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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Weapons</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Weapons-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Weapons subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Small_arms_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_arms_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Small arms development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_arms_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atomic_bomb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atomic_bomb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Atomic bomb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atomic_bomb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronics,_communications_and_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics,_communications_and_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Electronics, communications and intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics,_communications_and_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rocketry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rocketry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rocketry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rocketry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="التكنولوجيا خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التكنولوجيا خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnolog%C3%ADa_durante_la_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Tecnología durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tecnología durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologie_pendant_la_Seconde_Guerre_mondiale" title="Technologie pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Technologie pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध काल की प्रौद्योगिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध काल की प्रौद्योगिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologi_pada_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Teknologi pada Perang Dunia II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teknologi pada Perang Dunia II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologia_e_logistica_nella_seconda_guerra_mondiale" title="Tecnologia e logistica nella seconda guerra mondiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tecnologia e logistica nella seconda guerra mondiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%98%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="פיתוחים טכנולוגיים במלחמת העולם השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיתוחים טכנולוגיים במלחמת העולם השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologia_durante_a_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Tecnologia durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tecnologia durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noi_tehnologii_%C3%AEn_timpul_celui_de-al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial" title="Noi tehnologii în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Noi tehnologii în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehnologija_med_2._svetovno_vojno" title="Tehnologija med 2. svetovno vojno – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tehnologija med 2. svetovno vojno" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="เทคโนโลยีระหว่างสงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทคโนโลยีระหว่างสงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._D%C3%BCnya_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1_s%C4%B1ras%C4%B1nda_teknoloji" title="II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında teknoloji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında teknoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_k%E1%BB%B9_thu%E1%BA%ADt_trong_Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_th%E1%BA%BF_gi%E1%BB%9Bi_th%E1%BB%A9_hai" title="Khoa học kỹ thuật trong Chiến tranh thế giới thứ hai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khoa học kỹ thuật trong Chiến tranh thế giới thứ hai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2413653#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Technology+during+World+War+II%22">"Technology during World War II"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Technology+during+World+War+II%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Technology+during+World+War+II%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Technology+during+World+War+II%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Technology+during+World+War+II%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Technology+during+World+War+II%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_atmospheric_nucleat_test_-_July_1945_-_Flickr_-_The_Official_CTBTO_Photostream.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Trinity_atmospheric_nucleat_test_-_July_1945_-_Flickr_-_The_Official_CTBTO_Photostream.jpg/283px-Trinity_atmospheric_nucleat_test_-_July_1945_-_Flickr_-_The_Official_CTBTO_Photostream.jpg" decoding="async" width="283" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Trinity_atmospheric_nucleat_test_-_July_1945_-_Flickr_-_The_Official_CTBTO_Photostream.jpg/425px-Trinity_atmospheric_nucleat_test_-_July_1945_-_Flickr_-_The_Official_CTBTO_Photostream.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Trinity_atmospheric_nucleat_test_-_July_1945_-_Flickr_-_The_Official_CTBTO_Photostream.jpg/566px-Trinity_atmospheric_nucleat_test_-_July_1945_-_Flickr_-_The_Official_CTBTO_Photostream.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2158" data-file-height="2867" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity explosion</a>, which took place at <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>'s <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">White Sands Proving Ground</a> on July 16, 1945, marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Age" title="Atomic Age">Atomic Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts,_pg._173-177_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts,_pg._173-177-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Navigation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Campaigns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Equipment</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Lists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II" title="Historiography of World War II">Historiography</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TopicTOC-World_War_II" title="Template:TopicTOC-World War II"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TopicTOC-World_War_II" title="Template talk:TopicTOC-World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TopicTOC-World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TopicTOC-World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Technology played a significant role in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Some of the technologies used during the war were developed during the interwar years of the 1920s and 1930s, much was developed in response to needs and lessons learned during the war, while others were beginning to be developed as the war ended. Many wars have had major effects on the technologies that we use in our daily lives, but World War II had the greatest effect on the technology and devices that are used today. Technology also played a greater role in the conduct of World War II than in any other war in history, and had a critical role in its outcome. </p><p>Many types of technology were customized for military use, and major developments occurred across several fields including: </p> <ul><li>Weaponry: ships, vehicles, submarines, aircraft, tanks, artillery, small arms; and biological, chemical, and atomic weapons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistical_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Logistical support">Logistical support</a>: vehicles necessary for transporting soldiers and supplies, such as trains, trucks, tanks, ships, and aircraft</li> <li>Communications and intelligence: devices used for remote sensing, navigation, communication, <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a></li> <li>Medicine: surgical innovations, chemical medicines, and techniques</li> <li>Rocketry: guided missiles, medium-range ballistic missiles, and automatic aircraft</li></ul> <p>Military weapons technology experienced rapid advances during World War II, and over six years there was a disorientating rate of change in combat in everything from aircraft to <a href="/wiki/Small_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Small arms">small arms</a>. Indeed, the war began with most armies utilizing technology that had changed little from <a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">that of World War I</a>, and in some cases, had remained unchanged since the 19th century. For instance <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trenches</a>, and World War I-era <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> were normal in 1940, but six years later, armies around the world had developed <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weapons">atomic weapons</a> in the case of the United States. </p><p>World War II was the first war where military operations often targeted the research efforts of the enemy. This included the exfiltration of <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> from German-occupied Denmark to Britain in 1943; the sabotage of <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_heavy_water_sabotage" title="Norwegian heavy water sabotage">Norwegian heavy water production</a>; and the bombing of <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Peenemunde_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Peenemunde in World War II">Peenemunde</a>. Military operations were also conducted to obtain intelligence on the enemy's technology; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Bruneval_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneval Raid">Bruneval Raid</a> for German radar and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Most_III" title="Operation Most III">Operation Most III</a> for the German V-2. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Between_The_Wars">Between The Wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Between The Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Technology during World War II">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Technology+during+World+War+II%22">"Technology during World War II"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Technology+during+World+War+II%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Technology+during+World+War+II%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Technology+during+World+War+II%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Technology+during+World+War+II%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Technology+during+World+War+II%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In August 1919 the British <a href="/wiki/Ten_Year_Rule" title="Ten Year Rule">Ten Year Rule</a> declared the government should not expect another war within ten years. Consequently, they conducted very little military R & D. In contrast, Germany and the Soviet Union were dissatisfied powers who, for different reasons, cooperated with each other on military R & D. <a href="/wiki/Soviet-German_relations_before_1941" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-German relations before 1941">The Soviets offered Weimar Germany facilities</a> deep inside the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> for building and testing arms and for military training, well away from Treaty inspectors' eyes. In return, they asked for access to German technical developments, and for assistance in creating the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Army General Staff">Red Army General Staff</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinkel_HD_17_a_Lipetsk.