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aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Holley</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 54 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="روبرت هولي – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت هولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89_(%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7)" title="روبرت هولى (عالم كيمياء حيويه من امريكا) – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت هولى (عالم كيمياء حيويه من امريكا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88._%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="رابرت دبلیو. هالی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رابرت دبلیو. هالی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Роберт Холі – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Роберт Холі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Робърт Холи – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робърт Холи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89._%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="রবার্ট ডব্লিউ. হোলি – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রবার্ট ডব্লিউ. হোলি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ڕۆبێرت ویلیام ھۆلی – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆبێرت ویلیام ھۆلی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Holley" title="Robert Holley – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Robert Holley" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_William_Holley" title="Robert William Holley – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Robert William Holley" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88._%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="رابرت دبلیو. هالی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابرت دبلیو. هالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Holley" title="Robert Holley – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Robert Holley" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99" title="רוברט הולי – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט הולי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_William_Holley" title="Robert William Holley – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robert William Holley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_William_Holley" title="Robert William Holley – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert William Holley" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BBW%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="ロバート・W・ホリー – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・W・ホリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="რობერტ ჰოლი – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რობერტ ჰოლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Роберт Холли – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Роберт Холли" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_W._%ED%99%80%EB%A6%AC" title="로버트 W. 홀리 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로버트 W. 홀리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82._%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="रॉबर्ट डब्ल्यू. हॉली – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रॉबर्ट डब्ल्यू. हॉली" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88._%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="رابرت دبلیو. هالی – mazandérani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رابرت دبلیو. هالی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandérani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_William_Holley" title="Robert William Holley – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Robert William Holley" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_William_Holley" title="Robert William Holley – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert William Holley" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9_%DB%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1" title="رابرٹ ہولر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رابرٹ ہولر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Holley" title="Robert Holley – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Holley" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Холли, Роберт – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Холли, Роберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_V._Holi" title="Robert V. Holi – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robert V. Holi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_V._Holi" title="Robert V. Holi – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Robert V. Holi" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Holley" title="Robert Holley – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Robert Holley" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9._%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="รอเบิร์ต ดับเบิลยู. ฮอลลีย์ – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รอเบิร์ต ดับเบิลยู. ฮอลลีย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_William_Holley" title="Robert William Holley – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Robert William Holley" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D2%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Роберт Һолли – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Роберт Һолли" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Роберт Вільям Голлі – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Вільям Голлі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9_%DA%88%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%DB%81%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="رابرٹ ڈبلیو ہولی – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رابرٹ ڈبلیو ہولی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="რობერტ ჰოლი – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რობერტ ჰოლი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Robert W. Holley" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7W%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9" title="羅伯特·W·霍利 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅伯特·W·霍利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q108891#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Holley" class="mw-disambig" title="Holley">Holley</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive large"><div class="entete defaut" style="background-color:#EEEEFF;color:#000000"><div>Robert Holley</div></div><div><div class="images" style="padding:2px 0"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Robert_Holley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Robert_Holley.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="229" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></div><div class="legend">Robert Holley</div></div><table><caption style="color:#000000;text-align:center;background-color:#EEEEFF">Biographie</caption><tbody><tr class=""><th scope="row">Naissance</th><td class=""><div> <time class="nowrap date-lien bday" datetime="1922-01-28" data-sort-value="1922-01-28"><a href="/wiki/28_janvier" title="28 janvier">28</a> <a href="/wiki/Janvier_1922" title="Janvier 1922">janvier</a> <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a></time><br /><a href="/wiki/Urbana_(Illinois)" title="Urbana (Illinois)">Urbana</a> dans l'<a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> aux <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Décès</th><td class=""><div> <time class="nowrap date-lien dday" datetime="1993-02-11" data-sort-value="1993-02-11"><a href="/wiki/11_f%C3%A9vrier" title="11 février">11</a> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9vrier_1993" title="Février 1993">février</a> <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a></time> (à 71 ans)<br /><a href="/wiki/Los_Gatos" title="Los Gatos">Los Gatos</a></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Nationalité</th><td class=""><div> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau : États-Unis"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> américaine</div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Domiciles</th><td class=""><div> <span class="wd_p551"><a href="/wiki/Los_Gatos" title="Los Gatos">Los Gatos</a> <small>(jusqu'en <time datetime="1993" data-sort-value="1993" class="date-lien"><a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a></time>)</small>, <a href="/wiki/Urbana_(Illinois)" title="Urbana (Illinois)">Urbana</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108891?uselang=fr#P551" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Formation</th><td class=""><div> <span class="wd_p69"><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Cornell" title="Université Cornell">Université Cornell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctorat" title="Doctorat">doctorat</a>) <small>(jusqu'en <time>1947</time>)</small><br />Urbana High School <small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbana_High_School_(Illinois)" class="extiw" title="en:Urbana High School (Illinois)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article sur Wikipédia en anglais">en</span></a>)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_l%27Illinois_%C3%A0_Urbana-Champaign" title="Université de l'Illinois à Urbana-Champaign">Université de l'Illinois à Urbana-Champaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Weill_Medical_College" title="Weill Medical College">Weill Medical College</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108891?uselang=fr#P69" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Activités</th><td class=""><div> <span class="wd_p106"><a href="/wiki/Biochimie" title="Biochimie">Biochimiste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chimiste" title="Chimiste">chimiste</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108891?uselang=fr#P106" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table><caption style="color:#000000;text-align:center;background-color:#EEEEFF">Autres informations</caption><tbody><tr class=""><th scope="row">A travaillé pour</th><td class=""><div> <span class="wd_p108"><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Cornell" title="Université Cornell">Université Cornell</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108891?uselang=fr#P108" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Membre de</th><td class=""><div> <span class="wd_p463"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_nationale_des_sciences" title="Académie nationale des sciences">Académie américaine des sciences</a> <small>(<time>1968</time>)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Association_am%C3%A9ricaine_pour_l%27avancement_des_sciences" title="Association américaine pour l'avancement des sciences">Association américaine pour l'avancement des sciences</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_am%C3%A9ricaine_des_arts_et_des_sciences" title="Académie américaine des arts et des sciences">Académie américaine des arts et des sciences</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108891?uselang=fr#P463" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row">Distinction</th><td class=""><div> <a href="/wiki/Prix_Albert-Lasker_pour_la_recherche_m%C3%A9dicale_fondamentale" title="Prix Albert-Lasker pour la recherche médicale fondamentale">Prix Lasker</a> <a href="/wiki/1965_en_science" title="1965 en science">1965</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Prix_Nobel_de_physiologie_ou_m%C3%A9decine" title="Prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine">Prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine</a> <a href="/wiki/1968_en_science" title="1968 en science">1968</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="navbar noprint bordered navigation-not-searchable" style="border-top:1px solid #EEEEFF"><span class="plainlinks" style="text-align:left"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Holley&veaction=edit&section=0">modifier</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Holley&action=edit&section=0">modifier le code</a> - <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108891" class="extiw" title="d:Q108891">modifier Wikidata</a></span><span style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Biographie2" title="Documentation du modèle"><img alt="Documentation du modèle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span></p></div> <p><b>Robert William Holley</b>, né le <time class="nowrap date-lien bday" datetime="1922-01-28" data-sort-value="1922-01-28"><a href="/wiki/28_janvier" title="28 janvier">28</a> <a href="/wiki/Janvier_1922" title="Janvier 1922">janvier</a> <a href="/wiki/1922_en_science" title="1922 en science">1922</a></time> à <a href="/wiki/Urbana_(Illinois)" title="Urbana (Illinois)">Urbana</a> dans l'<a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> aux <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a> et mort le <time class="nowrap date-lien dday" datetime="1993-02-11" data-sort-value="1993-02-11"><a href="/wiki/11_f%C3%A9vrier" title="11 février">11</a> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9vrier_1993" title="Février 1993">février</a> <a href="/wiki/1993_en_science" title="1993 en science">1993</a></time>, est un <a href="/wiki/Chimie_organique" title="Chimie organique">chimiste organique</a> et <a href="/wiki/Biochimie" title="Biochimie">biochimiste</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis" title="États-Unis">américain</a>. Il reçoit le <a href="/wiki/Prix_Nobel_de_physiologie_ou_m%C3%A9decine" title="Prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine">prix Nobel de médecine</a> en <a href="/wiki/1968_en_science" title="1968 en science">1968</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biographie">Biographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Holley&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Biographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Holley&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Biographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robert Holley fait des études de chimie à l'<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_l%27Illinois_%C3%A0_Urbana-Champaign" title="Université de l'Illinois à Urbana-Champaign">université de l'Illinois à Urbana-Champaign</a> avant de commencer un doctorat de chimie organique au <a href="/wiki/Weill_Medical_College" title="Weill Medical College">Weill Medical College</a> de New York notamment sous la direction <a href="/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">Vincent du Vigneaud</a> qui réalise alors les premières synthèses chimiques de <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9nicilline" title="Pénicilline">pénicilline</a>. Il obtient son doctorat en 1947, et continue ses travaux à <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Cornell" title="Université Cornell">Cornell University</a>. Il y est nommé professeur de biochimie en 1962 et reçoit en 1965 le <a href="/wiki/Prix_Albert-Lasker" title="Prix Albert-Lasker">prix Lasker</a>. </p><p>En 1968, il est corécipiendaire du <a href="/wiki/Prix_Nobel_de_physiologie_ou_m%C3%A9decine" title="Prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine">prix Nobel de médecine</a> avec les américains <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a> et <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a> pour leurs travaux sur l'interprétation du <a href="/wiki/Code_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique" title="Code génétique">code génétique</a> et de la <a href="/wiki/Biosynth%C3%A8se_des_prot%C3%A9ines" title="Biosynthèse des protéines">biosynthèse des protéines</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apport_scientifique">Apport scientifique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Holley&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Apport scientifique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Holley&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Apport scientifique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone"><span class="mw-valign-text-top noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Fairytale_warning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/17px-Fairytale_warning.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/26px-Fairytale_warning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/34px-Fairytale_warning.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell">Cette section est vide, insuffisamment détaillée ou incomplète. <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:EditPage/Robert_Holley" title="Spécial:EditPage/Robert Holley">Votre aide</a> est la bienvenue ! <a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">Comment faire ?</a></div></div> <p>Ses travaux scientifiques ont principalement portés sur la description de la structure des <a href="/wiki/Acide_ribonucl%C3%A9ique_de_transfert" title="Acide ribonucléique de transfert">ARN de transfert</a> permettant la synthèse de protéines à partir du support génétique de l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_d%C3%A9soxyribonucl%C3%A9ique" title="Acide désoxyribonucléique">ADN</a>. En 1961, Nirenberg parvient à préparer un extrait de bactéries contenant des constituants indispensables à la synthese de proteines. En utilisant ces extraits, il réalise une série d'expériences visant à déterminer la relation entre la séquence d'un ARN et celle de la protéine formée. En 1964, il décrit précisément celle de l'<a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">alanine</a> ARNt et de l'incorporation de l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_amin%C3%A9" title="Acide aminé">acide aminé</a> dans la séquence protéique. