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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cénacle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cénacle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Cénacle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cénacle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_with_Dumas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_with_Dumas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Work with Dumas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_with_Dumas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_nervous_breakdowns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_nervous_breakdowns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>First nervous breakdowns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_nervous_breakdowns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Travels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suicide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suicide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Suicide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suicide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessments_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessments_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Assessments and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessments_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Quotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_in_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_in_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Works in French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_in_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>English translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Biographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_(books)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_(books)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Criticism (books)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_(books)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_(journal_articles)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_(journal_articles)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Criticism (journal articles)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_(journal_articles)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gérard de Nerval</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جيرار دي نرفال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيرار دي نرفال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%BF%D5%A8_%D5%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Ժերար տը Ներվալ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ժերար տը Ներվալ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerar_de_Nerval" title="Jerar de Nerval – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Jerar de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Жэрар дэ Нерваль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жэрар дэ Нерваль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%9D%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Жэрар дэ Нэрваль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жэрар дэ Нэрваль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Жерар дьо Нервал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жерар дьо Нервал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%81_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BB" title="Ζεράρ ντε Νερβάλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζεράρ ντε Νερβάλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ژرار دو نروال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژرار دو نروال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%9D%BC%EB%A5%B4_%EB%93%9C_%EB%84%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%B0%9C" title="제라르 드 네르발 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제라르 드 네르발" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%A4%D5%A8_%D5%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Ժերար դը Ներվալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժերար դը Ներվալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C" title="ז'ראר דה נרוואל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'ראר דה נרוואל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჟერარ დე ნერვალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჟერარ დე ნერვალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Жерар де Нерваль – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жерар де Нерваль" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_de_Nerval" title="Gerardus de Nerval – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gerardus de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Жерар де Нервал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Жерар де Нервал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جيرار دى نرفال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيرار دى نرفال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ژرار دو نروال – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ژرار دو نروال" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB" title="ジェラール・ド・ネルヴァル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェラール・ド・ネルヴァル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Нерваль, Жерар де – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нерваль, Жерар де" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%B1%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ژێرار دو نێرڤال – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژێرار دو نێرڤال" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Жерар де Нервал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жерар де Нервал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Жерар де Нерваль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жерар де Нерваль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gérard de Nerval" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%85%A7%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE" title="熱拉爾·德·內瓦爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="熱拉爾·德·內瓦爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Gérard de Nerval</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%A9lix_Nadar_1820-1910_portraits_G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/F%C3%A9lix_Nadar_1820-1910_portraits_G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval.jpg/220px-F%C3%A9lix_Nadar_1820-1910_portraits_G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/F%C3%A9lix_Nadar_1820-1910_portraits_G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval.jpg/330px-F%C3%A9lix_Nadar_1820-1910_portraits_G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/F%C3%A9lix_Nadar_1820-1910_portraits_G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval.jpg/440px-F%C3%A9lix_Nadar_1820-1910_portraits_G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3145" data-file-height="4364" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Gérard de Nerval, by <a href="/wiki/Nadar_(photographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadar (photographer)">Nadar</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Gérard Labrunie</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1808-05-22</span>)</span>22 May 1808<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Paris, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 January 1855<span style="display:none">(1855-01-26)</span> (aged 46)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Paris, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Essayist, poet, translator, travel writer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Voyage_en_Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyage en Orient">Voyage en Orient</a></i> (1851)<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Filles_du_feu" title="Les Filles du feu">Les Filles du feu</a></i> (1854), <i>Aurélia</i> (1855)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gérard de Nerval</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒeʁaʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>nɛʁval]</a></span>; 22 May 1808 – 26 January 1855), the <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> of the French writer, poet, and translator <b>Gérard Labrunie</b>, was a French essayist, poet, translator, and travel writer. He was a major figure during the era of <a href="/wiki/French_romanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="French romanticism">French romanticism</a>, and best known for his novellas and poems, especially the collection <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Filles_du_feu" title="Les Filles du feu">Les Filles du feu</a></i> (<i>The Daughters of Fire</i>), which included the novella <i><a href="/wiki/Sylvie_(novel)" title="Sylvie (novel)">Sylvie</a></i> and the poem "El Desdichado".