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href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Optical_image_stabilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_image_stabilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Optical image stabilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical_image_stabilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benefits_of_OIS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits_of_OIS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Benefits of OIS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits_of_OIS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names_by_vendors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_by_vendors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Names by vendors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_by_vendors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lens-based" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lens-based"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Lens-based</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lens-based-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensor-shift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensor-shift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Sensor-shift</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensor-shift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Dual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_image_stabilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_image_stabilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Digital image stabilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_image_stabilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stabilization_filters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stabilization_filters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Stabilization filters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stabilization_filters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthogonal_transfer_CCD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthogonal_transfer_CCD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Orthogonal transfer CCD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthogonal_transfer_CCD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stabilizing_the_camera_body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stabilizing_the_camera_body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Stabilizing the camera body</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stabilizing_the_camera_body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camera_stabilizer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camera_stabilizer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Camera stabilizer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camera_stabilizer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_biological_eyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_biological_eyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In biological eyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_biological_eyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estabilitzador_d%27imatge" title="Estabilitzador d'imatge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estabilitzador d'imatge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilizace_obrazu" title="Stabilizace obrazu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stabilizace obrazu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billedstabilisering" title="Billedstabilisering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Billedstabilisering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildstabilisierung" title="Bildstabilisierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bildstabilisierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pildi_stabiliseerimine" title="Pildi stabiliseerimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pildi stabiliseerimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estabilizador_de_imagen" title="Estabilizador de imagen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estabilizador de imagen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="پایدارکننده نگاره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پایدارکننده نگاره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilisation_d%27image" title="Stabilisation d'image – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stabilisation d'image" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%83%81_%ED%9D%94%EB%93%A4%EB%A6%BC_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A7%80" title="영상 흔들림 방지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영상 흔들림 방지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilisasi_gambar" title="Stabilisasi gambar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stabilisasi gambar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilizzatore_d%27immagine" title="Stabilizzatore d'immagine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stabilizzatore d'immagine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%91_%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מייצב תמונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מייצב תמונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildstabilis%C3%A9ierung" title="Bildstabiliséierung – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bildstabiliséierung" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaizdo_stabilizacija" title="Vaizdo stabilizacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vaizdo stabilizacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeldstabilisatie" title="Beeldstabilisatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beeldstabilisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E3%81%B6%E3%82%8C%E8%A3%9C%E6%AD%A3%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" title="手ぶれ補正機構 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="手ぶれ補正機構" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilizator_obrazu" title="Stabilizator obrazu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stabilizator obrazu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Стабилизация изображения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стабилизация изображения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabiliz%C3%A1cia_obrazu" title="Stabilizácia obrazu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stabilizácia