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Heinkel_HD_17_a_Lipetsk.png/220px-Heinkel_HD_17_a_Lipetsk.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Heinkel_HD_17_a_Lipetsk.png/330px-Heinkel_HD_17_a_Lipetsk.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Heinkel_HD_17_a_Lipetsk.png/440px-Heinkel_HD_17_a_Lipetsk.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Heinkel HD 17 training planes at Lipetsk</figcaption></figure> <p>The great artillery manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a> was soon active in the south of the USSR, near <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>. In 1925, the <a href="/wiki/Lipetsk_fighter-pilot_school" title="Lipetsk fighter-pilot school">Lipetsk fighter-pilot school</a> was established near <a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a> to train the first pilots for the future <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gasiorowski_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gasiorowski-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1926, the Reichswehr used the <a href="/wiki/Kama_tank_school" title="Kama tank school">Kama tank school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, and tested <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical weapons</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Tomka_gas_test_site" title="Tomka gas test site">Tomka gas test site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saratov_Oblast" title="Saratov Oblast">Saratov Oblast</a>. In turn, the Red Army gained access to these training facilities, as well as military technology and theory from Weimar Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1920s, Germany helped the Soviet industry begin to modernize and to assist in the establishment of tank production facilities at the <a href="/wiki/Obukhov_State_Plant" title="Obukhov State Plant">Leningrad Bolshevik Factory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Locomotive_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharkiv Locomotive Factory">Kharkiv Locomotive Factory</a>. This cooperation would break down when Hitler rose to power in 1933. The failure of the <a href="/wiki/World_Disarmament_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="World Disarmament Conference">World Disarmament Conference</a> marked the beginnings of the arms race leading to war. </p><p>In France the lesson of World War I was translated into the <a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a> which was supposed to hold a line at the border with Germany. The Maginot Line did achieve its political objective of ensuring that any German invasion had to go through Belgium, ensuring that France would have Britain as a military ally. France and Russia had more, and much better, <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> than Germany at the outbreak of their hostilities in 1940. As in World War I, the French generals expected that armour would mostly serve to help <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> break the static trench lines and storm <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine gun</a> nests. They thus spread the armour among their infantry divisions, ignoring the new German doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">blitzkrieg</a> based on fast, coordinated movement using concentrated armour attacks, against which the only effective defense was mobile <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">anti-tank guns</a>, as the old infantry <a href="/wiki/Antitank_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitank rifle">antitank rifles</a> were ineffective against the new <a href="/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">medium</a> and heavy tanks. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Air_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Air power">Air power</a> was a major concern of Germany and Britain between the wars. The trade in aircraft engines continued, with Britain selling hundreds of its best to German firms – which used them in the first generation of aircraft and much improved them for use in later German aircraft. These new inventions led the way to major success for the Germans in World War II. </p><p>As always, Germany was at the forefront of <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> development. The laboratory of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Prandtl" title="Ludwig Prandtl">Ludwig Prandtl</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a> was the world center of aerodynamics and <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a> in general, until its dispersal after the Allied victory. This contributed to the German development of jet aircraft and of submarines with improved underwater performance. Meanwhile, the RAF secretly developed the <a href="/wiki/Chain_Home" title="Chain Home">Chain Home</a> radar and <a href="/wiki/Dowding_system" title="Dowding system">Dowding system</a> for defending against enemy planes. </p><p>Induced <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> was discovered in Germany in 1939 by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> (and expatriate Jews in Sweden), but many of the scientists needed to develop nuclear power had already been lost, due to Nazi anti-Jewish and anti-intellectual policies. </p><p>Scientists have been at the heart of warfare and their contributions have often been decisive. As <a href="/wiki/Ian_Jacob" title="Ian Jacob">Ian Jacob</a>, the wartime military secretary of <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, famously remarked on the influx of refugee scientists (including 19 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureates" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a>), "the Allies won the [Second World] War because our German scientists were better than their German scientists".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allied_cooperation">Allied cooperation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Allied cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied technological cooperation during World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tizard_Mission" title="Tizard Mission">Tizard Mission</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a> cooperated extensively in the development and manufacture of existing and new technologies to support military operations and intelligence gathering during the Second World War. There were various ways in which the allies cooperated, including the American <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> scheme and hybrid weapons such as the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Firefly" title="Sherman Firefly">Sherman Firefly</a> as well as the British <a href="/wiki/Tube_Alloys" title="Tube Alloys">Tube Alloys</a> nuclear weapons research project which was absorbed into the American-led <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>. Several technologies invented in Britain proved critical to the military and were widely manufactured by the Allies during the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origin of the cooperation stemmed from a 1940 visit by the <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_Research_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeronautical Research Committee">Aeronautical Research Committee</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tizard" title="Henry Tizard">Henry Tizard</a> that arranged to transfer U.K. military technology to the U.S. in case of the successful invasion of the U.K. that Hitler was planning as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion" title="Operation Sea Lion">Operation Sea Lion</a>. Tizard led a British technical mission, known as the <a href="/wiki/Tizard_Mission" title="Tizard Mission">Tizard Mission</a>, containing details and examples of British technological developments in fields such as <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet propulsion</a> and also the <a href="/wiki/Tube_Alloys" title="Tube Alloys">early British research</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a>. One of the devices brought to the U.S. by the Mission, the <a href="/wiki/Cavity_Magnetron" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavity Magnetron">resonant cavity magnetron</a>, was later described as "the most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vehicles">Vehicles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_weapons" title="List of World War II weapons">List of World War II weapons</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Technology during World War II">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Technology+during+World+War+II%22">"Technology during World War II"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Technology+during+World+War+II%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Technology+during+World+War+II%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Technology+during+World+War+II%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Technology+during+World+War+II%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Technology+during+World+War+II%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The best <a href="/wiki/List_of_jet_aircraft_of_World_War_II" title="List of jet aircraft of World War II">jet fighters</a> at the end of the war easily outflew any of the leading aircraft of 1939, such as the <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Spitfire Mark I</a>. The early war bombers that caused such carnage would almost all have been shot down in 1945, many by radar-aimed, <a href="/wiki/Proximity_fuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximity fuse">proximity fuse</a>-detonated <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft">anti-aircraft</a> fire, just as the 1941 "invincible fighter", the <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Zero">Zero</a>, had by 1944 become the "turkey" of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea" title="Battle of the Philippine Sea">"Marianas Turkey Shoot"</a>. The best late-war tanks, such as the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Stalin_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Iosif Stalin tank">JS-3</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">heavy tank</a> or the German <a href="/wiki/Panther_tank" title="Panther tank">Panther</a> <a href="/wiki/Medium_tank" title="Medium tank">medium tank</a>, handily outclassed the best tanks of 1939 such as <a href="/wiki/Panzer_III" title="Panzer III">Panzer IIIs</a>. In the navy the battleship, long seen as the dominant element of sea power, was displaced by the greater range and striking power of the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a>. The chaotic importance of amphibious landings stimulated the Western Allies to develop the <a href="/wiki/Higgins_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Higgins boat">Higgins boat</a>, a primary troop landing craft; the <a href="/wiki/DUKW" title="DUKW">DUKW</a>, a six-wheel-drive amphibious truck, amphibious tanks to enable beach landing attacks and <a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship,_Tank" title="Landing Ship, Tank">Landing Ship, Tanks</a> to land tanks on beaches. Increased organization and coordination of amphibious assaults coupled with the resources necessary to sustain them caused the complexity of planning to increase by orders of magnitude, thus requiring formal systematization giving rise to what has become the modern management <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a> by which