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through his translations, Nerval played a major role in introducing French readers to the works of German Romantic authors, including <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlieb_Klopstock" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock">Klopstock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_August_B%C3%BCrger" title="Gottfried August Bürger">Bürger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>. His later work merged poetry and journalism in a fictional context and influenced <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>. His last novella, <i>Aurélia ou le rêve et la vie</i>, influenced <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gérard Labrunie was born in Paris on 22 May 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-Cogez11_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogez11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother, Marie Marguerite Antoinette Laurent, was the daughter of a clothing salesman,<sup id="cite_ref-Petitfils15_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petitfils15-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his father, Étienne Labrunie, was a young doctor who had volunteered to serve as a medic in the army under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cogez13_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogez13-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1808, soon after Gérard's birth, Étienne was drafted. With his young wife in tow, Étienne followed the army on tours of Germany and Austria, eventually settling in a hospital in <a href="/wiki/G%C5%82og%C3%B3w" title="Głogów">Głogów</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cogez14_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogez14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While they travelled East, the Labrunies left their newborn son Gérard in the care of Marie Marguerite's uncle Antoine Boucher, who lived in <a href="/wiki/Mortefontaine,_Oise" title="Mortefontaine, Oise">Mortefontaine</a>, a small town in the <a href="/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Valois" title="Counts and dukes of Valois">Valois</a> region, not far from Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Cogez13_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogez13-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 November 1810 Marie Marguerite died before she could return to France.<sup id="cite_ref-Cogez14_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogez14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gérard was two years old. Having buried his wife, Étienne took part in the disastrous <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cogez15_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogez15-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was reunited with his son in 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-Cogez15_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogez15-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon his return to France in 1814, Étienne took his son and moved back to Paris, starting a medical practice at 72 rue Saint-Martin.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gérard lived with his father but often stayed with his great-uncle Boucher in Mortefontaine and with Gérard Dublanc at 2 rue de Mantes (now 2 rue du Maréchal Joffre) in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>. (Dublanc, Étienne's uncle, was also Gérard's godfather.)<sup id="cite_ref-Cogez11_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogez11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1822 Gérard enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Charlemagne" title="Lycée Charlemagne">collège Charlemagne</a>. This was where he met and befriended <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Théophile Gautier</a>. This was also where he began to take poetry more seriously. He was especially drawn to epic poetry. At age 16, he wrote a poem that recounted the circumstances of Napoleon's defeat called "<span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Napoléon ou la France guerrière, élégies nationales</span></span>".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, he tried out satire, writing poems that took aim at Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Vill%C3%A8le" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Villèle">Villèle</a>, the Jesuit order, and anti-liberal newspapers like <i><a href="/wiki/La_Quotidienne" title="La Quotidienne">La Quotidienne</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His writing started to be published in 1826. </p><p>At age 19, with minimal knowledge of the German language, he began the ambitious task of translating <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust" title="Goethe's Faust">Faust</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His prose translation appeared in 1828. Despite its many flaws, the translation had many merits, and it did a great deal to establish his poetic reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the reason why <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/French_romanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="French romanticism">Romantic movement in France</a>, felt compelled to have Gérard come to his apartment on 11, rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs.<sup id="cite_ref-Cogez27_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogez27-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cénacle"><span id="C.C3.A9nacle"></span>Cénacle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cénacle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1829, having received his baccalaureate degree two years late (perhaps because he skipped classes to go for walks and read for pleasure),<sup id="cite_ref-Cogez27_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogez27-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gérard was under pressure from his father to find steady employment. He took a job at a notary's office, but his heart was set on literature. When <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> asked him to support his play <i><a href="/wiki/Hernani_(drama)" title="Hernani (drama)">Hernani</a></i>, under attack from conservative critics suspicious of Romanticism, Gérard was more than happy to join the fight (see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bataille_d%27Hernani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bataille d'Hernani (page does not exist)">Bataille d'Hernani</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d%27Hernani" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille d'Hernani">fr</a>]</span>). </p><p>Gérard was sympathetic to the liberal and republican atmosphere of the time, and was briefly imprisoned in 1832 for participating in student demonstrations.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gérard set himself two anthology projects: one on German poetry, and one on French poetry. <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre-S%C3%A9bastien_Laurentie" title="Pierre-Sébastien Laurentie">Pierre-Sébastien Laurentie</a> arranged a library card for him so he could carry out his research.