CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>e-government - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b9276f07-b8c3-496c-8819-d0ccbc6f5f10","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"E-government","wgTitle":"E-government","wgCurRevisionId":1254329363,"wgRevisionId":1254329363,"wgArticleId":196649,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans)","CS1 Persian-language sources (fa)","All articles with bare URLs for citations","Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022","Free-content attribution","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata", "Use dmy dates from September 2019","Pages using sidebar with the child parameter","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from January 2020","Articles to be expanded from December 2020","All articles to be expanded","All Wikipedia articles needing clarification","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2019","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2014","Articles with failed verification from September 2023","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from September 2023","All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2023","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022","Commons category link from Wikidata", "E-government","Politics and technology","Public administration","Public services"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"E-government","wgRelevantArticleId":196649,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q211017","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media", "ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="e-government - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-government"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-government"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-E-government rootpage-E-government skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=E-government" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=E-government" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=E-government" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=E-government" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Terminology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Terminology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transformational_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transformational_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Transformational government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transformational_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_2.0" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_2.0"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Government 2.0 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_2.0-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-E-governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E-governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 E-governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E-governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-internet_e-government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-internet_e-government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Non-internet e-government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-internet_e-government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UN_e-Government_Development_Index" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UN_e-Government_Development_Index"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 UN e-Government Development Index </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UN_e-Government_Development_Index-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delivery_models_and_activities_of_e-government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delivery_models_and_activities_of_e-government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Delivery models and activities of e-government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delivery_models_and_activities_of_e-government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Disadvantages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Cost </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-False_sense_of_transparency_and_accountability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#False_sense_of_transparency_and_accountability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 False sense of transparency and accountability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-False_sense_of_transparency_and_accountability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hyper-surveillance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hyper-surveillance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Hyper-surveillance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hyper-surveillance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inaccessibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inaccessibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.5 Inaccessibility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inaccessibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.6 Trust </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Advantages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Democratization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Democratization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_bonuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_bonuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Environmental bonuses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_bonuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speed,_efficiency,_and_convenience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed,_efficiency,_and_convenience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Speed, efficiency, and convenience </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed,_efficiency,_and_convenience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_approval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_approval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Public approval </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_approval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology-specific_e-government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology-specific_e-government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Technology-specific e-government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology-specific_e-government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Technology-specific e-government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Technology-specific_e-government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_Media_Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_Media_Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Social Media Usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_Media_Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-E-Signature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E-Signature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 E-Signature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E-Signature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 By country </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle By country subsection </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Kenya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Armenia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azerbaijan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Azerbaijan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 Bangladesh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.4 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.5 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.6 Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.7 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.8 Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.9 Jordan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kazakhstan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kazakhstan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.10 Kazakhstan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kazakhstan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.11 Malaysia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myanmar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myanmar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.12 Myanmar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myanmar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.13 Nepal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.14 Saudi Arabia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.15 South Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.16 Sri Lanka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.17 Thailand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Arab_Emirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.18 United Arab Emirates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.19 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.3 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.4 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.5 Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.6 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 South America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5.1 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 International initiatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">e-government</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" > 48 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-regering" title="E-regering – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="E-regering" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حكومة إلكترونية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حكومة إلكترونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobiernu_electr%C3%B3nicu" title="Gobiernu electrónicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gobiernu electrónicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_h%C3%B6kum%C9%99t" title="Elektron hökumət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektron hökumət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Електронно управление – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електронно управление" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govern_electr%C3%B2nic" title="Govern electrònic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Govern electrònic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Government" title="E-Government – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="E-Government" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_forvaltning" title="Digital forvaltning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Digital forvaltning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Government" title="E-Government – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="E-Government" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-riik" title="E-riik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="E-riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ηλεκτρονική διακυβέρνηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρονική διακυβέρνηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno_electr%C3%B3nico" title="Gobierno electrónico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gobierno electrónico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobernantza_elektroniko" title="Gobernantza elektroniko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gobernantza elektroniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="دولت الکترونیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دولت الکترونیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_%C3%A9lectronique" title="Administration électronique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Administration électronique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80" title="전자정부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자정부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="ई-शासन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ई-शासन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-uprava" title="E-uprava – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="E-uprava" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_elektronik" title="Pemerintahan elektronik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemerintahan elektronik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amministrazione_digitale" title="Amministrazione digitale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amministrazione digitale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="ממשל אלקטרוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממשל אלקטרוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83" title="Электронды басқару – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электронды басқару" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81" title="ລັດຖະບານເອເລັກໂຕຣນິກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລັດຖະບານເອເລັກໂຕຣນິກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronisk%C4%81_p%C4%81rvalde" title="Elektroniskā pārvalde – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektroniskā pārvalde" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-korm%C3%A1nyzat" title="E-kormányzat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="E-kormányzat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Е-влада – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Е-влада" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-government" title="E-government – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="E-government" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-government" title="E-government – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="E-government" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="電子政府 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子政府" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_forvaltning" title="Digital forvaltning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Digital forvaltning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_hukumat" title="Elektron hukumat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektron hukumat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%88-_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9F" title="ਈ- ਗੌਰਮਿੰਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਈ- ਗੌਰਮਿੰਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-government" title="E-government – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="E-government" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo_eletr%C3%B4nico" title="Governo eletrônico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Governo eletrônico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guvernare_electronic%C4%83" title="Guvernare electronică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Guvernare electronică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Электронное правительство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электронное правительство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-uprava" title="E-uprava – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="E-uprava" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95-%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Е-Влада – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Е-Влада" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6inen_hallinto" title="Sähköinen hallinto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähköinen hallinto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-f%C3%B6rvaltning" title="E-förvaltning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="E-förvaltning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="இணைய அரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இணைய அரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="รัฐบาลอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐบาลอิเล็กทรอนิกส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Давлати электронӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Давлати электронӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-devlet" title="E-devlet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="E-devlet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Електронний уряд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електронний уряд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="ای-حکومت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ای-حکومت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_ph%E1%BB%A7_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Chính phủ điện tử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chính phủ điện tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%94%BF%E5%8A%A1" title="电子政务 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电子政务" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q211017#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/E-government" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:E-government" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/E-government">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/E-government">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/E-government" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/E-government" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&oldid=1254329363" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=E-government&id=1254329363&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FE-government">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FE-government">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=E-government&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:E-Government" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/The_implementation_of_E-Government" hreflang="en">Wikibooks</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q211017" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Use of electronic communications to improve government services</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"EGov" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/EGov_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="EGov (disambiguation)">EGov (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Government_by_algorithm" title="Government by algorithm">Government by algorithm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyberocracy" title="Cyberocracy">Cyberocracy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/E-governance" title="E-governance">e-governance</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Basic forms of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms of government</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries by system of government</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> (rule by few)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> (rule by none)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> (socio-political ideologies)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> (socio-economic ideologies)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> (geo-cultural ideologies)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">National government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Autocratization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">Democratisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid regimes">Hybrid regimes</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template talk:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li>Service <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> E-government (short for electronic government) is the use of <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">technological communications</a> devices, such as <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, to provide <a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">public services</a> to citizens and other persons in a country or region. E-government offers new opportunities for more direct and convenient citizen access to <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> and for government provision of services directly to citizens.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The term consists of the digital interactions between a citizen and their government (C2G), between governments and other <a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">government agencies</a> (G2G), between government and citizens (G2C), between government and employees (G2E), and between government and <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">businesses/commerces</a> (G2B). E-government delivery models can be broken down into the following categories:<a href="#cite_note-JeongChunHai-3">[3]</a> This interaction consists of citizens communicating with all levels of government (city, state/province, national, and international), facilitating citizen involvement in <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a> using <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">information and communication technology</a> (ICT) (such as computers and <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Business_process_re-engineering" title="Business process re-engineering">business process re-engineering</a> (BPR). Brabham and Guth (2017) interviewed the third party designers of e-government tools in North America about the ideals of user interaction that they build into their technologies, which include progressive values, ubiquitous participation, geolocation, and education of the public.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Other definitions stray from the idea that technology is an object and defines e-government simply as facilitators or instruments and focus on specific changes in Public Administration issues. The internal transformation of a government is the definition that established the specialist technologist Mauro D. Ríos. In his paper "In Search of a Definition of Electronic Government", he says: "Digital government is a new way of organization and management of public affairs, introducing positive transformational processes in management and the structure itself of the organization chart, adding value to the procedures and services provided, all through the introduction and continued appropriation of information and communication technologies as a facilitator of these transformations."<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> E-government is also known as e-gov, electronic government, Internet governance, digital government, online government, connected government.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> As of 2014 the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> still uses the term digital government, and distinguishes it from e-government in the recommendation produced there for the Network on E-Government of the Public Governance Committee.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Several governments have started to use the term digital government to a wide range of services involving contemporary technology, such as <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">big data</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Predictive_analytics" title="Predictive analytics">predictive analytics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> E-gov strategies (or digital government) is defined as "The employment of the Internet and the world-wide-web for delivering government information and services to the citizens." (United Nations, 2006; AOEMA, 2005).<a href="#cite_note-UNEGovSurvey2014-9">[9]</a> Electronic government (or e-government) essentially refers to "utilization of <a href="/wiki/Information_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Technology">Information Technology</a> (IT), Information and Communication Technologies (ICT s), and other web-based telecommunication technologies to improve and/or enhance on the efficiency and effectiveness of service delivery in the public sector".<a href="#cite_note-JeongChunHai-3">[3]</a> E-government promotes and improves broad stakeholders contribution to national and community development, as well as deepen the governance process.<a href="#cite_note-Egov-10">[10]</a> In electronic government systems, government operations are supported by web-based services. It involves the use of information technology, specifically the Internet, to facilitate the communication between the government and its citizens.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transformational_government">Transformational government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transformational government">edit</a>]</div> Transformational government or also transformational e-government is the use of computer-based information and communications technologies (ICT) to change the way governments work.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The term is commonly used to describe a government reform strategy which attempts to radically change the way people understand the government, especially those working within the government. For example, it is often associated with a whole-of-government viewpoint, which tries to foster cross-department collaboration and provide one-stop-shop convenience in the delivery of services to citizens. The term transformational government is usually used aspirationally, as denoting the highest level of what e-government can achieve: <ol><li>presence, where ICT, and usually websites, are used to provide information;</li> <li>interaction, where government interacts with citizens, and departments interact with each other, online especially by email;</li> <li>transaction, where such things as paying taxes or licenses are carried out online;</li> <li>transformation, which involves a reinvention of government functions and how they operate.<a href="#cite_note-Gartner-13">[13]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] In relation to developing countries, it is often associated with hopes of reducing corruption, and in relation to developed countries, with attempts to increase the involvement of the private and voluntary sectors in government activity.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_2.0">Government 2.0</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Government 2.0">edit</a>]</div> Government 2.0 or Gov 2.0 refers to government policies that aim to harness collaborative technologies and interactive <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> tools to create an <a href="/wiki/Open-source_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">open-source</a> <a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">computing platform</a> in which government, citizens, and innovative companies can improve transparency and efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Put simply, Gov 2.0 is about "putting government in the hands of citizens".<a href="#cite_note-harper-15">[15]</a> Gov 2.0 combines interactive <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> fundamentals with e-government and increases citizen participation by using open-source platforms, which allow development of innovative <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">apps</a>, websites, and <a href="/wiki/Software_widget" title="Software widget">widgets</a>. The government's role is to provide <a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">open data</a>, web services, and platforms as an infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-howard-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="E-governance">E-governance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: E-governance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/E-governance" title="E-governance">e-governance</a></div> E-government should enable anyone visiting a city website to communicate and interact with city employees via the Internet with graphical user interfaces (GUI), instant-messaging (IM), learn about government issues through audio/video presentations, and in any way more sophisticated than a simple email letter to the address provided at the site"<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The essence of <a href="/wiki/E-governance" title="E-governance">e-governance</a> is "The enhanced value for stakeholders through transformation"<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and "the use of technology to enhance the access to and delivery of government services to benefit citizens, business partners and employees".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The focus should be on: <ul><li>The use of <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and communication technologies">information and communication technologies</a>, and particularly the Internet, as a tool to achieve better government.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li> <li>The use of information and communication technologies in all facets of the operations of a government organization.