almost all modern <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software developments</a> are organized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aircraft">Aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_II" title="Aviation in World War II">Aviation in World War II</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Theatre_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="European Theatre of World War II">European Theatre of World War II</a>, air power became crucial throughout the war, both in tactical and strategic operations (respectively, battlefield and long-range). Superior German aircraft, aided by ongoing introduction of design and technology innovations, allowed the German armies to overrun Western Europe with great speed in 1940, assisted by lack of Allied aircraft, which in any case lagged in design and technical development during the slump in research investment after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. </p><p>Since the end of World War I, the <a href="/wiki/French_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="French Air Force">French Air Force</a> had been badly neglected, as military leaders preferred to spend money on ground armies and static <a href="/wiki/Fortifications" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortifications">fortifications</a> to fight another World War I-style war. As a result, by 1940, the French Air Force had only 1562 planes and was together with 1070 RAF planes facing 5,638 <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> fighters and <a href="/wiki/Fighter-bomber" title="Fighter-bomber">fighter-bombers</a>. Most French airfields were located in north-east <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, and were quickly overrun in the early stages of the campaign. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> of the United Kingdom possessed some very advanced fighter planes, such as <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Spitfires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hurricanes</a>, but these were not useful for attacking ground troops on a battlefield, and the small number of planes dispatched to France with the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">British Expeditionary Force</a> were destroyed fairly quickly. Subsequently, the Luftwaffe was able to achieve air superiority over France in 1940, giving the German military an immense advantage in terms of reconnaissance and intelligence. </p><p>German aircraft rapidly achieved air superiority over France in early 1940, allowing the Luftwaffe to begin a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">strategic bombing</a> against British cities. Utilizing France's airfields near the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> the Germans were able to launch raids on <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and other cities during <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a>, with varying degrees of success. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_II_aircraft_art_detail,_%22Keep_%27em_Flying%27_is_Our_Battle_Cry!_First_Class_Fighting_Men_Needed.%22_-_NARA_-_513526_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/World_War_II_aircraft_art_detail%2C_%22Keep_%27em_Flying%27_is_Our_Battle_Cry%21_First_Class_Fighting_Men_Needed.%22_-_NARA_-_513526_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-World_War_II_aircraft_art_detail%2C_%22Keep_%27em_Flying%27_is_Our_Battle_Cry%21_First_Class_Fighting_Men_Needed.%22_-_NARA_-_513526_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/World_War_II_aircraft_art_detail%2C_%22Keep_%27em_Flying%27_is_Our_Battle_Cry%21_First_Class_Fighting_Men_Needed.%22_-_NARA_-_513526_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-World_War_II_aircraft_art_detail%2C_%22Keep_%27em_Flying%27_is_Our_Battle_Cry%21_First_Class_Fighting_Men_Needed.%22_-_NARA_-_513526_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/World_War_II_aircraft_art_detail%2C_%22Keep_%27em_Flying%27_is_Our_Battle_Cry%21_First_Class_Fighting_Men_Needed.%22_-_NARA_-_513526_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-World_War_II_aircraft_art_detail%2C_%22Keep_%27em_Flying%27_is_Our_Battle_Cry%21_First_Class_Fighting_Men_Needed.%22_-_NARA_-_513526_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1946" data-file-height="1329" /></a><figcaption>"Keep 'em Flying' is Our Battle Cry! First Class Men Needed."<a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_at_College_Park" title="National Archives at College Park">en:National Archives at College Park</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>After World War I, the concept of massed aerial bombing—"<a href="/wiki/The_bomber_will_always_get_through" title="The bomber will always get through">The bomber will always get through</a>"—had become very popular with politicians and military leaders seeking an alternative to the carnage of trench warfare, and as a result, the air forces of Britain, France, and Germany had developed fleets of bomber planes to enable this (France's bomber wing was severely neglected, whilst Germany's bombers were developed in secret as they were explicitly forbidden by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> began with the bombing of <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> on January 28, 1932, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">August 1937</a>. The bombings during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–1939), further demonstrated the power of strategic bombing, and so air forces in Europe and the United States came to view bomber aircraft as extremely powerful weapons which, in theory, could bomb an enemy nation into submission on their own. The resulting fear of bombers triggered major developments in aircraft technology. </p><p>The Spanish Civil War had proved that tactical dive-bombing using <a href="/wiki/Stuka" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuka">Stukas</a> was a very efficient way of destroying enemy troops concentrations, and so resources and money had been devoted to the development of smaller bomber craft. As a result, the Luftwaffe was forced to attack London in 1940 with heavily overloaded <a href="/wiki/Heinkel" title="Heinkel">Heinkel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Flugzeugwerke" title="Dornier Flugzeugwerke">Dornier</a> medium bombers, and even with the unsuitable Junkers Ju 87. These bombers were painfully slow—engineers had been unable to develop sufficiently large <a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">piston</a> aircraft engines (those that were produced tended to explode through extreme overheating), and so the bombers used for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> were woefully undersized. As German bombers had not been designed for long-range strategic missions, they lacked sufficient defenses. The <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a> fighter escorts <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_of_the_Battle_of_Britain#German_fighter_fuel_capacity" title="Aircraft of the Battle of Britain">had not been equipped to carry enough fuel</a> to guard the bombers on both the outbound and return journeys, and the longer-range Bf 110s could be outmaneuvered by the short-range British fighters. (A bizarre feature of the war was how long it took to conceive of the <a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">Drop tank</a>.) The air defense was well organized and equipped with effective radar that survived the bombing. As a result, German bombers were shot down in large numbers, and were unable to inflict enough damage on cities and military-industrial targets to force Britain out of the war in 1940 or to prepare for the planned invasion. <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> put into production only one large, long-range strategic bomber (the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_177" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinkel He 177">Heinkel He 177</a> Greif, with many delays and problems), while the <a href="/wiki/America_Bomber" class="mw-redirect" title="America Bomber">America Bomber</a> concept resulted only in prototypes. </p><p>British long-range bomber planes such as the <a href="/wiki/Short_Stirling" title="Short Stirling">Short Stirling</a> had been designed before 1939 for strategic flights and given a large armament, but their technology still suffered from numerous flaws. The smaller and shorter ranged <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim" title="Bristol Blenheim">Bristol Blenheim</a>, the RAF's most-used bomber, was defended by only one hydraulically operated machine-gun turret, which was soon revealed to be incapable of defending against squadrons of German fighter planes. American bomber planes such as the <a href="/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-17 Flying Fortress">B-17 Flying Fortress</a> had been built before the war as the only adequate long-range bombers in the world, designed to patrol the long American coastlines. With six machine-gun turrets providing 360° cover, the B-17s were still vulnerable without fighter protection even when used in large formations. </p><p>Despite the abilities of Allied bombers, though, Germany was not quickly crippled by Allied <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing during World War II</a>. Accuracy was poor and Allied airmen frequently could not find their targets at night. The bombs used by the Allies were very technologically advanced devices, and mass production meant that the precision bombs were often made sloppily and so failed to explode. German industrial production actually rose continuously. Significantly, the bomber offensive kept the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/German_Type_XXI_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type XXI submarine">Type XXI U-Boat</a> from entering service during the war. Moreover, Allied air raids had a serious propaganda impact on the German government, all prompting Germany to begin serious development of air defense technology—in the form of fighter planes. </p><p>The practical jet aircraft age began just before the start of the war with the development of the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_178" title="Heinkel He 178">Heinkel He 178</a>, the first true turbojet. Late in the war, the Germans brought in the first operational Jetfighter, the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262" title="Messerschmitt Me 262">Messerschmitt Me 262</a>(Me 262). However, despite their seeming technological edge, German jets were often hampered by technical problems, such as short engine lives, with the Me 262 having an estimated operating life of just ten hours before failing.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German jets were also overwhelmed by Allied air superiority, frequently being destroyed on or near the airstrip. The first and only operational Allied jet fighter of the war, the British <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Meteor" title="Gloster Meteor">Gloster Meteor</a>, saw combat against German V-1 flying bombs<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but did not significantly distinguish from top-line, late-war piston-driven aircraft. </p><p>Aircraft saw rapid and broad development during the war to meet the demands of aerial combat and address lessons learned from combat experience. From the open cockpit airplane to the sleek jet fighter, many different types were employed, often designed for very specific missions. Aircraft were used in anti-submarine warfare against German U-boats, by the Germans to mine shipping lanes and by the Japanese against previously formidable Royal Navy battleships such as <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (53)">HMS <i>Prince of Wales</i> (53)</a>. </p><p>During the war the Germans produced various glide bombs, which were the first "smart" weapons; the V-1 flying bomb, which was the first <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missile</a> weapon; and the V-2 rocket, the first <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missile</a> weapon. The latter of these was the first step into the space age as its trajectory took it through the stratosphere, higher and faster than any aircraft. This later led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">Intercontinental ballistic missile</a> (ICBM). <a href="/wiki/Wernher_Von_Braun" class="mw-redirect" title="Wernher Von Braun">Wernher Von Braun</a> led the V-2 development team and later emigrated to the United States where he contributed to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rocket, which took men to the moon in 1969. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fuel">Fuel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fuel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Axis countries had serious shortages of petroleum from which to make liquid fuel. The Allies had much more petroleum production. Germany, long before the war, developed a process to make <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fuel#History" title="Synthetic fuel">synthetic fuel</a> from coal. Synthesis factories were principal targets of the <a href="/wiki/Oil_Campaign_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Campaign of World War II">Oil Campaign of World War II</a>. </p><p>The USA added <a href="/wiki/Tetra_ethyl_lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetra ethyl lead">tetra ethyl lead</a> to its aviation fuel, with which it supplied Britain and other Allies. This octane enhancing additive allowed higher compression ratios, allowing higher efficiency, giving more speed and range to Allied Airplanes, and reducing the cooling load. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_vehicles">Land vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Land vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Treaty of Versailles had imposed severe restrictions upon Germany constructing vehicles for military purposes, and so throughout the 1920s and 1930s, German arms manufacturers and the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> had begun secretly developing <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a>. As these vehicles were produced in secret, their technical specifications and battlefield potentials were largely unknown to the European Allies until the war actually began. </p><p>French and British Generals believed that a future war with Germany would be fought under very similar conditions as those of 1914–1918. Both invested in thickly armoured, heavily armed vehicles designed to cross shell-damaged ground and trenches under fire. At the same time the British also developed faster but lightly armoured <a href="/wiki/Cruiser_tank" title="Cruiser tank">Cruiser tanks</a> to range behind the enemy lines. </p><p>Only a handful of French tanks had radios, and these often broke as the tank lurched over uneven ground. German tanks were, on the contrary, all equipped with radios, allowing them to communicate with one another throughout battles, whilst French tank commanders could rarely contact other vehicles. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Mk_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Matilda Mk I">Matilda Mk I</a> tanks of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> were also designed for <a href="/wiki/Infantry_tank" title="Infantry tank">infantry support</a> and were protected by thick armour. This suited trench warfare, but made the tanks painfully slow in open battles. Their light armament was usually unable to inflict serious damage on German vehicles. The exposed caterpillar tracks were easily broken by gunfire, and the Matilda tanks had a tendency to incinerate their crews if hit,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as the petrol tanks were located on the top of the hull. By contrast the <a href="/wiki/Matilda_II" title="Matilda II">Infantry tank Matilda II</a> fielded in lesser numbers was largely invulnerable to German gunfire and its gun was able to punch through the German tanks. However French and British tanks were at a disadvantage compared to the air supported German armoured assaults, and a lack of armoured support contributed significantly to the rapid Allied collapse in 1940. </p><p>World War II marked the first full-scale war where <a href="/wiki/Mechanized_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanized warfare">mechanization</a> played a significant role. Most nations did not begin the war equipped for this. Even the vaunted <a href="/wiki/Panzerwaffe" title="Panzerwaffe">German Panzer forces</a> relied heavily on non-motorised support and flank units in large operations. While Germany recognized and demonstrated the value of concentrated use of mechanized forces, they never had these units in enough quantity to supplant traditional units. However, the British also saw the value in mechanization. For them it was a way to enhance an otherwise limited manpower reserve. America as well sought to create a mechanized army. For the United States, it was not so much a matter of limited troops, but instead a strong industrial base that could afford such equipment on a great scale. </p><p>The most visible vehicles were the <a href="/wiki/Tanks_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanks of World War II">tanks of World War II</a>, forming the armored spearhead of mechanized warfare. Their impressive firepower and armor made them the premier fighting machine of ground warfare. However, the large number of trucks and lighter vehicles that kept the infantry, artillery, and others moving were massive undertakings also. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ships">Ships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Naval warfare changed dramatically during World War II, with the ascent of the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> to the premier vessel of the fleet, and the impact of increasingly capable <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> on the course of the war. The development of new ships during the war was somewhat limited due to the protracted time period needed for production, but important developments were often retrofitted to older vessels. Advanced German submarine types came into service too late and after nearly all the experienced crews had been lost. </p><p>In addition to aircraft carriers, its assisting counterpart of <a href="/wiki/Destroyers" class="mw-redirect" title="Destroyers">destroyers</a> were advanced as well. From the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fubuki-class_destroyer" title="Fubuki-class destroyer">Fubuki-class destroyer</a> was introduced. The Fubuki class set a new standard not only for Japanese vessels, but for destroyers around the world. At a time when British and American destroyers had changed little from their un-turreted, single-gun mounts and light weaponry, the Japanese destroyers were bigger, more powerfully armed, and faster than any similar class of vessel in the other fleets. The Japanese destroyers of World War II are said to be the world's first modern destroyer.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> were used primarily for stopping/destroying the resources from the United States and Canada coming across the Atlantic. Submarines were critical in the Pacific Ocean as well as in the Atlantic Ocean. Advances in submarine technology included the <a href="/wiki/Submarine_snorkel" title="Submarine snorkel">snorkel</a>. Japanese defenses against Allied submarines were ineffective. Much of the merchant fleet of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, needed to supply its scattered forces and bring supplies such as petroleum and food back to the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Archipelago">Japanese Archipelago</a>, was sunk. Among the warships sunk by submarines was the war's largest aircraft carrier, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Shinano" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano"><i>Shinano</i></a>. </p><p>The Kriegsmarine introduced the <a href="/wiki/Pocket_battleship" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket battleship">pocket battleship</a> to get around constraints imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. Innovations included the use of diesel engines, and welded rather than riveted hulls. </p><p>The most important shipboard advances were in the field of anti-submarine warfare. Driven by the desperate necessity of keeping Britain supplied, technologies for the detection and destruction of submarines was advanced at high priority. The use of <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">ASDIC (SONAR)</a> became widespread and so did the installation of shipboard and airborne radar. The Allies <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a> code breaking allowed convoys to be steered around German U-boat <a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_(naval_tactic)" title="Wolfpack (naval tactic)">wolfpacks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weapons">Weapons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Technology during World War II">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The actual weapons (guns, <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bombs</a>, and other devices) were as diverse as the participants and objectives. A large array were developed during the war to meet specific needs that arose, but many traced their early development to prior to World War II. Torpedoes began to use magnetic detonators; compass-directed, programmed and even acoustic guidance systems; and improved propulsion. <a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control systems</a> continued to develop for ships' guns and came into use for torpedoes and anti-aircraft fire. <a href="/wiki/Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">Human torpedoes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_(weapon)" title="Hedgehog (weapon)">Hedgehog</a> were also developed. </p> <ul><li>Armoured vehicles: The <a href="/wiki/Tank_destroyer" title="Tank destroyer">tank destroyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hobart%27s_Funnies" title="Hobart's Funnies">specialist tanks</a> for <a href="/wiki/Combat_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat engineering">combat engineering</a> including mine clearing <a href="/wiki/Flail_(tank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flail (tank)">flail</a> tanks, <a href="/wiki/Flame_tank" title="Flame tank">flame tank</a>, and amphibious designs</li> <li>Aircraft: <a href="/wiki/Glide_bomb" title="Glide bomb">glide bombs</a> – the first "smart bombs", such as the <a href="/wiki/Fritz_X" title="Fritz X">Fritz X</a> anti-shipping missile, had wire or radio remote control; the world's first jet fighter (<a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262" title="Messerschmitt Me 262">Messerschmitt Me 262</a>) and jet bomber (<a href="/wiki/Arado_234" class="mw-redirect" title="Arado 234">Arado 234</a>), the world's first operational military helicopters (<a href="/wiki/Flettner_Fl_282" title="Flettner Fl 282">Flettner Fl 282</a>), the world's first rocket-powered fighter (<a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_163" class="mw-redirect" title="Messerschmitt 163">Messerschmitt 163</a>)</li> <li>Missiles: The <a href="/wiki/Pulse_jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse jet">pulse jet</a>-powered <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bomb</a> was the world's first <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">Rockets</a> progressed enormously: <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher" title="Katyusha rocket launcher">Katyusha</a> rocket artillery and air-launched rockets.