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first anthology included translations of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlieb_Klopstock" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock">Klopstock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_August_B%C3%BCrger" title="Gottfried August Bürger">Bürger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>, and met with less enthusiasm than his translation of <i>Faust</i>. The second anthology included poems by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Ronsard" title="Pierre de Ronsard">Ronsard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_du_Bellay" title="Joachim du Bellay">Joachim du Bellay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_de_Ba%C3%AFf" title="Jean-Antoine de Baïf">Jean-Antoine de Baïf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Salluste_Du_Bartas" title="Guillaume de Salluste Du Bartas">Guillaume Du Bartas</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Chassignet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Baptiste Chassignet (page does not exist)">Jean-Baptiste Chassignet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Chassignet" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Baptiste Chassignet">fr</a>]</span>. </p><p>By the fall of 1830, the <i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9nacle" title="Cénacle">Cénacle</a></i>, a group created by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Augustin_Sainte-Beuve" title="Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve">Sainte-Beuve</a> to ensure Victor Hugo's success with <i>Hernani</i>, had assembled many famed writers, including <a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Alfred de Vigny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Alfred de Musset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Charles Nodier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a>. After <i>Hernani</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s success, the Cénacle began to fall apart. At that time a new group appeared: the Petit-Cénacle, created by the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bernard_Duseigneur" title="Jean Bernard Duseigneur">Jean Bernard Duseigneur</a>. Gérard attended some of the meetings, which took place in Duseigneur's studio.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gérard, following Hugo's lead, started to write plays. <i>Le Prince des sots</i> and <i>Lara ou l'expiation</i> were shown at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_l%27Od%C3%A9on" class="mw-redirect" title="Théâtre de l'Odéon">Théâtre de l'Odéon</a> and met with positive reviews. He started to use the pseudonym Gérard de Nerval, inspired by the name of a property near Loisy (a village near <a href="/wiki/Ver-sur-Launette" title="Ver-sur-Launette">Ver-sur-Launette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oise" title="Oise">Oise</a>) which had belonged to his family.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_with_Dumas">Work with Dumas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Work with Dumas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1834, Nerval's maternal grandfather died and he inherited around 30,000 francs. That autumn, he headed to southern France and then travelled to Florence, Rome and Naples. On his return in 1835, he moved in with a group of Romantic artists (including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Camille_Rogier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camille Rogier (page does not exist)">Camille Rogier</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Rogier" class="extiw" title="fr:Camille Rogier">fr</a>]</span>). In May of that year, he created <i>Le Monde Dramatique,</i> a luxurious literary journal on which he squandered his inheritance. Debt-ridden, he finally sold it in 1836. Getting his start in journalism, he travelled to Belgium with Gautier from July to September. </p><p>In 1837, <i>Piquillo</i> was shown at the Opéra-Comique. Despite Nerval's work on the project, Dumas' was the only name on the libretto. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenny_Colon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenny Colon (page does not exist)">Jenny Colon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Colon" class="extiw" title="fr:Jenny Colon">fr</a>]</span> played the main role. Nerval may have fallen in love with the actress. Some specialists claim that his unrequited love for her is what inspired many of the female figures that appear in his writing, including the Virgin Mary, Isis, the queen of Saba. Other experts disagree with this biographical analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Dumas' refusal to let him take credit for his work, Nerval continued to collaborate with Dumas on plays. In the summer of 1838, he travelled with Dumas to Germany to work on <i>Léo Burckart,</i> which eventually premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Porte-Saint-Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin">Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin</a> on 16 April 1839, six days after the premiere of another play the pair worked on together called <i>L'Alchimiste.</i> In November 1839, Nerval travelled to Vienna, where he met the pianist <a href="/wiki/Marie_Pleyel" title="Marie Pleyel">Marie Pleyel</a> at the French embassy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_nervous_breakdowns">First nervous breakdowns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First nervous breakdowns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Back in France in March 1840, Nerval took over Gautier's column at <i>La Presse.</i> After publishing a third edition of <i>Faust</i> in July, including a preface and fragments of <i>Second Faust,</i> he travelled to Belgium in October. On 15 December <i>Piquillo</i> premiered in Brussels, where Nerval crossed paths with Jenny Colon and Marie Pleyel once again. </p><p>After a first nervous breakdown on 23 February 1841, he was cared for at the Sainte-Colombe Borstal ("maison de correction"). On 1 March <a href="/wiki/Jules_Janin" title="Jules Janin">Jules Janin</a> published an obituary for Nerval in the <i>Journal des Débats.</i> After a second nervous breakdown, Nerval was housed in Docteur Esprit Blanche's clinic in Montmartre, where he remained from March to November. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travels">Travels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Travels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 22 December 1842, Nerval set off for the Near East, travelling to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>. Back in Paris in 1843, he began to publish articles about his trip in 1844. His <i><a href="/wiki/Voyage_en_Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyage en Orient">Voyage en Orient</a></i> appeared in 1851. </p><p>Between 1844 and 1847, Nerval travelled to Belgium, the Netherlands, and London, producing <a href="/wiki/Travel_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel writing">travel writing</a>. At the same time, he wrote novellas and opera librettos and translated poems by his friend <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a>, publishing a selection of translations in 1848. His last years were spent in dire financial and emotional straits. Following his doctor Emile Blanche's advice, he tried to purge himself of his intense emotions in his writing. This is when he composed some of his best works. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Dor%C3%A9,_La_Rue_de_la_Vieille_Lanterne_The_Suicide_of_G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval,_1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9%2C_La_Rue_de_la_Vieille_Lanterne_The_Suicide_of_G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval%2C_1855.jpg/220px-Gustave_Dor%C3%A9%2C_La_Rue_de_la_Vieille_Lanterne_The_Suicide_of_G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval%2C_1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9%2C_La_Rue_de_la_Vieille_Lanterne_The_Suicide_of_G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval%2C_1855.jpg/330px-Gustave_Dor%C3%A9%2C_La_Rue_de_la_Vieille_Lanterne_The_Suicide_of_G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval%2C_1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9%2C_La_Rue_de_la_Vieille_Lanterne_The_Suicide_of_G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval%2C_1855.jpg/440px-Gustave_Dor%C3%A9%2C_La_Rue_de_la_Vieille_Lanterne_The_Suicide_of_G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval%2C_1855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6926" data-file-height="9714" /></a><figcaption><i>La rue de la vieille lanterne: The Suicide of Gérard de Nerval</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>, 1855</figcaption></figure> <p>Nerval had a pet <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobster</a> named Thibault, which he walked at the end of a blue silk ribbon in the <a href="/wiki/Palais-Royal" title="Palais-Royal">Palais-Royal</a> in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Horton_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horton-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Théophile Gautier</a>, Nerval said:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Why should a lobster be any more ridiculous than a dog? ...or a cat, or a gazelle, or a lion, or any other animal that one chooses to take for a walk? I have a liking for lobsters. They are peaceful, serious creatures. They know the secrets of the sea, they don't bark, and they don't gnaw upon one's <i>monadic</i> privacy like dogs do. And Goethe had an aversion to dogs, and he wasn't mad.