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li> <li>The continuous optimization of service delivery, constituency participation, and governance by transforming internal and external relationships through technology, the Internet and new media.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li></ul> Whilst e-government has traditionally been understood as being centered around the operations of government, e-governance is understood to extend the scope by including citizen engagement and participation in governance. As such, following in line with the OECD definition of e-government, e-governance can be defined as the use of ICTs as a tool to achieve better governance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-internet_e-government">Non-internet e-government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Non-internet e-government">edit</a>]</div> While e-government is often thought of as "online government" or "Internet-based government," many non-Internet "electronic government" technologies can be used in this context. Some non-Internet forms include <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">fax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_Digital_Assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Digital Assistant">PDA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short_message_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short message service">SMS</a> text messaging, <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Multimedia Messaging System">MMS</a>, wireless networks and services, <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">CCTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tracking_system" title="Tracking system">tracking systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/RFID" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID">RFID</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Biometric">biometric</a> identification, road traffic management and regulatory enforcement, <a href="/wiki/Identity_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Identity cards">identity cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smart_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart cards">smart cards</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Near_field_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Near field communication">near field communication</a> applications; polling station technology (where non-online <a href="/wiki/E-voting" class="mw-redirect" title="E-voting">e-voting</a> is being considered), TV and radio-based delivery of government services (e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_System_Middleware_for_operator_functioning_(CSMW)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Control System Middleware for operator functioning (CSMW) (page does not exist)">CSMW</a>), email, <a href="/wiki/Online_community" title="Online community">online community</a> facilities, <a href="/wiki/Newsgroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsgroup">newsgroups</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing list">electronic mailing lists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">online chat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Instant_messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Instant messenger">instant messaging</a> technologies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (December 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> One of the first references to the term "electronic government" happened alongside the term <a href="/wiki/Electronic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic democracy">electronic democracy</a> in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> During the last two decades,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>] governments around the world have invested in ICT<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> with the aim of increasing the quality and decreasing the cost of public services. But over that time, as even the least developed countries have moved to websites, e-services and e-government strategies, it has become increasingly clear that e-government has not delivered all the benefits that were hoped for it.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> One study found that 35% of e-government projects in developing countries resulted in total failures; and that 50% were partial failures.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In reaction to these poor outcomes, there has been a shift of perspective to transformational government, aiming beyond purely technical aspects of better enabling e-government processes towards addressing the cultural and organisational barriers which have hindered public service benefits realisation. Researchers have defined the rationale for transformational government as "the exploitation of e-government such that benefits can be realized".<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 2010 the <a href="/wiki/OASIS_(organization)" title="OASIS (organization)">Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards</a> (OASIS) published a report<a href="#cite_note-oasis-egov.org-29">[29]</a> which identified a wide range of common pitfalls which have hampered many governments in achieving significant impacts through their technology investments. However, OASIS also noted that: <dl><dd>"… an increasing number [of governments] are now getting to grips with the much broader and complex set of cultural and organizational changes which are needed for ICT to deliver significant benefits to the public sector. This new approach is generally referred to as Transformational Government."</dd></dl> OASIS cites<a href="#cite_note-oasis-egov.org-29">[29]</a> the UK and Australia as two of the leaders in this area: <dl><dd>"Transformational Government…. encompasses a new "virtual" business layer within government which allows an integrated, government-wide, citizen-focused service to be presented to citizens across all channels, but at no extra cost and without having to restructure government to do so. Two very good examples of this new approach are South Australia's "Ask Just Once" portal and the UK Government's DirectGov portal, and the approach is explained in very good detail in the CS Transform's white paper entitled "Citizen Service Transformation – a manifesto for change in the delivery of public services".</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UN_e-Government_Development_Index">UN e-Government Development Index</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: UN e-Government Development Index">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EGDI-levels_by_country_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/EGDI-levels_by_country_2020.svg/200px-EGDI-levels_by_country_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/EGDI-levels_by_country_2020.svg/300px-EGDI-levels_by_country_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/EGDI-levels_by_country_2020.svg/400px-EGDI-levels_by_country_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>EGDI levels by country in 2020</figcaption></figure> The Division of a Public Administration and Development Management (DPAPM) of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN-DESA) conducts a bi-annual e-government survey which includes a section titled e-Government Development Index (EGDI). It is a comparative ranking of 193 countries of the world according to three primary indicators: i) the OSI - Online Service Index that measures the online presence of the government in terms of service delivery; ii) the TII - Telecommunication Infrastructure Index iii) HCI -Human Capital Index. Constructing a model for the measurement of digitized services, the Survey assesses the 193 member states of the UN according to a quantitative composite index of e-government readiness based on website assessment; telecommunication infrastructure and human resource endowment.<a href="#cite_note-egovsurvey16-30">[30]</a> The e-Government Development Index can serve as a benchmarking tool for countries to identify their strengths and weaknesses and shape their policies along these findings in the area of e-government.<a href="#cite_note-UN_E-government_survey_2020-31">[31]</a> The e-Government Development Index (EGDI) is calculated with the following method: EGDI = 1/3 (OSI normalized + TII normalized + HCI normalized)<a href="#cite_note-methodology_of_EGDI-32">[32]</a> A diverse group of 100 researchers <a href="/wiki/Online_volunteering" class="mw-redirect" title="Online volunteering">online volunteers</a> from across the globe engaged with the United Nations Department of Economic Affairs (UN DESA) to process 386 research surveys carried out across 193 <a href="/wiki/UN_Member_States" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Member States">UN Member States</a> for the 2016 UN E-Government Survey.<a href="#cite_note-egovsurvey16-30">[30]</a> The diversity of nationalities and languages of the online volunteers<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>—more than 65 languages, 15 nationalities, of which half are from developing countries—mirrors perfectly the mission of the survey. The survey has been criticized not including an index of <a href="/wiki/Digital_inclusion" title="Digital inclusion">digital inclusion</a> levels.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Delivery_models_and_activities_of_e-government">Delivery models and activities of e-government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Delivery models and activities of e-government">edit</a>]</div> The primary delivery models of e-government can be divided into: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G2C" class="mw-redirect" title="G2C">Government-to-citizen</a> or government-to-consumer (G2C) approaches such as setting up <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a> where citizens can download forms, government information, etc. <ul><li>In this model, the G2C model applies the strategy of <a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">customer relationship management</a> (CRM) with business concept.</li> <li>By managing their "customer" (citizen) relationship, the business (government) can provide the products and services required to fulfill the needs of the customer (citizen).</li> <li>In United States, the NPR (<a href="/wiki/National_Partnership_for_Reinventing_Government" title="National Partnership for Reinventing Government">National Partnership for Reinventing Government</a>) has been implemented from 1993.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government-to-business" class="mw-redirect" title="Government-to-business">Government-to-business</a> (G2B)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government-to-government" class="mw-redirect" title="Government-to-government">Government-to-government</a> (G2G)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government-to-employees" class="mw-redirect" title="Government-to-employees">Government-to-employees</a> (G2E)</li></ul> Within each of these interaction domains, four kinds of activities take place:<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <ul><li>pushing information over the Internet, e.g.: regulatory services, general holidays, public hearing schedules, issue briefs, notifications, etc.</li> <li>two-way communications between the agency and the citizen, a business, or another government agency. In this model, users can engage in dialogue with agencies and post problems, comments, or requests to the agency.</li> <li>conducting transactions, e.g.: lodging tax returns, applying for services and grants.</li> <li>governance, e.g.: To enable the citizen transition from passive information access to active citizen participation by:</li></ul> <ol><li>Informing the citizen</li> <li>Representing the citizen</li> <li>Encouraging the citizen to vote</li> <li>Consulting the citizen</li> <li>Involving the citizen</li></ol> Examples of online transactional services, employed in e-governments include:<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <ul><li>Applying for a <a href="/wiki/Birth_certificate" title="Birth certificate">birth certificate</a></li> <li>Applying for a <a href="/wiki/Building_permit" class="mw-redirect" title="Building permit">building permit</a></li> <li>Applying for a <a href="/wiki/Business_license" title="Business license">business license</a></li> <li>Applying for a <a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">death certificate</a></li> <li>Applying for a <a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_license" title="Driver's license">driver's license</a></li> <li>Applying for environmental permits</li> <li>Applying for <a href="/wiki/E-procurement" title="E-procurement">government vacancies online</a></li> <li>Applying for <a href="/wiki/Land_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Land title">land title</a> registration</li> <li>Applying for a <a href="/wiki/Marriage_certificate" title="Marriage certificate">marriage certificate</a></li> <li>Applying for a personal <a href="/wiki/Identity_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Identity card">identity card</a></li> <li>Applying for <a href="/wiki/Social_protection" title="Social protection">social protection</a> programs</li> <li>Applying for a <a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">visa</a></li> <li>Declaring to <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a></li> <li>Paying <a href="/wiki/Fine_(penalty)" title="Fine (penalty)">fines</a></li> <li>Paying for <a href="/wiki/Utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilities">utilities</a> (water, gas electricity)</li> <li>Registering a business</li> <li>Registering a motor vehicle</li> <li>Looking up <a href="/wiki/Land_registration" title="Land registration">land registration</a> info</li> <li>Looking up address and telephone number info in online <a href="/wiki/Telephone_directory" title="Telephone directory">telephone directory</a></li> <li>Submitting a change of address</li> <li>Submitting <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income taxes</a></li> <li>Submitting <a href="/wiki/Value_Added_Tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Value Added Tax">Value Added Tax</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Disadvantages">edit</a>]</div> The main disadvantages concerning e-government are that there exists a <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">digital divide</a> and digital inequalities that bar certain people from accessing the full benefits of digitization. When presented as the only option to access an essential service, those who do not have public access to computers and the internet, or do not have adequate knowledge on how to use them, suffer.<a href="#cite_note-:3-39">[39]</a> Other disadvantages include the reliability of information on the web and issues that could influence and bias public opinions. There are many considerations and potential implications of implementing and designing e-government, including <a href="/wiki/Disintermediation" title="Disintermediation">disintermediation</a> of the government and its citizens, <a href="/wiki/Digital_self-determination" title="Digital self-determination">digital self-determination</a> of citizens in a global internet network, impacts on economic, social, and political factors, vulnerability to <a href="/wiki/Cyber_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber attack">cyber attacks</a>, and disturbances to the status quo in these areas.<a href="#cite_note-information137-40">[40]</a> The political nature of public sector forms are also cited as disadvantages to e-government systems.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cost">Cost</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cost">edit</a>]</div> Although "a prodigious amount of money has been spent"<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> on the development and implementation of e-government, some say[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] it has yielded only a mediocre result. The outcomes and effects of trial Internet-based government services are often difficult to gauge or users find them unsatisfactory.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> According to Gartner, Worldwide IT spending is estimated to total $3.6 trillion in 2011 which is 5.1% increase from the year 2010 ($3.4 trillion).<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Development">Development</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> Because E-government is in the early stages of development in many countries and jurisdictions, it is hard to be applied to forms of government that have been institutionalized. Age-old bureaucratic practices being delivered in new mediums or using new technologies can lead to problems of miscommunication.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> An example of such a practice was the automation of the <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> welfare program that began in 2006. An <a href="/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">audit</a> commissioned by then Indiana Governor <a href="/wiki/Mitch_Daniels" title="Mitch Daniels">Mitch Daniels</a> in 2005 found that several <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Family_and_Social_Services_Administration_(FSSA)_-_Indiana&oldid=1054763886">Family and Social Service Administration (FSSA)</a> employees and welfare recipients were committing <a href="/wiki/Welfare_fraud#Attitudes_to_welfare_fraud" title="Welfare fraud">welfare fraud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-39">[39]</a> The bureaucratic nature of Indiana's welfare system allowed people to cheat the system and cost the state large amounts of money. Daniels characterized the system as "irretrievably broken," stating that it was at a state where employees could not fix it on their own. He cited many issues that directly tie into the fact that the system had not been automated.<a href="#cite_note-:3-39">[39]</a> In hopes to reap the many benefits of e-government, Daniels signed into law a bill <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatizing</a> and automating the enrollment service for Indiana's welfare programs. Daniels aimed to streamline benefits applications, privatize <a href="/wiki/Caseworker" title="Caseworker">casework</a>, and identify fraud. It was believed that moving away from face-to-face casework and toward electronic communication would fix the aforementioned problems and improve efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-:3-39">[39]</a> Indiana's welfare enrollment facilities were replaced with online applications and <a href="/wiki/Call_centre" title="Call centre">call centers</a> operated by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. These ran into issues almost immediately. The mainly face-to-face and personalized practice was modernized essentially overnight, blindsiding many people who relied on those features. The automated system worked upon a <a href="/wiki/One_size_fits_all" title="One size fits all">one size fits all</a> approach that attributed errors to the recipient over anything else. Problems that were previously solvable through a single phone call with a recipient's caseworker became increasingly complicated due to the private call center workers not being adequately trained.<a href="#cite_note-:3-39">[39]</a> Welfare recipients were denied their benefits due to lack of direct help, system errors out of their control, or simply an inability to use the technology meant to speed up the process. The transition overwhelmed not only recipients but also the employees. In October 2009, even Daniels admitted to the project being flawed and problematic, cancelling the contract with IBM. Indiana began rolling out a hybrid system starting in 2010, including caseworkers and some automation where appropriate.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="False_sense_of_transparency_and_accountability">False sense of transparency and accountability</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: False sense of transparency and accountability">edit</a>]</div> Opponents of e-government argue that online governmental transparency is dubious because it is maintained by the governments themselves. Information can be added or removed from the public eye. To this day, very few organizations monitor and provide accountability for these modifications. Those that do so, like the United States' OMBWatch<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Project" title="Government Accountability Project">Government Accountability Project</a>, are often nonprofit volunteers. Even the governments themselves do not always keep track of the information they insert and delete.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hyper-surveillance"><a href="/wiki/Hyper-surveillance" title="Hyper-surveillance">Hyper-surveillance</a></h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hyper-surveillance">edit</a>]</div> Increased electronic contact and data exchange between government and its citizens goes both ways. Once e-government technologies become more sophisticated, citizens will be likely be encouraged to interact electronically with the government for more transactions, as e-services are much less costly than <a href="/wiki/Brick_and_mortar" title="Brick and mortar">brick and mortar</a> service offices (physical buildings) staffed by <a href="/wiki/Civil_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil servant">civil servants</a>. This could potentially lead to a decrease in privacy for civilians as the government obtains more and more information about their activities. Without safeguards, government agencies might share information on citizens. In a worst-case scenario, with so much information being passed electronically between government and civilians, a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a>-like system could develop. When the government has easy access to countless information on its citizens, personal <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> is lost.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inaccessibility">Inaccessibility</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Inaccessibility">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></div> An e-government website that provides government services often does not offer the "potential to reach many users including those who live in remote areas [without Internet access], are homebound, have low literacy levels, exist on poverty line incomes."<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">Homeless</a> people, people in poverty and elderly people may not have access. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trust">Trust</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Trust">edit</a>]</div> Trust in e-governance is very highly dependent on its performance and execution, which can be measured through the effectiveness of current actions. This is much riskier and prone to fluctuation than a system of trust that is based on reputation because performance does not consider past actions.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> With the automation of institutionalized government services, trust can go both ways: the trust that people have for the government, and the trust the government places in its people. In the case of Indiana's automated welfare system, the less skilled call center workers defaulted their decisions to the automated system and favored solutions that best fit the system rather than the people.<a href="#cite_note-:3-39">[39]</a> When too much trust is put in e-governance, errors and mistakes are not caught. A crucial part of the Indiana welfare system was the relationship between caseworkers and their clients. It was the main way for Hoosiers to interact with this public institution and get the help they need. However, Daniels and many others saw a potential invitation to fraud.<a href="#cite_note-:3-39">[39]</a> There were indeed instances of welfare fraud occurring between caseworkers and clients, such as this case from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.in.gov/ig/files/42005060303EBT_FraudDavis.pdf">Marion County, December 2009.</a> But the motivation to automate was an attempt to catch people taking advantage of the system rather than trying to get the services to as many people as possible.<a href="#cite_note-:3-39">[39]</a> Welfare recipients were being considered as criminals rather than people in need. Such treatment of the poor is similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Poorhouse" title="Poorhouse">poorhouses</a> from the 19th and 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Both developed flawed systems with an intent to punish, creating more burdens than the initially marketed benefits. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Advantages">edit</a>]</div> The ultimate goal of the e-government is to be able to offer an increased portfolio of public services to citizens in an efficient and cost-effective manner. E-government allows for government transparency. Government transparency is important because it allows the public to be informed about what the government is working on as well as the policies they are trying to implement. Simple tasks may be easier to perform through electronic government access. Many changes, such as marital status or address changes can be a long process and take a lot of paperwork for citizens. E-government allows these tasks to be performed efficiently with more convenience to individuals. E-government is an easy way for the public to be more involved in political campaigns. It could increase voter awareness, which could lead to an increase in citizen participation in elections. It is convenient and cost-effective for businesses, and the public benefits by getting easy access to the most current information available without having to spend time, energy and money to get it. E-government helps simplify processes and makes government information more easily accessible for public sector agencies and citizens. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> Bureau of Motor Vehicles simplified the process of certifying driver records to be admitted in county court proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> became the first state to allow government records to be digitally signed, legally certified and delivered electronically by using Electronic Postmark technology. In addition to its simplicity, <a href="/wiki/E-democracy" title="E-democracy">e-democracy</a> services can reduce costs. <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> Department of Conservation & Natural Resources, <a href="/wiki/Wal-Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Wal-Mart">Wal-Mart</a> and NIC<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> developed an online hunting and fishing license service utilizing an existing computer to automate the licensing process. More than 140,000 licenses were purchased at <a href="/wiki/Wal-Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Wal-Mart">Wal-Mart</a> stores during the first hunting season and the agency estimates it will save $200,000 annually from service.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The anticipated benefits of e-government include efficiency, improved services, better accessibility of public services, sustainable community development and more transparency and accountability.<a href="#cite_note-information137-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Democratization">Democratization</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Democratization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/E-democracy" title="E-democracy">E-democracy</a></div> One goal of some e-government initiatives is greater citizen participation. Through the Internet's <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> interactive features, people from all over the country can provide input to politicians or public servants and make their voices heard. <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogging</a> and interactive surveys allow politicians or public servants to see the views of the people on any issue. <a href="/wiki/Chat_room" title="Chat room">Chat rooms</a> can place citizens in real-time contact with elected officials or their office staff or provide them with the means to interact directly with public servants, allowing voters to have a direct impact and influence in their government. These technologies can create a more transparent government, allowing voters to immediately see how and why their representatives in the capital are voting the way they are. This helps voters decide whom to vote for in the future or how to help the public servants become more productive. A government could theoretically move more towards a true <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> with the proper application of e-government. <a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">Government transparency</a> will give insight to the public on how decisions are made and hold elected officials or public servants accountable for their actions. The public could become a direct and prominent influence in government legislature to some degree.