</li> <li>Specialised bombs: <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_Bomb" title="Butterfly Bomb">cluster bombs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_bomb" title="Blockbuster bomb">blockbuster bombs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouncing_bomb" title="Bouncing bomb">bouncing bombs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bunker_buster" title="Bunker buster">bunker busters</a>.</li> <li>Specialised warheads: <a href="/wiki/High-explosive_anti-tank" title="High-explosive anti-tank">high-explosive anti-tank</a> (HEAT), and <a href="/wiki/High-explosive_squash_head" title="High-explosive squash head">high-explosive squash head</a> (HESH) for anti-armour and anti-fortification use.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximity_fuze" title="Proximity fuze">Proximity fuze</a> for shells, bombs and rockets. This fuze is designed to detonate an explosive automatically when close enough to the target to destroy it, so a direct hit is not required and time/place of closest approach does not need to be estimated. Magnetic torpedoes and mines also had a sort of proximity fuse.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Guided weapons (by radio or trailing wires): glide bombs, crawling bombs and rockets – the precursors of today's <a href="/wiki/Precision-guided_munition" title="Precision-guided munition">precision-guided munitions</a> existed between 1942 and 1945, in the German <a href="/wiki/Fritz_X" title="Fritz X">Fritz X</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henschel_Hs_293" title="Henschel Hs 293">Henschel Hs 293</a> anti-ship ordnance designs, which along with the American <a href="/wiki/Azon" title="Azon">Azon</a>, were all <a href="/wiki/MCLOS" class="mw-redirect" title="MCLOS">MCLOS</a> radio-guided ordnance designs in World War II service.</li> <li>Self-guiding weapons: torpedoes (sound-seeking, compass-guided and looping), V1 missile (compass- and timer-guided), and the U.S. Navy's <a href="/wiki/Bat_(guided_bomb)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bat (guided bomb)">Bat</a> air-launched anti-ship glide ordnance, using <a href="/wiki/Active_radar_homing" title="Active radar homing">active radar homing</a> for the first time anywhere.</li> <li>Aiming devices for bombs, torpedoes, artillery and machine guns, using special purpose mechanical and electronic analog and (perhaps) digital "computers". The mechanical analog <a href="/wiki/Norden_bomb_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Norden bomb sight">Norden bomb sight</a> is a well-known example.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nerve_agent#History" title="Nerve agent">first generation of nerve agents</a> was invented and produced in Germany, but wasn't used as a weapon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm">Napalm</a> was developed, but did not see wide use until the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_explosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic explosives">Plastic explosives</a> like <a href="/wiki/Nobel_808" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel 808">Nobel 808</a>, Hexoplast 75, Compositions C and C2</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_arms_development">Small arms development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Small arms development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New production methods for weapons such as stamping, riveting, and welding came into being to produce the number of arms needed. Design and production methods had advanced enough to manufacture weapons of reasonable reliability such as the <a href="/wiki/PPSh-41" title="PPSh-41">PPSh-41</a>, <a href="/wiki/PPS-42" class="mw-redirect" title="PPS-42">PPS-42</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sten" title="Sten">Sten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beretta_Model_38" title="Beretta Model 38">Beretta Model 38</a>, <a href="/wiki/MP_40" title="MP 40">MP 40</a>, <a href="/wiki/M3_submachine_gun" title="M3 submachine gun">M3 <i>Grease Gun</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Gewehr_43" title="Gewehr 43">Gewehr 43</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun" title="Thompson submachine gun">Thompson submachine gun</a> and the <a href="/wiki/M1_Garand_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="M1 Garand rifle">M1 Garand rifle</a>. Other Weapons commonly found during World War II include the American, Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR), M1 Carbine Rifle, as well as the Colt M1911 A-1; The Japanese Type 11, the Type 96 machine gun, and the Arisaka bolt-action rifles all were significant weapons used during the war. </p><p>World War II saw the establishment of the reliable <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_rifle" title="Semi-automatic rifle">semi-automatic rifle</a>, such as the American <a href="/wiki/M1_Garand_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="M1 Garand rifle">M1 Garand</a> and, more importantly, of the first widely used <a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">assault rifles</a>, named after the German <i><a href="/wiki/Sturmgewehr" class="mw-redirect" title="Sturmgewehr">sturmgewehrs</a></i> of the late war. Earlier renditions that hinted at this idea were that of the employment of the <a href="/wiki/M1918_Browning_Automatic_Rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle">Browning Automatic Rifle</a> and 1916 <a href="/wiki/Fedorov_Avtomat" title="Fedorov Avtomat">Fedorov Avtomat</a> in a <i><a href="/wiki/Walking_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Walking fire">walking fire</a></i> tactic in which men would advance on the enemy position showering it with a hail of lead. The Germans first developed the <a href="/wiki/FG_42" title="FG 42">FG 42</a> for its paratroopers in the assault and later the <a href="/wiki/StG_44" title="StG 44">Sturmgewehr 44</a> (StG 44), the world's first <a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">assault rifle</a>, firing an <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_cartridge" title="Intermediate cartridge">intermediate cartridge</a>; the FG 42's use of a full-powered rifle cartridge made it difficult to control. </p><p>Developments in <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine gun</a> technology culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Maschinengewehr_42" class="mw-redirect" title="Maschinengewehr 42">Maschinengewehr 42</a> (<a href="/wiki/MG42" class="mw-redirect" title="MG42">MG42</a>) which was of an advanced design unmatched at the time<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. It spurred post-war development on both sides of the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and is still used by some armies to this day including the German <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rheinmetall_MG3" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheinmetall MG3">MG 3</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_G3" title="Heckler & Koch G3">Heckler & Koch G3</a>, and many other <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch" title="Heckler & Koch">Heckler & Koch</a> designs, came from its system of operation. The United States military meshed the operating system of the FG 42 with the <a href="/wiki/Belt_(firearm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belt (firearm)">belt feed</a> system of the MG42 to create the <a href="/wiki/M60_machine_gun" title="M60 machine gun">M60 machine gun</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. </p><p>Despite being overshadowed by self-loading/automatic rifles and sub-machine guns, bolt-action rifles remained the mainstay infantry weapon of many nations during World War II. When the United States entered World War II, there were not enough <a href="/wiki/M1_Garand" title="M1 Garand">M1 Garand</a> rifles available to American forces which forced the US to start producing more <a href="/wiki/Springfield_1903_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Springfield 1903 rifle">M1903</a> rifles in order to act as a "stop gap" measure until sufficient quantities of M1 Garands were produced. </p><p>During the conflict, many new models of <a href="/wiki/Bolt-action_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolt-action rifle">bolt-action rifle</a> were produced as a result of lessons learned from the First World War, with the designs of a number of bolt-action infantry rifles being modified in order to speed production and to make the rifles more compact and easier to handle. Examples include the German <a href="/wiki/Karabiner_98k" title="Karabiner 98k">Mauser Kar98k</a>, the British <a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Enfield" title="Lee–Enfield"> Lee–Enfield No.4</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Springfield_1903_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Springfield 1903 rifle">Springfield M1903A3</a>. During the course of World War II, bolt-action rifles and carbines were modified even further to meet new forms of warfare the armies of certain nations faced e.g. urban warfare and jungle warfare. Examples include the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Mosin%E2%80%93Nagant" title="Mosin–Nagant"> Mosin–Nagant M1944 carbine</a>, developed by the Soviets as a result of the Red Army's experiences with urban warfare e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>, and the British <a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Enfield" title="Lee–Enfield"> Lee–Enfield No.5 carbine</a>, developed for British and Commonwealth forces fighting the Japanese in South-East Asia and the Pacific. </p><p>When World War II ended in 1945, the small arms that were used in the conflict still saw action in the hands of the armed forces of various nations and guerrilla movements during and after the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> era. Nations like the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the United States provided many surplus, World War II-era small arms to a number of nations and political movements during the Cold War era as a pretext to providing more modern infantry weapons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomic_bomb">Atomic bomb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Atomic bomb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_nuclear_fission" title="Discovery of nuclear fission">discovery of nuclear fission</a> by German chemists <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Strassmann" title="Fritz Strassmann">Fritz Strassmann</a> in 1938, and its theoretical explanation by <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Frisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Frisch">Otto Frisch</a>, made the development of an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a> a theoretical possibility. The prospect that a <a href="/wiki/German_atomic_bomb_project" class="mw-redirect" title="German atomic bomb project">German atomic bomb project</a> would develop one first alarmed scientists who were refugees from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones198512_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones198512-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Britain, Frisch and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a>, working under <a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>, made a breakthrough investigating the <a href="/wiki/Critical_mass" title="Critical mass">critical mass</a> of uranium-235 in June 