</p></blockquote> <p>In his later years, Nerval also took an interest in socialism, tracing its origins to the eighteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Les_Illumin%C3%A9s" title="Les Illuminés">Illuminists</a> and esoteric authors such as <a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Edme_R%C3%A9tif" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas-Edme Rétif">Nicolas-Edme Rétif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suicide">Suicide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Suicide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Increasingly poverty-stricken and disoriented, he took his own life during the night of 26 January 1855, by hanging himself from the bar of a cellar window in the rue de la Vieille-Lanterne, a narrow lane in a squalid section of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left a brief note to his aunt: "Don't wait up for me this evening, for the night will be black and white."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just like in English, in French a <i>nuit blanche</i> (literal translation: a white night) is a sleepless night. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The poet <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a> observed that Nerval had "delivered his soul in the darkest street that he could find." The discoverers of his body were puzzled by the fact that his hat was still on his head. The last pages of his manuscript for <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aur%C3%A9lia_ou_le_r%C3%AAve_et_la_vie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurélia ou le rêve et la vie (page does not exist)">Aurélia ou le rêve et la vie</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lia_ou_le_r%C3%AAve_et_la_vie" class="extiw" title="fr:Aurélia ou le rêve et la vie">fr</a>]</span></i> were found in a pocket of his coat. After a religious ceremony at the Notre-Dame cathedral (which was granted despite his suicide because of his troubled mental state), he was buried in the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a> in Paris, at the expense of his friends <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Théophile Gautier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Houssaye" title="Arsène Houssaye">Arsène Houssaye</a>, who published <i>Aurélia</i> as a book later that year. </p><p>The complete works of Gérard de Nerval are published in three volumes by <a href="/wiki/Gallimard" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallimard">Gallimard</a> in the collection <i><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade" title="Bibliothèque de la Pléiade">Bibliothèque de la Pléiade</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessments_and_legacy">Assessments and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Assessments and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Goethe read Nerval's translation of <i>Faust</i> and called it "very successful", even claiming that he preferred it to the original.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The composer <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a> relied on Nerval's translation of Faust for his work <i><a href="/wiki/La_damnation_de_Faust" title="La damnation de Faust">La damnation de Faust</a></i>, which premiered in 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1867, Nerval's friend <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Théophile Gautier</a> (1811–1872) wrote a touching reminiscence of him in "La Vie de Gérard" which was included in his <i>Portraits et Souvenirs Littéraires</i> (1875). </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>, Nerval was one of the greatest writers of the nineteenth century. Proust especially admired <a href="/wiki/Sylvie_(novel)" title="Sylvie (novel)">Sylvie</a>'s exploration of time lost and regained, which would become one of Proust's deepest interests and the dominant theme of his magnum opus <i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">In Search of Lost Time</a></i>. Later, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a> named Nerval a precursor of <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealist</a> art, which drew on Nerval's forays into the significance of dreams. For his part, <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Antonin Artaud</a> compared Nerval's visionary poetry to the work of <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6lderlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Gogh">Van Gogh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sieburth_intro_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sieburth_intro-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945, at the end of the Second World War and after a long illness, the Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a> delivered a lecture in Zürich on Nerval's <i>Aurélia</i> which he regarded as a work of "extraordinary magnitude". Jung described Nerval's memoir as a cautionary tale (the protagonist cannot profit psychologically from his own lucidity and profound insights), and he validates Nerval's visionary experience as a genuine encounter with the <a href="/wiki/Collective_unconscious" title="Collective unconscious">collective unconscious</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">anima mundi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Six_Walks_in_the_Fictional_Woods" title="Six Walks in the Fictional Woods">Six Walks in the Fictional Woods</a></i> calls Nerval's <i><a href="/wiki/Sylvie_(novel)" title="Sylvie (novel)">Sylvie</a></i> a "masterpiece" and analysed it to demonstrate the use of temporal ambiguity. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller" title="Henry Miller">Henry Miller</a> called Nerval an "extraordinary French poet" and included him among a group of exemplary translators:"[i]n English we have yet to produce a poet who is able to do for Rimbaud what <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a> did for <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a>'s verse, or Nerval for <i><a href="/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust" title="Goethe's Faust">Faust</a></i>, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auguste_Morel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auguste Morel (page does not exist)">Morel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larbaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Larbaud">Larbaud</a> for <i>Ulysses</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literary critic <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> called him "a pure instance of <a href="/wiki/Faust" title="Faust">Faustian</a> man" but judged that "the sorrow of his unmothered and unloved existence destroyed him before" his genius could "fus[e] all the visionary's contraries together."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Twentieth century French composer <a href="/wiki/Denise_Roger" title="Denise Roger">Denise Roger</a> used Nerval's texts for some of her songs.