obrazu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvanvakain" title="Kuvanvakain – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuvanvakain" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Стабілізація зображення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стабілізація зображення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%99%A8" title="影像穩定器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="影像穩定器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q31009#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Techniques used to reduce blurring of images</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the photography technique. For the optical phenomena, see <a href="/wiki/Stabilized_images" title="Stabilized images">Stabilized images</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_of_image_stabilisation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Comparison_of_image_stabilisation.svg/220px-Comparison_of_image_stabilisation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Comparison_of_image_stabilisation.svg/330px-Comparison_of_image_stabilisation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Comparison_of_image_stabilisation.svg/440px-Comparison_of_image_stabilisation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of simplified image stabilisation systems: <div><ol><li>unstabilised</li><li>lens-based optical stabilisation</li><li>sensor-shift optical stabilisation</li><li>digital or electronic stabilisation</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Image stabilization</b> (<b>IS</b>) is a family of techniques that reduce <a href="/wiki/Motion_blur" title="Motion blur">blurring</a> associated with the motion of a <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a> or other imaging device during <a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">exposure</a>. </p><p>Generally, it compensates for <a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">pan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tilt_(camera)" title="Tilt (camera)">tilt</a> (angular movement, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_principal_axes" title="Aircraft principal axes">yaw and pitch</a>) of the imaging device, though electronic image stabilization can also compensate for rotation about the optical axis (<a href="/wiki/Aircraft_principal_axes" title="Aircraft principal axes">roll</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mainly used in high-end <a href="/wiki/Image-stabilized_binoculars" title="Image-stabilized binoculars">image-stabilized binoculars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">still</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_camera" title="Video camera">video</a> cameras, astronomical <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescopes</a>, and also <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>. With <a href="/wiki/Still_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Still camera">still cameras</a>, <b>camera shake</b> is a particular problem at slow <a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">shutter speeds</a> or with long <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a> lenses (<a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a>). With <a href="/wiki/Video_camera" title="Video camera">video cameras</a>, camera shake causes visible frame-to-frame <a href="/wiki/Jitter_(optics)" title="Jitter (optics)">jitter</a> in the recorded video. In astronomy, the problem of lens shake is added to <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_seeing" title="Astronomical seeing">variation in the atmosphere</a>, which changes the apparent positions of objects over time. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application_in_still_photography">Application in still photography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_stabilization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Application in still photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rear_panel_of_mixing_console_and_amplifiers_at_concert_of_band_%27Dead_Can_Dance%27_in_Barcelona,_May_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Rear_panel_of_mixing_console_and_amplifiers_at_concert_of_band_%27Dead_Can_Dance%27_in_Barcelona%2C_May_2022.jpg/220px-Rear_panel_of_mixing_console_and_amplifiers_at_concert_of_band_%27Dead_Can_Dance%27_in_Barcelona%2C_May_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Rear_panel_of_mixing_console_and_amplifiers_at_concert_of_band_%27Dead_Can_Dance%27_in_Barcelona%2C_May_2022.jpg/330px-Rear_panel_of_mixing_console_and_amplifiers_at_concert_of_band_%27Dead_Can_Dance%27_in_Barcelona%2C_May_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Rear_panel_of_mixing_console_and_amplifiers_at_concert_of_band_%27Dead_Can_Dance%27_in_Barcelona%2C_May_2022.jpg/440px-Rear_panel_of_mixing_console_and_amplifiers_at_concert_of_band_%27Dead_Can_Dance%27_in_Barcelona%2C_May_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3624" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Photography of a <a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">sound reinforcement system</a> prior to a pop concert, wherein the room was nearly dark except for the blue spotlight and the dim white light from the device rear panel itself. Though the exposure time of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> s at (35 mm equivalent) 180 mm <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a> would typically result in a relatively strong blur according to the "1/mm rule", the image is quite sharp – which is the result of the activated image stabilizer of the employed <a href="/wiki/Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-TZ18" title="Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ18">Lumix</a> digital camera.</figcaption></figure> <p>In photography, image stabilization can facilitate shutter speeds 2 to 5.5 <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">stops</a> slower (exposures 4 to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">22<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> times longer), and even slower effective speeds have been reported. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thumb" title="Rule of thumb">rule of thumb</a> to determine the slowest shutter speed possible for hand-holding without noticeable blur due to camera shake is to take the <a href="/wiki/Multiplicative_inverse" title="Multiplicative inverse">reciprocal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Crop_factor" title="Crop factor">35 mm equivalent</a> focal length of the lens, also known as the "1/mm rule"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. For example, at a focal length of 125 mm on a 35 mm camera, vibration or camera shake could affect sharpness if the shutter speed is slower than <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">125</span></span> second. As a result of the 2-to-4.5-stops slower shutter speeds allowed by IS, an image taken at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">125</span></span> second speed with an ordinary lens could be taken at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">15</span></span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> second with an IS-equipped lens and produce almost the same quality. The sharpness obtainable at a given speed can increase dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When calculating the effective focal length, it is important to take into account the image format a camera uses. For example, many digital SLR cameras use an image sensor that is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> the size of a 35 mm film frame. This means that the 35 mm frame is 1.5, 1.6, or 2 times the size of the digital sensor. The latter values are referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Crop_factor" title="Crop factor">crop factor</a>, field-of-view crop factor, focal-length multiplier, or format factor. On a 2× crop factor camera, for instance, a 50 mm lens produces the same field of view as a 100 mm lens used on a 35 mm film camera, and can typically be handheld at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> second. </p><p>However, image stabilization does <i>not</i> prevent <a href="/wiki/Motion_blur" title="Motion blur">motion blur</a> caused by the movement of the subject or by extreme movements of the camera. Image stabilization is only designed for and capable of reducing blur that results from normal, minute shaking of a lens due to hand-held shooting. Some lenses and camera bodies include a secondary <a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">panning</a> mode or a more aggressive 'active mode', both described in greater detail below under <a href="#Optical_image_stabilization">optical image stabilization</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a> makes much use of <a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">long-exposure photography</a>, which requires the camera to be fixed in place. However, fastening it to the Earth is not enough, since the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth rotates</a>. The Pentax K-5 and K-r, when equipped with the O-GPS1 <a href="/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">GPS accessory</a> for position data, can use their sensor-shift capability to reduce the resulting <a href="/wiki/Star_trail" title="Star trail">star trails</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stabilization can be applied in the lens, or in the camera body. Each method has distinctive advantages and disadvantages.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_stabilization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optical_image_stabilization"><span class="anchor" id="Anti-Shake"></span><span class="anchor" id="IS"></span><span class="anchor" id="Hybrid_IS"></span><span class="anchor" id="VR"></span><span class="anchor" id="OIS"></span><span class="anchor" id="Optical"></span>Optical image stabilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_stabilization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Optical image stabilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISComparison.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/ISComparison.png/290px-ISComparison.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/ISComparison.png/435px-ISComparison.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/ISComparison.png/580px-ISComparison.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>A comparison of close-up photographs of a calculator keypad with and without optical image stabilization</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>optical image stabilizer</b> (<b>OIS</b>, <b>IS</b>, or <b>OS</b>) is a mechanism used in still or video cameras that stabilizes the recorded image by varying the optical path to the sensor. This technology is implemented in the lens itself, as distinct from <a href="#Sensor-shift">in-body image stabilization</a> (<i>IBIS</i>), which operates by moving the sensor as the final element in the optical path. The key element of all optical stabilization systems is that they stabilize the image projected on the sensor before the sensor converts the image into <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> information. IBIS can have up to 5 <a href="/wiki/Optical_axis" title="Optical axis">axis</a> of movement: X, Y, Roll, Yaw, and Pitch. IBIS has the added advantage of working with all lenses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Benefits_of_OIS">Benefits of OIS</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_stabilization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Benefits of OIS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Optical image stabilization prolongs the <a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">shutter speed</a> possible for handheld photography by reducing the likelihood of blurring the image from shake during the same exposure time. </p><p>For handheld <a href="/wiki/Video_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Video recording">video recording</a>, regardless of lighting conditions, optical image stabilization compensates for minor shakes whose appearance magnifies when watched on a large display such as a <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television set</a> or <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">computer monitor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Names_by_vendors">Names by vendors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_stabilization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Names by vendors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different companies have different names for the OIS technology, for example: </p> <ul><li><b>Vibration Reduction</b> (VR) – <a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a> (produced the first optical two-axis stabilized lens, a 38–105 mm <i>f</i>/4–7.8 zoom built into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikon_Zoom_700VR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikon Zoom 700VR (page does not exist)">Nikon Zoom 700VR</a> (US: Zoom-Touch 105 VR) camera in 1994)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Image Stabilizer (IS) – <a href="/wiki/Canon_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (company)">Canon</a> introduced the EF 75–300 mm <i>f</i>/4–5.6 IS USM) in 1995. In 2009, they introduced their first lens (the EF 100mm F2.8 Macro L) to use a four-axis <b>Hybrid IS</b>.)