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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Monoclonal antibody</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catumaxomab_mechanism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Catumaxomab_mechanism.svg/400px-Catumaxomab_mechanism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Catumaxomab_mechanism.svg/600px-Catumaxomab_mechanism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Catumaxomab_mechanism.svg/800px-Catumaxomab_mechanism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>The mechanism of action of a trifunctional antibody, exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Catumaxomab" title="Catumaxomab">catumaxomab</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>trifunctional antibody</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">monoclonal antibody</a> with binding sites for two different antigens, typically <a href="/wiki/CD3_(immunology)" title="CD3 (immunology)">CD3</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Tumor_antigen" title="Tumor antigen">tumor antigen</a>, making it a type of <a href="/wiki/Bispecific_monoclonal_antibody" title="Bispecific monoclonal antibody">bispecific monoclonal antibody</a>. In addition, its intact Fc-part can bind to an <a href="/wiki/Fc_receptor" title="Fc receptor">Fc receptor</a> on <a href="/wiki/Antigen-presenting_cell" title="Antigen-presenting cell">accessory cells</a> like conventional monospecific antibodies. The net effect is that this type of drug links <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a> (via CD3) and <a href="/wiki/Monocyte" title="Monocyte">monocytes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_killer_cell" title="Natural killer cell">natural killer cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cell" title="Dendritic cell">dendritic cells</a> or other Fc receptor expressing cells to the tumor cells, leading to their destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At an equivalent dose a trifunctional antibody is more potent (more than 1,000-fold) in eliminating tumor cells than conventional antibodies.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These drugs evoke the removal of tumor cells by means of (i) <a href="/wiki/Antibody-dependent_cell-mediated_cytoxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytoxicity">antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytoxicity</a>, a process also described for conventional antibodies and more importantly by (ii) polyclonal <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell" title="Cytotoxic T cell">cytotoxic T cell</a> responses with emphasis on CD8 T cells. These trifunctional antibodies also elicit individual anti-tumor immune responses in cancer patients treated with e.g. catumaxomab; i.e. autologous antibodies as well as CD4 and CD8 T cells directed against the tumor were detected.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, putative <a href="/wiki/Cancer_stem_cell" title="Cancer stem cell">cancer stem cells</a> from malignant ascites fluid were eliminated due to <a href="/wiki/Catumaxomab" title="Catumaxomab">catumaxomab</a> treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catumaxomab, was the first to be approved for clinical use (in 2009 for the treatment of malignant ascites in cancer patients). </p><p>Examples include <a href="/wiki/Catumaxomab" title="Catumaxomab">catumaxomab</a> (<a href="/wiki/EpCAM" class="mw-redirect" title="EpCAM">EpCAM</a> / CD3),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ertumaxomab" title="Ertumaxomab">ertumaxomab</a> (<a href="/wiki/HER2/neu" class="mw-redirect" title="HER2/neu">HER2/neu</a> / CD3),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=FBTA05&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FBTA05 (page does not exist)">FBTA05</a> (<a href="/wiki/CD20" title="CD20">CD20</a> / CD3, proposed trade name Lymphomun)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=TRBS07&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRBS07 (page does not exist)">TRBS07</a> (<a href="/wiki/GD2" title="GD2">GD2</a> / CD3, proposed trade name Ektomab),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> drugs against various types of cancer. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trifunctional_antibody&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trifunctional antibodies were the first type of bispecific monoclonal antibodies to be produced. The first concepts date back to the mid-1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For over twenty years, no such antibody was approved for clinical use, mainly because of manufacturing difficulties. Immunogenicity results from the fact that appropriate parental antibodies are obtained from rat and mice. After application, the patient's immune system usually produces anti-drug antibodies, which represent early indicators for a beneficial clinical outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, despite the development of anti-drug antibody responses after the first catumaxomab application cycle a repeated cycle of catumaxomab also leads to a treatment success in recurrent malignant ascites.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cross-linking leads to the release of <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a>, resulting in manageable adverse effects like fever, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a> and vomiting, that were generally reversible and mainly related to the immunological mode of action (e.g. catumaxomab).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catumaxomab, which was approved in 2009 for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Malignant_ascites" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant ascites">malignant ascites</a> in cancer patients, satisfies these conditions. It was the first, and as of May 2011 the only approved one of these antibodies in clinical use. </p><p>Another way of immunotherapeutic intervention strategies is the exploration of bispecific antibodies with different structures, of which <a href="/wiki/Bi-specific_T-cell_engager" title="Bi-specific T-cell engager">bi-specific T-cell engagers</a> (BiTEs) have been produced since the mid-2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trifunctional_antibody&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At first, mouse <a href="/wiki/Hybridoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybridoma">hybridoma</a> cells whose monoclonal antibodies target one of the desired antigens are produced. Independently, rat hybridoma cells targeting the other antigen are produced. These two cell types are hybridised, yielding hybrid-hybridomas or <b>quadromas</b>, which produce hybrid (trifunctional) antibody as well as pure mouse and pure rat antibody. The trifunctional antibody is extracted <a href="/wiki/Chromatographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatographic">chromatographically</a> with <a href="/wiki/Protein_A" title="Protein A">protein A</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quadroma_antibodies.