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Holley&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Holley&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1968/holley/biographical/">Biographie</a> sur le site de la <a href="/wiki/Fondation_Nobel" title="Fondation Nobel">fondation Nobel</a> (le bandeau sur la page comprend plusieurs liens relatifs à la remise du prix, dont un document rédigé par la personne lauréate — le <i>Nobel Lecture</i> — qui détaille ses apports)</li> <li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108891?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/84793329">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000057232196">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/114769613">GND</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/nlk20000083432">Tchéquie</a></span></li> </ul></div></li> <li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers">Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108891?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-William-Holley"><i>Britannica</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://proleksis.lzmk.hr/26837"><i>Proleksis enciklopedija</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/Robert_W._Holley"><i>Store norske leksikon</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/robert-william-holley"><i>Treccani</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/robert-holley/"><i>Universalis</i></a></li> </ul></div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Laur%C3%A9ats_du_prix_Nobel_de_physiologie_ou_m%C3%A9decine" title="Modèle:Palette Lauréats du prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Laur%C3%A9ats_du_prix_Nobel_de_physiologie_ou_m%C3%A9decine&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%">Lauréats du <a href="/wiki/Prix_Nobel_de_physiologie_ou_m%C3%A9decine" title="Prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine">prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">1901-1925</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Adolf_von_Behring" title="Emil Adolf von Behring">Behring</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ross</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Finsen</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Pavlov</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Koch</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Golgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Ramón y Cajal</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Laveran" title="Alphonse Laveran">Laveran</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Ilitch_Metchnikov" title="Ilya Ilitch Metchnikov">Metchnikov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Kocher</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Kossel</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Gullstrand</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Carrel</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Richet</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" title="Robert Bárány">Bárány</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Bordet</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">Krogh</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Vivian_Hill" title="Archibald Vivian Hill">Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Meyerhof</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Banting</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_James_Rickard_Macleod" title="John James Rickard Macleod">Macleod</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Einthoven</a> (1924)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">1926-1950</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger" title="Johannes Fibiger">Fibiger</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Wagner-Jauregg</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Nicolle</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Eijkman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Hopkins</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Landsteiner</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Warburg</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Sherrington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Douglas_Adrian" title="Edgar Douglas Adrian">Adrian</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">Whipple</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">Minot</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Murphy" title="William Murphy">Murphy</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Spemann</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Dale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Loewi</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Szent-Györgyi</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneille_Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Heymans" title="Corneille Jean François Heymans">Heymans</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Domagk</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Doisy</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Erlanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gasser" title="Herbert Gasser">Gasser</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Fleming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chain" title="Ernst Boris Chain">Chain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Walter_Florey" title="Howard Walter Florey">Florey</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">C. Cori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Theresa_Cori" title="Gerty Theresa Cori">G. Cori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Houssay</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Müller</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Hess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egas_Moniz" title="Egas Moniz">Moniz</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Kendall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Reichstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Hench</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">1951-1975</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Theiler</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Waksman</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Adolf_Krebs" title="Hans Adolf Krebs">Krebs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Lipmann</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Enders" title="John Enders">Enders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Weller" title="Thomas Weller">Weller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Robbins" title="Frederick Robbins">Robbins</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Theorell</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">Cournand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Forssmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_Richards" title="Dickinson Richards">Richards</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Bovet</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wells_Beadle" title="George Wells Beadle">Beadle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lawrie_Tatum" title="Edward Lawrie Tatum">Tatum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Lederberg</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Ochoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Kornberg</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Burnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Medawar</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Békésy</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Crick</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Dewey_Watson" title="James Dewey Watson">Watson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Wilkins</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carew_Eccles" title="John Carew Eccles">Eccles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Hodgkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Huxley</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Bloch" title="Konrad Bloch">Bloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Lynen</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lwoff" title="André Lwoff">Lwoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Monod</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rous" title="Francis Rous">Rous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Huggins</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Granit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Hartline</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">Wald</a> (1967)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Khorana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Nirenberg</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Delbrück</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Hershey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Luria</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Katz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulf_Svante_von_Euler" title="Ulf Svante von