</li> <li><b>Anti-Shake</b> (AS) – <a href="/wiki/Minolta" title="Minolta">Minolta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konica_Minolta" title="Konica Minolta">Konica Minolta</a> (Minolta introduced the first sensor-based two-axis image stabilizer with the <a href="/wiki/Minolta_DiMAGE_A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Minolta DiMAGE A1">DiMAGE A1</a> in 2003)</li> <li>IBIS - In Body Image Stabilisation – <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Corporation" title="Olympus Corporation">Olympus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_SteadyShot" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical SteadyShot">Optical SteadyShot</a> (OSS) – <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Cyber-shot" title="Cyber-shot">Cyber-shot</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Sony_%CE%B1" title="Sony α">α</a> <a href="/wiki/Sony_E-mount_lenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony E-mount lenses">E-mount lenses</a>)</li> <li>Optical Image Stabilization (OIS) – <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a></li> <li>MegaOIS, PowerOIS – <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leica_Camera" title="Leica Camera">Leica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SteadyShot" title="SteadyShot">SteadyShot</a> (SS), <a href="/wiki/Super_SteadyShot" class="mw-redirect" title="Super SteadyShot">Super SteadyShot</a> (SSS), <a href="/wiki/SteadyShot_INSIDE" class="mw-redirect" title="SteadyShot INSIDE">SteadyShot INSIDE</a> (SSI) – <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> (based on <b>Konica Minolta's Anti-Shake</b> originally, Sony introduced a 2-axis full-frame variant for the <a href="/wiki/DSLR-A900" class="mw-redirect" title="DSLR-A900">DSLR-A900</a> in 2008 and a <b>5-axis stabilizer</b> for the full-frame <a href="/wiki/ILCE-7M2" class="mw-redirect" title="ILCE-7M2">ILCE-7M2</a> in 2014)</li> <li>Optical Stabilization (OS) – <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Corporation" title="Sigma Corporation">Sigma</a></li> <li>Vibration Compensation (VC) – <a href="/wiki/Tamron" title="Tamron">Tamron</a></li> <li>Shake Reduction (SR) – <a href="/wiki/Pentax" title="Pentax">Pentax</a></li> <li>PureView – <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> (produced the first cell phone optical stabilised sensor, built into the <a href="/wiki/Lumia_920" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumia 920">Lumia 920</a>)</li> <li>UltraPixel – <a href="/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a> (Image Stabilization is only available for the 2013 HTC One & 2016 HTC 10 with UltraPixel. It is not available for the HTC One (M8) or HTC Butterfly S, which also have UltraPixel)</li></ul> <p>Most high-end smartphones as of late 2014 use optical image stabilization for photos and videos.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lens-based">Lens-based</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_stabilization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lens-based"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Nikon and <a href="/wiki/Canon_EF_lens_mount#Image_Stabilizer" title="Canon EF lens mount">Canon's implementation</a>, it works by using a floating lens element that is moved orthogonally to the optical axis of the <a href="/wiki/Photographic_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Photographic lens">lens</a> using electromagnets.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vibration is detected using two piezoelectric <a href="/wiki/Angular_velocity" title="Angular velocity">angular velocity</a> sensors (often called <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopic</a> sensors), one to detect horizontal movement and the other to detect vertical movement.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, this kind of image stabilizer corrects only for pitch and yaw axis rotations,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cannot correct for rotation around the optical axis. Some lenses have a secondary mode that counteracts vertical-only camera shake. This mode is useful when using a <a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">panning</a> technique. Some such lenses activate it automatically; others use a switch on the lens. </p><p>To compensate for camera shake in shooting video while walking, Panasonic introduced Power Hybrid OIS+ with five-axis correction: axis rotation, horizontal rotation, vertical rotation, and horizontal and vertical motion.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Nikon VR-enabled lenses offer an "active" mode for shooting from a moving vehicle, such as a car or boat, which is supposed to correct for larger shakes than the "normal" mode.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, active mode used for normal shooting can produce poorer results than normal mode.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because active mode is optimized for reducing higher angular velocity movements (typically when shooting from a heavily moving platform using faster shutter speeds), where normal mode tries to reduce lower angular velocity movements over a larger amplitude and timeframe (typically body and hand movement when standing on a stationary or slowly moving platform while using slower shutter speeds). </p><p>Most manufacturers suggest that the IS feature of a lens be turned off when the lens is mounted on a tripod as it can cause erratic results and is generally unnecessary. Many modern image stabilization lenses (notably Canon's more recent IS lenses) are able to auto-detect that they are tripod-mounted (as a result of extremely low vibration readings) and disable IS automatically to prevent this and any consequent image quality reduction.