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Quadroma_antibodies.svg/400px-Quadroma_antibodies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Quadroma_antibodies.svg/600px-Quadroma_antibodies.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Quadroma_antibodies.svg/800px-Quadroma_antibodies.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1822" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Possible combinations of light and heavy chains in antibodies produced by quadroma cell lines. The seven antibodies on the left have at least one mismatched binding region. Of the three antibodies on the right, two are not hybridised, and the remaining (rightmost) is the desired trifunctional antibody. Mixed-species quadromas produce (nearly) none of the seven mismatched antibodies.</figcaption></figure> <p>Using two different species (mouse and rat) has the advantage that less mismatched antibodies are produced because rat <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_light_chain" title="Immunoglobulin light chain">light chains</a> preferably pair with rat <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_heavy_chain" title="Immunoglobulin heavy chain">heavy chains</a>, and mouse light chains with mouse heavy chains. Single species (mouse/mouse or rat/rat) quadromas, by contrast, produce up to ten different kinds of antibody, most of which have mismatched heavy or light chains, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trifunctional_antibody&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChamesBaty2009" class="citation journal cs1">Chames, P; 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"Bispecific antibodies engage T cells for antitumor immunotherapy". <i>Expert Opin Biol Ther</i>. <b>11</b> (7): 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1517%2F14712598.2011.572874">10.1517/14712598.2011.572874</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21449821">21449821</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1312336">1312336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Opin+Biol+Ther&rft.atitle=Bispecific+antibodies+engage+T+cells+for+antitumor+immunotherapy&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1312336%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21449821&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1517%2F14712598.2011.572874&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=BD&rft.au=et%2C+al.&rft.au=Bigner%2C+DD&rft.au=Mehta%2C+AI&rft.au=Kuan%2C+CT&rft.au=Sampson%2C+JH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrifunctional+antibody" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThakurLum2010" class="citation journal cs1">Thakur, A; Lum, LG (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3785321">"Cancer therapy with bispecific antibodies: Clinical experience"</a>. <i>Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics</i>. <b>12</b> (3): 340–349. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3785321">3785321</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20521223">20521223</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Template:Engineered_antibodies" title="Template:Engineered antibodies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Engineered_antibodies" title="Template talk:Engineered antibodies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Engineered_antibodies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Engineered antibodies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Engineered_monoclonal_antibodies_and_antibody_mimetics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Engineered <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">monoclonal antibodies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antibody_mimetic" title="Antibody mimetic">antibody mimetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Whole antibody</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bispecific_monoclonal_antibody" title="Bispecific monoclonal antibody">bispecific</a></i> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trifunctional antibody</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Engineered_monoclonal_antibodies.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Engineered_monoclonal_antibodies.svg/200px-Engineered_monoclonal_antibodies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Engineered_monoclonal_antibodies.svg/300px-Engineered_monoclonal_antibodies.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Engineered_monoclonal_antibodies.svg/400px-Engineered_monoclonal_antibodies.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fragment_antigen-binding" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragment antigen-binding">Fab fragment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fragment_antigen-binding" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragment antigen-binding">F(ab')<sub>2</sub> fragment / Fab' fragment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bispecific_monoclonal_antibody" title="Bispecific monoclonal antibody">bispecific</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemically_linked_Fab" title="Chemically linked Fab">Chemically linked Fab</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antibody#CDRs.2C_Fv.2C_Fab_and_Fc_Regions" title="Antibody">Variable fragment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-chain_variable_fragment" title="Single-chain variable fragment">Single-chain variable fragment / di-scFv / tri-scFv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-domain_antibody" title="Single-domain antibody">Single-domain antibody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_modular_immunopharmaceutical" title="Small modular immunopharmaceutical">Small modular immunopharmaceutical</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bispecific_monoclonal_antibody" title="Bispecific monoclonal antibody">bispecific</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-specific_T-cell_engager" title="Bi-specific T-cell engager">T-cell engager</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Smaller units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microantibody" title="Microantibody">Microantibody</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intracellular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrabody_(protein)" title="Intrabody (protein)">Intrabody</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antibody_mimetic" title="Antibody mimetic">Antibody mimetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affibody_molecule" title="Affibody molecule">Affibody molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affilin" title="Affilin">Affilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affimer" title="Affimer">Affimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affitin" title="Affitin">Affitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabody" title="Alphabody">Alphabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticalin" title="Anticalin">Anticalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avimer" title="Avimer">Avimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DARPin" title="DARPin">DARPin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunitz_domain" title="Kunitz domain">Kunitz domain peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monobody" title="Monobody">Monobody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NanoCLAMP" title="NanoCLAMP">nanoCLAMP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monoclonal_antibodies_for_tumors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoclonals_for_tumors" title="Template:Monoclonals for tumors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monoclonals_for_tumors" title="Template talk:Monoclonals for tumors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monoclonals_for_tumors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monoclonals for tumors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monoclonal_antibodies_for_tumors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">Monoclonal antibodies</a> for tumors</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">Tumor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adecatumumab" title="Adecatumumab">Adecatumumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amivantamab" title="Amivantamab">Amivantamab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascrinvacumab" title="Ascrinvacumab">Ascrinvacumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atezolizumab" title="Atezolizumab">Atezolizumab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atezolizumab/hyaluronidase" title="Atezolizumab/hyaluronidase">+hyaluronidase</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balstilimab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balstilimab (page does not exist)">Balstilimab</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botensilimab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Botensilimab (page does not exist)">Botensilimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cixutumumab" title="Cixutumumab">Cixutumumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conatumumab" title="Conatumumab">Conatumumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daratumumab" title="Daratumumab">Daratumumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drozitumab" title="Drozitumab">Drozitumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duligotumab" class="mw-redirect" title="Duligotumab">Duligotumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusigitumab" title="Dusigitumab">Dusigitumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enfortumab_vedotin" title="Enfortumab vedotin">Enfortumab vedotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoticumab" title="Enoticumab">Enoticumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figitumumab" title="Figitumumab">Figitumumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanvotumab" title="Flanvotumab">Flanvotumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganitumab" title="Ganitumab">Ganitumab</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glembatumumab_vedotin" title="Glembatumumab vedotin">Glembatumumab vedotin</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intetumumab" title="Intetumumab">Intetumumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipilimumab" title="Ipilimumab">Ipilimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iratumumab" title="Iratumumab">Iratumumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istiratumab" title="Istiratumab">Istiratumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icrucumab" title="Icrucumab">Icrucumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexatumumab" title="Lexatumumab">Lexatumumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucatumumab" title="Lucatumumab">Lucatumumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapatumumab" title="Mapatumumab">Mapatumumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narnatumab" title="Narnatumab">Narnatumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necitumumab" title="Necitumumab">Necitumumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesvacumab" title="Nesvacumab">Nesvacumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivolumab" title="Nivolumab">Nivolumab</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofatumumab" title="Ofatumumab">Ofatumumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaratumab" title="Olaratumab">Olaratumab</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panitumumab" title="Panitumumab">Panitumumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patritumab" title="Patritumab">Patritumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembrolizumab" title="Pembrolizumab">Pembrolizumab</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritumumab" title="Pritumumab">Pritumumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radretumab" title="Radretumab">Radretumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramucirumab" title="Ramucirumab">Ramucirumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilotumumab" title="Rilotumumab">Rilotumumab</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robatumumab" title="Robatumumab">Robatumumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seribantumab" title="Seribantumab">Seribantumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugemalimab" title="Sugemalimab">Sugemalimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarextumab" title="Tarextumab">Tarextumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisotumab_vedotin" title="Tisotumab vedotin">Tisotumab vedotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teprotumumab" title="Teprotumumab">Teprotumumab</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tovetumab" title="Tovetumab">Tovetumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vantictumab" title="Vantictumab">Vantictumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium_(99mTc)_votumumab" title="Technetium (99mTc) votumumab">Votumumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalutumumab" title="Zalutumumab">Zalutumumab</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mouse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abagovomab" title="Abagovomab">Abagovomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium_(111In)_altumomab_pentetate" title="Indium (111In) altumomab pentetate">Altumomab pentetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatumomab_mafenatox" title="Anatumomab mafenatox">Anatumomab mafenatox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium_(99mTc)_arcitumomab" title="Technetium (99mTc) arcitumomab">Arcitumomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bectumomab" title="Bectumomab">Bectumomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blinatumomab" title="Blinatumomab">Blinatumomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium_(111In)_capromab_pendetide" title="Indium (111In) capromab pendetide">Capromab pendetide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detumomab" title="Detumomab">Detumomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edrecolomab" title="Edrecolomab">Edrecolomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibritumomab_tiuxetan" title="Ibritumomab tiuxetan">Ibritumomab tiuxetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium_(111In)_igovomab" title="Indium (111In) igovomab">Igovomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilotomab" title="Lilotomab">Lilotomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minretumomab" title="Minretumomab">Minretumomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitumomab" title="Mitumomab">Mitumomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacolomab_tafenatox" title="Nacolomab tafenatox">Nacolomab tafenatox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxetumomab_pasudotox" title="Moxetumomab pasudotox">Moxetumomab pasudotox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naptumomab_estafenatox" title="Naptumomab estafenatox">Naptumomab estafenatox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregovomab" title="Oregovomab">Oregovomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemtumomab" title="Pemtumomab">Pemtumomab</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racotumomab" title="Racotumomab">Racotumomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium_(111In)_satumomab_pendetide" title="Indium (111In) satumomab pendetide">Satumomab pendetide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitomab" title="Solitomab">Solitomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taplitumomab_paptox" title="Taplitumomab paptox">Taplitumomab paptox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium_(99mTc)_nofetumomab_merpentan" title="Technetium (99mTc) nofetumomab merpentan">Nofetumomab merpentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium_(99mTc)_pintumomab" title="Technetium (99mTc) pintumomab">Pintumomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenatumomab" title="Tenatumomab">Tenatumomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tositumomab" title="Tositumomab">Tositumomab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chimeric_antibody" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimeric antibody">Chimeric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amatuximab" title="Amatuximab">Amatuximab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavituximab" title="Bavituximab">Bavituximab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentuximab_vedotin" title="Brentuximab vedotin">Brentuximab vedotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carotuximab" title="Carotuximab">Carotuximab</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetuximab" title="Cetuximab">Cetuximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_(131_I)_derlotuximab_biotin" title="Iodine (131 I) derlotuximab biotin">Derlotuximab biotin</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinutuximab" title="Dinutuximab">Dinutuximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecromeximab" title="Ecromeximab">Ecromeximab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensituximab" title="Ensituximab">Ensituximab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuximab" title="Futuximab">Futuximab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girentuximab" title="Girentuximab">Girentuximab</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indatuximab_ravtansine" title="Indatuximab ravtansine">Indatuximab ravtansine</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isatuximab" title="Isatuximab">Isatuximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loncastuximab_tesirine" title="Loncastuximab tesirine">Loncastuximab tesirine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margetuximab" title="Margetuximab">Margetuximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirvetuximab_soravtansine" title="Mirvetuximab soravtansine">Mirvetuximab soravtansine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rituximab" title="Rituximab">Rituximab</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltuximab" title="Siltuximab">Siltuximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ublituximab" title="Ublituximab">Ublituximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolbetuximab" title="Zolbetuximab">Zolbetuximab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Humanized_antibody" title="Humanized antibody">Humanized</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abituzumab" title="Abituzumab">Abituzumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alemtuzumab" title="Alemtuzumab">Alemtuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axatilimab" title="Axatilimab">Axatilimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belantamab_mafodotin" title="Belantamab mafodotin">Belantamab mafodotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevacizumab" title="Bevacizumab">Bevacizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bivatuzumab_mertansine" title="Bivatuzumab mertansine">Bivatuzumab mertansine</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brontictuzumab" title="Brontictuzumab">Brontictuzumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantuzumab_mertansine" title="Cantuzumab mertansine">Cantuzumab mertansine</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantuzumab_ravtansine" title="Cantuzumab ravtansine">Cantuzumab ravtansine</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirmtuzumab" title="Cirmtuzumab">Cirmtuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citatuzumab_bogatox" title="Citatuzumab