John Inglis">John Inglis (17)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Michael Isikoff">Michael Isikoff (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Darrell Issa">Darrell Issa (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jameel Jaffer">Jameel Jaffer (7)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Eamon Javers">Eamon Javers (6)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Mike Johanns">Mike Johanns (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Cory Johnson">Cory Johnson (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Hank Johnson">Hank Johnson (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Ron Johnson">Ron Johnson (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Vera Jourova">Vera Jourova (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Bill Karins">Bill Karins (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Katty Kay">Katty Kay (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Brianna Keilar">Brianna Keilar (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Bianna Keilar">Bianna Keilar (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Bill Keller">Bill Keller (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=John Kerry">John Kerry (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Angus King">Angus King (5)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Peter King">Peter King (18)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Ezra Klein">Ezra Klein (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Mark Klein">Mark Klein (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Catherine Kobayashi">Catherine Kobayashi (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Steve Kornacki">Steve Kornacki (7)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Anatoly Kucherena">Anatoly Kucherena (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Howard Kurtz">Howard Kurtz (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Raul Labrador">Raul Labrador (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jonathan Landay">Jonathan Landay (5)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=James Langevin">James Langevin (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=John Larsen">John Larsen (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Matt Lauer">Matt Lauer (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy (56)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Mike Lee">Mike Lee (8)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Sheila Jackson Lee">Sheila Jackson Lee (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jenna Lee">Jenna Lee (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Col. Cedric Leighton (Ret.)">Col. Cedric Leighton (Ret.) (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Judge Richard Leon">Judge Richard Leon (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Carol Leonnig">Carol Leonnig (9)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Carl Levin">Carl Levin (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Charles Lewis">Charles Lewis (7)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Eric Lichtblau">Eric Lichtblau (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Robert Litt">Robert Litt (28)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Ryan Lizza">Ryan Lizza (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Richard Lodgett">Richard Lodgett (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Zoe Lofgren">Zoe Lofgren (19)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jaqueline London">Jaqueline London (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jacqueline London">Jacqueline London (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Dan Lothian">Dan Lothian (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Dan Lungren">Dan Lungren (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Judge Gerald Lynch">Judge Gerald Lynch (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Loretta Lynch">Loretta Lynch (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Ewen MacAskill">Ewen MacAskill (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Sheila MacVicar">Sheila MacVicar (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jim Maceda">Jim Maceda (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Rachel Maddow">Rachel Maddow (6)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Suzanne Malveaux">Suzanne Malveaux (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Terry Martin">Terry Martin (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Thomas Massie">Thomas Massie (12)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Tyler Mathisen">Tyler Mathisen (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Tyler Mathison">Tyler Mathison (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Phil Matier">Phil Matier (6)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Mark Matthews">Mark Matthews (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Aaron Maté">Aaron Maté (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Marissa Mayer">Marissa Mayer (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jane Mayer">Jane Mayer (6)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=John McCain">John McCain (18)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Michael McCaul">Michael McCaul (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Ray McGovern">Ray McGovern (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=David Medine">David Medine (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Ari Melber">Ari Melber (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Craig Melvin">Craig Melvin (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jeff Merkley">Jeff Merkley (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Anna Meyers">Anna Meyers (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Barbara Mikulski">Barbara Mikulski (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=David Miranda">David Miranda (5)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Philipp Missfelder">Philipp Missfelder (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=James Mitchell">James Mitchell (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Andrea Mitchell">Andrea Mitchell (21)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Ariane Mohr">Ariane Mohr (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Gwendolen Morgan">Gwendolen Morgan (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Bill Moyers">Bill Moyers (5)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Robert Mueller">Robert Mueller (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Michael Mukasey">Michael Mukasey (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Mick Mulvaney">Mick Mulvaney (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Rick Mulvaney">Rick Mulvaney (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Chris Murphy">Chris Murphy (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jerrold Nadler">Jerrold Nadler (7)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Ellen Nakashima">Ellen Nakashima (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Andrew Napolitano">Andrew Napolitano (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Judy Woodruff Co-Anchor and Managing Editor of the PBS NewsHour">Judy Woodruff Co-Anchor and Managing Editor of the PBS NewsHour (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Nora O'Donnell">Nora O'Donnell (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Kelly O'Donnell">Kelly O'Donnell (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Lawrence O'Donnell">Lawrence O'Donnell (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Martin