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system also draws battery power, so deactivating it when not needed extends the battery charge. </p><p>A disadvantage of <b>lens-based image stabilization</b> is cost. Each lens requires its own image stabilization system. Also, not every lens is available in an image-stabilized version. This is often the case for fast primes and wide-angle lenses. However, the fastest lens with image stabilisation is the <a href="/wiki/Nocticron" title="Nocticron">Nocticron</a> with a speed of <i>f</i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>/1.2. While the most obvious advantage for image stabilization lies with longer focal lengths, even normal and wide-angle lenses benefit from it in low-light applications. </p><p>Lens-based stabilization also has advantages over in-body stabilization. In low-light or low-contrast situations, the autofocus system (which has no stabilized sensors) is able to work more accurately when the image coming from the lens is already stabilized.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In cameras with optical viewfinders, the image seen by the photographer through the stabilized lens (as opposed to in-body stabilization) reveals more detail because of its stability, and it also makes correct framing easier. This is especially the case with longer telephoto lenses. This is not an issue for <a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_interchangeable-lens_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera">Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera</a> systems, because the sensor output to the screen or <a href="/wiki/Electronic_viewfinder" title="Electronic viewfinder">electronic viewfinder</a> is stabilized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sensor-shift">Sensor-shift</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_stabilization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sensor-shift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sensor capturing the image can be moved in such a way as to counteract the motion of the camera, a technology often referred to as mechanical image stabilization. When the camera rotates, causing angular error, gyroscopes encode information to the actuator that moves the sensor.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sensor is moved to maintain the projection of the image onto the image plane, which is a function of the focal length of the lens being used. Modern cameras can automatically acquire focal length information from modern lenses made for that camera. <a href="/wiki/Minolta" title="Minolta">Minolta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konica_Minolta" title="Konica Minolta">Konica Minolta</a> used a technique called <a href="/wiki/Anti-Shake" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Shake">Anti-Shake</a> (AS) now marketed as <a href="/wiki/SteadyShot" title="SteadyShot">SteadyShot</a> (SS) in the <a href="/wiki/Sony_%CE%B1" title="Sony α">Sony α</a> line and Shake Reduction (SR) in the <a href="/wiki/Pentax" title="Pentax">Pentax</a> <a href="/wiki/Pentax_cameras#K_Series_.28Digital.29" title="Pentax cameras">K-series</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentax_Q_series" title="Pentax Q series">Q series</a> cameras, which relies on a very precise angular rate sensor to detect camera motion.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Corporation" title="Olympus Corporation">Olympus</a> introduced image stabilization with their <a href="/wiki/Olympus_E-510" title="Olympus E-510">E-510</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> body, employing a system built around their Supersonic Wave Drive.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other manufacturers use <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">digital signal processors</a> (DSP) to analyze the image on the fly and then move the sensor appropriately. Sensor shifting is also used in some cameras by Fujifilm, Samsung, Casio Exilim and Ricoh Caplio.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The advantage with moving the <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a>, instead of the lens, is that the image can be stabilized even on lenses made without stabilization. This may allow the stabilization to work with many otherwise-unstabilized lenses, and reduces the weight and complexity of the lenses. Further, when sensor-based image stabilization technology improves, it requires replacing only the camera to take advantage of the improvements, which is typically far less expensive than replacing all existing lenses if relying on lens-based image stabilization. Some sensor-based image stabilization implementations are capable of correcting camera <a href="/wiki/Flight_dynamics" title="Flight dynamics">roll</a> rotation, a motion that is easily excited by pressing the shutter button. No lens-based system can address this potential source of image blur. A by-product of available "roll" compensation is that the camera can automatically correct for tilted horizons in the optical domain, provided it is equipped with an electronic spirit level, such as the Pentax K-7/K-5 cameras. </p><p>One of the primary disadvantages of moving the image sensor itself is that the image projected to the viewfinder is not stabilized. Similarly, the image projected to a phase-detection autofocus system that is not part of the image sensor, if used, is not stabilized. This is not an issue on cameras that use an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_viewfinder" title="Electronic viewfinder">electronic viewfinder</a> (EVF), since the image projected on that viewfinder is taken from the image sensor itself. </p><p>Some, but not all, camera-bodies capable of in-body stabilization can be pre-set manually to a given focal length. Their stabilization system corrects as if that focal length lens is attached, so the camera can stabilize older lenses, and lenses from other makers. This isn't viable with zoom lenses, because their focal length is variable. Some adapters communicate focal length information from the maker of one lens to the body of another maker. Some lenses that do not report their focal length can be retrofitted with a chip which reports a pre-programmed focal-length to the camera body. Sometimes, none of these techniques work, and image-stabilization cannot be used with such lenses. </p><p>In-body image stabilization requires the lens to have a larger output image circle because the sensor is moved during exposure and thus uses a larger part of the image. Compared to lens movements in optical image stabilization systems the sensor movements are quite large, so the effectiveness is limited by the maximum range of sensor movement, where a typical modern optically-stabilized lens has greater freedom. Both the speed and range of the required sensor movement increase with the focal length of the lens being used, making sensor-shift technology less suited for very long telephoto lenses, especially when using slower shutter speeds, because the available motion range of the sensor quickly becomes insufficient to cope with the increasing image displacement. </p><p>In September 2023, Nikon has announced the release of <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Zf" title="Nikon Zf">Nikon Z f</a>, which has the world’s first Focus-Point VR technology that centers the axis of sensor shift image stabilization at the autofocus point, rather than at the center of the sensor like the conventional sensor shift image stabilization system. This allows for vibration reduction at the focused point rather than just in the center of the image.