bogatox">Citatuzumab bogatox</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium_(90Y)_clivatuzumab_tetraxetan" title="Yttrium (90Y) clivatuzumab tetraxetan">Clivatuzumab tetraxetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cofetuzumab_pelidotin" title="Cofetuzumab pelidotin">Cofetuzumab pelidotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacetuzumab" title="Dacetuzumab">Dacetuzumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demcizumab" title="Demcizumab">Demcizumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalotuzumab" title="Dalotuzumab">Dalotuzumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denintuzumab_mafodotin" title="Denintuzumab mafodotin">Denintuzumab mafodotin</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elotuzumab" title="Elotuzumab">Elotuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emactuzumab" title="Emactuzumab">Emactuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emibetuzumab" title="Emibetuzumab">Emibetuzumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoblituzumab" title="Enoblituzumab">Enoblituzumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epcoritamab" title="Epcoritamab">Epcoritamab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etaracizumab" title="Etaracizumab">Etaracizumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farletuzumab" title="Farletuzumab">Farletuzumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ficlatuzumab" title="Ficlatuzumab">Ficlatuzumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flotetuzumab" title="Flotetuzumab">Flotetuzumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemtuzumab_ozogamicin" title="Gemtuzumab ozogamicin">Gemtuzumab ozogamicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glofitamab" title="Glofitamab">Glofitamab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imgatuzumab" title="Imgatuzumab">Imgatuzumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inotuzumab_ozogamicin" title="Inotuzumab ozogamicin">Inotuzumab ozogamicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labetuzumab" title="Labetuzumab">Labetuzumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifastuzumab_vedotin" title="Lifastuzumab vedotin">Lifastuzumab vedotin</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lintuzumab" title="Lintuzumab">Lintuzumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorvotuzumab_mertansine" title="Lorvotuzumab mertansine">Lorvotuzumab mertansine</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumretuzumab" title="Lumretuzumab">Lumretuzumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matuzumab" title="Matuzumab">Matuzumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milatuzumab" title="Milatuzumab">Milatuzumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxitamab" title="Naxitamab">Naxitamab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimotuzumab" title="Nimotuzumab">Nimotuzumab</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obinutuzumab" title="Obinutuzumab">Obinutuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocaratuzumab" title="Ocaratuzumab">Ocaratuzumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odronextamab" title="Odronextamab">Odronextamab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otlertuzumab" title="Otlertuzumab">Otlertuzumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onartuzumab" title="Onartuzumab">Onartuzumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oportuzumab_monatox" title="Oportuzumab monatox">Oportuzumab monatox</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsatuzumab" title="Parsatuzumab">Parsatuzumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertuzumab" title="Pertuzumab">Pertuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinatuzumab_vedotin" title="Pinatuzumab vedotin">Pinatuzumab vedotin</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polatuzumab_vedotin" title="Polatuzumab vedotin">Polatuzumab vedotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosmantuzumab" title="Rosmantuzumab">Rosmantuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rovalpituzumab_tesirine" title="Rovalpituzumab tesirine">Rovalpituzumab tesirine</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacituzumab_govitecan" title="Sacituzumab govitecan">Sacituzumab govitecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibrotuzumab" title="Sibrotuzumab">Sibrotuzumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simtuzumab" title="Simtuzumab">Simtuzumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofituzumab_vedotin" title="Sofituzumab vedotin">Sofituzumab vedotin</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium_(90Y)_tacatuzumab_tetraxetan" title="Yttrium (90Y) tacatuzumab tetraxetan">Tacatuzumab tetraxetan</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigatuzumab" title="Tigatuzumab">Tigatuzumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trastuzumab" title="Trastuzumab">Trastuzumab</a><sup>#</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Trastuzumab_deruxtecan" title="Trastuzumab deruxtecan">+deruxtecan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Trastuzumab_emtansine" title="Trastuzumab emtansine">+emtansine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucotuzumab_celmoleukin" title="Tucotuzumab celmoleukin">Tucotuzumab celmoleukin</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandortuzumab_vedotin" title="Vandortuzumab vedotin">Vandortuzumab vedotin</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanucizumab" title="Vanucizumab">Vanucizumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veltuzumab" title="Veltuzumab">Veltuzumab</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorsetuzumab_mafodotin" title="Vorsetuzumab mafodotin">Vorsetuzumab mafodotin</a><sup>§</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rat/mouse hybrid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catumaxomab" title="Catumaxomab">Catumaxomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ertumaxomab" title="Ertumaxomab">Ertumaxomab</a><sup>§</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chimeric + humanized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depatuxizumab_mafodotin" title="Depatuxizumab mafodotin">Depatuxizumab mafodotin</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duvortuxizumab" title="Duvortuxizumab">Duvortuxizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontuxizumab" title="Ontuxizumab">Ontuxizumab</a><sup>§</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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