Euler">Euler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Axelrod</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland,_Jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr.">Sutherland</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Edelman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Porter</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Frisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Claude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Duve</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">Palade</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Dulbecco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Temin" title="Howard Temin">Temin</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">1976-2000</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Blumberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Gajdusek</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Guillemin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wiktor_Schally" title="Andrzej Wiktor Schally">Schally</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Yalow">Yalow</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Arber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Nathans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Smith" title="Hamilton Smith">Smith</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Cormack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Hounsfield</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Benacerraf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Dausset</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Snell" title="George Snell">Snell</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sperry" title="Roger Sperry">Sperry</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hunter_Hubel" title="David Hunter Hubel">Hubel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Wiesel</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Bergström</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Samuelsson" title="Bengt Samuelsson">Samuelsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Vane" title="John Vane">Vane</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">McClintock</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Jerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges Köhler">Köhler</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">Milstein</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brown_(m%C3%A9decin)" title="Michael Brown (médecin)">Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goldstein" title="Joseph Goldstein">Goldstein</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochimiste)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochimiste)">Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Levi-Montalcini</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Tonegawa</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Whyte_Black" title="James Whyte Black">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Elion" title="Gertrude Elion">Elion</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Hitchings" title="George Hitchings">Hitchings</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">Bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Elliot_Varmus" title="Harold Elliot Varmus">Varmus</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray_(m%C3%A9decin)" title="Joseph Murray (médecin)">Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Donnall_Thomas" title="Edward Donnall Thomas">Thomas</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Neher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Sakmann</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Fischer" title="Edmond Fischer">Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Krebs</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Roberts_(biochimiste)" title="Richard Roberts (biochimiste)">Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Sharp</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Gilman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Rodbell</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lewis" title="Edward Lewis">Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Nüsslein-Volhard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Wieschaus</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Doherty_(biologiste)" title="Peter Doherty (biologiste)">Doherty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Zinkernagel</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Prusiner" title="Stanley Prusiner">Prusiner</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Furchgott" title="Robert Furchgott">Furchgott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_J._Ignarro" title="Louis J. Ignarro">Ignarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Murad</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Blobel</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Carlsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Greengard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Kandel</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Depuis 2001</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Hartwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Nurse</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Brenner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Horvitz" title="Robert Horvitz">Horvitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">Sulston</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Lauterbur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Axel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Buck</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Warren</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craig_C._Mello" title="Craig C. Mello">Mello</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Evans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Smithies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Capecchi</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">zur Hausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Barré-Sinoussi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Montagnier</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Blackburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider">Greider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Szostak" title="Jack Szostak">Szostak</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards" title="Robert Edwards">Edwards</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Beutler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hoffmann" title="Jules Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Steinman" title="Ralph Steinman">Steinman</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">Gurdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Yamanaka</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">Rothman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Schekman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas Südhof">Südhof</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe" title="John O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a>, <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard Moser</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell_(biochimiste)" title="William C. Campbell (biochimiste)">Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Ōmura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Ohsumi" title="Yoshinori Ohsumi">Ohsumi</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Rosbash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Young</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Allison_(immunologiste)" title="James Allison (immunologiste)">Allison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Honjo</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Semenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Ratcliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin_Jr." title="William Kaelin Jr.">Kaelin</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Alter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton">Houghton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Rice</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">Julius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Patapoutian</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Pääbo</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Weissman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Karikó</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Ambros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Ruvkun</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Nobel" title="Prix Nobel">Prix Nobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Nobel_de_chimie" title="Prix Nobel de chimie">Chimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_de_la_Banque_de_Su%C3%A8de_en_sciences_%C3%A9conomiques_en_m%C3%A9moire_d%27Alfred_Nobel" title="Prix de la Banque de Suède en sciences économiques en 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