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmental_bonuses">Environmental bonuses</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Environmental bonuses">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paperless_office" title="Paperless office">Paperless office</a></div> Proponents of e-government argue that online government services would lessen the need for hard copy paper forms.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Due to recent pressures from <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalist</a> groups, the media, and the public, some governments and organizations have turned to the Internet to reduce paper use. The United States government utilizes the website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forms.gov">Government Forms, by Agency | A | USAGov</a> to provide "internal government forms for federal employees" and thus "produce significant savings in paper.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> As well, if citizens can apply for government services or permits online, they may not need to drive into a government office, which could lead to less <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> from gas and diesel-fuelled vehicles. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speed,_efficiency,_and_convenience">Speed, efficiency, and convenience</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Speed, efficiency, and convenience">edit</a>]</div> E-government allows citizens to interact with computers to achieve objectives at any time and any location and eliminates the necessity for physical travel to government agents sitting behind desks and windows. Many e-government services are available to citizens with computers and Internet access 24 hours a day and seven days a week, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Brick_and_mortar" title="Brick and mortar">brick and mortar</a> government offices, which tend to be only open during <a href="/wiki/Business_hours" title="Business hours">Business hours</a> (notable exceptions are <a href="/wiki/Police_station" title="Police station">police stations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a>, which are usually open 24 hours a day so that staff can deal with emergencies). Improved accounting and record-keeping can be noted through computerization, and information and forms can be easily accessed by citizens with computers and Internet access, which may enable quicker processing time for applications and find information. On the administrative side, access to help find or retrieve files and linked information can now be stored in electronic databases versus hard copies (paper copies) stored in various locations. Individuals with disabilities or conditions that affect their mobility no longer have to be mobile to be active in government and can access public services in the comfort of their own homes<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> (as long as they have a computer and Internet and any accessibility equipment they may need). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_approval">Public approval</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Public approval">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/E-participation" title="E-participation">e-participation</a></div> Recent trials of e-government have been met with acceptance and eagerness from the public.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Citizens participate in online discussions of political issues with increasing frequency, and young people, who traditionally display minimal interest in government affairs, are drawn to <a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">electronic voting</a> procedures. Although Internet-based governmental programs have been criticized for lack of reliable privacy policies, studies have shown that people value prosecution of offenders over personal confidentiality. Ninety percent of United States adults approve of Internet tracking systems of criminals, and 57% are willing to forgo some of their personal <a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy" title="Internet privacy">internet privacy</a> if it leads to the prosecution of criminals or terrorists.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology-specific_e-government">Technology-specific e-government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Technology-specific e-government">edit</a>]</div> There are also some technology-specific sub-categories of e-government, such as <a href="/wiki/M-government" title="M-government">m-government</a> (mobile government), ubiquitous government), and g-government (<a href="/wiki/GIS" class="mw-redirect" title="GIS">GIS</a>/<a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> applications for e-government). The previous concern about developments in E-government concerning technology are due to the limited use of online platforms for political reasons by citizens in local political participations.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The primary delivery models of e-government are classified depending on who benefits. In the development of the public sector or private sector portals and platforms, a system is created that benefits all constituents. Citizens needing to renew their vehicle registration have a convenient way to accomplish it while already engaged in meeting the regulatory inspection requirement. On behalf of a government partner, the business provides what has traditionally, and solely, managed by the government and can use this service to generate profit or attract new customers. Government agencies are relieved of the cost and complexity of having to process the transactions.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> To develop these public sector portals or platforms, governments have the choice to internally develop and manage, outsource, or sign a self-funding contract. The self-funding model creates portals that pay for themselves through convenience fees for certain e-government transactions, known as self-funding portals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_Media_Usage">Social Media Usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Social Media Usage">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Social networking services</a> and websites are an emerging area for e-democracy. The social networking entry point is within the citizens' environment and the engagement is on the citizens' terms. Proponents of e-government perceive the government's use of social networking as a medium to help the government act more like the public it serves. Examples can be found at almost every state government portal through <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> widgets. Government and its agents also have the opportunity to follow citizens to monitor satisfaction with services they receive. Through ListServs, RSS feeds, mobile messaging, micro-blogging services and blogs, government and its agencies can share information to citizens who share common interests and concerns. Government is also beginning to <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>. In the state of <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, Treasurer <a href="/wiki/Frank_T._Caprio" title="Frank T. Caprio">Frank T. Caprio</a> is offering daily tweets of the state's cash flow.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] For a full list of state agencies with <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> feeds, visit <a href="/wiki/NIC_Inc." title="NIC Inc.">NIC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> For more information, visit transparent-gov.com.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="E-Signature">E-Signature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: E-Signature">edit</a>]</div> Several local governments in the United States have allowed online <a href="/wiki/Electronic_signature" title="Electronic signature">e-signatures</a> for candidate <a href="/wiki/Nominating_petition" title="Nominating petition">nominating petitions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballot_measure" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot measure">signature requirements for ballot initiatives</a>. In 2012 <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> launched a prototype system called E-qual, which allowed statewide candidates running for office to collect signatures online and share the link on other forms on social media.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> E-qual was expanded in 2016 to cover candidates in local elections within the state,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> but it was not used at the local level before the 2020 state election.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The city of <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> has implemented a similar system in 2020 to collect signatures for city ballot questions.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: By country">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egypt">Egypt</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Egypt">edit</a>]</div> Egypt is a very ambitious country especially since the election of the current president Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi, he has invested large sums of money towards sustainable energy and digitalization of the government system. Some of the problems faced are privacy, security concerns, lack of citizens' awareness, and lack of technical unified standards. Egypt has a population of approx. 100 million with various backgrounds and living conditions and access to resources. Not only does the education level of citizens vary between cities and rural areas but also within Cairo. Compared to other Arab or Middle Eastern countries, Egypt is quite behind in terms of technological developments and utilization. Recently, the government issued a law that all businesses must have electronic receipts and that all pension payments or government-citizen expenditure must be done through electronic transfers. This shows their initiative to leave behind the cash driven economy to an electronic one.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kenya">Kenya</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Kenya">edit</a>]</div> Following the transition from the longstanding <a href="/wiki/Kenya_African_National_Union" title="Kenya African National Union">Kenya African National Union</a> government to the <a href="/wiki/National_Rainbow_Coalition_%E2%80%93_Kenya" title="National Rainbow Coalition – Kenya">National Rainbow Coalition</a> government in December 2002, in January 2004 a Directorate of e-government was established after an executive (cabinet) session. The newly created department had the duty to draw the plan of action for future ICT implementations.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Like many other African nations, Kenya has embraced the high mobile penetration rate within its population. Even people living in remote areas that did not have access to traditional telecommunications' networks can now communicate with ease. The fact of the same has, and continues to have, a great impact on the governments' strategies in reaching out to its citizens.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Given that about 70% of the population owns mobile phones, leading mobile network operators like Safaricom have taken a great step in offering services that meet citizens' demands. Such services include Kipokezi (which allows subscribers to do online chatting and also exchange electronic mails via standard mobile phones), and <a href="/wiki/M-Pesa" title="M-Pesa">M-Pesa</a> (which allows the subscribers to send and receive electronic cash). Such services have even appealed to the majority of Kenyans, as they support the branchless members of the society too, in undertaking normal and secure businesses via M-Pesa. The recent <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> report reveals that MPESA transactions in Kenya exceeded those carried out by the Western Union worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130807133010/https://opendata.go.ke/">Open Kenya | Transparent Africa</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armenia">Armenia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Armenia">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> e-government was established in 2004. E-government brings together all tools and databases created by Armenian state agencies and provides a user-friendly online environment for users. It includes more than twenty services and tools. Under this initiative, "Interactive Budget"<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and "State Non-Commercial Organisations' Financing"<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> sections are available for the first time. There are also twenty other tools, including search engines, allowing to find the Government's and the Prime Minister's decisions, the agenda of the next cabinet sitting, information on the state purchases, the electronic tax reporting system, the online application system of the Intellectual Property Agency, the information search system of the Intellectual Property Agency, as well as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ekeng.am/en/">Electronic Signature</a> and Electronic Visa (e-visa) sections. It is worth mentioning that the Electronic Signature is used in several other services when a user wants to submit an application or receive information. The Electronic Signature is universal system and is used both by the state officials and by citizens, legal entities.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Screen_Shot_from_Armenian_E-Government_web-site.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Screen_Shot_from_Armenian_E-Government_web-site.png/220px-Screen_Shot_from_Armenian_E-Government_web-site.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Screen_Shot_from_Armenian_E-Government_web-site.png/330px-Screen_Shot_from_Armenian_E-Government_web-site.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Screen_Shot_from_Armenian_E-Government_web-site.png/440px-Screen_Shot_from_Armenian_E-Government_web-site.png 2x" data-file-width="2244" data-file-height="1298" /></a><figcaption>E-Government encompasses more than twenty tools and databases providing public services.</figcaption></figure> <ol><li>E-License: This system allows companies to submit an application for obtaining or terminating licenses regarding various activities (pharmaceuticals, banking, construction, transport etc.) It also provides other services in respect of already obtained license.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li> <li>System of reports on licensed activities: The Report Acceptance System for licensed persons enables to submit any report (annually, monthly or quarterly) on licensed activities.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></li> <li>E-Payments: Electronic Payment System effectively processes online payments. This application is designed specifically for charging the state fees, local fees, the administrative penalties or services provided by state and local governmental bodies. Payments can be made by <a href="/wiki/Visa_Inc." title="Visa Inc.">Visa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mastercard" title="Mastercard">Mastercard</a>, <a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a> and local <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arca.am/index.php">Arca</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mobidram.mts.am/en">Mobidram</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li>E-Cadastre: The system enables to submit an application to the property cadastre and receives information on landowners, the surface of a plot of land, legal status of any property. The state electronic payment system is integrated into this tool. Online applications for registration of rights and restrictions and related documents may be submitted by users who have a digital signature.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></li> <li>E-Draft: In 2016 the Ministry of Justice of Armenia developed Legal Drafts' Database. It is designed particularly for publication any draft initiated by the government or member of Parliament. The database can be accessed through a website which provides the possibility of presenting the legal acts' drafts to the public, organizing online discussions, and as a consequence - the active participation of representatives of civil society in the law-making process. The website enables them to search legal drafts, follow their further progress, and become familiar with the presented suggestions. The registered users can present suggestions, get informed with the "summary paper" of the suggestions to the draft, the adopted suggestions or the reasoning concerning the not adopted ones.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li> <li>E-Register: The system enables registration of legal entities, such as limited liability companies, joint-stock companies, foundations, and self-employed entrepreneurs. On average it takes twenty minutes to register a company depending on the entity's type. State fee can be paid through E-Payments system. The system also allows users to track the submitted applications and search existing companies as well as purchase full information about any company, including information about shareholders.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li> <li>Datalex: This system allows users to find cases, search for laws of Armenia, as well as to follow the schedule of court hearings.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li>E-Announcement: The system is designed for public announcements. The state authorities are obliged to make public announcements under certain circumstances stipulated by law.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></li> <li>E-Tax: This tool simplifies the tax declaration process for both taxpayers and tax authorities. Any natural person or legal entity can submit tax declaration verifying it by electronic signature.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li> <li>E-IP: Online submission of patent and trademark applications using electronic signature.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li> <li>E-Visa This application enables the process of obtaining a visa through an electronic application. Visas are issued within two days.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li>E-Signature: The system allows users to verify the identity of the user and protect the submitted application. Any resident of Armenia, either a natural person or legal entity, can obtain an electronic signature and use it while applying e-government systems.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Azerbaijan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/ASAN_Imza" title="ASAN Imza">ASAN Imza</a></div> The "e-government" framework was established in accordance with the "National Strategy on Information-Communication Technologies in the Development of the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (2003–2012)" and implemented in the framework of the "E-Azerbaijan" Program. The project is aimed to increase the convenience and efficiency of the activity of state agencies, simplify interactions between population, businesses, and government agencies, contribute to creating new citizen-official relations framework and ensure transparency and free flow of information.<a href="#cite_note-E-government-96">[96]</a> The main components of the e-government infrastructure are integrated network infrastructure for state bodies, e-government portal, e-government gateway, State register of information resources and systems, e-signature, e-document circulation and e-government data center (under preparation).<a href="#cite_note-E-government-96">[96]</a> State portal www.e-gov.az was established to facilitate citizens in benefiting from e-services provided by government agencies on a "single window" principle with the combination of services. Through e-government portal, citizens can use more than 140 e-services of 27 state agencies. Besides, a gateway between government agencies was established to ensure the mutual exchange of information, and most state agencies are connected to this infrastructure. The gateway allows users to efficiently use the existing government information systems and safe contact between them, issuing requests and rendering e-services, liberates citizens from providing same information or documents which are already available in information databases.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> On 14 March 2018, it was launched E-government Development Center.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> It is a public legal entity that is subordinated to State Agency for Public Service and Social Innovations under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The service tries to utilize digital technologies, establish e-government to make state services operate more efficiently, ensure public services availability, and improve the living standards of the citizens of the country. It is government-to-citizen type of <a href="/wiki/E-governance" title="E-governance">e-governance</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bangladesh">edit</a>]</div> The eGovernment web portal has been developed to provide more convenient access to various government services and information through one window. Services can now be delivered to people at their convenience, and more importantly, now have a lot more weight on transparency and accountability of public services.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission_of_the_State_Council" title="State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council">State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council</a> (国务院国有资产监督管理委员会) of Fujian Province, digital Transformation was firstly proposed by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> in 2012, which enhances the application of digital technology to reshape customer value propositions and emphasizes the customer interaction and collaboration. And Chinese government has added “Digital Economy” to its <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/政府工作报告">Government Work Report (政府工作报告)</a> for four consecutive years from 2017, and proposed in the 14th <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_five-year_plan_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourteenth five-year plan (China)">Five-Year Plan</a> to outline the “Use digital transformation to drive changes in production methods, lifestyles and governance methods as a whole”. Furthermore, Digital Transformation has been elevated to a national strategy from enterprise (organization) level.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Chinese government also has its official website for eGovernment is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eGovernment.gov.cn">eGovernment.gov.cn</a>, and maintained by <a href="/wiki/Central_Party_School_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (中共中央党校) or <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Governance" title="National Academy of Governance">National Academy of Governance</a> (国家行政学院)(these two names are for one institute but with two different names). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.egov.wiki">E-Governance</a> initiatives and programs in India are undertaken by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY www.meity.gov.in). The current umbrella program for e-governance of Government of India is known by the title "DIGITAL INDIA" (www.digitalindia.gov.in) Indian government has launched many <a href="/wiki/E-governance" title="E-governance">e-governance</a> initiatives, including a portal for public grievance,<a href="#cite_note-http://pgportal.gov.in/-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/MCA21_Mission_Mode_Project" title="MCA21 Mission Mode Project">MCA21 Mission Mode Project</a>,<a href="#cite_note-http://www.mca.gov.in/MCA21/-102">[102]</a> e-Filing of income tax,<a href="#cite_note-https://incometaxindiaefiling.gov.in/-103">[103]</a> e-gazette, <a href="/wiki/Project_Nemmadi" title="Project Nemmadi">Project Nemmadi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:02-104">[104]</a> and their overall <a href="/wiki/Digital_India" title="Digital India">digital India</a> policy.<a href="#cite_note-http://deity.gov.in/sites/upload_files/dit/files/Digital%2520India.pdf-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Indonesia">edit</a>]</div> E-government in Indonesia is developing, especially in central and regional/local government offices. E-government was officially introduced to public administration by Presidential Directive No 6/2001 on Telematics, which states that the government of Indonesia has to use telematics technology to support good governance. Furthermore, e-government should have been introduced for different purposes in government offices. As one of the ISO member countries, Indonesia gives more attention to facilitating the activities of standardization. Among of the facilities provided are building the National information system of standardization (SISTANAS) and Indonesia Standardization Information Network (INSTANET).<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> As of 2017, ministries, institutions and local governments of Indonesia used to run separate e-government systems, which is now integrated into a centrally based system.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In 2017, the government has also undertaken programs for digitization of SMEs and the informal sector.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Many of the cities across Indonesia including <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> are implementing the concept of <a href="/wiki/Smart_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart City">Smart City</a>, consisting of e-government, e-health, e-education, e-logistics and e-procurement as priority areas.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Iran">edit</a>]</div> In 2002, Iran published a detailed report named TAKFA (Barnameye Tose-e va Karborde Fanavaie Etela’at) in which it was predicted that most of the government bodies would try to virtualize their services as soon as possible. However, based on the reports by UN bodies, Iran has failed in recent years to meet the average standards of e-government. In 2008, the Supreme Council of Information released a report which criticized the government for its poor advancement in employing new communication technologies for administration purposes.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In 2016, Iran launched the National Information Network and improved the quality and speed of internet access. In 2017 Iran introduced phase one of e-government including E-Tax, E-Customs, E-Visa,<a href="#cite_note-E-Gov_Improving_In_Iran-111">[111]</a> E-Government Portal,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and a mobile application to modernize Iran's government services.<a href="#cite_note-Egovir-113">[113]</a> The Iranian government plans to introduce other phases of E-gov soon. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iraq">Iraq</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Iraq">edit</a>]</div> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ca.iq/">The Iraqi E-government citizen program</a> was established to "eliminate bribery and favoritism and end the citizens' suffering in going back repeatedly to directories", the interface lets the citizen send requests and complaints, it can also be used for issuing identity cards, driving licenses and passports.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jordan">Jordan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Jordan">edit</a>]</div> Jordan established its e-government program in 2002. Many governmental services are provisioned online.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Kazakhstan">edit</a>]</div> The e-government portal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://egov.kz">egov.kz</a> was launched in 2012 as part of Kazakhstan's effort to modernize how citizens access government services and information.<a href="#cite_note-egovkz-117">[117]</a> It offers all possible services that can be provided by the state for citizens and businesses such as education, health care, social security, job placement and employment, tax issues, legal assistance. It is currently at the transformational stage of development.<a href="#cite_note-egov.kz-118">[118]</a> The main goal of egov.kz is to maximize efficiency. For instance, users can register birth of a child, while simultaneously resolving all related issues - applying for benefits and putting the child on the waiting list for kindergarten. The egov.kz mobile app was recognized as best app in the GovTechioneers competition at the 2017 World Government Summit in Dubai.<a href="#cite_note-appWGS-119">[119]</a> At the WSIS Prizes-2017 (World Summit on the Information Society contest), three projects from the Republic of Kazakhstan were announced champions: e-Government, Open Government, and Integrated Call Center 1414.