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes1986322–325_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986322–325-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their calculations indicated that it was within an <a href="/wiki/Order_of_magnitude" title="Order of magnitude">order of magnitude</a> of 10 kilograms (22 lb), which was small enough to be carried by a bomber of the day. Their March 1940 <a href="/wiki/Frisch%E2%80%93Peierls_memorandum" title="Frisch–Peierls memorandum">Frisch–Peierls memorandum</a> prompted the creation of the <a href="/wiki/MAUD_Committee" title="MAUD Committee">MAUD Committee</a> to investigate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson196239–42_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson196239–42-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A directorate known as <a href="/wiki/Tube_Alloys" title="Tube Alloys">Tube Alloys</a> was established in the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (United Kingdom)">Department of Scientific and Industrial Research</a> under <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Akers" title="Wallace Akers">Wallace Akers</a> to pursue the development of an atomic bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowing1964109_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing1964109-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1940, Britain offered to give the United States access to its scientific research,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhelps2010126–128_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhelps2010126–128-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Tizard_Mission" title="Tizard Mission">Tizard Mission</a>'s <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a> briefed American scientists on British developments. He discovered that although an <a href="/wiki/S-1_Executive_Committee" title="S-1 Executive Committee">American atomic bomb project</a> already existed, it was smaller than the British, and not as far advanced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhelps2010282–283_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhelps2010282–283-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oliphant flew to the United States in late August 1941 and spoke persuasively to <a href="/wiki/Ernest_O._Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest O. Lawrence">Ernest O. Lawrence</a> and other key American physicists about the feasibility and potential power of an atomic bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes1986372–374_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986372–374-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson196243–44_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson196243–44-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1942 and 1946, the American project was under the direction of Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Leslie_R._Groves_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie R. Groves Jr.">Leslie R. Groves Jr.</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a>. The Army component of the project was designated the "Manhattan District" as its first headquarters were in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>; this name gradually superseded the official codename, Development of Substitute Materials, for the entire project.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones198541–44_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones198541–44-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British and American projects were merged with the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a> in August 1943, and a <a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British mission</a> joined Manhattan Project's sites in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowing1964174–177_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing1964174–177-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Manhattan Project began modestly, but grew to employ nearly 130,000 people at its peak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1985344_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985344-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to high turnover, over 500,000 people worked on the project.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three entire secret cities were built at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge, Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richland,_Washington" title="Richland, Washington">Richland, Washington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos,_New_Mexico" title="Los Alamos, New Mexico">Los Alamos, New Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Manhattan Project cost nearly US$2 billion (equivalent to about $27 billion in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 90 percent of the cost was for building factories and to produce <a href="/wiki/Fissile_material" title="Fissile material">fissile material</a>, with less than 10 percent for development and production of the weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson1962723–724_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson1962723–724-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the second most expensive weapons project undertaken by the United States in World War II, behind only the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">Boeing B-29 Superfortress</a> bomber.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien201547–48_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien201547–48-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fissile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissile">fissile</a> <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">Uranium-235</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> makes up only 0.7 percent of natural <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>. Because it is chemically identical to the most common isotope, <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">uranium-238</a>, and has almost the same mass, separating the two proved challenging.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmyth1945154–156_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth1945154–156-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three methods were employed for <a href="/wiki/Uranium_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium enrichment">uranium enrichment</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">electromagnetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">gaseous</a> and <a href="/wiki/S-50_(Manhattan_Project)" title="S-50 (Manhattan Project)">thermal</a>. This work was carried out at the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Engineer_Works" title="Clinton Engineer Works">Clinton Engineer Works</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge, Tennessee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmyth1945158–163_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth1945158–163-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parallel was an effort to produce <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>, which was theorised to also be fissile, and could be produced by the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">nuclear transmutation</a> of uranium in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson196289–91_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson196289–91-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feasibility of a nuclear reactor was demonstrated in 1942 at the Manhattan Project's <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_Laboratory" title="Metallurgical Laboratory">Metallurgical Laboratory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> with the start up of <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">Chicago Pile-1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroves196253–55_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves196253–55-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pilot reactor, the <a href="/wiki/X-10_Graphite_Reactor" title="X-10 Graphite Reactor">X-10 Graphite Reactor</a>, was constructed at the Clinton Engineer Works,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1985204–206_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985204–206-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and three production reactors were built at the <a href="/wiki/Hanford_Engineer_Works" title="Hanford Engineer Works">Hanford Engineer Works</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington state">Washington state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroves196285–89_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves196285–89-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Work on weapon design was carried out by <a href="/wiki/Project_Y" title="Project Y">Project Y</a> at Los Alamos under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroves1962149–150_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves1962149–150-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Manhattan Project pursued the development of two types of atomic bombs concurrently: a relatively simple <a href="/wiki/Gun-type_fission_weapon" title="Gun-type fission weapon">gun-type fission weapon</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)" title="Thin Man (nuclear bomb)">Thin Man</a> and a more complex <a href="/wiki/Implosion-type_nuclear_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Implosion-type nuclear weapon">implosion-type nuclear weapon</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a>. The gun-type design proved impractical to use with <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993226–229_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993226–229-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so effort was concentrated on the implosion design.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993245–248_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993245–248-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A simpler gun-type called <a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a> was then developed that used <a href="/wiki/Highly_enriched_uranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Highly enriched uranium">highly enriched uranium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993245–249_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993245–249-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes1986541_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986541-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atomic bombs were <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">then employed</a> against the Japan in August 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroves1962315–322,_341–346_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves1962315–322,_341–346-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/German_nuclear_weapon_project" class="mw-redirect" title="German nuclear weapon project">German nuclear weapon project</a> failed for a variety of reasons, most notably insufficient resources, time, and a lack of official interest in a project unlikely to yield results before the war ended. The leading nuclear physicist in Germany was <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>. Other key figures in the German project included <a href="/wiki/Manfred_von_Ardenne" title="Manfred von Ardenne">Manfred von Ardenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Walther Bothe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Diebner" title="Kurt Diebner">Kurt Diebner</a> and Otto Hahn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandsman2002301–303_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandsman2002301–303-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nuclear_weapon_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese nuclear weapon program">Japanese nuclear weapon program</a> also floundered due to lack of resources despite gaining interest from the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapley1978152–157_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapley1978152–157-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electronics,_communications_and_intelligence"><span id="Electronics.2C_communications_and_intelligence"></span>Electronics, communications and intelligence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electronics, communications and intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Technology during World War II">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enigma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Enigma.jpg/220px-Enigma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Enigma.jpg/330px-Enigma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Enigma.jpg/440px-Enigma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>German <a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma encryption machine</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a> rose to prominence quickly. <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a> was highly effective early in the war, with all German tanks having a radio. Enemy forces quickly learned from their defeats, discarded their obsolete tactics, and installed radios. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Combat_Information_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat Information Center">Combat Information Centers</a> on ships and aircraft established networked computing, later essential to civilian life. While prior to the war few electronic devices were seen as important to war, by the middle of the war instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonar#ASDIC" title="Sonar">ASDIC (sonar)</a> had become invaluable. Germany started the war ahead in some aspects of radar, but lost ground to research and development of the <a href="/wiki/Cavity_magnetron" title="Cavity magnetron">cavity magnetron</a> in Britain and to later work at the "<a href="/wiki/Radiation_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation Laboratory">Radiation Laboratory</a>" of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. Half of the German theoretical physicists were Jewish and had emigrated or otherwise been lost to Germany long before WW II started. </p><p>Equipment designed for <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communications</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">interception</a> of communications became critical. <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">World War II cryptography</a> became an important application, and the newly developed machine ciphers, mostly <a href="/wiki/Rotor_machine" title="Rotor machine">rotor machines</a>, were widespread. By the end of 1940, the Germans had broken most American and all British military ciphers except the Enigma-based <a href="/wiki/Typex" title="Typex">Typex</a>. </p><p>The Germans in turn widely relied on their own variants of the <a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma</a> coding machine for encrypting operations communications, and <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_cipher" title="Lorenz cipher">Lorenz cipher</a> for strategic messages. The British developed a <a href="/wiki/Bombe#The_British_Bombe" title="Bombe">new method</a> for decoding Enigma benefiting from information given to Britain by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Cipher_Bureau#Gift_to_allies" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Cipher Bureau">Polish Cipher Bureau</a>, which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, they also accomplished the <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis_of_the_Lorenz_cipher" title="Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher">cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher</a>. The meticulous work of code breakers based at Britain's <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a> played a crucial role in the final defeat of Germany. </p><p><a href="/wiki/German_radio_intelligence_operations_during_World_War_II" title="German radio intelligence operations during World War II">German radio intelligence operations during World War II</a> were extensive. The intercept part of <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a> was for the most part successful but success in cryptanalysis depended in large part on loose discipline in enemy radio operations. </p><p>Americans also used electronic computers for equations, such as battlefield equations, ballistics, and more. The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (<a href="/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a>) machine was the first general purpose computer, built in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, <a href="/wiki/Computer_(job_description)" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer (job description)">human computers</a> would spend hours solving these equations. However, there were not enough mathematicians to handle the many ballistic equations that needed to be solved.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting <a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">Von Neumann architecture</a> later became the basis of general-purpose computers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rocketry">Rocketry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rocketry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Technology during World War II">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Rocketry was used greatly in World War II. There were many different inventions and advances in rocketry, such as the following. </p><p>The <i>V-1</i>, which is also known as the buzz bomb. This automatic aircraft would be known as a "cruise missile" today. The V-1 was developed at <a href="/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde_Army_Research_Center" title="Peenemünde Army Research Center">Peenemünde Army Research Center</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi German</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></i> during the Second World War. During initial development it was known by the codename "Cherry Stone". The first of the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/V-weapons" title="V-weapons">Vergeltungswaffen</a></i> series designed for <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">terror bombing</a> of London, the V-1 was fired from launch facilities along the French (<a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a>) and Dutch coasts. The first V-1 was launched at London on 13 June 1944), one week after (and prompted by) the successful <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Allied landings in Europe</a>. At its peak, more than one hundred V-1s a day were fired at south-east England, 9,521 in total, decreasing in number as sites were overrun until October 1944, when the last V-1 site in range of Britain was overrun by Allied forces. After this, the V-1s were directed at the port of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> and other targets in Belgium, with 2,448 V-1s being launched. The attacks stopped when the last launch site was overrun on 29 March 1945. </p><p>The <i>V-2</i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">Vergeltungswaffe</a> 2</i>, "Retribution Weapon 2"), technical name <i>Aggregat-4</i> (<i>A-4</i>), was the world's first long-range <a href="/wiki/Guided_missile_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missile cruiser">guided</a> <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missile</a>. The missile with <a href="/wiki/Liquid-propellant_rocket" title="Liquid-propellant rocket">liquid-propellant rocket</a> engine was developed during the Second World War in Germany as a "<a href="/wiki/V-weapons" title="V-weapons">vengeance weapon</a>", designed to attack Allied cities as retaliation for the Allied bombings of German cities. The V-2 rocket was also the first artificial object to cross the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line" title="Kármán line">boundary of space</a>. </p><p>These two rocketry advances took the lives of many civilians in London during 1944 and 1945. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medicine">Medicine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">Penicillin</a> was first <a href="/wiki/History_of_penicillin" title="History of penicillin">developed, mass-produced and used</a> during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Mepacrine" title="Mepacrine">mepacrine (Atabrine)</a> for the prevention of <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfanilamide" title="Sulfanilamide">sulfanilamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">blood plasma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> were also among the chief wartime medical advancements.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trueman_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trueman-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advances in the treatment of burns, including the use of <a href="/wiki/Skin_graft" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin graft">skin grafts</a>, mass <a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">immunization</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tetanus" title="Tetanus">tetanus</a> and improvements in <a href="/wiki/WWII_gas_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII gas mask">gas masks</a> also took place during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Trueman_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trueman-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of metal plates to help heal fractures began during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_invention" class="mw-redirect" title="Military invention">Military invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_funding_of_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Military funding of science">Military funding of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_used_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="List of equipment used in World War II">List of equipment used in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ships of the Second World War">List of ships of the Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II" title="List of aircraft of World War II">List of aircraft of World War II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Roberts,_pg._173-177-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts,_pg._173-177_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobertsCalvin_A._Roberts2006" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Susan A.; Calvin A. Roberts (2006). <i>New Mexico</i>. University of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826340030" title="Special:BookSources/9780826340030"><bdi>9780826340030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Mexico&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780826340030&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Susan+A.&rft.au=Calvin+A.+Roberts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gasiorowski-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gasiorowski_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gasiorowski, Zygmunt J. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable//1872756">The Russian Overture to Germany of December 1924</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Modern_History" title="The Journal of Modern History">The Journal of Modern History</a></i> 30 (2), 99–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dyakov, Yu. L. & T. S. Bushueva. <i>The Red Army and the Wehrmacht. How the Soviets Militarized Germany, 1922–1933, and Paved the Way for Fascism</i>. New York: Prometheus Books, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominic_Selwood2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Selwood" title="Dominic Selwood">Dominic Selwood</a> (29 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202160710/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/dominicselwood/100256587/the-man-who-invented-poison-gas-a-horror-story/">"The man who invented poison gas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/dominicselwood/100256587/the-man-who-invented-poison-gas-a-horror-story/">the original</a> on 2 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nursing+History%3A+The+History+of+WWII+Medicine+for+Schools&rft.pub=NurseGroups.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nursegroups.com%2Farticle%2Fhistory-of-wwii-medicine-for-schools.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trueman-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trueman_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trueman_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrueman2019" class="citation web cs1">Trueman, C.N. (16 Jun 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715172002/https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/world-war-two/medicine-and-world-war-two/">"Medicine And World War Two"</a>. <i>The History Learning Site</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/world-war-two/medicine-and-world-war-two/">the original</a> on 15 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+Learning+Site&rft.atitle=Medicine+And+World+War+Two&rft.date=2019-06-16&rft.aulast=Trueman&rft.aufirst=C.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylearningsite.co.uk%2Fworld-war-two%2Fmedicine-and-world-war-two%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobey2018" class="citation web cs1">Tobey, Raymond E. (23 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715173616/https://www.fpri.org/article/2018/02/advances-in-medicine-during-wars/">"Advances in Medicine During Wars"</a>. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Foreign Policy Research Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fpri.org/article/2018/02/advances-in-medicine-during-wars/">the original</a> on 15 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Medicine+During+Wars&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Foreign+Policy+Research+Institute&rft.date=2018-02-23&rft.aulast=Tobey&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpri.org%2Farticle%2F2018%2F02%2Fadvances-in-medicine-during-wars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowing1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Gowing" title="Margaret Gowing">Gowing, Margaret</a> (1964). <i>Britain and Atomic Energy, 1935–1945</i>. London: Macmillan Publishing. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3195209">3195209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+Atomic+Energy%2C+1935%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3195209&rft.aulast=Gowing&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroves1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Groves, Leslie</a> (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nowitcanbetolds00grov"><i>Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project</i></a></span>. New York: Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-70738-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-70738-1"><bdi>0-306-70738-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/537684">537684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Now+It+Can+Be+Told%3A+The+Story+of+the+Manhattan+Project&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F537684&rft.isbn=0-306-70738-1&rft.aulast=Groves&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnowitcanbetolds00grov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewlettAnderson1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hewlett" title="Richard G. Hewlett">Hewlett, Richard G.</a>; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.governmentattic.org/5docs/TheNewWorld1939-1946.pdf"><i>The New World, 1939–1946</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07186-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07186-7"><bdi>0-520-07186-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/637004643">637004643</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+World%2C+1939%E2%80%931946&rft.place=University+Park&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F637004643&rft.isbn=0-520-07186-7&rft.aulast=Hewlett&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Oscar+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.governmentattic.org%2F5docs%2FTheNewWorld1939-1946.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Hoddeson" title="Lillian Hoddeson">Hoddeson, Lillian</a>; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Westfall" title="Catherine Westfall">Westfall, Catherine L.</a> (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/criticalassembly0000unse"><i>Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945</i></a></span>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44132-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44132-2"><bdi>978-0-521-44132-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26764320">26764320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Assembly%3A+A+Technical+History+of+Los+Alamos+During+the+Oppenheimer+Years%2C+1943%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26764320&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44132-2&rft.aulast=Hoddeson&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rft.au=Henriksen%2C+Paul+W.&rft.au=Meade%2C+Roger+A.&rft.au=Westfall%2C+Catherine+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcriticalassembly0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1985" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Vincent (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.army.mil/html/books/011/11-10/CMH_Pub_11-10.pdf"><i>Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10913875">10913875</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manhattan%3A+The+Army+and+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10913875&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F011%2F11-10%2FCMH_Pub_11-10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandsman2002" class="citation journal cs1">Landsman, Nicolaas P. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/9362/1/heisenberg.pdf">"Getting even with Heisenberg"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Studies_in_History_and_Philosophy_of_Modern_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics">Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics</a></i>. <b>33</b> (2): 297–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1355-2198%2802%2900015-1">10.1016/S1355-2198(02)00015-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3681">0039-3681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=Getting+even+with+Heisenberg&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=297-325&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1355-2198%2802%2900015-1&rft.issn=0039-3681&rft.aulast=Landsman&rft.aufirst=Nicolaas+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilsci-archive.pitt.edu%2F9362%2F1%2Fheisenberg.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Phillips_O%27Brien" title="Phillips O'Brien">O'Brien, Phillips Payson</a> (2015). <i>How the War Was Won</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01475-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01475-6"><bdi>978-1-107-01475-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907550561">907550561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+War+Was+Won&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F907550561&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01475-6&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Phillips+Payson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhelps2010" class="citation book cs1">Phelps, Stephen (2010). <i>The Tizard Mission: the Top-Secret Operation that Changed the Course of World War II</i>. Yardley, Pennsylvania: Westholme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59416-116-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59416-116-2"><bdi>978-1-59416-116-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/642846903">642846903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tizard+Mission%3A+the+Top-Secret+Operation+that+Changed+the+Course+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Yardley%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Westholme&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F642846903&rft.isbn=978-1-59416-116-2&rft.aulast=Phelps&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Rhodes, Richard</a> (1986). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_the_Atomic_Bomb" title="The Making of the Atomic Bomb">The Making of the Atomic Bomb</a></i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-44133-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-44133-7"><bdi>0-671-44133-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13793436">13793436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13793436&rft.isbn=0-671-44133-7&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapley1978" class="citation journal cs1">Shapley, Deborah (13 January 1978). "Nuclear Weapons History: Japan's Wartime Bomb Projects Revealed". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>199</b> (4325): 152–157. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978Sci...199..152S">1978Sci...199..152S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.199.4325.152">10.1126/science.199.4325.152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1745136">1745136</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17812933">17812933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Weapons+History%3A+Japan%27s+Wartime+Bomb+Projects+Revealed&rft.volume=199&rft.issue=4325&rft.pages=152-157&rft.date=1978-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1745136%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978Sci...199..152S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17812933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.199.4325.152&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft.aulast=Shapley&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1945" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_DeWolf_Smyth" title="Henry DeWolf Smyth">Smyth, Henry DeWolf</a> (1945). <a href="/wiki/Smyth_Report" title="Smyth Report"><i>Atomic Energy for Military Purposes: the Official Report on the Development of the Atomic Bomb under the Auspices of the United States Government, 1940–1945</i></a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/770285">770285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atomic+Energy+for+Military+Purposes%3A+the+Official+Report+on+the+Development+of+the+Atomic+Bomb+under+the+Auspices+of+the+United+States+Government%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F770285&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Henry+DeWolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechnology+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ford, Brian J. (1969). <i>German Secret Weapons: Blueprint for Mars</i> (Ballantine's Illustrated History of World War II / the Violent Century: Weapons Book #5)</li> <li>Ford, Brian J. (1970). <i>Allied Secret Weapons: The War of Science</i> (Ballantine's Illustrated History of World War II / the Violent Century: Weapons Book #19)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a 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</span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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