O'Malley">Martin O'Malley (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Barack Obama">Barack Obama (69)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Matthew Olsen">Matthew Olsen (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Bob Orr">Bob Orr (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Rand Paul">Rand Paul (17)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Scott Pelley">Scott Pelley (8)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Michaela Pereira">Michaela Pereira (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Evan Perez">Evan Perez (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Nicole Perlroth">Nicole Perlroth (7)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Chris Plant">Chris Plant (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Ted Poe">Ted Poe (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Laura Poitras">Laura Poitras (20)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo (5)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Carl Quintanilla">Carl Quintanilla (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Dianne Feinstein quoted">Dianne Feinstein quoted (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Susan Collins quoted">Susan Collins quoted (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Eric Schmidt quoted">Eric Schmidt quoted (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jesselyn Radack">Jesselyn Radack (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Martha Raddatz">Martha Raddatz (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Morgan Radford">Morgan Radford (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Mark Rasch">Mark Rasch (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Harry Reid">Harry Reid (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Unidentified White House Reporter">Unidentified White House Reporter (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Deutsche welle reporter">Deutsche welle reporter (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Ben Rhodes">Ben Rhodes (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Susan Rice">Susan Rice (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=James Risen">James Risen (16)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=John Rizzo">John Rizzo (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Diane Roark">Diane Roark (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=John Roberts">John Roberts (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jordan Robertson">Jordan Robertson (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jay Rockefeller">Jay Rockefeller (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Mike Rogers">Mike Rogers (43)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Adm. Michael Rogers">Adm. Michael Rogers (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Dana Rohrabacher">Dana Rohrabacher (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Charlie Rose">Charlie Rose (14)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jeffrey Rosen">Jeffrey Rosen (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Brian Ross">Brian Ross (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Lori Rothman">Lori Rothman (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Ed Royce">Ed Royce (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio (6)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Dutch Ruppersberger">Dutch Ruppersberger (18)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Alan Rusbridger">Alan Rusbridger (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Nicholas Rushworth">Nicholas Rushworth (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Luke Russert">Luke Russert (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Loretta Sanchez">Loretta Sanchez (5)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Julian Sanchez">Julian Sanchez (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders (5)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=David Sanger">David Sanger (6)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Shakuntala Santhiran">Shakuntala Santhiran (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jeremy Scahill">Jeremy Scahill (11)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Bill Scanlan">Bill Scanlan (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Joe Scarborough">Joe Scarborough (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Peter Schaar">Peter Schaar (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jan Schakowsky">Jan Schakowsky (7)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Robert Scheer">Robert Scheer (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Bob Schieffer">Bob Schieffer (6)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Adam Schiff">Adam Schiff (5)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=John Schiffman">John Schiffman (11)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Michael Schmidt">Michael Schmidt (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt (14)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Atika Schubert">Atika Schubert (5)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Bobby Scott">Bobby Scott (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Steven Scully">Steven Scully (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=John Seigenthaler">John Seigenthaler (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Hubert Seipel">Hubert Seipel (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=The Presiding Officer over the Senate">The Presiding Officer over the Senate (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jim Sensenbrenner">Jim Sensenbrenner (21)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Brian Shactman">Brian Shactman (5)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Ilya Shapiro">Ilya Shapiro (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Peter Sharp">Peter Sharp (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jake Silverstein">Jake Silverstein (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Brad Smith">Brad Smith (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Lamar Smith">Lamar Smith (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Shepard Smith">Shepard Smith (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Harry Smith">Harry Smith (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Kate Snow">Kate Snow (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Lon Snowden">Lon Snowden (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden (125)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Ashkan Soltani">Ashkan Soltani (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Nick Spicer">Nick Spicer (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Eliot Spitzer">Eliot Spitzer (6)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=White House spokesperson">White House spokesperson (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Hari Sreenivasan">Hari Sreenivasan (7)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Lesley Stahl">Lesley Stahl (9)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Barbara Starr">Barbara Starr (5)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Brian Stelter">Brian Stelter (6)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=George This Week with George Stephanopoulos">George This Week with George Stephanopoulos (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=George Stephanopoulos">George Stephanopoulos (6)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jeffrey Sterling">Jeffrey Sterling (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=John