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dual">Dual</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_stabilization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universaltheodolit.14Zoll.Pistor%26Martins.Berlin.1851.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Universaltheodolit.14Zoll.Pistor%26Martins.Berlin.1851.jpg/220px-Universaltheodolit.14Zoll.Pistor%26Martins.Berlin.1851.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Universaltheodolit.14Zoll.Pistor%26Martins.Berlin.1851.jpg/330px-Universaltheodolit.14Zoll.Pistor%26Martins.Berlin.1851.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Universaltheodolit.14Zoll.Pistor%26Martins.Berlin.1851.jpg/440px-Universaltheodolit.14Zoll.Pistor%26Martins.Berlin.1851.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2425" /></a><figcaption>Free-hand museum shot of a historic universal <a href="/wiki/Theodolite" title="Theodolite">theodolite</a> taken without flash light but with dual image stabilization. The image was taken with a <a href="/wiki/Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-GX8" title="Panasonic Lumix DMC-GX8">Panasonic Lumix DMC-GX8</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Nocticron" title="Nocticron">Nocticron</a> with almost two times the normal focal length of the camera system (42.5 mm) at <a href="/wiki/F-Number" class="mw-redirect" title="F-Number"><i>f</i>/1.2</a> and with a <a href="/wiki/Polarizing_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarizing filter">polarizing filter</a> in order to remove reflections from the transparent glass of the <a href="/wiki/Display_case" title="Display case">display case</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISO_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO speed">ISO speed</a> = 800, <a href="/wiki/Exposure_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposure time">exposure time</a> = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> s, <a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">exposure value</a> = 0.5.</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting with the <a href="/wiki/Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-GX8" title="Panasonic Lumix DMC-GX8">Panasonic Lumix DMC-GX8</a>, announced in July 2015, and subsequently in the <a href="/wiki/Panasonic_Lumix_DC-GH5" title="Panasonic Lumix DC-GH5">Panasonic Lumix DC-GH5</a>, Panasonic, who formerly only equipped lens-based stabilization in its interchangeable lens camera system (of the <a href="/wiki/Micro_Four_Thirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro Four Thirds">Micro Four Thirds</a> standard), introduced sensor-shift stabilization that works in concert with the existing lens-based system ("Dual IS"). </p><p>In the meantime (2016), Olympus also offered two lenses with image stabilization that can be synchronized with the in-built image stabilization system of the image sensors of Olympus' <a href="/wiki/Micro_Four_Thirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro Four Thirds">Micro Four Thirds</a> cameras ("Sync IS"). With this technology a gain of 6.5 <i>f</i>-stops can be achieved without blurred images.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is limited by the rotational movement of the surface of the Earth, that fools the <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometers</a> of the camera. Therefore, depending on the angle of view, the maximum exposure time should not exceed <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> second for long telephoto shots (with a 35 mm equivalent focal length of 800 millimeters) and a little more than ten seconds for wide angle shots (with a 35 mm equivalent focal length of 24 millimeters), if the movement of the Earth is not taken into consideration by the image stabilization process.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Sony_E-mount" title="Sony E-mount">Sony E</a> camera system also allowed combining image stabilization systems of lenses and camera bodies, but without synchronizing the same <a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(mechanics)" title="Degrees of freedom (mechanics)">degrees of freedom</a>. In this case, only the independent compensation degrees of the in-built image sensor stabilization are activated to support lens stabilisation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canon and Nikon now have full-frame mirrorless bodies that have IBIS and also support each company's lens-based stabilization. Canon's first two such bodies, the <a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_R" title="Canon EOS R">EOS R</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_RP" title="Canon EOS RP">RP</a>, do not have IBIS, but the feature was added for the more recent higher end <a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_R3" title="Canon EOS R3">R3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_R5" title="Canon EOS R5">R5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_R6" title="Canon EOS R6">R6</a> (and its MkII version) and the APS-C <a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_R7" title="Canon EOS R7">R7</a>. However, the full frame <a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_R8" title="Canon EOS R8">R8</a> and APS-C <a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_R10" title="Canon EOS R10">R10</a> do not have IBIS. All of Nikon's full-frame <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z-mount" title="Nikon Z-mount">Z-mount</a> bodies—the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon Z 6">Z 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon Z 7">Z 7</a>, the Mark II versions of both, the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon Z 7">Z 8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon Z 9">Z 9</a>, have IBIS. However, its <a href="/wiki/APS-C" title="APS-C">APS-C</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Z_50" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon Z 50">Z 50</a> lacks IBIS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_image_stabilization">Digital image stabilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_stabilization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Digital image stabilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Video_image_stabilization.ogv/480px-seek%3D8-Video_image_stabilization.