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English rock band <a href="/wiki/Traffic_(band)" title="Traffic (band)">Traffic</a> included the jazz-rock track "Dream Gerrard" in their 1974 album <i><a href="/wiki/When_the_Eagle_Flies" title="When the Eagle Flies">When the Eagle Flies</a></i>. Lyrics are known to be mainly written by <a href="/wiki/Vivian_Stanshall" title="Vivian Stanshall">Vivian Stanshall</a> after reading Nerval's biography.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are streets named after Nerval in the towns of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9thisy-Saint-Pierre" title="Béthisy-Saint-Pierre">Béthisy-Saint-Pierre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9py-en-Valois" title="Crépy-en-Valois">Crépy-en-Valois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creil" title="Creil">Creil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mortefontaine,_Oise" title="Mortefontaine, Oise">Mortefontaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Othis" title="Othis">Othis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senlis" title="Senlis">Senlis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Les Faux Saulniers</i> (<i>The Salt Smugglers</i>, 1850) – published over several weeks in <i><a href="/wiki/Le_National_(Paris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Le National (Paris)">Le National</a></i>, a daily newspaper. He later incorporated some of this material in <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Filles_du_feu" title="Les Filles du feu">Les Filles du feu</a></i> (in <i>Angelique</i>) and in <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Illumin%C3%A9s" title="Les Illuminés">Les Illuminés</a></i> (in <i>L'Abbé de Bucquoy</i>).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyage_en_Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyage en Orient">Voyage en Orient</a></i> (1851) – an account of the author's voyages to Germany, Switzerland and Vienna in 1839 and 1840, and to Egypt and Turkey in 1843. Includes several pieces already published, including <i>Les Amours de Vienne</i>, which first appeared in the <i><a href="/wiki/Revue_de_Paris" title="Revue de Paris">Revue de Paris</a></i> in 1841. One of the author's major works.</li> <li><i>La Bohème Galante</i> (1852) – a collection of short prose works and poems including some of the set he later called <i>Odelettes</i>. Dedicated and addressed to <a href="/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Houssaye" title="Arsène Houssaye">Arsène Houssaye</a>.</li> <li><i>Les Nuits d'Octobre</i> (1852) – a small but distinguished collection of essays describing Paris at night.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lorely,_souvenirs_d%27Allemagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorely, souvenirs d'Allemagne">Lorely, souvenirs d'Allemagne</a></i> (1852) – an account of his travels along the Rhine, also in Holland and Belgium. It includes the full-length play <i>Léo Burckart</i>, under the title "Scènes de la Vie Allemande".</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Illumin%C3%A9s" title="Les Illuminés">Les Illuminés</a></i> (1852) – a collection of six biographical narratives in the form of novellas or essays.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sylvie_(novel)" title="Sylvie (novel)">Sylvie</a></i> (1853) – described by Nerval as "un petit roman" ("a small novel"), it is the most celebrated of his works.</li> <li><i>Petits Châteaux de Bohême</i> (1853) – a collection of prose works and poetry, including the short play <i>Corilla</i>, which was subsequently included in <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Filles_du_feu" title="Les Filles du feu">Les Filles du feu</a></i>, the <i>Odelettes</i>, and several of the sonnets later published as <i>The Chimeras</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Filles_du_feu" title="Les Filles du feu">Les Filles du feu</a></i> (1854) – a volume of short stories or idylls, including the previously published <i>Sylvie</i>, along with a sequence of twelve sonnets, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chimeras" title="The Chimeras">The Chimeras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Pandora" title="La Pandora">Pandora</a></i> (1854) – another Fille du Feu, not finished in time for inclusion in that volume, written in the style of <i>Sylvie</i> and set in Vienna. Also known as <i>La Pandora</i>, often subtitled <i>Suite des Amours de Vienne</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aur%C3%A9lia_ou_le_r%C3%AAve_et_la_vie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurélia ou le rêve et la vie (page does not exist)">Aurélia ou le rêve et la vie</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lia_ou_le_r%C3%AAve_et_la_vie" class="extiw" title="fr:Aurélia ou le rêve et la vie">fr</a>]</span></i> (1855, posthumously) – a fantasy-ridden interior autobiography as referred to by Gérard de Nerval</li> <li><i>Promenades et Souvenirs</i> (1854–1855) – a collection of eight essays after the manner of <i>Les Nuits d'Octobre</i>, describing the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s" title="Saint-Germain-des-Prés">Saint-Germain neighbourhood</a> of the author's childhood and youth. The last, "Chantilly", includes a portrait similar to those in <i>Les Filles du feu</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotes">Quotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Quotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 'El Desdichado' in “The Chimeras," from <i>Sylvie & The Chimeras</i>: <sup id="cite_ref-satc_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satc-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">I am the tenebrous, – the widower, – the disconsolate</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Prince of Aquitaine in a ruined tower:</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">My only star is dead, – and my lute, constellated,</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bears the black sun of Melancholy.</i></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">In the dark night of the tomb, you who consoled me,</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grant me the Posillipo and the sea of Italy,</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">The flower that so pleased my heart which is desolate,</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">And the trellis where vines with roses intertwine.</i></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_in_French">Works in French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Works in French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Œuvres complètes.</i> 3 vols. Eds. Jean Guillaume & Claude Pichois. Paris: La Pléiade-Gallimard, 1984. Print.</li> <li><i>Les filles du feu/Les Chimères.</i> Ed. Bertrand Marchal. Paris: Folio-Gallimard, 2005. Print. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2070314799" title="Special:BookSources/978-2070314799">978-2070314799</a></li> <li><i>Aurélia – La Pandora – Les Nuits d'Octobre – Promenades et souvenirs.</i> Ed. Jean-Nicolas Illouz. Paris: Folio-Gallimard, 2005. Print. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2070314768" title="Special:BookSources/978-2070314768">978-2070314768</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_translations">English translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Women of Cairo</i>, trans. Conrad Elphinstone. Harcourt, Brace, 1930. Later reprinted as <i>Journey to the Orient</i>. New York: Antipodes Press, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0988202603" title="Special:BookSources/978-0988202603">978-0988202603</a></li> <li><i>Aurélia & Other Writings</i>, trans. Geoffrey Wagner, Robert Duncan, Marc Lowenthal. New York: Exact Change, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1878972095" title="Special:BookSources/978-1878972095">978-1878972095</a></li> <li><i>Selected Writings</i>, trans. Richard Sieburth. New York: Penguin, 1999. Print. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140446012" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140446012">978-0140446012</a></li> <li><i>The Illuminated, or The Precursors of Socialism: Tales and Portraits</i>, trans. Peter Valente. Wakefield Press, 2022. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-93966-374-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-93966-374-0">978-1-93966-374-0</a></li> <li><i>Sylvie & The Chimeras</i>, trans. Richard Robinson. Portland, OR: Sunny Lou Publishing, 2023. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-95539-240-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-95539-240-2">978-1-95539-240-2</a></li> <li><i>Small Castles of Bohemia</i>, trans. Napoleon Jeffries. Wakefield Press, forthcoming.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_died_by_hanging#suicide_by_hanging" title="List of people who died by hanging">List of people who died by suicide by hanging</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The street existed only a few months longer. The area had been scheduled for demolition in June 1854, and that work began in the spring of 1855. The site of Nerval's suicide is now occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Ville" title="Théâtre de la Ville">Théâtre de la Ville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gerard-de-Nerval">[1]</a> Gérard de Nerval at Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cogez11-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cogez11_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cogez11_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gérard Cogez, <i>Gérard de Nerval</i> 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petitfils15-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Petitfils15_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Petitfils, <i>Nerval</i> p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cogez13-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cogez13_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cogez13_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cogez 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cogez14-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cogez14_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cogez14_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cogez 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cogez15-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cogez15_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cogez15_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cogez 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cogez 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cogez 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cogez 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cogez 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicher1970" class="citation book cs1">Richer, Jean (1970). <i>Nerval par les témoins de sa vie</i>. éditions Minard. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-320-05499-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-320-05499-3"><bdi>0-320-05499-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nerval+par+les+t%C3%A9moins+de+sa+vie&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=%C3%A9ditions+Minard&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-320-05499-3&rft.aulast=Richer&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+de+Nerval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cogez27-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cogez27_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cogez27_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cogez 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2006" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Karen L. (2006). <i>The Facts on File Companion to the French Novel</i>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 285–286.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Facts+on+File+Companion+to+the+French+Novel&rft.pages=285-286&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Karen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+de+Nerval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Petitfils, <i>Nerval</i>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130718123323/http://www.litterature-pour-tous.com/article-xix-eme-gerard-de-nerval-38221929.html">litterature-pour-tous.com</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terresdecrivains.com/Gerard-de-NERVAL">"Gérard de NERVAL"</a> (in French). 28 August 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G%C3%A9rard+de+NERVAL&rft.date=2003-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terresdecrivains.com%2FGerard-de-NERVAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+de+Nerval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, see Christine Bomboir, <i>Les Lettres d'amour de Nerval : mythe ou réalité ?</i>, p. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horton-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horton_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorton2008" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Horton_(lawyer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Horton (lawyer)">Horton, Scott</a> (12 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harpers.org/2008/10/nerval-a-man-and-his-lobster/">"Nerval: A Man and His Lobster"</a>. <i>Harper's Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=Nerval%3A+A+Man+and+His+Lobster&rft.date=2008-10-12&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharpers.org%2F2008%2F10%2Fnerval-a-man-and-his-lobster%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+de+Nerval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGautier1875" class="citation book cs1">Gautier, Théophile (1875). <i>Portraits et Souvenirs Littéraires</i>. Paris: Charpentier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portraits+et+Souvenirs+Litt%C3%A9raires&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Charpentier&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Gautier&rft.aufirst=Th%C3%A9ophile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+de+Nerval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyngaard2013" class="citation book cs1">Wyngaard, Amy S. (2013). <i>Bad Books: Rétif de la Bretonne, Sexuality, and Pornography</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bad+Books%3A+R%C3%A9tif+de+la+Bretonne%2C+Sexuality%2C+and+Pornography&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Wyngaard&rft.aufirst=Amy+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+de+Nerval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmona2002" class="citation book cs1">Carmona, Michel (2002). <i>Haussmann: His Life and Times and the Making of Modern Paris</i>. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. pp. 249–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56663-427-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56663-427-X"><bdi>1-56663-427-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haussmann%3A+His+Life+and+Times+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Paris&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=249-51&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-56663-427-X&rft.aulast=Carmona&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+de+Nerval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSieburth1999" class="citation book cs1">Sieburth, Richard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YFHKmDZgd-cC&pg=PR31"><i>Gérard de Nerval: Selected Writings</i></a>. London: Penguin Group. p. xxxi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140446012" title="Special:BookSources/9780140446012"><bdi>9780140446012</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%C3%A9rard+de+Nerval%3A+Selected+Writings&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xxxi&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780140446012&rft.aulast=Sieburth&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYFHKmDZgd-cC%26pg%3DPR31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+de+Nerval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.la-pleiade.fr/Le-catalogue/Par-auteur/%28letter%29/N/%28author%29/1873">"Le Catalogue: Gerard de Nerval"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Catalogue%3A+Gerard+de+Nerval&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.la-pleiade.fr%2FLe-catalogue%2FPar-auteur%2F%2528letter%2529%2FN%2F%2528author%2529%2F1873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+de+Nerval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Gespr%C3%A4che_mit_Goethe" title="Gespräche mit Goethe">Conversations of Goethe with Eckermann</a></i>, Trans. John Oxenford, 1906. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hxa.name/books/ecog/Eckermann-ConversationsOfGoethe-1830.html">Jan 3, 1830 entry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325004455/http://www.hxa.name/books/ecog/Eckermann-ConversationsOfGoethe-1830.html">Archived</a> 25 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Forrest_Kelly" title="Thomas Forrest Kelly">Kelly, Thomas Forrest</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PySuF_weSCIC&pg=PA190"><i>First Nights: Five Musical Premieres</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300091052" title="Special:BookSources/0300091052"><bdi>0300091052</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Nights%3A+Five+Musical+Premieres&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0300091052&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Forrest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPySuF_weSCIC%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+de+Nerval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sieburth_intro-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sieburth_intro_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Sieburth, introduction to <i>Selected Writings</i>, by Gérard de Nerval, trans. Richard Sieburth (New York: Penguin, 2006), Apple Books edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung (1945/2015)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, Henry, <i>The Time of the Assassins, A Study of Rimbaud</i>, New York 1962, p. vi and vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2002" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Harold (2002). <i>Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds</i>. pp. 468–471.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genius%3A+A+Mosaic+of+One+Hundred+Exemplary+Creative+Minds&rft.pages=468-471&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+de+Nerval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1987" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Aaron I. (1987). <i>International Encyclopedia of Women Composers</i>. Books & Music (USA). p. 595. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9617485-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9617485-0-0"><bdi>978-0-9617485-0-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Women+Composers&rft.pages=595&rft.pub=Books+%26+Music+%28USA%29&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-9617485-0-0&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Aaron+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+de+Nerval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Calder, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liberalengland.blogspot.it/2013/09/traffic-dream-gerrard.html">"Traffic: Dream Gerrard"</a>, 22 September 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-satc-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-satc_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Nerval2023" class="citation book cs1">de Nerval, Gérard (2023). <i>Sylvie & The Chimeras</i>. Translated by Richard Robinson. Sunny Lou Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sylvie+%26+The+Chimeras&rft.pub=Sunny+Lou+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=de+Nerval&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9rard+de+Nerval" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies">Biographies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Biographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Album Nerval</i>. Eds. Éric Buffetaud and Claude Pichois. Paris: La Pléiade-Gallimard, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2070112829" title="Special:BookSources/2070112829">2070112829</a>.</li> <li>Cogez, Gérard. <i>Gérard de Nerval.</i> Paris : Folio-Gallimard, 2010. Print. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2070338795" title="Special:BookSources/978-2070338795">978-2070338795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier, Théophile</a>. <i>Histoire du romantisme/Quarante portraits romantiques.</i> Ed. Adrien Goetz. Paris: Folio-Gallimard, 2011. Print. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2070412730" title="Special:BookSources/978-2070412730">978-2070412730</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier, Théophile</a>. (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/completeworks08gaut#page/96/mode/2up">"Gérard de Nerval."</a> In: <i>The Complete Works of Théophile Gautier,</i> Vol. VIII. London: The Athenæum Press, pp. 96–116.</li> <li>Jones, Robert Emmet (1974). <i>Gerard de Nerval.</i> New York: Twayne Publishers.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Petitfils&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Petitfils (page does not exist)">Petitfils, Pierre</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Petitfils" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Petitfils">fr</a>]</span>, <i>Nerval</i>, Paris, Julliard, 1986, coll. <i>Les Vivants</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-260-00484-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-260-00484-9">2-260-00484-9</a></li> <li>Sowerby, Benn. <i>The disinherited; the life of Gérard de Nerval, 1808–1855.</i> New York: New York University Press, 1974. Print.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_(books)"><span id="Criticism_.28books.29"></span>Criticism (books)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Criticism (books)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ahearn, Edward J. "Visionary Insanity: Nerval's <i>Aurélia.</i>" <i>Visionary Fictions: Apocalyptic Writing from Blake to the Modern Age.</i> New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. Print.</li> <li>Jeanneret, Michel. <i>La lettre perdue: Ecriture et folie dans l'œuvre de Nerval.</i> Paris: Flammarion, 1978. Print.</li> <li>Gordon, Rae Beth (2014). "The Enchanted Hand: Schlegel's Arabesque in Nerval." In: <i>Ornament, Fantasy, and Desire in Nineteenth-Century French Literature</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jung,_Carl_Gustav" class="mw-redirect" title="Jung, Carl Gustav">Jung, Carl Gustav</a> (1945/2015). <i>On Psychological and Visionary Art: Notes from C. G. Jung's Lecture on Gérard de Nerval's "Aurélia"</i>. Ed. Craig E Stephenson, Princeton: Princeton University Press.</li> <li>Rhodes, Solomon A. (1951). <i>Gérard de Nerval, 1808–1855: Poet, Traveler, Dreamer.</i> New York: Philosophical Library.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Symons" title="Arthur Symons">Symons, Arthur</a> (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/symbolistmovemen00symo#page/68/mode/2up">"Gérard de Nerval."</a> In: <i>The Symbolist Movement in Literature.</i> New York: E.P. Dutton & Company, pp. 69–95.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Lang, Andrew</a> (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lettersonliterat00langiala#page/146/mode/2up">"Gérard de Nerval."</a> In: <i>Letters on Literature.</i> London and New York: Longmans, Green & Co., pp. 147–156.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_(journal_articles)"><span id="Criticism_.28journal_articles.29"></span>Criticism (journal articles)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Criticism (journal articles)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blackman, Maurice (1986–87). "Byron and the First Poem of Gérard de Nerval," <i>Nineteenth-Century French Studies,</i> Vol. XV, No. 1/2, pp. 94–107.</li> <li>Bray, Patrick M. (2006). "Lost in the Fold: Space and Subjectivity in Gérard de Nerval's 'Généalogie' and Sylvie," <i>French Forum,</i> Vol. XXXI, No. 2, pp. 35–51.</li> <li>Carroll, Robert C. (1976). "Illusion and Identity: Gérard de Nerval and Rétif's 'Sara'," <i>Studies in Romanticism,</i> Vol. XV, No. 1, pp. 59–80.</li> <li>Carroll, Robert C. (1976). "Gérard de Nerval: Prodigal Son of History," <i>Nineteenth-Century French Studies,</i> Vol. IV, No. 3, pp. 263–273.</li> <li>DuBruck, Alfred (1974–1975). "Nerval and Dumas in Germany," <i>Nineteenth-Century French Studies,</i> Vol. III, No. 1/2, pp. 58–64.</li> <li>Duckworth, Colin (1965). "Eugène Scribe and Gérard de Nerval 'Celui Qui Tient la Corde Nous Étrangle'," <i>The Modern Language Review,</i> Vol. LX, No. 1, pp. 32–40.