Stossel">John Stossel (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Kristie Lu Stout">Kristie Lu Stout (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Juana Summers">Juana Summers (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Brian Taff">Brian Taff (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jake Tapper">Jake Tapper (16)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Phillip Taubman">Phillip Taubman (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=George Tennant">George Tennant (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Peter Thiel">Peter Thiel (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Eric Thomas">Eric Thomas (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Russell Tice">Russell Tice (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Brian Todd">Brian Todd (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Chuck Todd">Chuck Todd (9)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jeffrey Toobin">Jeffrey Toobin (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Rudiger Trost">Rudiger Trost (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Donald Trump">Donald Trump (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Shawn Turner">Shawn Turner (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Mark Udall">Mark Udall (29)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Baard Vegar Solhjell and Snorre Valen">Baard Vegar Solhjell and Snorre Valen (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Chris Van Hollen">Chris Van Hollen (3)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Greta Van Susteren">Greta Van Susteren (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Leland Vittert">Leland Vittert (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Hans von Spakofsky">Hans von Spakofsky (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Alex Wagner">Alex Wagner (18)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Chris Wallace">Chris Wallace (5)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jim Walsh">Jim Walsh (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Judge Reggie B. Walton">Judge Reggie B. Walton (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jacob Ward">Jacob Ward (4)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Margaret Warner">Margaret Warner (16)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jim Webb">Jim Webb (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Ashley Webster">Ashley Webster (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Sheldon Whitehouse">Sheldon Whitehouse (11)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Kirk Wiebe">Kirk Wiebe (2)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Tim Wilcox">Tim Wilcox (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Pete Williams">Pete Williams (10)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Brian Williams">Brian Williams (16)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Ira Winkler">Ira Winkler (1)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Judy Woodruff">Judy Woodruff (10)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden (98)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Jessica Yellin">Jessica Yellin (5)</a></li> <li><a href="/details/nsa?person=Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg (2)</a></li> </ul> </div> <section id="videos"> <div id="jw0" style="height:240px" class="mycontainer" src="/download/CSPAN_20120912_170000_U.S._House_of_Representatives/CSPAN_20120912_170000_U.S._House_of_Representatives.mp4?start=8525&end=8545&exact=1&ignore=x.mp4" vid="vidjw0"> <video src="/download/CSPAN_20120912_170000_U.S._House_of_Representatives/CSPAN_20120912_170000_U.S._House_of_Representatives.mp4?start=8525&end=8545&exact=1&ignore=x.mp4" id="vidjw0" class="vid" preload="metadata"> </video> <div class="overlay"> <section class="person"> <div class="speaker"> Lamar Smith </div> <span class="title"> Representative (R-TX) Chair, House Judiciary Committee </span> <div class="date"> CSPAN 09/12/2012 </div> </section> <div class="quote"> The government cannot intentionally acquire communications when the sender and recipient are both in the United States without an individualized court order from a FISA judge. The government cannot reverse target individuals overseas in order to monitor those in the United States. </div> </div> <div class="details ghost"> <a href="https://archive.org/details/CSPAN_20120912_170000_U.S._House_of_Representatives/start/8525/end/8545">More / Share / Borrow</a> <div class="popcorn-add"> <a href="https://popcorn.archive.org/?initialMedia=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCSPAN_20120912_170000_U.S._House_of_Representatives%2Fstart%2F8525%2Fend%2F8545">Add to Popcorn</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="jw1" style="height:240px" class="mycontainer" src="/download/CSPAN_20120912_170000_U.S._House_of_Representatives/CSPAN_20120912_170000_U.S._House_of_Representatives.mp4?start=8545&end=8575&exact=1&ignore=x.mp4" vid="vidjw1"> <video src="/download/CSPAN_20120912_170000_U.S._House_of_Representatives/CSPAN_20120912_170000_U.S._House_of_Representatives.mp4?start=8545&end=8575&exact=1&ignore=x.mp4" id="vidjw1" class="vid" preload="metadata"> </video> <div class="overlay"> <section class="person"> <div class="speaker"> Lamar Smith </div> <span class="title"> Representative (R-TX) Chair, House Judiciary Committee </span> <div class="date"> CSPAN 09/12/2012 </div> </section> <div class="quote"> This means that the government cannot target a U.S. person simply by monitoring a non-U.S.. person that the U.S. person is talking to…. the government must obtain an individualized court order from the FISA court to target Americans outside the U.S. </div> </div> <div class="details ghost"> <a href="https://archive.org/details/CSPAN_20120912_170000_U.S._House_of_Representatives/start/8545/end/8575">More / Share / Borrow</a> <div class="popcorn-add"> <a href="https://popcorn.archive.org/?initialMedia=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCSPAN_20120912_170000_U.S._House_of_Representatives%2Fstart%2F8545%2Fend%2F8575">Add to Popcorn</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="jw2" style="height:240px" class="mycontainer" src="/download/CSPAN_20120912_170000_U.S._House_of_Representatives/CSPAN_20120912_170000_U.S._House_of_Representatives.mp4?start=8680&end=8695&exact=1&ignore=x.mp4" vid="vidjw2"> <video src="/download/CSPAN_20120912_170000_U.S._House_of_Representatives/CSPAN_20120912_170000_U.S._House_of_Representatives.mp4?start=8680&end=8695&exact=1&ignore=x.mp4" id="vidjw2" class="vid" preload="metadata"> </video> <div class="overlay"> <section class="person"> <div class="speaker"> Lamar Smith </div> <span class="title"> Representative (R-TX) Chair, House Judiciary Committee </span> <div class="date"> CSPAN 09/12/2012 </div> </section> <div class="quote"> This bipartisan bill ensures that our country will be able to identify and prevent threats to our national security without sacrificing the civil liberties of American citizens. </div> </div> <div class="details ghost"> <a href="https://archive.org/details/CSPAN_20120912_170000_U.S._House_of_Representatives/start/8680/end/8695">More / Share / Borrow</a> <div class="popcorn-add"> <a href="https://popcorn.archive.org/?initialMedia=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCSPAN_20120912_170000_U.S._House_of_Representatives%2Fstart%2F8680%2Fend%2F8695">Add to Popcorn</a> </div> </div> </div> </section> </section> <section id="actions"> <div>Showing 1 through 3 of 3</div> <div id="pages"> Page <span>1</span> </div> </section> </body> </html>