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="480" height="176" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Video_image_stabilization.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Video_image_stabilization.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/Video_image_stabilization.ogv/Video_image_stabilization.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="314" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Video_image_stabilization.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="981" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/Video_image_stabilization.ogv/Video_image_stabilization.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="156" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/Video_image_stabilization.ogv/Video_image_stabilization.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="234" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/Video_image_stabilization.ogv/Video_image_stabilization.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="234" /></video></span><figcaption>Short video showing image stabilization done purely in software in post processing stage</figcaption></figure> <p>Real-time <b>digital image stabilization</b>, also called <b>electronic image stabilization</b> (EIS), is used in some video cameras. This technique shifts the cropped area read out from the image sensor for each frame to counteract the motion. This requires the resolution of the image sensor to exceed the resolution of the recorded video, and it slightly reduces the field of view because the area on the image sensor outside the visible frame acts as a buffer against hand movements.<sup id="cite_ref-chereau13stablization_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chereau13stablization-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique reduces distracting vibrations from videos by smoothing the transition from one frame to another. </p><p>This technique can not do anything about existing motion blur, which may result in an image seemingly losing focus as motion is compensated due to movement during the exposure times of individual frames. This effect is more visible in darker sceneries due to prolonged exposure times per frame. </p><p>Some still camera manufacturers marketed their cameras as having digital image stabilization when they really only had a high-sensitivity mode that uses a short exposure time—producing pictures with less motion blur, but more noise.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reduces blur when photographing something that is moving, as well as from camera shake. </p><p>Others now also use digital signal processing (DSP) to reduce blur in stills, for example by sub-dividing the exposure into several shorter exposures in rapid succession, discarding blurred ones, re-aligning the sharpest sub-exposures and adding them together, and using the gyroscope to detect the best time to take each frame.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMX378-XDA_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMX378-XDA-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stabilization_filters">Stabilization filters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_stabilization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Stabilization filters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many video <a href="/wiki/Non-linear_editing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-linear editing system">non-linear editing systems</a> use stabilization <a href="/wiki/Filter_(software)" title="Filter (software)">filters</a> that can correct a non-stabilized image by tracking the movement of pixels in the image and correcting the image by moving the frame.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process is similar to digital image stabilization but since there is no <i>larger</i> image to work with the filter either crops the image down to hide the motion of the frame or attempts to recreate the lost image at the edge through spatial or temporal <a href="/wiki/Extrapolation" title="Extrapolation">extrapolation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Online services, including <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, are also beginning to provide '<i>video stabilization</i> as a post-processing step after content is uploaded. This has the disadvantage of not having access to the realtime gyroscopic data, but the advantage of more computing power and the ability to analyze images both before and after a particular frame.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthogonal_transfer_CCD">Orthogonal transfer CCD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_stabilization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Orthogonal transfer CCD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Used in astronomy, an <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_transfer_CCD" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthogonal transfer CCD">orthogonal transfer CCD</a> (OTCCD) actually shifts the image within the <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a> itself while the image is being captured, based on analysis of the apparent motion of bright stars. This is a rare example of digital stabilization for still pictures. An example of this is in the upcoming gigapixel telescope <a href="/wiki/Pan-STARRS" title="Pan-STARRS">Pan-STARRS</a> being constructed in Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stabilizing_the_camera_body">Stabilizing the camera body</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_stabilization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Stabilizing the camera body"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remote_controlled_TV_camera_with_a_Newton_stabilized_head_on_rail_dolly_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Remote_controlled_TV_camera_with_a_Newton_stabilized_head_on_rail_dolly_system.jpg/220px-Remote_controlled_TV_camera_with_a_Newton_stabilized_head_on_rail_dolly_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Remote_controlled_TV_camera_with_a_Newton_stabilized_head_on_rail_dolly_system.jpg/330px-Remote_controlled_TV_camera_with_a_Newton_stabilized_head_on_rail_dolly_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Remote_controlled_TV_camera_with_a_Newton_stabilized_head_on_rail_dolly_system.jpg/440px-Remote_controlled_TV_camera_with_a_Newton_stabilized_head_on_rail_dolly_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>A moving TV camera that is remote controlled and gyro-stabilized through a Newton head on rail dolly system.