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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century_and_colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century_and_colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>18th century and colonial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century_and_colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival_of_the_Gurukul_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_of_the_Gurukul_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Revival of the <span><i>Gurukul</i></span> system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_of_the_Gurukul_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_works_on_Gurukul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_works_on_Gurukul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Scholarly works on Gurukul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_works_on_Gurukul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Out_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Out_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Out of India</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Out_of_India-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Out of India subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Out_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>In Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Gurukula</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_(%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="غوروكولا (هندوسية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غوروكولا (هندوسية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2" title="গুরুকুল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গুরুকুল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="गुरुकुल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गुरुकुल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gurukula" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="गुरुकुल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुरुकुल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gurukula" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurukul" title="Gurukul – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gurukul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2" title="ಗುರುಕುಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗುರುಕುಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gurukula" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ഗുരുകുലവിദ്യാഭ്യാസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗുരുകുലവിദ്യാഭ്യാസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="गुरुकुल शिक्षण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुरुकुल शिक्षण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="गुरुकुल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गुरुकुल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2" title="ਗੁਰੂਕੁਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਰੂਕੁਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gurukula" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurukul" title="Gurukul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gurukul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гурукула – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гурукула" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱩᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱠᱩᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="குருகுலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குருகுலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гурукула – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гурукула" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="గురుకుల విద్యా విధానం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గురుకుల విద్యా విధానం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ґурукула – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ґурукула" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1555295#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Indian education system</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parmarth4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Parmarth4.jpg/260px-Parmarth4.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Parmarth4.jpg/390px-Parmarth4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Parmarth4.jpg/520px-Parmarth4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a> teaching students in a gurukul</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">gurukula</i></span></b> or <b><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">gurukulam</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">गुरुकुल</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">gurukula</i></span>) is a type of education system in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a> with <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shishya" class="mw-redirect" title="Shishya">śiṣya</a></i></span> ('students' or 'disciples') living near or with the <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> in the same house for a period of time where they learn and get educated by their guruji.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurukula&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">gurukula</i></span> is a combination of the Sanskrit words <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">guru</i></span> ('teacher' or 'master') and <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">kula</a></i></span> ('family' or 'home').<sup id="cite_ref-ITGurugram_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITGurugram-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edu1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edu1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is also used today to refer to residential monasteries or schools operated by modern gurus.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proper plural of the term is <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">gurukulam</i></span>, though <i>gurukuls</i> is also used in English and some other <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurukula&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arya_Samaj_Gurukul_School_boys_performing_Homa_ritual_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Arya_Samaj_Gurukul_School_boys_performing_Homa_ritual_1915.jpg/220px-Arya_Samaj_Gurukul_School_boys_performing_Homa_ritual_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Arya_Samaj_Gurukul_School_boys_performing_Homa_ritual_1915.jpg/330px-Arya_Samaj_Gurukul_School_boys_performing_Homa_ritual_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Arya_Samaj_Gurukul_School_boys_performing_Homa_ritual_1915.jpg/440px-Arya_Samaj_Gurukul_School_boys_performing_Homa_ritual_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1316" /></a><figcaption>Arya Samaj Gurukul School boys performing <a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa ritual</a> (1915)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brahmanical_System_of_Education" title="Brahmanical System of Education">Brahmanical System of Education</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_times">Ancient times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurukula&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">gurukul</i></span> system of education has been in existence since ancient times. The <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> (1000-800 BCE) mention multiple <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">gurukulam</i></span>, including that of guru <a href="/wiki/Drona" title="Drona">Drona</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gurgaon" title="Gurgaon">Gurgaon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ITGurugram_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITGurugram-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">Bhrigu Valli</i></span> (a discourse on the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>) is said to have taken place in Guru Varuni's <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">gurukula</i></span>. The vedic school of thought prescribes the [gurukula] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span> (sacred rite of passage) to all individuals before the age of 8 at least by 12. From initiation until the age of 25 all individuals are prescribed to be students and to remain unmarried, a celibates. </p><p><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gurukulam</i></span> were supported by public donations. This was followed by the many following Vedic thoughts making gurukul one of the earliest forms of public school centres. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century_and_colonial_period">18th century and colonial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurukula&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 18th century and colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dharampal#Relevance" title="Dharampal">Dharampal § Relevance</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dharampal" title="Dharampal">Dharampal</a> was instrumental in changing the understanding of pre-colonial <a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Indian education system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dharampal primary works are based on documentation by the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">colonial government</a> on Indian education, agriculture, technology, and arts during the period of colonial rule in India.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His pioneering historical research, conducted intensively over a decade, provides evidence from extensive early British administrators’ reports of the widespread prevalence of indigenous educational institutions in Bombay, Bengal and Madras Presidencies as well as in the Punjab, teaching a sophisticated curriculum, with daily school attendance by about 30% of children aged 6–15.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_of_the_Gurukul_system">Revival of the <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gurukul</i></span> system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurukula&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Revival of the Gurukul system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the colonial era, the system was on a steep decline in India. <a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Swami Shraddhanand</a>, were the pioneers of the modern <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">gurukul</i></span> system, who in 1886 founded now-widespread <a href="/wiki/D.A.V._College_Managing_Committee" title="D.A.V. College Managing Committee">Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Public Schools and Universities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-arya1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arya1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arya2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arya2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arya3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arya3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948, Shastriji Maharaj Shree Dharamjivan das Swami followed suit and initiated first Swaminarayan <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">gurukul</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Rajkot" title="Rajkot">Rajkot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> state of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Recently, several <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">gurukulam</i></span> have opened up in India as well as overseas with a desire to uphold tradition. </p><p>Various <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">gurukulas</i></span> still exist in India, and researchers have been studying the effectiveness of the system through those institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the advent of new means of <a href="/wiki/Mass_communication" title="Mass communication">mass communication</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">gurus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedantic</a> scholars are opening E-gurukul. These gurukuls are operating online and are now imparting knowledge about different <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures</a> using the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990, Shrii Shrii Anandamurtiji founded Ananda Marga gurukul with its headquarters at Anandanagar, Dist Purulia, West Bengal, India and its branches all over the globe. {www.gurukul.edu} He nominated Acharya Shambhushivananda Avadhuta as its kulapati (chancellor) and formed a skeletal structure for spreading "neohumanist education" all over the globe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurukula&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The students learn from the guru and help the guru in his everyday life, including carrying out of mundane daily household chores. However, some scholars suggest that the activities are not mundane and very essential part of the education to inculcate self-discipline among students.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, a guru does not receive or accept any fees from the <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">shishya</i></span> studying with him as the relationship between a guru and the shishya is considered very sacred.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of one's education, a <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">shishya</i></span> offers the guru <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dakshina" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakshina">dakshina</a></i></span> before leaving the gurukul.<sup id="cite_ref-Edu1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edu1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">gurudakshina</i></span> is a traditional gesture of acknowledgment, respect and thanks to the guru, which may be monetary, but may also be a special task the teacher wants the student to accomplish.<sup id="cite_ref-Edu1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edu1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While living in a <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">gurukula</i></span>, the students would be away from their home from a period of months to years at a stretch. Through Gurukul, students used to learn self discipline, politeness, good humanism and spirituality that would assist them to be an enlightened person in the future. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarly_works_on_Gurukul">Scholarly works on Gurukul</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurukula&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scholarly works on Gurukul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharampal" title="Dharampal">Dharampal</a> a Gandhiain Scholar authored a book titled The beautiful tree: Indigenous Indian education in the eighteenth century<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Prof. Marmar Mukhopadhayay compiled a book titled Total Quality Management in Education deriving insights from ancient education system.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also devised concept of Multi-Channel Learning based on Gurukul Pedagogy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ankur Joshi authored a research papers titled - Elementary education in Bharat (that is India): insights from a postcolonial ethnographic study of a Gurukul,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A post-colonial perspective towards education in Bharat,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Delivering holistic education for contemporary times: Banasthali Vidyapith and the Gurukula system.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Out_of_India">Out of India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurukula&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Out of India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gurukulam system of education is available outside of India as well. They are known as gurukul. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Belgium">In Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurukula&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Jain_Culture_Center_of_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Culture Center of Antwerp">Jain Culture Center of Antwerp</a>, children between the ages of 8 till 16 study <a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics#Vedic_period" title="Indian mathematics">Vedic mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Jyotishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotishi">Vedic Astrology, Jyotishi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>. </p><p>Children participate in this gurukul during holiday times at the traditional schools, for a week in October / November, 2 weeks during Easter break, and 1 month during summer break. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurukula&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acharyakulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Acharyakulam">Acharyakulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhara" title="Akhara">Akhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshaya_Patra_Foundation" title="Akshaya Patra Foundation">Akshaya Patra Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga_Gurukula_Teacher%27s_Training_College" title="Ananda Marga Gurukula Teacher's Training College">Ananda Marga Gurukula Teacher's Training College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convent_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Convent school">Convent school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekal_Vidyalaya" title="Ekal Vidyalaya">Ekal Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurukul_Kangri_Vishwavidyalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya">Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">History of education in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Gurukul" title="Swaminarayan Gurukul">Swaminarayan Gurukul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uchi-deshi" title="Uchi-deshi">Uchi-deshi</a> (a similar system in Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavasi_Kalyan_Ashram" title="Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram">Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Bharti" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidya Bharti">Vidya Bharti</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurukula&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYin_Cheong_ChengKwok_Tung_TsuiKing_Wai_ChowMagdalena_Mo_Ching_Mok2002" class="citation book cs1">Yin Cheong Cheng; Kwok Tung Tsui; King Wai Chow; Magdalena Mo Ching Mok, eds. 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April 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IndiaTimes&rft.atitle=Did+You+Know+The+True+Story+Behind+Gurugram%3F&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fdid-you-know-the-true-story-behind-gurugram-253390.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurukula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edu1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edu1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edu1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edu1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKachappilly" class="citation web cs1">Kachappilly, Kurian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4378166">"Gurukula: A Family with Difference - An Exposition of the Ancient Indian System of Education"</a> – via www.academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gurukula%3A+A+Family+with+Difference+-+An+Exposition+of+the+Ancient+Indian+System+of+Education&rft.aulast=Kachappilly&rft.aufirst=Kurian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4378166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurukula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-14292578.html">"नित्यानंद ने 70 लोगों को दी दीक्षा"</a> [Nithyananda initiated 70 people]. <i>Dainik Jagran</i> (in Hindi)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2018</span>. <q>... [C]hildren of Swami Nithyananda's gurukul school demonstrated ....]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dainik+Jagran&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87+70+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Futtar-pradesh%2Fvaranasi-city-14292578.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurukula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKakkar2019" class="citation web cs1">Kakkar, Ankur (2019-02-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiafacts.org/remembering-dharampals-seminal-contribution/">"Remembering Dharampal's Seminal Contribution"</a>. <i>IndiaFacts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IndiaFacts&rft.atitle=Remembering+Dharampal%27s+Seminal+Contribution&rft.date=2019-02-19&rft.aulast=Kakkar&rft.aufirst=Ankur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiafacts.org%2Fremembering-dharampals-seminal-contribution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurukula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshiGupta2017" class="citation journal cs1">Joshi, Ankur; Gupta, Rajen K. (July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inderscience.com/info/inarticle.php?artid=85390">"Elementary education in Bharat (that is India): insights from a postcolonial ethnographic study of a Gurukul"</a>. <i>International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 100–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1504%2FIJICBM.2017.085390">10.1504/IJICBM.2017.085390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Indian+Culture+and+Business+Management&rft.atitle=Elementary+education+in+Bharat+%28that+is+India%29%3A+insights+from+a+postcolonial+ethnographic+study+of+a+Gurukul&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=100-120&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1504%2FIJICBM.2017.085390&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=Ankur&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Rajen+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inderscience.com%2Finfo%2Finarticle.php%3Fartid%3D85390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurukula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indictoday.com/reviews/dharampals-the-beautiful-tree-indigenous-traditional-indian-education-in-the-eighteenth-century/">"Dharampal's 'The Beautiful Tree: Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century"</a>. 22 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dharampal%27s+%27The+Beautiful+Tree%3A+Indigenous+Indian+Education+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.date=2019-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indictoday.com%2Freviews%2Fdharampals-the-beautiful-tree-indigenous-traditional-indian-education-in-the-eighteenth-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurukula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasu1985" class="citation journal cs1">Basu, Aparna (February 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/446501?journalCode=cer">"Comparative Education Review Volume 29, Number 1 Feb. 1985"</a>. <i>Comparative Education Review</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 137–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F446501">10.1086/446501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Education+Review&rft.atitle=Comparative+Education+Review+Volume+29%2C+Number+1+Feb.+1985&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=137-140&rft.date=1985-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F446501&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Aparna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F446501%3FjournalCode%3Dcer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurukula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Beautiful Tree: Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century</i>. 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