<a href="#cite_note-egov.kz-118">[118]</a> Projects of the e-government:<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <ul><li>"E-licensing" information system - Created to automate the processes of licensing and permits and to ensure an effective and transparent mechanism for information interaction between government agencies – licensors and the business community of the Republic of Kazakhstan.</li> <li>"E-notary" - Developed with the aim to improve the control over the activity of notary officers and optimize their work. The system involves registration of notary activities in electronic register and brings benefit to all the participants of juridical acts. "E-notary" system allows notary officers to check authenticity of the documents, get valid real estate data, maintain records of inheritance cases and goodwill.</li> <li>Open Government - The Open Government consists of the following components: Open Data, Open RLA, Open Dialogue, Open Budgets, as well as Assessment of the Effectiveness of Government Agencies.</li> <li>eGov Mobile mobile application - Designed to provide public services and e-government services via smartphones. Citizens can log in using digital signature or a one-time password.</li> <li>Chat-bots at Telegram, Facebook and Vkontakte – Chat-bots based on artificial intelligence were created to automate consultation of the most frequently requested public services of the e-Government portal.</li> <li>Smart Bridge – The project aimed at simplification of organizational procedures for integration, interaction of government bodies with business and the development of a competitive environment.</li> <li>Saqbol mobile app - Created to control the spread of coronavirus infection, as well as to timely localize infection sites using the Exposure Notification (notification system on the risk of contagion from Google and Apple). The app is designed to anonymously track contacts with other devices that have the same app installed, and store encrypted records of interaction with them.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Malaysia">edit</a>]</div> In Malaysia, the e-government efforts are undertaken by the Malaysian government, under the umbrella of Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) and e-government flagships, which was launched in mid-1996, by Dr Mahathir Mohamad (1981–2003), by the then Prime Minister of Malaysia (Jeong & Nor Fadzlina, 2007).<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Electronic government is an initiative aimed at reinventing how the government works. It seeks to improve how the government operates, as well as how it delivers services to the people (Ibrahim Ariff & Goh Chen Chuan, 2000). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Myanmar">Myanmar</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Myanmar">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Yangon_City_Development_Committee" title="Yangon City Development Committee">Yangon City Development Committee</a> (Burmese- ရန်ကုန်မြို့တော်စည်ပင်သာယာရေးကော်မတီ) (YCDC) is the administrative body of <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a>, and Yangon is the largest city and former capital of <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_(Burma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Myanmar (Burma)">Myanmar (Burma)</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Yangon_City_Development_Committee" title="Yangon City Development Committee">Yangon City Development Committee</a> consists of 20 departments. Its headquarters was on the <a href="/wiki/Yangon_City_Hall" title="Yangon City Hall">Yangon City Hall</a>. The committee's chairman is also the city's mayor.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2003, YCDC was organized to provide e-government for Yangon City. The main purposes of the city's e-government program are to provide easy access between the government and the city's citizens via the Internet, to reduce paper usage, to reduce the city budget, to build the city's fiber ring, to provide timely public information, to store public data and to develop and expand G2G, G2C, G2B, and G2E programs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In January 2013 responsibility for e-government was divided between the e-Government Administration Committee and the e-Government Processing Committee. The e-Government Administration Committee includes the Mayor of Yangon City as Chief, the General Secretary of Yangon City as Sub-Chief, and the other 20 head of department officers as chairmen. The e-Government Processing Committee includes the Head of Public Relation and Information Department as Chief and the other 20 deputy head of department officers as chairmen.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The official web-portal is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ycdc.gov.mm/">www.ycdc.gov.mm</a>. Mandalay is the second-largest city and the last royal capital of Myanmar (Burma). In 2014, Mandalay Region Government developed www.mdyregion.gov.mm to know about regional government and their activities to people. Mandalay Region Government organized the e-Government Steering Committee on 23 June 2016. That committee chairman was U Sai Kyaw Zaw, Minister, Ministry of Ethnic Affairs. On 21 July 2017 www.emandalay.gov.mm web portal was opened by Dr. Zaw Myint Maung, Prime Minister of Mandalay Region Government. That portal includes 2 e-services, 199 topics from 70 agencies. The committee develops a Regional Data Center too. That Datacenter will be opened in 2018. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nepal">Nepal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Nepal">edit</a>]</div> The e-government planning and conceptual framework has been presented to Nepal in extensive support from the Government of Korea (KIPA).<a href="#cite_note-:0-124">[124]</a> E-government Vision is "The Value Networking Nepal" through: <ul><li>Citizen-centered service</li> <li>Transparent service</li> <li>Networked government</li> <li>Knowledge-based society</li></ul> Nepal's E-government mission statement<a href="#cite_note-:0-124">[124]</a> is "Improve the quality of people's lives without any discrimination, transcending regional and racial differences, and realize socio-economic development by building a transparent government and providing value-added quality services through ICT." The e-government practice has been slow both in adoption and practice in Nepal.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> However, local government bodies now have dedicated team of ICT Volunteers working towards implementing e-government in the country through an extensive ICT for Local Bodies initiatives.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/E-Government_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="E-Government in Saudi Arabia">E-Government in Saudi Arabia</a></div> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)">Ministry of Interior of Saudi Arabia</a> launched the e-service application known as <a href="/wiki/Absher_(application)" title="Absher (application)">Absher</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The application allows the people of the Kingdom to access more than 279 different government services from their smartphones, without the need to queue or for the inefficiencies of bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Some e-services that can be completed by way of the application include:<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <ol><li>Passport Services</li> <li>Traffic Services</li> <li>Expatriate Affairs Services</li> <li>Civil Affairs Services</li> <li>Authorizations</li> <li>General Directorate of Prisons</li> <li>Public Prosecution</li> <li>Public Security</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)">MOI Services</a> (Ministry of Interior)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Hajj_and_Umrah" title="Ministry of Hajj and Umrah">Ministry of Hajj</a></li> <li>General Services</li> <li>Information Services</li></ol> Another application that has been launched is Tawakkalna. This application was created by the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Authority_for_Data_and_Artificial_Intelligence" title="Saudi Authority for Data and Artificial Intelligence">Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority (SDAIA)</a> in order for the government to better counteract against COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Initially the application was created so as to issue permits to those who were required to commute to work during lockdown.<a href="#cite_note-mobihealthnews1-131">[131]</a> Now, it is being used for travel; entering commercial buildings, hospitals, and schools within the Kingdom; setting vaccine appointments; and COVID-19 tracing.<a href="#cite_note-mobihealthnews1-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: South Korea">edit</a>]</div> Announced in 2013 with "an ambitious plan to allow wider public access to government data to improve the transparency of state affairs",<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> this initiative includes: citizen-centered government innovation, core values of openness, sharing, communication, collaboration for all areas of governing, customized services to individual citizens, which will create jobs and support creative economy.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka">edit</a>]</div> Sri Lanka have taken some initiative actions to provide the benefits of e-government to the citizens.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Thailand">edit</a>]</div> To implement the principles of e-government, the Ministry of Information and Telecommunication Technologies of Thailand developed a plan for creating a modern e-services system during 2009–2014.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The next stage was the five-year project of the digital government, which began in 2016 and will be completed in 2021. This project assumes that within five years, more than 80% of Thai government agencies will use electronic documents for identification.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> There is the Unified State Portal of e-Government of Thailand,<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> developed by the Ministry of Information and Telecommunications Technology in 2008. In 2018, Thailand ranks 73rd in the UN e-government ranking.<a href="#cite_note-publicadministration.un.org-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Arab_Emirates">United Arab Emirates</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: United Arab Emirates">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Emirates_eGovernment" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates eGovernment">Emirates eGovernment</a> is designed for e-government operations.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Pakistan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/E-Government_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="E-Government in Pakistan">E-Government in Pakistan</a></div> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Government of Pakistan</a> created the National Information Technology Board under the Ministry of Information Technology & Telecom to enable a digital eco-system for government services to the citizens of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. NITB was formed as a result of a merger between Pakistan Computer Bureau (PCB) and Electronic Government Directorate (EGD). The key functions identified by the NITB are:<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <ul><li>Provide technical guidance for the introduction of e-Governance in the Federal Govt.</li> <li>Suggest the efficient and cost-effective implementation of e-government programs in the Federal Ministries/Divisions.</li> <li>To carry out a training needs assessment and design and implement the identified IT capacity building programs for the employees of Federal Ministries/Divisions.</li> <li>Review the status of e-government readiness regularly to ensure sustainable, accelerated digitization and relevant human resource development.</li> <li>Identify the areas where IT interventions can be helpful and to suggest measures for the automation of these areas through Business Process Re-engineering (BPR).</li></ul> NITB rolled out an e-Office Suite across various ministries in the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Government of Pakistan</a>. While it clearly pursued efficiency gains and improved transparency, it also hoped to deliver "efficient and cost-effective public services to citizens of Pakistan." The suite primarily included five modules or applications across all the ministries. Description of each module listed are: <ul><li>Internal Communication Module</li> <li>HR Management Module</li> <li>Inventory & Procurement Management Module</li> <li>Project Management Module</li> <li>Finance Budget Module</li></ul> NITB released a high-level diagram that describes the process of transforming federal government agencies and ministries to e-office environments.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Criticism: NITB's rollout of the e-Office suite across almost all federal agencies is not only overly ambitious but also likely to fail. It seems to put together a lot of lofty organizational efficiency goals with a set of delivery or citizen-facing targets. In fact, most of the services NITB has provided have been largely conceptual and not sufficient concrete. The process outlined in the adoption process diagram seems devoid of any user-centric design or value proposition formulation. Instead of creating many MVPs (Minimum Viable Products) and taking advantage of an iterative and validated learning the process, the e-Office Suite seems to incorporate all the features and functions that various ministries and divisions may need or use. It seems to focus more on the needs of the bureaucrats and government agencies rather than the needs of the end-user (citizens of Pakistan) and what services would they need that a ministry or division can provide. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/EGovernment_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="EGovernment in Europe">eGovernment in Europe</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> E-government (from (en) electronic government, (de) e-government, rarely eGovernment) refers to the simplification, implementation and support of processes for information, communication and transaction within and between state, municipal and other official institutions and between these institutions and citizens or companies and organizations through the use of digital information and communication technologies (ICT). The legal basis in Germany for federal authorities is the Electronic Government Act (EGovG). Some of the federal states have their own e-government laws. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Poland">edit</a>]</div> The first discussions in Poland on e-government in Europe began with a report published in 1994 by the European Commission, entitled "Europe and the Global Information Society Recommendations to the Council of Europe" (named after one of the authors of the Bangemann Report). It showed the direction of the development of the global information society in Europe. Since then, the concept of e-government has become a permanent fixture in the issues raised in the EU as a component of eEurope. In Poland, the year 2000 should be considered the beginning of e-government. It was then that the Scientific Research Committee prepared a document based on seven expert opinions, which was published under the collective title "Global Information Society in the conditions of Poland's Accession to the European Union". Today we know the material as an official document of the Scientific Research Committee and the Ministry of Communications entitled "Goals and directions of development of the information society in Poland". In 2000, the Sejm also adopted a resolution on building the information society, and then in 2001, passed an act important for the development of e-government: introducing the Public Information Bulletin (BIP), the Act on access to public information, and the act on electronic signature, regulating the issue of e-signature. The next step in the development of e-management was the preparation of the ePoland document, containing an action plan for the development of the information society in Poland, which was modeled on the European eEurope development plan. This document was last updated in 2002. The next version of this strategy was called ePolska-2006. The adoption of this document resulted in the preparation by the Scientific Research Committee of the preliminary concept of the Gateway to Poland project (a central IT system, the task of which was to provide administrative services for citizens and business entities by electronic means) and the document The Strategy for Informatisation of the Republic of Poland-ePoland.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> On the Federal Law "On providing state and municipal services" (2010), the strategy on development of Information Society in the Russian Federation, approved by the President (2008), the Federal target programme "Electronic Russia" (2002 – 2010 years), approved by the government (2002), the State Programme "Information Society" (2010), the Procedure on development and approval of administrative regulations execution of public functions (public services), approved by the government (2005), the concept of administrative reform in the Russian Federation in 2006 - 2010 respectively, approved by the government (2005), on other orders, resolutions and acts in the Russian Federation was created electronic government (or e-government).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The main target on creating e-government lies in the field of providing equal opportunities for all the Russians in spite of their living place and their incomes and make a more effective system of public administration. So e-government is created for reaching the useful system of public management accommodating the individual interests of every citizen by participation through ICTs in public policy-making.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Nowadays Russian e-government includes such systems as:<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> 1. The United interagency Interacting system using for providing of state and municipal services, exchange of information and data between participants of interagency interacting, quick approval of state and municipal decisions, etc. 2. The United system for authentication and authorization providing evidence of the rights of all participants of e-government. 3. United portal of state and municipal services and functions which are the "single window" for all information and services assured by government and municipals.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The portal of public services is one of the key elements of the project to create an "electronic government" in the country. The portal provides a single point of access to all references on state and municipal services through the Internet and provides citizens and organizations the opportunity to receive these services electronically. Monthly visits by users of the public services portal range between 200,000 and 700,000. For example, citizens are now able to get or exchange a driver's license through this portal. 4. Head system providing utilization of electronic signature. Other systems located on cloud services, since cloud computing has been a useful tool for E-Government according to researchers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Today Russian e-government elements are demanded in the spheres of e-governance, e-services (e-health, e-education, e-library, etc.), e-commerce, e-democracy (web-election, Russian public initiative). By the United Nations E-Government Survey 2012: E-Government for the People Russia became one of the 7 emerging leaders in e-government development, took 9th place in rating of e-government development in largest population countries, took 8th rank in Top e-participation leaders, after Norway, Sweden and Chile, Advancing 32 positions in the world rankings, the Russian Federation became the leader of e-government in Eastern Europe. Evolution of ICT in the Russian Federation provided the raising of Russia in e-government development index to the 27 places.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkey">Turkey</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/E-Government_in_Turkey" title="E-Government in Turkey">E-Government in Turkey</a> is the use of digital technology to improve service efficiency and effectiveness in Turkey. As of December 2020, 700 government agencies offers 5,338 applications to 51,757,237 million users. The mobile application offers 2,850 services. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> The main coordinating government body in matters of e-government is <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Digital_Transformation_(Ukraine)" title="Ministry of Digital Transformation (Ukraine)">Ministry of Digital Transformation</a> established in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In 2020, it launched the <a href="/wiki/Diia" title="Diia">Diia app and web portal</a> which allows Ukrainians to use various kinds of documents (including <a href="/wiki/Identity_document" title="Identity document">ID-cards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">passports</a>) via their smartphones as well as to access various government services with the plans to make all governmental services available by 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:2-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> Transformational Government: Enabled by Technology, 2005, stated that "the future of public services has to use technology to give citizens choice, with personalised services designed around their needs not the needs of the provider".<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> A major report published by the House of Commons <a href="/wiki/Public_Administration_Select_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Administration Select Committee">Public Administration Select Committee</a> in July 2011 addressed <a href="/wiki/Government_procurement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government procurement in the United Kingdom">procurement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Information_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Technology">Information Technology</a> by the government and found there was an over-reliance "on a small '<a href="/wiki/Oligopoly" title="Oligopoly">oligopoly</a>' of large suppliers".<a href="#cite_note-pasc-155">[155]</a> The report introduced its summary with the observation that <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[D]espite a number of successful initiatives, government's overall record in developing and implementing new IT systems is appalling.<a href="#cite_note-pasc-155">[155]</a></blockquote> However, an initiative introduced in 2011 which enables people to notify a number of central and local government departments about a birth or death at the same time, called "<a href="/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions#Tell_Us_Once" title="Department for Work and Pensions">Tell Us Once</a>", has been welcomed as "a fine example of innovation and best practice, a dynamic and inspiring model".<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: North America">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open_data_in_Canada" title="Open data in Canada">Open data in Canada</a></div> The current <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Privy_Council_(Canada)" title="Clerk of the Privy Council (Canada)">Clerk of the Privy Council</a> – the head of the federal public service has made workplace renewal a pillar of overall public service renewal. The key to workplace renewal is the adoption of collaborative networked tools. An example of such a tool is <a href="/wiki/GCPEDIA" class="mw-redirect" title="GCPEDIA">GCPEDIA</a> – a wiki platform for federal public servants. Other tools include GCconnex, a social networking tool, and GCforums, a discussion board system. Report of the Auditor General of Canada: Chapter 1 Information Technology: Government On-Line 2003:<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> "One of the key principles of Government On-Line is that programs and services will be transformed to reflect the needs and expectations of clients and citizens. From the government's perspective, the overall objective of the GOL initiative is full service transformation – to fundamentally change the way the government operates and to deliver better services to Canadians." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/E-Government_Act_of_2002" title="E-Government Act of 2002">E-Government Act of 2002</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_for_America" title="Code for America">Code for America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/We_the_People_(petitioning_system)" title="We the People (petitioning system)">We the People (petitioning system)</a></div> The election of <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> became associated with the effective use of Internet technologies during his campaign and in the implementation of his new administration in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> On January 21, 2009, the President signed one of his first memorandums – the Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies on Transparency and Open Government.<a href="#cite_note-Transparency_and_Open_Government-161">[161]</a> The memo called for an unprecedented level of openness in government, asking agencies to "ensure the public trust and establish a system of transparency, public participation, and collaboration."<a href="#cite_note-Transparency_and_Open_Government-161">[161]</a> The memo further "directs the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Technology_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Technology Officer">Chief Technology Officer</a>, in coordination with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the Administrator of General Services (GSA), to coordinate the development by appropriate executive departments and agencies [and] to take specific actions implementing the principles set forth in the memorandum."<a href="#cite_note-Transparency_and_Open_Government-161">[161]</a> President Obama's memorandum centered around the idea of increasing <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(behavior)" title="Transparency (behavior)">transparency</a> throughout various different federal departments and agencies. By enabling public websites like recovery.gov and data.gov to distribute more information to the American population, the administration believes that it will gain greater citizen participation.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> In 2009 the U.S. federal government launched <a href="/wiki/Data.gov" title="Data.gov">Data.gov</a> to make more government data available to the public. With data from Data.Gov, the public can build <a href="/wiki/Applications_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Applications software">apps</a>, websites, and <a href="/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">mashups</a>. Although "Gov 2.0", as a concept and as a term, had been in existence since the mid-2000s, it was the launch of Data.gov that made it "go <a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">viral</a>".<a href="#cite_note-harper-15">[15]</a> In August 2009 the <a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="City of San Francisco">City of San Francisco</a> launched <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.sfgov.org">DataSF.org</a> with more than a hundred datasets.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Just weeks after the DataSF.org launch, new apps and websites were developed. Using data feeds available on DataSF.org, civic-minded developers built programs to display public transportation arrival and departure times,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> where to recycle hazardous materials,<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> and crime patterns.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Since the launch of DataSF.org there have been more than seventy apps created with San Francisco's data. In March 2009, former <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Mayor">San Francisco Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a> was at <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> headquarters for a conversation about technology in government.