</li> <li>Knapp, Bettina L. (1974–75). "Gérard de Nerval's 'Isis' and the Cult of the Madonna," <i>Nineteenth-Century French Studies,</i> Vol. III, No. 1/2, pp. 65–79.</li> <li>Knapp, Bettina L. (1976). "Gérard de Nerval: The Queen of Sheba and the Occult," <i>Nineteenth-Century French Studies,</i> Vol. IV, No. 3, pp. 244–257.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Lang, Andrew</a> (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044092641562;view=1up;seq=583">"Gérard de Nerval, 1810–1855,"</a> <i>Fraser's Magazine,</i> Vol. VII, pp. 559–566.</li> <li>Mauris, Maurice (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/frenchmenoflette00maurrich#page/128/mode/2up">"Gérard de Nerval."</a> In: <i>French Men of Letters.</i> New York: D. Appleton and Company, pp. 129–150.</li> <li>Moon, H. Kay (1965). "Gerard de Nerval: A Reappraisal," <i>Brigham Young University Studies,</i> Vol. VII, No. 1, pp. 40–52.</li> <li>Rhodes, Solomon A. (1938). "Poetical Affiliations of Gerard de Nerval," <i>PMLA,</i> Vol. LIII, No. 4, pp. 1157–1171.</li> <li>Rhodes, Solomon A. (1949). "The Friendship between Gérard de Nerval and Heinrich Heine," <i>The French Review,</i> Vol. XXIII, No. 1, pp. 18–27.</li> <li>Rinsler, Norma (1963). "Gérard de Nerval, Fire and Ice," <i>The Modern Language Review,</i> Vol. LVIII, No. 4, pp. 495–499.</li> <li>Rinsler, Norma (1963). "Gérard de Nerval's Celestial City and the Chain of Souls," <i>Studies in Romanticism,</i> Vol. II, No. 2, pp. 87–106.</li> <li>Smith, Garnet (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/gentlemansmagaz229unkngoog#page/n288/mode/2up">"Gérard de Nerval,"</a> <i>The Gentleman's Magazine</i>, Vol. CCLXVI, pp. 285–296.</li> <li>Warren, Rosanna (1983). "The 'Last Madness' of Gérard de Nerval," <i>The Georgia Review,</i> Vol. XXXVII, No. 1, pp. 131–138.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" 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href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Nerval%2C%20Gérard%20de%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Nerval%2C%20Gérard%20d%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Nerval%2C%20G%2E%20d%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gérard%20de%20Nerval%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gérard%20d%2E%20Nerval%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22G%2E%20d%2E%20Nerval%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Nerval%2C%20Gérard%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gérard%20Nerval%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gérard%20de%20Nerval%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gérard%20d%2E%20Nerval%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G%2E%20d%2E%20Nerval%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G%2E%20de%20Nerval%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nerval%2C%20Gérard%20de%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nerval%2C%20Gérard%20d%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nerval%2C%20G%2E%20d%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nerval%2C%20G%2E%20de%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gérard%20Nerval%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nerval%2C%20Gérard%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Gérard%20de%20Nerval%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Gérard%20d%2E%20Nerval%22%20OR%20title%3A%22G%2E%20d%2E%20Nerval%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Gérard%20Nerval%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gérard%20de%20Nerval%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gérard%20d%2E%20Nerval%22%20OR%20description%3A%22G%2E%20d%2E%20Nerval%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Nerval%2C%20Gérard%20de%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Nerval%2C%20Gérard%20d%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gérard%20Nerval%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Nerval%2C%20Gérard%22%29%20OR%20%28%221808-1855%22%20AND%20Nerval%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Gérard de Nerval</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/444">Works by Gérard de Nerval</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penguinclassics.co.uk/nf/shared/WebDisplay/0,,49012_1_10,00.html">Hieronymo's Mad Againe: On Translating Nerval</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130328030850/http://www.penguinclassics.co.uk/nf/shared/WebDisplay/0,,49012_1_10,00.html">Archived</a> 28 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> essay by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sieburth" title="Richard Sieburth">Richard Sieburth</a>, an English translator of Nerval</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="The Chimeras">The Chimeras</a></i> (1844–1854) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Delphica" title="Delphica">Delphica</a>" (1845)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Filles_du_feu" title="Les Filles du feu">Les Filles du feu</a></i> (1854)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Pandora" title="La Pandora">La Pandora</a></i> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Monde_dramatique" title="Monde dramatique">Monde dramatique</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism" style="padding:3px"><table 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title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great<br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a></b> →</div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191305#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121243763">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24596532">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/33668/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyGVcvxJvRjf9wFDWYQMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118587013">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79040065">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11887103b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11887103b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00451140">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nerval, Gérard : de"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV006363">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35119612">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981001887&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX997475">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/58187">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068522010">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90054534">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000251632&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000107933&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000036936">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=84450">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199620048">Korea</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200608733">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp356jx91ll5848">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810648431705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/40236">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265959005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519032506706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14111577">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01628126?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500679856">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/51966b44-e347-4580-9e62-2325678dff94">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/408799">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/22915">Musée d'Orsay</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/832139">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118587013.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118587013">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026665875">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6dz09cv">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span 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