</figcaption></figure> <p>A technique that requires no additional capabilities of any camera body–lens combination consists of stabilizing the entire camera body externally rather than using an internal method. This is achieved by attaching a <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscope</a> to the camera body, usually using the camera's built-in tripod mount. This lets the external gyro (gimbal) stabilize the camera, and is typically used in photography from a moving vehicle, when a lens or camera offering another type of image stabilization is not available.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common way to stabilize moving cameras after approx. year 2015 is by using a <a href="/wiki/Camera_stabilizer" title="Camera stabilizer">camera stabilizer</a> such as a stabilized remote camera head. The camera and lens are mounted in a remote controlled camera holder which is then mounted on anything that moves, such as rail systems, cables, cars or helicopters. An example of a remote stabilized head that is used to stabilize moving TV cameras that are broadcasting live is the Newton stabilized head.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another technique for stabilizing a video or motion picture camera body is the <a href="/wiki/Steadicam" title="Steadicam">Steadicam</a> system, which isolates the camera from the operator's body using a harness and a camera boom with a counterweight. <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camera_stabilizer">Camera stabilizer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_stabilization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Camera stabilizer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Camera_stabilizer" title="Camera stabilizer">Camera stabilizer</a></div> <p>A camera stabilizer is any device or object that externally stabilizes the camera. This can refer to a <a href="/wiki/Steadicam" title="Steadicam">Steadicam</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tripod" title="Tripod">tripod</a>, the camera operator's hand, or a combination of these. </p><p>In close-up photography, using rotation sensors to compensate for changes in pointing direction becomes insufficient. Moving, rather than tilting, the camera up/down or left/right by a fraction of a millimeter becomes noticeable if you are trying to resolve millimeter-size details on the object. Linear accelerometers in the camera, coupled with information such as the lens focal length and focused distance, can feed a secondary correction into the drive that moves the sensor or optics, to compensate for linear as well as rotational shake. <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_biological_eyes">In biological eyes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_stabilization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In biological eyes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vestibulo-ocular_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestibulo-ocular reflex">Vestibulo-ocular reflex</a></div> <p>In many animals, including human beings, the <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a> functions as the biological analogue of an <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometer</a> in camera image stabilization systems, to stabilize the image by moving the <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eyes</a>. When a rotation of the head is detected, an inhibitory signal is sent to the <a href="/wiki/Extraocular_muscles" title="Extraocular muscles">extraocular muscles</a> on one side and an excitatory signal to the muscles on the other side. The result is a compensatory movement of the eyes. Typically eye movements lag the head movements by less than 10 ms.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_stabilization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Image_stabilization" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Image stabilization">Image stabilization</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_optics" title="Adaptive optics">Adaptive optics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deblurring" title="Deblurring">Deblurring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligimbal" title="Heligimbal">Heligimbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlapse" title="Hyperlapse">Hyperlapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Motion compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaky_camera" title="Shaky camera">Shaky camera</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_stabilization&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This rule was invented in the film era; with modern high-resolution digital sensors a minimum shutter speed of the reciprocal of <i>twice</i> the focal length may be more appropriate, i.e. 1/(2*mm).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image_stabilization&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.apple.com/kb/PH12564">"Correct Excessive Shake in Final Cut Pro"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Apple,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Apple, Inc.">Apple, Inc.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Correct+Excessive+Shake+in+Final+Cut+Pro&rft.pub=Apple%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.apple.com%2Fkb%2FPH12564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImage+stabilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outdoorphotoacademy.com/a-simple-rule-to-guarantee-sharp-photos/">"A Simple Rule to Guarantee Sharp Photos"</a>. 27 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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