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> During the town hall, Newsom received a tweet about a <a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">pothole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mitch-168">[168]</a> He turned to Twitter co-founders <a href="/wiki/Biz_Stone" title="Biz Stone">Biz Stone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evan_Williams_(Internet_entrepreneur)" title="Evan Williams (Internet entrepreneur)">Evan Williams</a> and said let's find a way for people to tweet their service requests directly to San Francisco's 311 customer service center. Three months later, San Francisco launched the first Twitter 311 service, called @SF311, allowing residents to tweet, text, and send photos of potholes and other requests directly to the city.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Working with Twitter and using the open-source platform, CoTweet turned @SF311 into reality. The software procurement process for something like this would normally have taken months, but in this case, it took less than three months.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> The @SF311 is saving the city money in <a href="/wiki/Call_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Call center">call center</a> costs.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> In 2011, The United States Government Accountability Office passed the Electronic Government Act in 2002 to promote better use of internet and information technology. Besides, to improve government services for citizens, internal government operations, and opportunities for citizen participation in government.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Presidential Innovation Fellows program where "teams of government experts and private-sector doers take a user-centric approach to issues at the intersection of people, processes, products, and policy to achieve lasting impact"<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> launched in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/18F" title="18F">18F</a> a new digital government delivery service, was formed in early 2014<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> and United States Digital Service (USDS) was launched later in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: South America">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> The goal defined in the Digital Government Strategy is to reach the total digitization of services by the end of 2022.<a href="#cite_note-:1-177">[177]</a> "The main objective of the digital government is to bring citizens closer to the State. Technologies allow us to see each Brazilian better, including those who feel excluded, to direct public policies in a much more agile and efficient way and to reach mainly those who need it most", emphasizes the Digital Government secretary of the Ministry of Economy, Luís Felipe Monteiro.<a href="#cite_note-:1-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_initiatives">International initiatives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: International initiatives">edit</a>]</div> The early pioneering work by some governments is now being picked up by a range of global organizations which offer support to governments in moving to a transformational government approach. For example: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> has set up an eTransform Initiative (ETI) with support from global IT partners such as Gemalto, IBM, L-1 Identity Solutions, Microsoft and Pfizer. "The eTransform Initiative is about tapping information technology, expertise and experiences", said Mohsen Khalil, Director of the World Bank Group's Global Information and Communication Technologies Department. "Government transformation is about change management facilitated by technology. This initiative will facilitate the exchange of lessons and experiences among various governments and industry players, to maximize impact and lower risks of ICT-enabled government transformation."</li> <li>A number of private sector organizations working in this area have published white papers which pull together global best practices on government transformation.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></li> <li>OASIS launched (September 2010) a new Technical Committee tasked with producing a new global best practice standard for a transformational government Framework. The Framework is expressed as a number of "Pattern Languages", each providing a detailed set of guidance notes and conformance clauses on how to deliver the required changes in practice.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="AI mayor">AI mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Electronic_Governance_at_UNU-IIST" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Electronic Governance at UNU-IIST">Center for Electronic Governance at UNU-IIST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_e-democracy" title="Collaborative e-democracy">Collaborative e-democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberocracy" title="Cyberocracy">Cyberocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_era_governance" title="Digital era governance">Digital era governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital 5">Digital 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Government_Society_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Government Society of North America">Digital Government Society of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_integrity" title="Digital integrity">Digital integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-democracy" title="E-democracy">E-democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Government_Unit" title="E-Government Unit">E-Government Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-participation" title="E-participation">E-participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-procurement" title="E-procurement">E-procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-government_factsheets" title="E-government factsheets">E-government factsheets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGovernment_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="EGovernment in Europe">eGovernment in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERulemaking" title="ERulemaking">eRulemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_by_algorithm" title="Government by algorithm">Government by algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_society" title="Information society">Information society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Theory_and_Practice_of_Electronic_Governance" title="International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance">International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issue_tracking_system#Government" title="Issue tracking system">Issue tracking systems in government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Digital_Governance" class="mw-redirect" title="National Center for Digital Governance">National Center for Digital Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_consultation" title="Online consultation">Online consultation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_petition" title="Online petition">Online petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_deliberation" title="Online deliberation">Online deliberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_volunteering" class="mw-redirect" title="Online volunteering">Online volunteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_governance" title="Open-source governance">Open-source governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Project Cybersyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleadministration" title="Teleadministration">Teleadministration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_e-Cidadania" title="Portal e-Cidadania">Portal e-Cidadania</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFManoharanMelitskiHolzer2022" class="citation journal cs1">Manoharan, Aroon P.; Melitski, James; Holzer, Marc (20 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-021-00584-8">"Digital Governance: An Assessment of Performance and Best Practices"</a>. Public Organization Review. 23 (1): 265–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11115-021-00584-8">10.1007/s11115-021-00584-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-7098">1573-7098</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8769785">8769785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Organization+Review&rft.atitle=Digital+Governance%3A+An+Assessment+of+Performance+and+Best+Practices&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=265-283&rft.date=2022-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8769785%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1573-7098&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11115-021-00584-8&rft.aulast=Manoharan&rft.aufirst=Aroon+P.&rft.au=Melitski%2C+James&rft.au=Holzer%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11115-021-00584-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaves2004" class="citation book cs1">Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+City&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JeongChunHai-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JeongChunHai_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JeongChunHai_3-1">b</a> Jeong Chun Hai @Ibrahim. (2007). Fundamental of Development Administration. Selangor: Scholar Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-5-04508-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-5-04508-0">978-967-5-04508-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrabhamGuth2017" class="citation journal cs1">Brabham, Daren C.; Guth, Kristen L. (1 August 2017). "The Deliberative Politics of the Consultative Layer: Participation Hopes and Communication as Design Values of Civic Tech Founders". Journal of Communication. 67 (4): 445–475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjcom.12316">10.1111/jcom.12316</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1460-2466">1460-2466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Communication&rft.atitle=The+Deliberative+Politics+of+the+Consultative+Layer%3A+Participation+Hopes+and+Communication+as+Design+Values+of+Civic+Tech+Founders&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=445-475&rft.date=2017-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjcom.12316&rft.issn=1460-2466&rft.aulast=Brabham&rft.aufirst=Daren+C.&rft.au=Guth%2C+Kristen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322020445/https://novagob.org/en-busca-de-una-definicia3n-de-gobierno-electra3nico/">"En busca de una definición de Gobierno Electrónico"</a>. novagob.org (in European Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novagob.org/en-busca-de-una-definicia3n-de-gobierno-electra3nico/">the original</a> on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=novagob.org&rft.atitle=En+busca+de+una+definici%C3%B3n+de+Gobierno+Electr%C3%B3nico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnovagob.org%2Fen-busca-de-una-definicia3n-de-gobierno-electra3nico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynnRosatiConwayCurran2022" class="citation cs2">Lynn, Theo; Rosati, Pierangelo; Conway, Edel; Curran, Declan; Fox, Grace; O’Gorman, Colm (2022), Lynn, Theo; Rosati, Pierangelo; Conway, Edel; Curran, Declan (eds.), "Digital Public Services", Digital Towns: Accelerating and Measuring the Digital Transformation of Rural Societies and Economies, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 49–68, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-91247-5_3">10.1007/978-3-030-91247-5_3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-91247-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-91247-5"><bdi>978-3-030-91247-5</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246769953">246769953</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Towns%3A+Accelerating+and+Measuring+the+Digital+Transformation+of+Rural+Societies+and+Economies&rft.atitle=Digital+Public+Services&rft.pages=49-68&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246769953%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-91247-5_3&rft.isbn=978-3-030-91247-5&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Theo&rft.au=Rosati%2C+Pierangelo&rft.au=Conway%2C+Edel&rft.au=Curran%2C+Declan&rft.au=Fox%2C+Grace&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Gorman%2C+Colm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublic_GovernanceTerritorial_Development_Directorate" class="citation web cs1">Public Governance; Territorial Development Directorate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/gov/digital-government/recommendation-on-digital-government-strategies.htm">"Recommendation of the Council on Digital Government Strategies 2014, page 6"</a>. OECD. Retrieved 10 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recommendation+of+the+Council+on+Digital+Government+Strategies+2014%2C+page+6&rft.pub=OECD&rft.au=Public+Governance&rft.au=Territorial+Development+Directorate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fgov%2Fdigital-government%2Frecommendation-on-digital-government-strategies.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072609/https://apolitical.co/flagship/big-data-and-digital-government/">"Tech and data: can 'digital government' be radically smarter?"</a>. Apolitical.co. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apolitical.co/flagship/big-data-and-digital-government/">the original</a> on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apolitical.co&rft.atitle=Tech+and+data%3A+can+%27digital+government%27+be+radically+smarter%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapolitical.co%2Fflagship%2Fbig-data-and-digital-government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNEGovSurvey2014-9"><a href="#cite_ref-UNEGovSurvey2014_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" class="citation web cs1">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unpan3.un.org/egovkb/Portals/egovkb/Documents/un/2014-Survey/E-Gov_Complete_Survey-2014.pdf">"United Nations E-Government Survey 2014"</a> (PDF). UN. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+E-Government+Survey+2014&rft.pub=UN&rft.au=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funpan3.un.org%2Fegovkb%2FPortals%2Fegovkb%2FDocuments%2Fun%2F2014-Survey%2FE-Gov_Complete_Survey-2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egov-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Egov_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="(Alenzi_et_al.,_2015)" class="citation journal cs1">Alenezi, Hussain; Tarhini, Ali; Sharma, Sujeet Kumar (2015). "Development of quantitative model to investigate the strategic relationship between information quality and e-government benefits". Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy. 9 (3): 324–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FTG-01-2015-0004">10.1108/TG-01-2015-0004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transforming+Government%3A+People%2C+Process+and+Policy&rft.atitle=Development+of+quantitative+model+to+investigate+the+strategic+relationship+between+information+quality+and+e-government+benefits&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=324-351&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FTG-01-2015-0004&rft.aulast=Alenezi&rft.aufirst=Hussain&rft.au=Tarhini%2C+Ali&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Sujeet+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain_Palvia" class="citation web cs1">Jain Palvia, Shailendra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107160915/http://csi-sigegov.orgwww.csi-sigegov.org/1/1_369.pdf">"E-Government and E-Governance: Definitions/Domain"</a> (PDF). csi-sigegov.org. Computer Society of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csi-sigegov.orgwww.csi-sigegov.org/1/1_369.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=csi-sigegov.org&rft.atitle=E-Government+and+E-Governance%3A+Definitions%2FDomain&rft.aulast=Jain+Palvia&rft.aufirst=Shailendra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsi-sigegov.orgwww.csi-sigegov.org%2F1%2F1_369.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipsFlakGil-Garcia2016" class="citation book cs1">Lips, A. M. B.; Flak, L. S.; Gil-Garcia, J. R. (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7427560">"Introduction to the Transformational Government: Governance, Organization, and Management Minitrack"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1360&context=hicss-50">2016 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS)</a>. p. 3010. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FHICSS.2016.377">10.1109/HICSS.2016.377</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F41509">10125/41509</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7695-5670-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7695-5670-3"><bdi>978-0-7695-5670-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19965738">19965738</a>. Retrieved 26 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Transformational+Government%3A+Governance%2C+Organization%2C+and+Management+Minitrack&rft.btitle=2016+49th+Hawaii+International+Conference+on+System+Sciences+%28HICSS%29&rft.pages=3010&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F41509&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19965738%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FHICSS.2016.377&rft.isbn=978-0-7695-5670-3&rft.aulast=Lips&rft.aufirst=A.+M.+B.&rft.au=Flak%2C+L.+S.&rft.au=Gil-Garcia%2C+J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F7427560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gartner-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Gartner_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gartner.com">"Gartner's Four Phases of E-Government Model. Research Note Tutorials"</a>. Gartner Group. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gartner%27s+Four+Phases+of+E-Government+Model.+Research+Note+Tutorials&rft.pub=Gartner+Group&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gartner.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Reilly" class="citation news cs1">O'Reilly, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2009/09/04/gov-20-its-all-about-the-platform/">"Gov 2.0: It's All About The Platform"</a>. TechCrunch. Retrieved 22 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Gov+2.0%3A+It%27s+All+About+The+Platform&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2009%2F09%2F04%2Fgov-20-its-all-about-the-platform%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-harper-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harper_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harper_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2013" class="citation news cs1">Harper, Logan (27 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opensource.com/government/13/3/future-gov-20">"Gov 2.0 Rises to the Next Level: Open Data in Action"</a>. Open Source. Retrieved 24 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Source&rft.atitle=Gov+2.0+Rises+to+the+Next+Level%3A+Open+Data+in+Action&rft.date=2013-03-27&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Logan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopensource.com%2Fgovernment%2F13%2F3%2Ffuture-gov-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-howard-16"><a href="#cite_ref-howard_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2012" class="citation web cs1">Howard, Alex (11 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radar.oreilly.com/2012/12/making-dollars-and-sense-of-the-open-data-economy.html">"Making Dollars and Sense of the Open Data Economy"</a>. O'Reilly Radar. Retrieved 22 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+Dollars+and+Sense+of+the+Open+Data+Economy&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Radar&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradar.oreilly.com%2F2012%2F12%2Fmaking-dollars-and-sense-of-the-open-data-economy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Kaylor, C., Deshazo, R. and Van Eck, D. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaylorDeshazoVan_Eck2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kaylor, Charles; Deshazo, Randy; Van Eck, David (2001). "Gauging e-government: A report on implementing services among American cities". Government Information Quarterly. 18 (4): 293–307. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0740-624X%2801%2900089-2">10.1016/S0740-624X(01)00089-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+Information+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Gauging+e-government%3A+A+report+on+implementing+services+among+American+cities&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=293-307&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0740-624X%2801%2900089-2&rft.aulast=Kaylor&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Deshazo%2C+Randy&rft.au=Van+Eck%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Deloitte Research – Public Sector Institute <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egov.vic.gov.au/pdfs/e-government.pdf">At the Dawn of e-Government: The Citizen as Customer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706122814/http://www.egov.vic.gov.au/pdfs/e-government.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> OECD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/60/60/2502539.pdf">The e-government imperative: main findings</a>, Policy Brief, Public Affairs Division, Public Affairs and Communications Directorate, OECD, 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Grima-Izquierdo, C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/A-generic-architecture-eGovernment-eDemocracy/dp/3848437627">A generic architecture for e-Government and e-Democracy: requirements, design and security risk analysis</a>. Ed. LAP Publishing. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoh,_C.E.Prybutok,_V.R.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Koh, C.E.; Prybutok, V.R. (2003). "The three-ring model and development of an instrument for measuring dimensions of e-government functions". Journal of Computer Information Systems. 33 (3): 34–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Computer+Information+Systems&rft.atitle=The+three-ring+model+and+development+of+an+instrument+for+measuring+dimensions+of+e-government+functions&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=34-9&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Koh%2C+C.E.&rft.au=Prybutok%2C+V.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Gartner Group, "Key Issues in E-Government Strategy and Management," Research Notes, Key Issues, 23 May 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDworetzky1992" class="citation journal cs1">Dworetzky, Tom (1 February 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA11861775">"Electronic democracy"</a>. Omni. 14 (5): 27–28. Retrieved 1 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Omni&rft.atitle=Electronic+democracy&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=27-28&rft.date=1992-02-01&rft.aulast=Dworetzky&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fanonymous%3Fid%3DGALE%257CA11861775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalodiaDhirMishraBhatti2021" class="citation journal cs1">Malodia, Suresh; Dhir, Amandeep; Mishra, Mahima; Bhatti, Zeeshan Ahmed (1 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.techfore.2021.121102">"Future of e-Government: An integrated conceptual framework"</a>. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 173: 121102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.techfore.2021.121102">10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121102</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F2989930">11250/2989930</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-1625">0040-1625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technological+Forecasting+and+Social+Change&rft.atitle=Future+of+e-Government%3A+An+integrated+conceptual+framework&rft.volume=173&rft.pages=121102&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F2989930&rft.issn=0040-1625&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.techfore.2021.121102&rft.aulast=Malodia&rft.aufirst=Suresh&rft.au=Dhir%2C+Amandeep&rft.au=Mishra%2C+Mahima&rft.au=Bhatti%2C+Zeeshan+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.techfore.2021.121102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> 'The failure of e-government in developing countries: a literature review'. The Electronic Journal on Information System in Developing Countries. Dada, D. (2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070617025925/http://www.heac.gov.om/heac_en/index.asp">"eGovernment as a Carrier of Context - IGovernment Working Paper No.15, Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K. Higher Education Admission Center (HEAC) Heeks, R. (2004)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heac.gov.om/heac_en/index.asp">the original</a> on 17 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=eGovernment+as+a+Carrier+of+Context+-+IGovernment+Working+Paper+No.15%2C+Institute+for+Development+Policy+and+Management%2C+University+of+Manchester%2C+Manchester%2C+U.K.+Higher+Education+Admission+Center+%28HEAC%29+Heeks%2C+R.+%282004%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heac.gov.om%2Fheac_en%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Electronic transformation of government in the UK: A research agenda. European Journal of Information Systems 16, 327-335 Irani, Z., Elliman, T. and Jackson, P. (2007) </li> <li id="cite_note-oasis-egov.org-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oasis-egov.org_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oasis-egov.org_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oasis-egov.org/library">"Library of all approved outputs from the eGov Member Section | OASIS eGov"</a>. www.oasis-egov.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oasis-egov.org&rft.atitle=Library+of+all+approved+outputs+from+the+eGov+Member+Section+%26%23124%3B+OASIS+eGov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oasis-egov.org%2Flibrary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-egovsurvey16-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-egovsurvey16_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-egovsurvey16_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Reports/UN-E-Government-Survey-2016">"2016 UN E-Government Survey"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016+UN+E-Government+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublicadministration.un.org%2Fegovkb%2Fen-us%2FReports%2FUN-E-Government-Survey-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_E-government_survey_2020-31"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_E-government_survey_2020_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/Portals/egovkb/Documents/un/2020-Survey/2020%20UN%20E-Government%20Survey%20(Full%20Report).pdf">E-Government Survey 2020</a> (PDF). United Nations. 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-123210-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-123210-3"><bdi>978-92-1-123210-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E-Government+Survey+2020&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-92-1-123210-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublicadministration.un.org%2Fegovkb%2FPortals%2Fegovkb%2FDocuments%2Fun%2F2020-Survey%2F2020%2520UN%2520E-Government%2520Survey%2520%28Full%2520Report%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-methodology_of_EGDI-32"><a href="#cite_ref-methodology_of_EGDI_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/about/methodology">"Methodology"</a>. UN E-Government Knowledgebase. Retrieved 8 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+E-Government+Knowledgebase&rft.atitle=Methodology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublicadministration.un.org%2Fegovkb%2Fen-us%2Fabout%2Fmethodology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinevolunteering.org/en/org/stories/2013_undesa.html">Online Volunteering service, Experiences</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManazir2019" class="citation web cs1">Manazir, Sharique Hassan (5 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2019/03/05/why-the-uns-e-government-survey-in-india-needs-to-better-understand-the-idea-of-digital-inclusion/">"Why the UN's e-government survey in India needs to better understand the idea of digital inclusion"</a>. South Asia @ LSE. Retrieved 27 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Asia+%40+LSE&rft.atitle=Why+the+UN%27s+e-government+survey+in+India+needs+to+better+understand+the+idea+of+digital+inclusion&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft.aulast=Manazir&rft.aufirst=Sharique+Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ac.uk%2Fsouthasia%2F2019%2F03%2F05%2Fwhy-the-uns-e-government-survey-in-india-needs-to-better-understand-the-idea-of-digital-inclusion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Larsen, B., & Milakovich, M. (January 1, 2005). Citizen Relationship Management and E-Government. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3591, 57–68 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Mary Maureen Brown. "Electronic Government" Jack Rabin (ed.). Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, Marcel Dekker, 2003, pp. 427–432 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-4240-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-4240-9">978-0-8247-4240-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShailendra_C._Jain_PalviaSushil_S._Sharma2007" class="citation web cs1">Shailendra C. Jain Palvia; Sushil S. Sharma (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910055306/http://www.iceg.net/2007/books/1/1_369.pdf">"E-Government and E-Governance: Definitions/Domain Framework and Status around the World"</a> (PDF). ICEG. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iceg.net/2007/books/1/1_369.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 September 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=E-Government+and+E-Governance%3A+Definitions%2FDomain+Framework+and+Status+around+the+World&rft.pub=ICEG&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Shailendra+C.+Jain+Palvia&rft.au=Sushil+S.+Sharma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iceg.net%2F2007%2Fbooks%2F1%2F1_369.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/Portals/egovkb/Documents/un/2020-Survey/2020%20UN%20E-Government%20Survey%20(Full%20Report).pdf">E-government survey 2020, table 1.10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_39-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_39-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_39-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_39-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEubanks2019" class="citation book cs1">Eubanks, Virginia (6 August 2019). "Chapter 2: Automating Eligibility In The Heartland". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1114512182">Automating inequality : how high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor</a>. Picador. pp. 39–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-21578-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-21578-9"><bdi>978-1-250-21578-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1114512182">1114512182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+Automating+Eligibility+In+The+Heartland&rft.btitle=Automating+inequality+%3A+how+high-tech+tools+profile%2C+police%2C+and+punish+the+poor&rft.pages=39-83&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2019-08-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1114512182&rft.isbn=978-1-250-21578-9&rft.aulast=Eubanks&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1114512182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-information137-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-information137_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-information137_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinsonCastro2008" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Robert D.; Castro, Daniel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itif.org/files/DQOL-14.pdf">Digital Quality of Life</a> (PDF). The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation. pp. 137–145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Quality+of+Life&rft.pages=137-145&rft.pub=The+Information+Technology+and+Innovation+Foundation&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft.au=Castro%2C+Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itif.org%2Ffiles%2FDQOL-14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollodi" class="citation web cs1">Collodi, Jason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eldis.org/go/topics/resource-guides/governance/key-issues/e-government/challenges-for-e-government#.WE-RiJMrJAY">"Challenges for e-government"</a>. eldis.org/. Institute of Development Studies. Retrieved 12 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eldis.org%2F&rft.atitle=Challenges+for+e-government&rft.aulast=Collodi&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eldis.org%2Fgo%2Ftopics%2Fresource-guides%2Fgovernance%2Fkey-issues%2Fe-government%2Fchallenges-for-e-government%23.WE-RiJMrJAY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/special-report/2008/02/16/the-good-the-bad-and-the-inevitable">"The good, the bad and the inevitable"</a>. The Economist. 16 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+good%2C+the+bad+and+the+inevitable&rft.date=2008-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fspecial-report%2F2008%2F02%2F16%2Fthe-good-the-bad-and-the-inevitable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/surveys/displaystory.cfm?STORY_ID=10638105">"The pros and cons of e-government"</a>. Economist. 14 February 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economist&rft.atitle=The+pros+and+cons+of+e-government&rft.date=2008-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fsurveys%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3FSTORY_ID%3D10638105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110108032555/http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1513614">"Global IT Spending"</a>. Gartner. 11 January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1513614">the original</a> on 8 January 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Global+IT+Spending&rft.date=2011-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gartner.com%2Fit%2Fpage.jsp%3Fid%3D1513614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalvia,_ShailendraSharma,_Sushil" class="citation web cs1">Palvia, Shailendra; Sharma, Sushil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180328182003/http://csi-sigegov.orgwww.csi-sigegov.org/1/1_369.pdf">"E-Government and E-Governance: Definitions/Domain Framework and Status around the World"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csi-sigegov.orgwww.csi-sigegov.org/1/1_369.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=E-Government+and+E-Governance%3A+Definitions%2FDomain+Framework+and+Status+around+the+World&rft.au=Palvia%2C+Shailendra&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Sushil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsi-sigegov.orgwww.csi-sigegov.org%2F1%2F1_369.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFtownsend2010" class="citation web cs1">townsend (28 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dispatch.irp.wisc.edu/hybrid-welfare-system-indiana-2/">"Hybrid Welfare System – Indiana – IRP Poverty Dispatch"</a>. Retrieved 12 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hybrid+Welfare+System+%E2%80%93+Indiana+%E2%80%93+IRP+Poverty+Dispatch&rft.date=2010-01-28&rft.au=townsend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdispatch.irp.wisc.edu%2Fhybrid-welfare-system-indiana-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130104170904/http://www.ombwatch.org/">"ombwatch.org"</a>. ombwatch.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ombwatch.org/">the original</a> on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ombwatch.org&rft.pub=ombwatch.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ombwatch.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiger,_Stephen2002" class="citation web cs1">Chiger, Stephen (11 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080904235925/http://pcworld.about.com/news/Sep112002id104796.htm">"Has Terrorism Curtailed E-Government?"</a>. Medill News Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pcworld.about.com/news/Sep112002id104796.htm">the original</a> on 4 September 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Has+Terrorism+Curtailed+E-Government%3F&rft.pub=Medill+News+Service&rft.date=2002-09-11&rft.au=Chiger%2C+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpcworld.about.com%2Fnews%2FSep112002id104796.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyman,_Jay2006" class="citation web cs1">Lyman, Jay (1 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technewsworld.com/story/48629.html?wlc=1235202183">"AT&T Sued for Role in Aiding US Government Surveillance"</a>. TechNewsWorld. Retrieved 28 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AT%26T+Sued+for+Role+in+Aiding+US+Government+Surveillance&rft.pub=TechNewsWorld&rft.date=2006-02-01&rft.au=Lyman%2C+Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technewsworld.com%2Fstory%2F48629.html%3Fwlc%3D1235202183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingel,_Ryan2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Singel, Ryan (6 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.wired.com/27bstroke6/2007/08/analysis-new-la.html">"Analysis: New Law Gives Government Six Months to Turn Internet and Phone Systems into Permanent Spying Architecture"</a>. Wired. Retrieved 28 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+New+Law+Gives+Government+Six+Months+to+Turn+Internet+and+Phone+Systems+into+Permanent+Spying+Architecture&rft.date=2007-08-06&rft.au=Singel%2C+Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.wired.com%2F27bstroke6%2F2007%2F08%2Fanalysis-new-la.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker,_Shirley_A." class="citation web cs1">Becker, Shirley A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090320020537/http://www.igi-pub.com/files/prefaces/jeco%20preface%201(3).pdf">"Bridging Literacy, Language, and Cultural Divides to Promote Universal Usability of E-Government Websites"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Northern_Arizona_University" title="Northern Arizona University">Northern Arizona University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igi-pub.com/files/prefaces/jeco%20preface%201(3).pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 March 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bridging+Literacy%2C+Language%2C+and+Cultural+Divides+to+Promote+Universal+Usability+of+E-Government+Websites&rft.pub=Northern+Arizona+University&rft.au=Becker%2C+Shirley+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igi-pub.com%2Ffiles%2Fprefaces%2Fjeco%2520preface%25201%283%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManoharan2011" class="citation book cs1">Manoharan, Aroon (2011). E-Governance and Civic Engagement: Factors and Determinants of E-Democracy. IGI Global. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61350-084-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61350-084-2"><bdi>978-1-61350-084-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E-Governance+and+Civic+Engagement%3A+Factors+and+Determinants+of+E-Democracy&rft.pub=IGI+Global&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61350-084-2&rft.aulast=Manoharan&rft.aufirst=Aroon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEubanks2019" class="citation book cs1">Eubanks, Virginia (6 August 2019). "Chapter 1: From Poorhouse to Database". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1114512182">Automating inequality : how high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor</a>. Picador. pp. 14–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-21578-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-21578-9"><bdi>978-1-250-21578-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1114512182">1114512182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+From+Poorhouse+to+Database&rft.btitle=Automating+inequality+%3A+how+high-tech+tools+profile%2C+police%2C+and+punish+the+poor&rft.pages=14-38&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2019-08-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1114512182&rft.isbn=978-1-250-21578-9&rft.aulast=Eubanks&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1114512182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.in.gov/bmv/">"BMV"</a>. BMV. 1 July 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BMV&rft.atitle=BMV&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.in.gov%2Fbmv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120194559/http://www.nicusa.com/">"nicusa.com"</a>. nicusa.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nicusa.com">the original</a> on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=nicusa.com&rft.pub=nicusa.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nicusa.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821131811/http://www.nicusa.com/pdf/EGOV_GovTech-Aug05.pdf">"Picking Up the Tab"</a> (PDF). Government Technology. September 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nicusa.com/pdf/EGOV_GovTech-Aug05.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 August 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Picking+Up+the+Tab&rft.pub=Government+Technology&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nicusa.com%2Fpdf%2FEGOV_GovTech-Aug05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinrod,_Eric_J.2004" class="citation news cs1">Sinrod, Eric J. (30 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/ericjsinrod/2004-06-30-sinrod_x.htm">"A look at the pros and cons of e-government"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. Retrieved 1 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=A+look+at+the+pros+and+cons+of+e-government&rft.date=2004-06-30&rft.au=Sinrod%2C+Eric+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fcolumnist%2Fericjsinrod%2F2004-06-30-sinrod_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrier,_Bill2008" class="citation web cs1">Schrier, Bill (17 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081023020229/http://www.govtech.com/dc/articles/417520">"How Web 2.0 Will Transform Local Government"</a>. Digital Communities. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.govtech.com/dc/articles/417520">the original</a> on 23 October 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Web+2.0+Will+Transform+Local+Government&rft.pub=Digital+Communities&rft.date=2008-10-17&rft.au=Schrier%2C+Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtech.com%2Fdc%2Farticles%2F417520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090315105326/http://cdt.org/egov/handbook/transparency.shtml">"Transparency"</a>. Center for Democracy & Technology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdt.org/egov/handbook/transparency.shtml">the original</a> on 15 March 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transparency&rft.pub=Center+for+Democracy+%26+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdt.org%2Fegov%2Fhandbook%2Ftransparency.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe,_Stephen_J.2008" class="citation web cs1">Thorpe, Stephen J. (23 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140520221620/http://www.zenergyglobal.com/lib/facilitating-effective-online-participation-in-e-government-Thorpe.pdf">"Facilitating effective online participation in e-government"</a> (PDF). E-government in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zenergyglobal.com/lib/facilitating-effective-online-participation-in-e-government-Thorpe.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 May 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facilitating+effective+online+participation+in+e-government&rft.pub=E-government+in+New+Zealand&rft.date=2008-06-23&rft.au=Thorpe%2C+Stephen+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zenergyglobal.com%2Flib%2Ffacilitating-effective-online-participation-in-e-government-Thorpe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDezayas,_Heidi2008" class="citation web cs1">Dezayas, Heidi (30 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sikkimassembly.org.in/government-jobs/">"So, how much paper does our local government use?"</a>. Penn-Trafford Star. Retrieved 1 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=So%2C+how+much+paper+does+our+local+government+use%3F&rft.pub=Penn-Trafford+Star&rft.date=2008-01-30&rft.au=Dezayas%2C+Heidi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsikkimassembly.org.in%2Fgovernment-jobs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226145709/http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/assets/egov_docs/FY09_Benefits_Report.pdf">"Report to Congress on the Benefits of the President's E-Government Initiatives ("Business Gateway," p. 50)"</a> (PDF). 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/assets/egov_docs/FY09_Benefits_Report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+to+Congress+on+the+Benefits+of+the+President%27s+E-Government+Initiatives+%28%22Business+Gateway%2C%22+p.+50%29&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fomb%2Fassets%2Fegov_docs%2FFY09_Benefits_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Satyanarayana, J. E-Government: The Science of the Possible. India: Prentice-Hall, 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixonRawal" class="citation book cs1">Nixon, Paul G.; Rawal, Rajash. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eC60D0q7m0AC&q=cons+of+e-government&pg=PA281">Enabling Democracy? e-Government, Inclusion and Citizenship</a>. The Hague University. pp. 281–290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905305-11-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905305-11-7"><bdi>978-1-905305-11-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enabling+Democracy%3F+e-Government%2C+Inclusion+and+Citizenship&rft.pages=281-290&rft.pub=The+Hague+University&rft.isbn=978-1-905305-11-7&rft.aulast=Nixon&rft.aufirst=Paul+G.&rft.au=Rawal%2C+Rajash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeC60D0q7m0AC%26q%3Dcons%2Bof%2Be-government%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613111852/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20070426005159/en/Study-Finds-Federal-Gains-Electronic-Government-Citizen">"Study Finds Federal Gains in Electronic Government and Citizen Services; Challenges Remain"</a>. Bearing Point. 26 April 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20070426005159/en/Study-Finds-Federal-Gains-Electronic-Government-Citizen">the original</a> on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study+Finds+Federal+Gains+in+Electronic+Government+and+Citizen+Services%3B+Challenges+Remain&rft.pub=Bearing+Point&rft.date=2007-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20070426005159%2Fen%2FStudy-Finds-Federal-Gains-Electronic-Government-Citizen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrdialesde_TrazegniesSalcedaSandoval" class="citation book cs1">Urdiales, C.; de Trazegnies, C.; Salceda, J. Vazquez; Sandoval, F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itif.org/files/DQOL-14.pdf">eGovernment and Identity Management: using Biometrics to Reduce the Digital Divide</a> (PDF). University of Malaga, Spain; University of Utrecht, the Netherlands.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=eGovernment+and+Identity+Management%3A+using+Biometrics+to+Reduce+the+Digital+Divide&rft.pub=University+of+Malaga%2C+Spain%3B+University+of+Utrecht%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.aulast=Urdiales&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=de+Trazegnies%2C+C.&rft.au=Salceda%2C+J.+Vazquez&rft.au=Sandoval%2C+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itif.org%2Ffiles%2FDQOL-14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy,_Saumya2002" class="citation web cs1">Roy, Saumya (12 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081023161650/http://pcworld.about.com/news/Mar122002id88684.htm">"How Much Government Snooping Is Okay?"</a>. About.com. Medill News Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pcworld.about.com/news/Mar122002id88684.htm">the original</a> on 23 October 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com&rft.atitle=How+Much+Government+Snooping+Is+Okay%3F&rft.date=2002-03-12&rft.au=Roy%2C+Saumya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpcworld.about.com%2Fnews%2FMar122002id88684.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMossbergerJimenez2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Mossberger" title="Karen Mossberger">Mossberger, Karen</a>; Jimenez, Benedict (6 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126075436/https://ipce.uic.edu/interior/egovtfinalreport2009.pdf">"Can e-government promote civic engagement?"</a> (PDF). Institute for Policy and Civic Engagement. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipce.uic.edu/interior/egovtfinalreport2009.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Policy+and+Civic+Engagement&rft.atitle=Can+e-government+promote+civic+engagement%3F&rft.date=2009-10-06&rft.aulast=Mossberger&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Jimenez%2C+Benedict&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipce.uic.edu%2Finterior%2Fegovtfinalreport2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Government Technology's Public CIO Thought Leadership Profile <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nicusa.com/pdf/EGOV_PublicCIO-Aug06.pdf">"Expanding eGovernment, Every Day"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100326054720/http://www.nicusa.com/pdf/EGOV_PublicCIO-Aug06.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> open-access online paper 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/RITreasury/">"@RITreasury"</a>. Twitter. Retrieved 27 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.atitle=%40RITreasury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FRITreasury%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105061803/http://www.nicusa.com/Insights/Pages/WhitePapers.aspx">"Real Life. Live document"</a>. Nicusa.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nicusa.com/Insights/Pages/WhitePapers.aspx">the original</a> on 5 January 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Real+Life.+Live+document&rft.pub=Nicusa.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nicusa.com%2FInsights%2FPages%2FWhitePapers.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transparent-gov.com">"transparent-gov.com"</a>. transparent-gov.com. Retrieved 3 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=transparent-gov.com&rft.pub=transparent-gov.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transparent-gov.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuerto2012" class="citation web cs1">Puerto, Luige del (14 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://azcapitoltimes.com/news/2012/05/14/bennett-collecting-signatures-for-potential-gubernatorial-run/">"Ken Bennett collecting signatures for potential Arizona gubernatorial run"</a>. Arizona Capitol Times. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Capitol+Times&rft.atitle=Ken+Bennett+collecting+signatures+for+potential+Arizona+gubernatorial+run&rft.date=2012-05-14&rft.aulast=Puerto&rft.aufirst=Luige+del&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fazcapitoltimes.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F05%2F14%2Fbennett-collecting-signatures-for-potential-gubernatorial-run%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiles2020" class="citation web cs1">Giles, Ben Giles (7 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kjzz.org/content/1558656/phoenix-sierra-vista-huachuca-city-candidates-can-collect-signatures-online">"Phoenix, Sierra Vista, Huachuca City Candidates Can Collect Signatures Online"</a>. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix%2C+Sierra+Vista%2C+Huachuca+City+Candidates+Can+Collect+Signatures+Online&rft.date=2020-05-07&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Ben+Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkjzz.org%2Fcontent%2F1558656%2Fphoenix-sierra-vista-huachuca-city-candidates-can-collect-signatures-online&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://azsos.gov/about-office/media-center/press-releases/1175">"E-qual system now available for candidates running for municipal, county, and precinct committee offices | Arizona Secretary of State"</a>. azsos.gov. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=azsos.gov&rft.atitle=E-qual+system+now+available+for+candidates+running+for+municipal%2C+county%2C+and+precinct+committee+offices+%7C+Arizona+Secretary+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fazsos.gov%2Fabout-office%2Fmedia-center%2Fpress-releases%2F1175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boulderbeat.news/2020/10/10/boulders-new-online-petitioning-system/">"Council, public to get glimpse of Boulder's new online petitioning system"</a>. Boulder Beat. 11 October 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boulder+Beat&rft.atitle=Council%2C+public+to+get+glimpse+of+Boulder%27s+new+online+petitioning+system&rft.date=2020-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboulderbeat.news%2F2020%2F10%2F10%2Fboulders-new-online-petitioning-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> (Gebba, T. R., & Zakaria, M. R. 2012) </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-government.go.ke">"Welcome to e-government"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606020549/http://www.e-government.go.ke/">Archived</a> 2013-06-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Kenya e-Government website, Directorate of e-Government Kenya, Retrieved 14 October 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mgovservice.ru/upload/uploadfiles/From%20eGov%20to%20mGov.pdf">"From E-government to M-government: Facing the Inevitable"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111216082027/http://www.mgovservice.ru/upload/uploadfiles/From%20eGov%20to%20mGov.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-12-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ibrahim Kushchu and M. Halid Kuscu, Mobile Government Lab (mGovLab), May 2004, Retrieved 14 October 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/reo/2011/afr/eng/sreo1011.pdf">"Regional Economic Outlook: Sub-Saharan Africa, Sustaining the Expansion"</a>, World Economic and Financial Surveys, International Monetary Fund, October 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61635-125-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61635-125-0">978-1-61635-125-0</a>, Retrieved 14 October 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-gov.am/interactive-budget/">"Ինտերակտիվ բյուջե - Հայաստանի Հանրապետության էլեկտրոնային կառավարում | e-gov"</a>. www.e-gov.am.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.e-gov.am&rft.atitle=%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE+%D5%A2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BB%D5%A5+-+%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB+%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%A7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6+%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4+%26%23124%3B+e-gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-gov.am%2Finteractive-budget%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-gov.am/poak/">"ՊՈԱԿ-ների ֆինանսավորում - Հայաստանի Հանրապետության էլեկտրոնային կառավարում | e-gov"</a>. www.e-gov.am.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.e-gov.am&rft.atitle=%D5%8A%D5%88%D4%B1%D4%BF-%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB+%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4+-+%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB+%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%A7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6+%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4+%26%23124%3B+e-gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-gov.am%2Fpoak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-gov.am/en/">"Electronic Government of Armenia | e-gov"</a>. e-gov.am.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=e-gov.am&rft.atitle=Electronic+Government+of+Armenia+%26%23124%3B+e-gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe-gov.am%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-gov.am/licenses/">"Լիցենզիաների ստացման հայտերի ընդունման համակարգ - Հայաստանի էլեկտրոնային կառավարում | e-gov"</a>. www.e-gov.am.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.e-gov.am&rft.atitle=%D4%BC%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB+%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB+%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3+-+%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB+%D5%A7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6+%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4+%26%23124%3B+e-gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-gov.am%2Flicenses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-gov.am/licenses-reports/undefined/1/">"Լիցենզավորված անձանց հաշվետվություններ - Հայաստանի Հանրապետության էլեկտրոնային կառավարում | e-gov"</a>. www.e-gov.am.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.e-gov.am&rft.atitle=%D4%BC%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE+%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80+-+%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB+%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%A7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6+%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4+%26%23124%3B+e-gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-gov.am%2Flicenses-reports%2Fundefined%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-payments.am/hy/">"Պետական վճարումների էլեկտրոնային համակարգ"</a>. www.e-payments.am.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.e-payments.am&rft.atitle=%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%BE%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB+%D5%A7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-payments.am%2Fhy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-cadastre.am/">"The State Committee of the Real Property Cadastre"</a>. www.e-cadastre.am.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.e-cadastre.am&rft.atitle=The+State+Committee+of+the+Real+Property+Cadastre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-cadastre.am%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001122827/https://www.e-draft.am/eng">"Unified website of legal drafts of Armenia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-draft.am/eng">the original</a> on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unified+website+of+legal+drafts+of+Armenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-draft.am%2Feng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-register.am/en/">"Electronic system of the State Register of the Legal Entities of the Ministry of Justice of Armenia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electronic+system+of+the+State+Register+of+the+Legal+Entities+of+the+Ministry+of+Justice+of+Armenia.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-register.am%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.datalex.am/?app=AppHome&page=default">"DataLex ԴԱՏԱԿԱՆ ՏԵՂԵԿԱՏՎԱԿԱՆ ՀԱՄԱԿԱՐԳ"</a>. www.datalex.am.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.datalex.am&rft.atitle=DataLex+%D4%B4%D4%B1%D5%8F%D4%B1%D4%BF%D4%B1%D5%86+%D5%8F%D4%B5%D5%82%D4%B5%D4%BF%D4%B1%D5%8F%D5%8E%D4%B1%D4%BF%D4%B1%D5%86+%D5%80%D4%B1%D5%84%D4%B1%D4%BF%D4%B1%D5%90%D4%B3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.datalex.am%2F%3Fapp%3DAppHome%26page%3Ddefault&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azdarar.am/">"Հարգելի այցելու - Հայաստանի Հանրապետության ինտերնետով ծանուցման պաշտոնական կայք"</a>. www.azdarar.am.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.azdarar.am&rft.atitle=%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB+%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82+-+%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB+%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BE+%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%84&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azdarar.am%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://file-online.taxservice.am/pages/loginPage.jsf">"Tax Declaration System"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tax+Declaration+System.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffile-online.taxservice.am%2Fpages%2FloginPage.jsf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.aipa.am/">"Մտավոր սեփականության գործակալություն"</a>. my.aipa.am.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=my.aipa.am&rft.atitle=%D5%84%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80+%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmy.aipa.am%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evisa.mfa.am/">"Tax Declaration System"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tax+Declaration+System.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevisa.mfa.am%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ekeng.am/en/">"Ekeng Electronic Signature System"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ekeng+Electronic+Signature+System.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekeng.am%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-E-government-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E-government_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-E-government_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mincom.gov.az/activity/information-technologies/e-government/">"E-government"</a>. Ministry of Communications and High Technologies. Retrieved 2 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Communications+and+High+Technologies&rft.atitle=E-government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mincom.gov.az%2Factivity%2Finformation-technologies%2Fe-government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-gov.az/en">"E-Government Portal"</a>. e-gov.az. Retrieved 2 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=e-gov.az&rft.atitle=E-Government+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-gov.az%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.gov.az/en/page/about">"E-Gov Development Center. About us"</a>. digital.gov.az.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digital.gov.az&rft.atitle=E-Gov+Development+Center.+About+us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.gov.az%2Fen%2Fpage%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdgateway.org/e-government.php">e-Government – Bangladesh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331105801/http://www.bdgateway.org/e-government.php">Archived</a> 2012-03-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Bdgateway.org. Retrieved on 2012-06-25. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFState-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission_of_the_State_Council_of_Fujian_Province2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council of Fujian Province (3 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240201213439/http://gzw.fujian.gov.cn/zwgk/gzdt/gzyw/zbyyc_31473/202109/t20210903_5681284.htm">"100 Questions on Digital Transformation | Q1: What are the main conceptual changes that digital development has experienced?"</a>. State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council of People's Government of Fujian Province (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gzw.fujian.gov.cn/zwgk/gzdt/gzyw/zbyyc_31473/202109/t20210903_5681284.htm">the original</a> on 1 February 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State-owned+Assets+Supervision+and+Administration+Commission+of+the+State+Council+of+People%27s+Government+of+Fujian+Province&rft.atitle=100+Questions+on+Digital+Transformation+%7C+Q1%3A+What+are+the+main+conceptual+changes+that+digital+development+has+experienced%3F&rft.date=2021-09-03&rft.au=State-owned+Assets+Supervision+and+Administration+Commission+of+the+State+Council+of+Fujian+Province&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgzw.fujian.gov.cn%2Fzwgk%2Fgzdt%2Fgzyw%2Fzbyyc_31473%2F202109%2Ft20210903_5681284.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-http://pgportal.gov.in/-101"><a href="#cite_ref-http://pgportal.gov.in/_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pgportal.gov.in/">"Portal For Public Grievance"</a>. Department Of Administrative Reforms And Public Grievances, Government Of India. Retrieved 13 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Department+Of+Administrative+Reforms+And+Public+Grievances%2C+Government+Of+India&rft.atitle=Portal+For+Public+Grievance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpgportal.gov.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-http://www.mca.gov.in/MCA21/-102"><a href="#cite_ref-http://www.mca.gov.in/MCA21/_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mca.gov.in/MCA21/">"MCA21 Mission Mode Project"</a>. Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government Of India. Retrieved 13 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Corporate+Affairs%2C+Government+Of+India&rft.atitle=MCA21+Mission+Mode+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mca.gov.in%2FMCA21%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-https://incometaxindiaefiling.gov.in/-103"><a href="#cite_ref-https://incometaxindiaefiling.gov.in/_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220219134010/https://www1.incometaxindiaefiling.gov.in/">"E-Filing Anywhere Anytime"</a>. Income Tax Department, Government Of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://incometaxindiaefiling.gov.in/">the original</a> on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Income+Tax+Department%2C+Government+Of+India&rft.atitle=E-Filing+Anywhere+Anytime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fincometaxindiaefiling.gov.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-104"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBussell2012" class="citation book cs1">Bussell, Jennifer (26 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v1b3YhABbzEC&q=%22Rural+Digital+Services%22&pg=PA74">Corruption and Reform in India: Public Services in the Digital Age</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01905-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01905-8"><bdi>978-1-107-01905-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corruption+and+Reform+in+India%3A+Public+Services+in+the+Digital+Age&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012-03-26&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01905-8&rft.aulast=Bussell&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv1b3YhABbzEC%26q%3D%2522Rural%2BDigital%2BServices%2522%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-http://deity.gov.in/sites/upload_files/dit/files/Digital%20India.pdf-105"><a href="#cite_ref-http://deity.gov.in/sites/upload_files/dit/files/Digital%2520India.pdf_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150810052313/http://deity.gov.in/sites/upload_files/dit/files/Digital%20India.pdf">"Digital India"</a> (PDF). Department Of Electronics and Information Technology, Government Of India. 11 September 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deity.gov.in/sites/upload_files/dit/files/Digital%20India.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Department+Of+Electronics+and+Information+Technology%2C+Government+Of+India&rft.atitle=Digital+India&rft.date=2014-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeity.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fupload_files%2Fdit%2Ffiles%2FDigital%2520India.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/07/27/challenges-e-government-implementation.html">"Challenges in e-government implementation"</a>. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 23 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Challenges+in+e-government+implementation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F07%2F27%2Fchallenges-e-government-implementation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://govinsider.asia/innovation/indonesia-integrated-e-government-system/">"Indonesia to launch integrated e-government system"</a>. 19 May 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indonesia+to+launch+integrated+e-government+system&rft.date=2017-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgovinsider.asia%2Finnovation%2Findonesia-integrated-e-government-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/asean-business/can-indonesia-be-a-powerhouse-in-the-digital-economy">"Can Indonesia be a powerhouse in the digital economy?"</a>. The Business Times. Retrieved 23 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Can+Indonesia+be+a+powerhouse+in+the+digital+economy%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesstimes.com.sg%2Fasean-business%2Fcan-indonesia-be-a-powerhouse-in-the-digital-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2018/07/13/smart-cities-digital-savviness-to-resilient-living.html">"Smart cities: Digital savviness to resilient living"</a>. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 23 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Smart+cities%3A+Digital+savviness+to+resilient+living&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Facademia%2F2018%2F07%2F13%2Fsmart-cities-digital-savviness-to-resilient-living.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahghasemiTafazzoliAkhavanMirani2013" class="citation journal cs1">Shahghasemi, E.; Tafazzoli, B.; Akhavan, M.; Mirani, G.; Khairkhah, T. (2013). "Electronic Government in Iran: A Case Study". Online Journal of Social Sciences Research. 2 (9): 254–262.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Online+Journal+of+Social+Sciences+Research&rft.atitle=Electronic+Government+in+Iran%3A+A+Case+Study&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=254-262&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Shahghasemi&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Tafazzoli%2C+B.&rft.au=Akhavan%2C+M.&rft.au=Mirani%2C+G.&rft.au=Khairkhah%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-E-Gov_Improving_In_Iran-111"><a href="#cite_ref-E-Gov_Improving_In_Iran_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://financialtribune.com/articles/economy-sci-tech/56932/e-government-in-iran-improving-gradually">"e-Government in Iran Improving Gradually"</a>. Financial Tribune.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=e-Government+in+Iran+Improving+Gradually&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinancialtribune.com%2Farticles%2Feconomy-sci-tech%2F56932%2Fe-government-in-iran-improving-gradually&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iran.gov.ir">"درگاه ملی خدمات دولت هوشمند - صفحه اصلی"</a>. iran.gov.ir (in Persian). Retrieved 7 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iran.gov.ir&rft.atitle=%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA+%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF+-+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%87+%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firan.gov.ir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egovir-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Egovir_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iran.gov.ir/">"Iranian E-Gov Website"</a>. iran.gov.ir.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iran.gov.ir&rft.atitle=Iranian+E-Gov+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firan.gov.ir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.moch.gov.iq/CustomPage.aspx?ID=16&language=en">https://www.moch.gov.iq/CustomPage.aspx?ID=16&language=en</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albawaba.com/business/jordan-e-government-services-fail-catch-public-915396">"Jordan: E-government services fail to catch on with the public"</a>. Al Bawaba. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Bawaba&rft.atitle=Jordan%3A+E-government+services+fail+to+catch+on+with+the+public&rft.date=2016-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albawaba.com%2Fbusiness%2Fjordan-e-government-services-fail-catch-public-915396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/48-jordanians-have-not-used-e-gov%E2%80%99t-services%E2%80%99">"'48% of Jordanians have not used e-gov't services'"</a>. Jordan Times. 14 May 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=%2748%25+of+Jordanians+have+not+used+e-gov%27t+services%27&rft.date=2016-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F48-jordanians-have-not-used-e-gov%25E2%2580%2599t-services%25E2%2580%2599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-egovkz-117"><a href="#cite_ref-egovkz_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://egov.kz/cms/en">"Egov.kz"</a>. Egov.kz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egov.kz&rft.atitle=Egov.kz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fegov.kz%2Fcms%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-egov.kz-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-egov.kz_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-egov.kz_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egov.kz/cms/en/information/about/help-elektronnoe-pravitelstvo">"Electronic government of the Republic of Kazakhstan | Electronic government of the Republic of Kazakhstan"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electronic+government+of+the+Republic+of+Kazakhstan+%26%23124%3B+Electronic+government+of+the+Republic+of+Kazakhstan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegov.kz%2Fcms%2Fen%2Finformation%2Fabout%2Fhelp-elektronnoe-pravitelstvo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-appWGS-119"><a href="#cite_ref-appWGS_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astanatimes.com/2017/02/kazakh-government-services-app-receives-award-at-world-government-summit/">"Kazakh government services app receives award at World Government Summit"</a>. The Astana Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kazakh+government+services+app+receives+award+at+World+Government+Summit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastanatimes.com%2F2017%2F02%2Fkazakh-government-services-app-receives-award-at-world-government-summit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egov.kz/cms/en/information/about/projects">"Projects of the electronic government of the Republic of Kazakhstan | Electronic government of the Republic of Kazakhstan"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Projects+of+the+electronic+government+of+the+Republic+of+Kazakhstan+%26%23124%3B+Electronic+government+of+the+Republic+of+Kazakhstan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegov.kz%2Fcms%2Fen%2Finformation%2Fabout%2Fprojects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egov.kz/cms/en/information/about/Saqbol_mobileapp">"Saqbol mobile app | Electronic government of the Republic of Kazakhstan"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saqbol+mobile+app+%26%23124%3B+Electronic+government+of+the+Republic+of+Kazakhstan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegov.kz%2Fcms%2Fen%2Finformation%2Fabout%2FSaqbol_mobileapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120922192506/http://www.mscmalaysia.my/">"mscmalaysia.my"</a>. mscmalaysia.my. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mscmalaysia.my/">the original</a> on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=mscmalaysia.my&rft.pub=mscmalaysia.my&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mscmalaysia.my%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Jeong Chun Hai @Ibrahim, & Nor Fadzlina Nawi. (2007). Principles of Public Administration: An Introduction. Kuala Lumpur: Karisma Publications. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ekendraonline.com/egovernance/egovernment-official-definitions/">"What is e-Government? Some of the Official Definitions of E-Government: UN, EU, OECD & The World Bank"</a>. EkendraOnLine.com. 5 January 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EkendraOnLine.com&rft.atitle=What+is+e-Government%3F+Some+of+the+Official+Definitions+of+E-Government%3A+UN%2C+EU%2C+OECD+%26+The+World+Bank&rft.date=2014-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fekendraonline.com%2Fegovernance%2Fegovernment-official-definitions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://techsansar.com/nepali-it/practical-egovernment-scenario-nepal/">"Practical e-Government scenario – present and future possibilities in context of Nepal • TechSansar.com"</a>. TechSansar.com. Retrieved 20 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechSansar.com&rft.atitle=Practical+e-Government+scenario+%E2%80%93+present+and+future+possibilities+in+context+of+Nepal+%E2%80%A2+TechSansar.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechsansar.com%2Fnepali-it%2Fpractical-egovernment-scenario-nepal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ict4lb.org.np/">"ICT for Local Bodies"</a>. www.ict4lb.org.np. Retrieved 20 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ict4lb.org.np&rft.atitle=ICT+for+Local+Bodies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ict4lb.org.np%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-0128-20190012">"Saudi Arabia's Appalling Record on Women's Rights"</a>. Human Rights Documents Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2210-7975_hrd-0128-20190012">10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-0128-20190012</a>. Retrieved 17 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Documents+Online&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+Appalling+Record+on+Women%27s+Rights&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2210-7975_hrd-0128-20190012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F2210-7975_hrd-0128-20190012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/1453341/saudi-arabia">"How 'Absher' app liberates Saudis from government bureaucracy"</a>. Arab News. 17 February 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=How+%27Absher%27+app+liberates+Saudis+from+government+bureaucracy&rft.date=2019-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1453341%2Fsaudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.absher.sa/wps/portal/individuals/static/guide/!ut/p/z1/rVTLcqJAFP0VsnBJ-naD0M4OMYJRSzTGBxuKR4tMKRBASebrp0EnNZMx6NSkF9C3OYdzn41stEJ27B6j0C2iJHZ33F7bioNxj5rEgBEdznow1S0Fz01Tot02WtaAtm7pAzqWsGE9q0D6qvyoK0NjASqyb-ErZKRjk5IhLBQOeCAWbfcxgSdc82FCxj081bU-TE2517b6cF5nfgOg4hsYa7W-YcwI19ewpGpdTPEv_QaA3eDeUDrzGwKs_f9kaXAlfi5wU_4aBK7wF8hGth8XabFFaz-JCxYXeQuiOIiOUXBwd9xgOcuOkc9y4cB3QniIAlZBiiwJDn7VKdVPUj8K0Fpi7Y3nBpLYJp4syh1MRYrlQCSwwSQgrkyB1ei8rOC2-qlzKkaPp-wNZNnEMhlOoNsDTeuApTw8EDCgas_o-8uLrfEYKt9fC7S6GITgZi2IWZmfntz0t9GRR-F6-ZZlDj90QBGBcEcJdh03O4u_V8YYqDJMjQ42NHVEQFcuiqdunqdJVqn_ts15wgQveWWnYyFjYZQXWT1kAtunu-SNnb8576aAnYBt3MOucFj80ZvJvNeB6VBVYUwsXPX5V6YidyQsAq1yAZdy8XeXfmkhCBFB_liIhh6-WfymVl5W7dkQ7UA5A5ouvWtjfwmgQXdGuhKAMSHo6VTzcJd4p2tYiz2JhsjO2IZlLLs_ZPx4WxRp_q0FLSjL8j5MknDH7v1k34JLlG2S88z8iUTra0O4PEasRM9xku25J0__Pur6fPU_V4sJKN0_n9aeSntnXNA36cdoU78hGojGkha0nDOPand3PwEzQyF3/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/">"Absher Index"</a>. Absher.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Absher&rft.atitle=Absher+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.absher.sa%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Findividuals%2Fstatic%2Fguide%2F%21ut%2Fp%2Fz1%2FrVTLcqJAFP0VsnBJ-naD0M4OMYJRSzTGBxuKR4tMKRBASebrp0EnNZMx6NSkF9C3OYdzn41stEJ27B6j0C2iJHZ33F7bioNxj5rEgBEdznow1S0Fz01Tot02WtaAtm7pAzqWsGE9q0D6qvyoK0NjASqyb-ErZKRjk5IhLBQOeCAWbfcxgSdc82FCxj081bU-TE2517b6cF5nfgOg4hsYa7W-YcwI19ewpGpdTPEv_QaA3eDeUDrzGwKs_f9kaXAlfi5wU_4aBK7wF8hGth8XabFFaz-JCxYXeQuiOIiOUXBwd9xgOcuOkc9y4cB3QniIAlZBiiwJDn7VKdVPUj8K0Fpi7Y3nBpLYJp4syh1MRYrlQCSwwSQgrkyB1ei8rOC2-qlzKkaPp-wNZNnEMhlOoNsDTeuApTw8EDCgas_o-8uLrfEYKt9fC7S6GITgZi2IWZmfntz0t9GRR-F6-ZZlDj90QBGBcEcJdh03O4u_V8YYqDJMjQ42NHVEQFcuiqdunqdJVqn_ts15wgQveWWnYyFjYZQXWT1kAtunu-SNnb8576aAnYBt3MOucFj80ZvJvNeB6VBVYUwsXPX5V6YidyQsAq1yAZdy8XeXfmkhCBFB_liIhh6-WfymVl5W7dkQ7UA5A5ouvWtjfwmgQXdGuhKAMSHo6VTzcJd4p2tYiz2JhsjO2IZlLLs_ZPx4WxRp_q0FLSjL8j5MknDH7v1k34JLlG2S88z8iUTra0O4PEasRM9xku25J0__Pur6fPU_V4sJKN0_n9aeSntnXNA36cdoU78hGojGkha0nDOPand3PwEzQyF3%2Fdz%2Fd5%2FL2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta.sdaia.gov.sa/en/index">"Tawakklna Index"</a>. Tawakklna.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tawakklna&rft.atitle=Tawakklna+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fta.sdaia.gov.sa%2Fen%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mobihealthnews1-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mobihealthnews1_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mobihealthnews1_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mobihealthnews.com/news/emea/saudi-s-covid-tawakkalna-app-required-school-entry-kingdom">"Saudi's COVID Tawakkalna app required for school entry in the Kingdom"</a>. MobiHealthNews. 31 August 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MobiHealthNews&rft.atitle=Saudi%27s+COVID+Tawakkalna+app+required+for+school+entry+in+the+Kingdom&rft.date=2021-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobihealthnews.com%2Fnews%2Femea%2Fsaudi-s-covid-tawakkalna-app-required-school-entry-kingdom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2013/06/19/politics/Park-unveils-Government-30/2973371.html">"Park unveils 'Government 3.0'"</a>. koreajoongangdaily.joins.com. 19 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=koreajoongangdaily.joins.com&rft.atitle=Park+unveils+%27Government+3.0%27&rft.date=2013-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkoreajoongangdaily.joins.com%2F2013%2F06%2F19%2Fpolitics%2FPark-unveils-Government-30%2F2973371.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSung-Iyul" class="citation web cs1">Sung-Iyul, Kim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110213808/http://www.gov30.go.kr/gov30/cmm/fms/FileDown.do;jsessionid=7164645AF1082FB9879B21090874219A.node02?atchFileId=FILE_000000000005151&fileSn=0">"Lessons from Government 3.0 Innovation of Korea"</a>. gov30.go.kr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov30.go.kr/gov30/cmm/fms/FileDown.do;jsessionid=7164645AF1082FB9879B21090874219A.node02?atchFileId=FILE_000000000005151&fileSn=0">the original</a> on 10 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov30.go.kr&rft.atitle=Lessons+from+Government+3.0+Innovation+of+Korea&rft.aulast=Sung-Iyul&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov30.go.kr%2Fgov30%2Fcmm%2Ffms%2FFileDown.do%3Bjsessionid%3D7164645AF1082FB9879B21090874219A.node02%3FatchFileId%3DFILE_000000000005151%26fileSn%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.lk">"Government of Sri Lanka Official Web Portal"</a>. Gov.lk. Retrieved 3 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+of+Sri+Lanka+Official+Web+Portal&rft.pub=Gov.lk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.lk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gic.gov.lk/">"Government Information Center"</a>. Gic.gov.lk. Retrieved 3 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+Information+Center&rft.pub=Gic.gov.lk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gic.gov.lk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.egov.go.th/th/profile/808/">"เกี่ยวกับ e-Gov Portal"</a>. เว็บไซต์กลางบริการภาครัฐ | สำนักงานรัฐบาลอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ (องค์การมหาชน) (สรอ.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90+%26%23124%3B+%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C+%28%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%29+%28%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD.%29&rft.atitle=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A+e-Gov+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.egov.go.th%2Fth%2Fprofile%2F808%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/regional/2017/12/31/egovernance-making-progress-in-thailand/">"E-governance making progress in Thailand | The Star"</a>. www.thestar.com.my.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thestar.com.my&rft.atitle=E-governance+making+progress+in+Thailand+%26%23124%3B+The+Star&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fregional%2F2017%2F12%2F31%2Fegovernance-making-progress-in-thailand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/956189/e-governance-making-progress-in-thailand">"E-governance making progress in Thailand"</a>. INQUIRER.net. The Nation/Asia News Network. 30 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INQUIRER.net&rft.atitle=E-governance+making+progress+in+Thailand&rft.date=2017-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F956189%2Fe-governance-making-progress-in-thailand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121104206/https://www.egov.go.th/">"เว็บไซต์กลางบริการอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ภาครัฐ"</a>. Egov.go.th. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egov.go.th/">the original</a> on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90&rft.pub=Egov.go.th&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egov.go.th%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-publicadministration.un.org-140"><a href="#cite_ref-publicadministration.un.org_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/Portals/egovkb/Documents/un/2018-Survey/E-Government%20Survey%202018_FINAL%20for%20web.pdf">"UNITED NATIONS E-GOVERNMENT SURVEY 2018: GEARING E-GOVERNMENT TO SUPPORT TRANSFORMATION TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT SOCIETIES"</a> (PDF). 1 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240817095122/https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/Portals/egovkb/Documents/un/2018-Survey/E-Government%20Survey%202018_FINAL%20for%20web.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNITED+NATIONS+E-GOVERNMENT+SURVEY+2018%3A+GEARING+E-GOVERNMENT+TO+SUPPORT+TRANSFORMATION+TOWARDS+SUSTAINABLE+AND+RESILIENT+SOCIETIES&rft.date=2022-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublicadministration.un.org%2Fegovkb%2FPortals%2Fegovkb%2FDocuments%2Fun%2F2018-Survey%2FE-Government%2520Survey%25202018_FINAL%2520for%2520web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWam" class="citation news cs1">Wam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/global-e-government-survey-uae-in-top-10-higher-than-japan-italy-2016-07-31-1.637308">"Global e-Government Survey: UAE in Top 10... higher than Japan, Italy"</a>. Emirates 24|7. Retrieved 13 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emirates+24%7C7&rft.atitle=Global+e-Government+Survey%3A+UAE+in+Top+10...+higher+than+Japan%2C+Italy&rft.au=Wam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emirates247.com%2Fnews%2Femirates%2Fglobal-e-government-survey-uae-in-top-10-higher-than-japan-italy-2016-07-31-1.637308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/uae/uae-government-departments-to-use-facial-recognition-and-iris-scans-in-two-years">"UAE government departments to use facial recognition and iris scans in two years | The National"</a>. Retrieved 13 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UAE+government+departments+to+use+facial+recognition+and+iris+scans+in+two+years+%7C+The+National&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fuae%2Fuae-government-departments-to-use-facial-recognition-and-iris-scans-in-two-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040331032631/http://www.e-government.gov.pk/">e-Government Pakistan</a>. E-government.gov.pk. Retrieved on 2012-06-25. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003173827/http://www.e-government.gov.pk/frmdetailse190.html">"National Information Technology Board, NITB"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-government.gov.pk/frmdetailse190.html">the original</a> on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Information+Technology+Board%2C+NITB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-government.gov.pk%2Ffrmdetailse190.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC-By-4.0 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sobiad.org/international-journal-of-ebusiness-and-egovernment-studies">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/issue-file/25497">A Comparative Analysis of E-Government Services of Croatia, Poland and Turkey</a>, Kilic et al. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://base.garant.ru/12186739/">Government`s Regulation of the Russian Federation on June 8, 2011, № 451 "On infrastructure, provides information-technology interaction of information systems used for electronic government and municipal services"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gosuslugi.ru/">Gosuslugi.ru e-Government – Russia</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/publications/connecting-governments-to-citizens.html/">"United Nations E-Government Survey 2012: E-Government for the People"</a>. Un.org. 15 March 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+E-Government+Survey+2012%3A+E-Government+for+the+People&rft.pub=Un.org&rft.date=2012-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fdevelopment%2Fdesa%2Fpublications%2Fconnecting-governments-to-citizens.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eufordigital.eu/ukraine-adopts-regulation-on-the-ministry-of-digital-transformation/">"Ukraine adopts Regulation on the Ministry of Digital Transformation"</a>. EU4Digital. 18 September 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EU4Digital&rft.atitle=Ukraine+adopts+Regulation+on+the+Ministry+of+Digital+Transformation&rft.date=2019-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feufordigital.eu%2Fukraine-adopts-regulation-on-the-ministry-of-digital-transformation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFШевцова2019" class="citation web cs1">Шевцова, Алена Дегрик (30 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alena-degrik.medium.com/the-state-is-a-service-what-will-the-ministry-of-digital-transformation-in-ukraine-be-like-d8544a052c6f">"The state is a service: what will the Ministry of Digital Transformation in Ukraine be like?"</a>. Medium. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=The+state+is+a+service%3A+what+will+the+Ministry+of+Digital+Transformation+in+Ukraine+be+like%3F&rft.date=2019-09-30&rft.aulast=%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falena-degrik.medium.com%2Fthe-state-is-a-service-what-will-the-ministry-of-digital-transformation-in-ukraine-be-like-d8544a052c6f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-151"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kyivpost.com/technology/ukraine-makes-digital-passports-legally-equivalent-to-ordinary-ones.html">"Ukraine makes digital passports legally equivalent to ordinary ones | KyivPost - Ukraine's Global Voice"</a>. KyivPost. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KyivPost&rft.atitle=Ukraine+makes+digital+passports+legally+equivalent+to+ordinary+ones+%7C+KyivPost+-+Ukraine%27s+Global+Voice&rft.date=2021-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Ftechnology%2Fukraine-makes-digital-passports-legally-equivalent-to-ordinary-ones.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-152"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/volodimir-zelenskij-dodatok-diya-ce-pershij-krok-na-shlyahu-59633">"Volodymyr Zelenskyy: Diia app is the first step towards building a state-service"</a>. Official website of the President of Ukraine. Retrieved 31 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+website+of+the+President+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Volodymyr+Zelenskyy%3A+Diia+app+is+the+first+step+towards+building+a+state-service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.president.gov.ua%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fvolodimir-zelenskij-dodatok-diya-ce-pershij-krok-na-shlyahu-59633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nv.ua/opinion/diya-kakie-servisy-zapustyat-k-2023-godu-novosti-ukrainy-50144572.html">"Цифровая Украина: какие сервисы будут доступны в Дія до 2023 года"</a>. nv.ua (in Russian). Retrieved 8 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nv.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%3A+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%B2+%D0%94%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%BE+2023+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnv.ua%2Fopinion%2Fdiya-kakie-servisy-zapustyat-k-2023-godu-novosti-ukrainy-50144572.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090504050901/http%3A//www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/141734/transgov%2Dstrategy.pdf">"UK - Transformational Government: Enabled by Technology 2005"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/141734/transgov-strategy.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+-+Transformational+Government%3A+Enabled+by+Technology+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabinetoffice.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2F141734%2Ftransgov-strategy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pasc-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pasc_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pasc_155-1">b</a> House of Commons Public Administration Select Committee, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9-PWY4bG66UC">Government and IT - "a recipe for rip-offs": time for a new approach</a>, Volume 1, page 3, published 28 July 2011, accessed 30 July 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2011" class="citation web cs1">Briggs, Matt (16 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/government-computing-network/2011/dec/16/tell-us-once-matt-briggs">"The benefits of Tell Us Once"</a>. the Guardian. Retrieved 27 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+benefits+of+Tell+Us+Once&rft.date=2011-12-16&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fgovernment-computing-network%2F2011%2Fdec%2F16%2Ftell-us-once-matt-briggs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/auditorgeneral/ag_report2004/20031101ce.pdf">Canada - Report of the Auditor General of Canada, 2003 </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra2009" class="citation web cs1">Mishra, Gaurav (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224182845/http://www.gauravonomics.com/blog/the-promise-and-myth-of-barack-obamas-government-20/">"The Promise and Myth of Barack Obama's Government 2.0"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gauravonomics.com/blog/the-promise-and-myth-of-barack-obamas-government-20/">the original</a> on 24 February 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Promise+and+Myth+of+Barack+Obama%27s+Government+2.0&rft.date=2009-01&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Gaurav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gauravonomics.com%2Fblog%2Fthe-promise-and-myth-of-barack-obamas-government-20%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiustini2009" class="citation web cs1">Giustini, Dean (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090213235145/http://weblogs.elearning.ubc.ca/googlescholar/archives/050154.html">"The Audacity of Government 2.0 – The Obama Era Arrives"</a>. The University of British Columbia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weblogs.elearning.ubc.ca/googlescholar/archives/050154.html">the original</a> on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Audacity+of+Government+2.0+%E2%80%93+The+Obama+Era+Arrives&rft.pub=The+University+of+British+Columbia&rft.date=2009-01&rft.aulast=Giustini&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweblogs.elearning.ubc.ca%2Fgooglescholar%2Farchives%2F050154.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyonsStone2008" class="citation web cs1">Lyons, Daniel; Stone, Daniel (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/170347">"President 2.0"</a>. Newsweek, Inc. Retrieved 23 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek%2C+Inc.&rft.atitle=President+2.0&rft.date=2008-11&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Stone%2C+Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F170347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Transparency_and_Open_Government-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Transparency_and_Open_Government_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Transparency_and_Open_Government_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Transparency_and_Open_Government_161-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/transparency-and-open-government">"Transparency and Open Government"</a>. whitehouse.gov. 21 January 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Transparency+and+Open+Government&rft.date=2009-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2Ftransparency-and-open-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140115155300/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-04-27/news/27644253_1_online-town-hall-barack-obama-obama-administration">"Obama's e-government off to good start"</a>. Economictimes.com. 27 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-04-27/news/27644253_1_online-town-hall-barack-obama-obama-administration">the original</a> on 15 January 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economictimes.com&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+e-government+off+to+good+start&rft.date=2009-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.economictimes.indiatimes.com%2F2009-04-27%2Fnews%2F27644253_1_online-town-hall-barack-obama-obama-administration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewsom2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Newsom, Gavin</a> (19 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2009/08/19/san-francisco-opens-the-city’s-data/">"San Francisco Opens The City's Data"</a>. TechCrunch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=San+Francisco+Opens+The+City%27s+Data&rft.date=2009-08-19&rft.aulast=Newsom&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2009%2F08%2F19%2Fsan-francisco-opens-the-city%E2%80%99s-data%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routesy.com/">"Routesy Bay Area"</a>. Routesy. Retrieved 24 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Routesy+Bay+Area&rft.pub=Routesy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.routesy.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewsom2009" class="citation news cs1">Newsom, Gavin (15 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cleantechnica.com/2009/06/15/recycling-in-san-francisco-made-easy-with-the-iphone/">"Recycling in San Francisco Made Easy with the iPhone"</a>. Clean Technica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clean+Technica&rft.atitle=Recycling+in+San+Francisco+Made+Easy+with+the+iPhone&rft.date=2009-06-15&rft.aulast=Newsom&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcleantechnica.com%2F2009%2F06%2F15%2Frecycling-in-san-francisco-made-easy-with-the-iphone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723105041/http://sanfrancisco.crimespotting.org/">"San Francisco Crimespotting"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanfrancisco.crimespotting.org/">the original</a> on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=San+Francisco+Crimespotting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsanfrancisco.crimespotting.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wSE20sVyyeo">"A Conversation with Twitter about the Future of Technology in Government"</a> (video), Gavin Newsom and Evan Williams, Mayor's Press Conference (YouTube), 10 March 2009, 47 minutes. </li> <li id="cite_note-mitch-168"><a href="#cite_ref-mitch_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2009" class="citation news cs1">Wagner, Mitch (8 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informationweek.com/internet/social-network/san-francisco-twitters-with-citizens-to/217702151">"San Francisco Twitters With Citizens To Fix City"</a>. InformationWeek.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InformationWeek&rft.atitle=San+Francisco+Twitters+With+Citizens+To+Fix+City&rft.date=2009-06-08&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Mitch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informationweek.com%2Finternet%2Fsocial-network%2Fsan-francisco-twitters-with-citizens-to%2F217702151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Grove2009" class="citation news cs1">Van Grove, Jennifer (2 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2009/06/02/san-francisco-311-twitter/">"San Francisco First City to Instate City-Wide 311 Twitter Program"</a>. Mashable.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mashable&rft.atitle=San+Francisco+First+City+to+Instate+City-Wide+311+Twitter+Program&rft.date=2009-06-02&rft.aulast=Van+Grove&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2F2009%2F06%2F02%2Fsan-francisco-311-twitter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFretwell2010" class="citation news cs1">Fretwell, Luke (29 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://govfresh.com/2010/07/2010/01/sf-mayor-newsom-open-source-more-reliable/">"SF Mayor Newsom: Open Source More Reliable"</a>. GovFresh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GovFresh&rft.atitle=SF+Mayor+Newsom%3A+Open+Source+More+Reliable&rft.date=2010-01-29&rft.aulast=Fretwell&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgovfresh.com%2F2010%2F07%2F2010%2F01%2Fsf-mayor-newsom-open-source-more-reliable%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaeder2012" class="citation news cs1">Maeder, Kate (25 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140809201145/http://www.resetsanfrancisco.org/news/jun-25-12/open-data-real-time-information-saves-gov-money">"#OpenData and Real-Time Information Saves San Francisco Over $1 Million"</a>. Reset San Francisco. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resetsanfrancisco.org/news/jun-25-12/open-data-real-time-information-saves-gov-money">the original</a> on 9 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reset+San+Francisco&rft.atitle=%23OpenData+and+Real-Time+Information+Saves+San+Francisco+Over+%241+Million&rft.date=2012-06-25&rft.aulast=Maeder&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.resetsanfrancisco.org%2Fnews%2Fjun-25-12%2Fopen-data-real-time-information-saves-gov-money&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice2011" class="citation journal cs1">Office, U. S. Government Accountability (23 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-775">"Electronic Government: Performance Measures for Projects Aimed at Promoting Innovation and Transparency Can Be Improved"</a>. Government Accountability Office (GAO-11-775).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+Accountability+Office&rft.atitle=Electronic+Government%3A+Performance+Measures+for+Projects+Aimed+at+Promoting+Innovation+and+Transparency+Can+Be+Improved&rft.issue=GAO-11-775&rft.date=2011-09-23&rft.aulast=Office&rft.aufirst=U.+S.+Government+Accountability&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2Fproducts%2FGAO-11-775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/innovationfellows">"Presidential Innovation Fellows"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a>. 23 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170120190846/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/innovationfellows">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2017 – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Presidential+Innovation+Fellows&rft.date=2015-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Finnovationfellows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/08/23/white-house-launches-presidential-innovation-fellows-program">"White House Launches Presidential Innovation Fellows Program"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a>. 23 August 2012 – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=White+House+Launches+Presidential+Innovation+Fellows+Program&rft.date=2012-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2F2012%2F08%2F23%2Fwhite-house-launches-presidential-innovation-fellows-program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://18fblog.tumblr.com/post/80066867648/hello-world-we-are-18f">"Hello, world! We are 18F"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hello%2C+world%21+We+are+18F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F18fblog.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F80066867648%2Fhello-world-we-are-18f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2014/08/11/white-house-launches-u-s-digital-service-with-healthcare-gov-fixer-at-the-helm/">"White House launches 'U.S. Digital Service,' with HealthCare.gov fixer at the helm"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=White+House+launches+%27U.S.+Digital+Service%2C%27+with+HealthCare.gov+fixer+at+the+helm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-switch%2Fwp%2F2014%2F08%2F11%2Fwhite-house-launches-u-s-digital-service-with-healthcare-gov-fixer-at-the-helm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_177-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.br/governodigital/pt-br/noticias/governo-passa-dos-900-servicos-digitalizados-em-20-meses">"Governo passa dos 900 serviços digitalizados em 20 meses"</a>. Governo Digital (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 10 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Governo+Digital&rft.atitle=Governo+passa+dos+900+servi%C3%A7os+digitalizados+em+20+meses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.br%2Fgovernodigital%2Fpt-br%2Fnoticias%2Fgoverno-passa-dos-900-servicos-digitalizados-em-20-meses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091115105959/http://www.microsoft.com/industry/publicsector/government/csp/solutions_directory.aspx">"Microsoft in Government: technology solutions for government agencies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/industry/publicsector/government/csp/solutions_directory.aspx">the original</a> on 15 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft&rft.atitle=Microsoft+in+Government%3A+technology+solutions+for+government+agencies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Findustry%2Fpublicsector%2Fgovernment%2Fcsp%2Fsolutions_directory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accenture.com/Global/Research_and_Insights/Institute_For_Public_Service_Value/Research/Front-Office-Shared-Services.htm">"Sharing Front Office Services: The Journey to Citizen-Centric Delivery, Accenture 2009"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sharing+Front+Office+Services%3A+The+Journey+to+Citizen-Centric+Delivery%2C+Accenture+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accenture.com%2FGlobal%2FResearch_and_Insights%2FInstitute_For_Public_Service_Value%2FResearch%2FFront-Office-Shared-Services.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fountain" title="Jane Fountain">Jane Fountain</a>, Building the Virtual State: Information Technology and Institutional Change (2001)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060813184554/http://www.idea-group.com/reference/details.asp?id=5066">Encyclopedia of Digital Government</a>. Edited by Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko and Matti Mälkiä. Idea Group Reference.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFI._KushchuM._H._Kuscu2003" class="citation conference cs1">I. Kushchu; M. H. Kuscu (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050422220013/http://topics.developmentgateway.org/egovernment/rc/filedownload.do~itemId%3D396584">"From e-Government to m-Government: Facing the Inevitable"</a>. The 3rd European Conference on e-Government. pp. 253–260. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.developmentgateway.org/egovernment/rc/filedownload.do~itemId=396584">the original</a> on 22 April 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=From+e-Government+to+m-Government%3A+Facing+the+Inevitable&rft.btitle=The+3rd+European+Conference+on+e-Government&rft.pages=253-260&rft.date=2003&rft.au=I.+Kushchu&rft.au=M.+H.+Kuscu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.developmentgateway.org%2Fegovernment%2Frc%2Ffiledownload.do~itemId%3D396584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-government" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Cordella, A (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jit/journal/v22/n3/abs/2000105a.html">E-government: towards the e-bureaucratic form?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120417020645/http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jit/journal/v22/n3/abs/2000105a.html">Archived</a> 17 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of Information Technology, 22, 265–274.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218200220/http://www.iceg.net/2007/books/book1.html">Foundations of e-Government</a>. Edited by Ashok Agarwal and V Ventaka Ramana. ICEG'07 5th International Conference on e-Governance</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darrell_M._West&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darrell M. West (page does not exist)">West, Darrell</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081027165308/http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2008/0826_egovernment_west.aspx">State and Federal Electronic Government in the United States</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">The Brookings Institution</a>. 2008-08-26. Retrieved on 2008-09-16.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darrell_M._West&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darrell M. West (page does not exist)">West, Darrell</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202030637/http://www3.brookings.edu/reports/2008/0817_egovernment_west.aspx">Improving Technology Utilization in Electronic Government Around the World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">The Brookings Institution</a>. 2008-08-26. Retrieved on 2008-09-16.</li> <li>von Lucke, Jörn; Reinermann, Heinrich (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.joernvonlucke.de/ruvii/Sp-DfnEGov-EN.pdf">Speyer Definition of Electronic Government</a>. Forschungsinstitut für öffentliche Verwaltung, Speyer. Retrieved on 2020-07-01.</li> <li>Ríos, Mauro D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017052112/http://www.novagob.org/blog/view/106146/en-busca-de-una-definicion-de-gobierno-electronico">In search of a definition of e-government (in Spanish)</a>. NovaGob. 2014.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/tc_home.php?wg_abbrev=tgf">OASIS Transformational Government Framework Technical Committee (September 2010)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140918213503/http://www.smartleangovernment.com/">ACT-IAC (October 2010)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=E-government&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:E-Government" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:E-Government">E-Government</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/E-government" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/E-government">E-government</a> at Wikibooks</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/Data-Center">2020 E-Government Development Index country listings</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211017#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211017#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211017#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4728387-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph208683&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007532538505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=17764">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E-government&oldid=1254329363">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E-government&oldid=1254329363</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:E-government" title="Category:E-government">E-government</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_and_technology" title="Category:Politics and technology">Politics and technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_administration" title="Category:Public administration">Public administration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_services" title="Category:Public services">Public services</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_European_Spanish-language_sources_(es-es)" title="Category:CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es)">CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Simplified_Chinese-language_sources_(zh-hans)" title="Category:CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans)">CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Persian-language_sources_(fa)" title="Category:CS1 Persian-language sources (fa)">CS1 Persian-language sources (fa)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022">Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Free-content_attribution" title="Category:Free-content attribution">Free-content attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Brazilian_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt-br)" title="Category:CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)">CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2019">Use dmy dates from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sidebar_with_the_child_parameter" title="Category:Pages using sidebar with the child parameter">Pages using sidebar with the child parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_January_2020" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from January 2020">Articles with failed verification from January 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_December_2020" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from December 2020">Articles to be expanded from December 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles needing clarification">All Wikipedia articles needing clarification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_December_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2019">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_February_2014" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2014">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from September 2023">Articles with failed verification from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_September_2023" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from September 2023">Vague or ambiguous time from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_September_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2023">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 October 2024, at 13:39 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E-government&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-pzjbs","wgBackendResponseTime":265,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.504","walltime":"1.654","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11690,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":375792,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":19179,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":31,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":629982,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1448.870 1 -total"," 56.96% 825.240 1 Template:Reflist"," 26.84% 388.888 102 Template:Cite_web"," 9.14% 132.481 11 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.75% 126.820 2 Template:Politics_series_sidebar"," 8.61% 124.804 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.91% 114.664 1 Template:Forms_of_government"," 6.25% 90.483 12 Template:Fix"," 6.22% 90.087 26 Template:Cite_news"," 5.77% 83.613 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.913","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8524019,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-r2wfs","timestamp":"20241122141239","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"E-government","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E-government","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q211017","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q211017","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-03-15T11:11:41Z","dateModified":"2024-10-30T13:39:46Z","headline":"simplification of the authorities everyday life through the use of the PC and Internet"}</script> </body> </html>